JPRS ID: 8226 SELECTED TRANSLATIONS FROM THE SOVIET JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL ENGINEERING INDUSTRY

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• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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i7 JANUARY i9T9 FOUO i~OF i

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rn~ orr~~~N~ us~ uN~Y
,
y
~ JPRS L/8;226
17 Janu~?ry 19 79
r
SELECTED TRANSLATIONS FROM THE SOVIET
JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL ENGINEERING INDUSTRY
U. S. JOItdT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
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30472 �1
REPORT DOCUMENTAYION .1,,q~POqT N0. 2, l24ciplent's Ar.c~sflun No.
PA~~ JP RS L/ 8 2 2 6 I
4~ ?Ifle snd Subtltle 5, lieport Dal~
S~L~CTEn TEtAAN5LATI0NS FROM Tlt~ SOVT~T JOURNAL OF THk ~~~'7 January 1.979
OPTICAL ~NGINEERING TNDUST1tY e'
7~ Authorff) 8, performina Orgenltetlon Nept, Na.
P~rformiha OrQ~nleel~on Nama ~nd Addr~ss 10, Prolaef/7efl~/Wo~:. Unlt No.
JoinC PublicaCions Research 5ervice 11. co~�A~~~c~ o~ G~.~~ca~ No. `
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As above
1S. Suppl~m~nt~ry Notes
OPTIKO-MEKHANICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENh'OST', LeningrAd, 1978
16. Absf?aat (llmlt: 200 wordi)
'fhis report contains a selection of articles on optical information processing
_ systems, electrooptical direcCion-fitiding equipment and electrooptical scanning
systems, and photodeCectors. Several articles are devoted to characteristics
of various types of optical glass.
17. Doeum~nt An~lyfl~ p~seHpton
USSR Direction finding Interferogram
Optics Scanning Optical glass
Information processing Photodetectors Dielectric mirrors
b. Id~ntlfi~n/Op~n�End~d T~rms
e. COSATI FINd/Group 1 ~ B ~ Z 7C ~ l 7H ~?OF
IR Av~IlaDllity Sfat~m~nt 19. Seeurity C~~ss (This R~porU 21. No. of Paa~s
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY. Limited number of I 85
copies available from JPRS 20. S~eurlty Cl~ff Rhls P~`e) 22. Pr~ce
Unclassif ied
(5~~ ANS{-Z39.1!) S~~ Inttruetton~ on Rw~ne OPTIONAL FORA~I 272 (h771
(Formerly NTIS-35)
D~paRment o1 Comm~rc~
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JPRS L/8226
17 January 1979
~ SELECTED TRANSLATIONS FROM THE SOVIET
JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL tNGINEERING INDUSTRY
Leningrad OPTIKO-MFKHANICHESKAYA PROMYSHLFNNOST' in Russian 1978
No 8 pp 5-9, 17-23, 42-44, 59-61 and No 9 pp 7-10, 25-28, 36-42,
46-47, 56-58, 71-73
CONTENTS PAGE
~ The Relation Between Parameters of an Optical Information Processing
System and CharacterisCics of the OpCical Elements
(L. I. Akopov, et al.) 1
Evaluation of Star Sensor Errors in ElectroopCical Direction-Finding
Instruments
(V. D. Smirnov) 7
Concurrent Optimization of Optical and Electrical Filters in
Scanning Electrooptical Systems
~ (Yu. N. Rakovskiy) 12
Analysis of Methods for Taking Into Account Raster Distortions and
Instabilities in Electrooptical Instruments With Electronic
Scanning
(V. K. Sablin, et al.) 22
An Illuminating Device for Testing Coordinate-Sensing Photo-
detectors
I (Ye. N. Vysotskiy, et al.) 30
Method for Determining the Nonlinearity of Photodetectors
(L. N. AksyuCov, G. K. Kholopov) 34
Automating the Processing of Interferograms in the Testing of
Optica~ Systems
(V. A. Zverev, et al.) 40
,
-a- [I -USSR-LFOUO]
Fl1R nFFTf'TAT. T1SF nNT,Y
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. .
H,ox o~,rzcrnr. cts~ o~..Y
CONT~NTS (Continu~a) ~'age
Computer Processing of Tnterfero~rams and Deeei~cnination of the
PoinC Spread ~unction and Optical Transfer I~`uncCinn in Testing
and ~inishing of Optical Syeteme ~
(M. A. Gan, et al.) 48
Catalog of Optical Glasses of the USSk and GDI'~
(G. T. Petrovskiy, eC al.) 57
Mechanical Strength and Thermal Stability ox Neodymium Glasses
(V. M. Mit!kin, eti al.) 62
Wide-Band Dielectric Mirrors Made of Titanium and Silicon
Dioxides
(L. L. Matskevi~h, et al.) 70
. Measuring Radii o� Curvature and Local Distortions of Mirror
Surfaces
(M. L. Gurari, et al.) 7G -
An ElecttoopCical Modulator Wi.~t:~ Small Nonactive Losses
(T. A. Kuzovkova) 79
An Infrared RadiAmeter Based on a Gallium Arsenide In~ection ,
Photodiode
;
(Yu. A. Abramyan, et al.) 81
-b-
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s
PUBI.ICATION UATA
English title : SELECTEll TRANSLATIONS FROM THF SOtJIBT
JOURNAL 0~ THE OPTICAL ENGINEERTNu
TNDUSTRY
Rusaian title ~ OPTIY.O-MEKHANICH~SKAYA PROMYS~-1LE'rtNOST'
AuChor (s) ;
~ditor , ~
Publishing House ~ Optiko-Mekhanicheskaya Promysh].ennost'
Place of Publication . Leningrad
~
Date of Publication . 1978
Signed to press .
Copies ,
COPYRIGHT � Optiko-Mekhanicheskaya Promyshlennost',
. 1978
~
-c-
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THE RELATION BETWEEI~' F~,it~,METEkS OF AN OPTICAL TNFORMATION
- PROCES5ING SYSTEM AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TH~ OPTICAL EL~MENTS
Leningrad OPTIKO-MEKHANICHESKAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' in Russian
No 8, 1978 pp 5-7
(Article by L. I. Akopov, A. ,A. Ayazyan, V. Yu. Fedorov, and
Ye. G. Tsitsishvili; all figures missing in original] _
[Text] The relation is defined bet~veen the frequency con-
trast characteristic of an optical system and the -
basic parameters of an optical infarmation processing
sys~em: volume of information, speed of operation,
and reliability, which are determined by the deriaity
of information channels and th~ output power ratio
between "one" and "zero" signals.
Recently in the development of computer equipment a great dea'1
of attention has bPen given to the creation of systems for
reading, writing, and transmitting discrete optical information
in pictures (large blocks) consisting of aombinations of light
("one") and dark ("zero") points [1-4]. Therefore it is
necessary to evaluate optical elements in order to determine
the possibilities for using them in computer systems. The
most important characteristics of these systems are volu~ne of
informatlon, speed of operation, and reliability. These
parameters are interrelated, since the operational reliability
at low signal levels is determined by the ratio of the energy
of the "one" signal, IL, to the energy of the "zero" signal,
. Io, at the system output, and the value of these energies is
related to the dimensions of the information points, the light
flux density (luminance or illumination) on them, and the time
the signal is present at the photodetector.
1
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However, optical image transmission systems are charactcrized
most fully by the ~requency contras~ characteristic (fcc) [5-8],
wY:ich is essent3.ally the coefficient of image con~rast trans- ,
mission as a function o~ the spatial frequenc~~.
The light intensity distribution in ~he image plane i(x,y) is
defined by the expressa.on [6, 7]
-i-ro
; ~.t, y) ~ f f o t) s (X _ y t~ ,?r~t;, ~ ~ ;
~N
where o(~,~> is ~he light intensity distribution in the object ~
~ plane (the information picture) ; s(x--g, y--b) is the "sca~tering
function" describin~ the li.ght dis~ribution in the (x,y) plane
produced by a point source in the object plane (~.C)� It is ,
assumed that the "scattering function" is independent of ~
possible noise (such as flashes in the image plane and the dark
- background). Therefore, strictly speaking, the following
results p~rtain to "passive" systems of this kind.
Clearly the r.:~st `~critical" type of information picture is ~he
case of a"zero" surrounded by "ones". In this case the liqht
distribution in the object plane may be expressed as
p ;),e Op (E~ -1- (?o Jt) rect ( a~
) rect ( ~ ~ 2 ) ,
~
where Op(~, is an infinite periodic function with basic period ;
a(equal to one step in the information picture) having the form
n a
J~~wh.en ( ~ ~ 4 ~4 ~ ( ~ 4' ~
. Op(c~ ?awhenl~i~ 4 -oo
~ J-- Jo ~ , sin 2 ~?X a sin l ~~yn .
- ' ~ ~x (`t~ly Wz GIy
~pp �
x,~ ~~~x~ W y~ e 4r.1(rox x-uiy Y), (3~ .
2
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.
~o~ orrzcrAL us~ orn,Y
As follows from (3), to find a clear form of the function i(x,y)
it is necessary to know the analytic form of the fcc T(W~, WY) or
to per�orm ~he numerical calculation (along the speci�ic fc~
curve for each optical element). Examination o� only the periodic
part of expxession (4) simplities the problem considerab~.y and
makes it possible to obtain qualitative results as well. Under
these conditions the information picture is a collection o~ all
the "ones" between which appear nothing but "zeroes". Since
fo r such an information picture the ratio I1/Io is less than
th at of the real picture, it is clear that the results obtained -
in this case will be low.
The intensity distribution in the image plane wi11 be of the
following form:
r~Y~ Y)..DwT(U,U)-~-2~DnuT~~~OIcoR ~T ny~, .
~ /
n ~ �
a, d+
2~ D,,,o s~
a, 0~ cos Q~ mx 4~ D~m t X `
rn ~ 1 n,m>1
~ n i1i 1 ~tt
x a, n~ cos a my cos a nx~
where
Doo ~~�4 J~; D~e ~ n
J0 sln ~ n; _
� Jalmn~ sin 2 n sin 2 m; n f 0, m f 0.
- If the image transmission scale in the periodic picture case is
taken to be one, then the enerqies of "one" and "zero" at the -
' output of the system will be, respectively,
a a
4 4
~i ~ f f i(x, y) dx~ly, .
a a
4 4
and
p s
~ 4� �
~u = f dY f t(X. Y) ~ix. C 4, .
o r~
4 ~1
Performing the integration, for the ratio I1/Io we obtain
~ \3-I-j~lT~~)-I-14/ 1~o-I~S~-f- 4 ~~~~I ~~-11S1 -
~ ~ ~5~
~0 ~ (3 ~01 ~ (0) - 4 `r ~
~
~ -11 S, ~ _
\
3
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wr.ere
-
!n --.1 1 1
S~ Cf ~ lZ ~ Ol 1,~~ -
~ ~
n~~
N
"1 7.n --1 2~~ 1 1
S~ u= ~ T ;i ' - u W ) (?,i i j~
(2nr
r.. ;~)a �
n,m:~ t
It should be noted th~t in ~~Gn~ral ~hr:. fcc is ~ two-dimensional .
func~ion. However, in view of' the f.act ~hat tlie opti.cal
elEments used must be ~xisymrnetr.ic, btit ~he im~ge X~1~ne must
coincide with the ~ur�acc of the image of m~an curvature, ~he
fcc does not depend on the direction of the spatial trequency
and
T("n, ~1.,~.(?r9'~'~'~l.
\ ! ~ ~ /
Expression (5) w~~.h a known fcc make~ it possible to construct
. the r~ti~ I1/Io as a function of the density of infor.mation
channels. Thus, for example, the ~cc's preseni:~d in fig. 2 -
(for J1/Jo=20) represent i.he :~unctions shown in fig. 3.
Corresponding to thes~ curves, for information densitips of
interest it is clear that Si< 1.2 't(0) (th~ series (4) with
n,m > 3 quickly diverge), and I1/Io ~ 8. From formula (5) it also
follows tha~ with sufficiently large valuES o~ J1/Jc (specific-
ally, Jl/Jo � 3), IZ/Zo < 13. For a given value of the ratic
' I1/IQ, formula (5) makes it possible to estimate the corres-
p~nding minimum value of 'C~,~in (1/a) , and consequently also the
maximum possible operating density of information channel~
satisfying the requirecl relation
~ 1 ~ 4 ~ C /n - 1) C3~+ ?o, T ~
(6)
C�)~ " w ~ 2 i 3 1 1
(J, l
\J~ -'1/~ (2n-1)=+("} C~a (2n-1)~ (2m-t)
n as n, m> t
n-t m�l �
m~~, n�1 ,
~rhus, for example, �or J1/Jo=20 and I1~Io=4, Tmin(1/a)=0.62 't(0) .
As indicated, examination of ~ periodic picture gives a low
result. At the same time, the largest value of ~'(1/a) obtained
in examin ation ~f this picture is greater than the value of
't'op(1/a), corresponding to the true value of the operating
density of information channels. It follows that an approxi-
mate estimation of the operating density may be obtained from
express ion ( 6 ) .
4
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Thus examination of a periodic picture makes it possible to
obtain relat3ons from which cne may determine, according to
the fcc's of the optical elements, the operating density o~
- information channels in an optical information processing
systiem as a function of the required value o� the ratio of
energies of a"one" and a"zero", Y1/To.
However, it must be taken into account that IZ/Io is the ratio
af inean optical signal levels, which are of course subject to -
fluctuations. The degree of these fluctuations decreases as
the signal level increases; that is, in order to guarantee
reliable operation of a read/write system it is necessar,y to
maintair~ the signal level. as the signal passes through the
optical system. There are methods of determining both the
degree of fluctuation of the signal levels of "1's" and "0's"
passing successively through an optical system [9~ and the
optimum receiver threshold providing the minimum~probability -
of signal detection error [10]. If nmin is the minimum number
of light quanta providinq a given probability of reliable
system operation and 0 t is the time the signal acts on the
photadetector, then taking into account the fact that the
signal power is ar�
where i=1, 2..., N is the f~lter number. The solution of
pr~blem (17) may be obtained, for example, usir.g the following
, algorithm.
We will order tYze ~ollection of all previously calculated
value~ of ~'so as t4 satisfy the strict inequalit~~es
. . (M < N).
For thi~ we will exclude all filters (except one) which reduce
to equal values of that is, in each group of such filters
we will leave only the one which gives the smallest value of
the quantity V. (If in the g::UUp of filters corresponding to
equal`~'s there tur.n out to be several filters giving lowest
but equal values of then clearly it is possible to choose
any one of them). Now, proceeding step by step from the end _
of the ordered sequence to its beginning (that is, beginning
from the number M-1), we exclude from iL all elements for
20
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whi~h ~I~''n wher.c r i~ the number n~ the ~l~mr-_n~ ~ef~ (~hat ig,
nnt ~xC1u~~d) a~ ~h~ p~~vinu~ ~tep d~ thig prncedure. mh~n
~he r~m~ining ~1~m~n~~ ~nr~ V ~ ~nd the fil~erg ~drresponc~ii~g
td them wil.1 b~ ~n~.u~ions ~o prob~.em (17) ~h~ pointis V~d~YI~
~n Conc].us~i~n w~ n~~~ ~h~t ~he propdsed me~hdd for ~bncurr~n~ly
op~im3.z3.ng o~~ical a?~d el~rtronic fi~.~~r~, ba~~~ on th~ prelimi~
nary ~o~.utiion of prok~~.~m~ f~r yp~c~r~l C15) ~nd ~~empnr~l C~~)
�i.l~~ring, h~s a numb~~ d~ advan~~g~~.
1. mh~ ~olu~ic~ns ~d p~obL~m~ ( ~.S ) ~nd (1~ ) ~re "bui lc~ing
blocks" which may be used ~o ~yn~h~si.z~ wid~~.y di�~~ring ~n
systems acco~ding tio vari.c~us cri~~~~~ for np~imi.xa~idn.
2. These solu~ions dir~ctl~ d~~ermin~ ~h~ ~�f~c~iv~n~~s of
~ha~ ~yp~ of fi.ltering, tha~ is, th~y show wh~~ pr-i~~ Cwh~ti
reduction in tihe rati.o o� useful ~ign~1 ta nais~) is p~i.d fdr
one or anoth~r d~gr~~ of ~upp~~s~idn df l~a~k~;rdunc~ in~~r-
�erence.
3. If one of tihe filtiers is given and i~ is necessary tio find
the other one, then the method i~ easily ~fmplii~~c1: if th~
filter k(~1) is given, then
qn
nmin ?tOb~min C qo~ ~
and if the filter h(t) ig given, tihen
9n_
nm~n Rotibm~n qd~, .
Re �erences
1. Gol'shteyn Ye. G., "Teoriya dvoystvennosti v matematicheskom
programmirovanii i yeye prilozheniya," (Duality theory and
applications in matihematical programming~, Moscow, NAUKA,
_ 19 71.
2. Rakovskiy Yu. N., Smirnov A. P., OPT.-MEKH. PROMYSH., 1975,
no. 2, pp. 14-15.
3. Rakovskiy Yu. N., OPT.-M~KH. PROMYSH., 1974, no. 11, pp.
16-17.
Received by editors 17 November 1977.
COPYRIGIiT: Optiko-Mekhanicheskaya Promyshlennost', 1978
9187
CSO: 8144/468
21
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1~Ott O~F~GI`AL t15L dNI,S.'
ANALYSIS 0~' M~'~Hc~~~ FO~t TAKIN~ IN`~0 AC~~UN~ R~S~~R D~~TORTTONS
ANt7 IN3mA~'[L~TIC5 TN ~L~CTFt00PmI~AL INS~I2UM~NT5 WITH EL~C'rRONIC
SCANNING
Leningrad OPT~KO-MEKHANtCH~~KAYA PROMYSNL~NN05~' in Russian
.No 8, 1978 pp 20-~~
CAr~icle by V. K. Sablin, V. A. O~i~ik, ~nd V. ~'edos~yev~
CTexk~ ~xamines ~he cEfec~ of distortiions and ing~~bili-
ties on tihe electronic rastier in elec~rooptiical
ina~rum~nts witih ~alectirenic scanning on tihe precision
of ineasurement t~f ~eardin~~~s af poi~n~ targets.
Rel~tionships are derived determin3ng measurement
error for various cal.ibration mgthods.
It is well known that electrooptic~l instruments with electronic
~canning have, in addition tio substiantial favorable qualities,
one drawback the occurrenc~ of instabilities and distortions
in the electironic raster. This article examines methods for
taking in~o account these facts in rel3tion to the measure-
ment of coordinates of ooin~ targets and shows that with tr.e
appropriate choice of one or another method a hiqh deqree of
measurement precision may be obtained.
General relationships
In an electrooptical instrumen~ a two-dimensional image is
conve~ted into an electrical ~ignal so that each point in the
observed portion of space (the field of view) is assigned a
pair of numbers determininq the position of that point with
respect to the electronic raster. These nwnbers will be
called the raster coordinates and 8esiqnated (t,T).
If a system o� rectangular coordinates x, y is introduced in
the object plane such that the x-axis is parallel to the
direction of line scan in tihe center of the raster, and the
coordinate center lies on the sighting axis of the instrument,
~hen for each point in the object plane with coordinates (x,y)
there will be a correspondinq pair of raster coordinates (t,T).
22 .
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'~h~~~~n~~ w~ wi~.i c~ngi.c~~~ th~~ ~h~ in~~rum~nt p~~~o~m~ ~
mu~ually ~~.ng~~-valu~r~ ~~~ng~a~m~~i.on of (x,y) ~a~rc~ina~~~
on~o ~~,T) coordi.n~~~~:
x ~ x ~t~ T)~ Y ~+Y (t~
t~ ~ t +Ct~~ I', ~ ; (1)
in which ~he fune~fon~ x(~,T) ~nd y(~,T) ~r.~ ~uf�~.~ientl.y
smao~h. B~e~~tg~ a� ~he pr~s~nc~ of r~at~r di~~er~ion~ ~hi~
~ran~~orma~i.c~n ~.s nonlinear.
M~asuring ~h~ ~oo~c~in~~~~ of a point t~~g~~ r~quir~~ th~~ ~or
va~u2s o~ �ix~c~ by th~ ~.n~~~um~n~, ~he co~r~~ponding
tirue ~x,y) coordin~~e~ b~ d~~~rmin~c~.
Z~ digtiortfons anc~ ins~abilitiies are not presen~, ~hen th~
functions in (1) have the ~o~m
~1~, T)~x(~)~~.~~r-r~),
Y~~,T)~YIt)*~ar~T�
wh~re (~o,~ ) is ~he inf~ial m~asuring point and vx, v ar~
known coeff~cients de~~rmining the scale o~ tihe ~ran~f~rma~ion.
Fur~her analysis will be performed only for x-coordina~es; all
relations are analoqous for y-coordinaties.
In the general case the functifons in (1) may be writiten in
the form of a Taylor series (1)
x (l ~ T) x (fo� To) 'I' x~ (la ro~ - ~o) ~h
'f- �cr ~tw T~) ~ T r~) 1 ~Xet ~~u~ 7'0l - lu)~ -1�
'N'~x~t~ta Tu)(~--~u)(7'-ru)-H
'F' xrr (r~. 7'~) c r - ro)=~ . . .
~
Reordering terms we obtain
x U~ r) � x(~u To~ xt ~~a To~ ~r - ro) R(~ - to) -h
� ex~ (r - ra T- 7'0). ( 3)
Here R(t-to) represents the sum of tierms containing only (t-to)
of degree 2 through and in ~he last component are included
all terms containing (T-To) in various degrees. The component
R(ti-tio) is associa~ed with deflectfon nonlinearity along the
scan line, and is associated with geometric dis~ortions.
It ~.s important to note that since in ~x~there appear components
containing the factor (T-To) in various degrees, when T=To we
have nx~�~o .
Me~sur~ment withbut calibration
In measurement wfthout calibration the relations in (1) ~btain,
that is, they are considered linear, having the form of (2)
with known parameters to, To, vX, and vY. Subtracting (2)
from (3), we obtain the absolute measurement error `
23
POR OFFICIAL L'SE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100010033-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100014433-3
~~h, ~)t'Ft~LAL US~ ONLY
A x ~.r,~ ~i- tu�~~ tu1 ~ It (t f~~1 ^I'
~x~ lo~
whc:~c bU.~o~x~ra ro1 i.g ~h~ ~~ror c~us~~ by unc~r~~inty of tih~ ~~u~
p~:~itiion c~� ~h~ ini~i~1 m~asur~.ng poir~~~ aU;~d,*'xf~~a~'o1~-v.~. i~ tihi~
~r~~r r~~ultii.nc~ fxom un~er~~~.n~y ta ~h~ tr~~ ma~ni~ude o�
~h~ scal~ of tY~n~fc~rnia~inn ~h~ init~i~l po~.~~? ~~ti-~o~
~h~ ~rrc~r e~us~d by v~~~i~k~~.li~y ~n ~h~ ~c~lE of ~h~ ~~an~-
form~ti~.c~n ~~~ng ~h~ 1in~ o~ scan (beGau~e c~f r~anJ.in~~rity) t
~nc~ ex~ ~t--~o, 7'-ro) is ~h~ ~~ror ~~~ul~ing rr~m g~om~trl,c
distior~S.on~. SfnCe I~.~ )
a~~`~~~ ~e ~x