JPRS ID: 8235 TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

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JPR5 L~8235
19 Jantiary 19 79
~ ~ ~
TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL AUALITY
(FOUO 1/79) ~
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERYICE
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61SLIOGRAPHIC OATA Keport No. t ileclpisnt'~ Atee~~lon No,
SMElT JPRS L/ 8235
. u e�n u~ ic e . epocc ~te -
, TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRANMENTAL QUALITY, (FOUO 1/79) 19 Janua 1979
6.
7. Auihor(~) Petfotmia~ Orpni:~elon Hept,
No.
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- The serial report conCains translations from the world press of articles
and press commentary on environmental pollution and its effects and pollution
control technology~ organizationa, and programe.
� ~r ar � a oeuawnt An~ r~ D~~eripon
Worldvide
Pollution
Environmental Coatrol
Meteorology
Ecology
17`. Iden~i(len/Op~n�Ended Terw~
, ' 17c. COSATI FbW/GrouO y~ 6, 18C, 18H
. Av~ ~Sllicr Sc~t~m~nt . aur cr i~ o. o( Pye~
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JPRS ! L/82 35
19 January 1.979
TRANSLATIONS ON ENVIRON~IENTAL AUALITY
cFOVO ~/~9~
CONTENTS PAGE ~
ASIA
JAPAN
Few Places Mset Noise Pollution Standarde
(THE JAPAN TIMES, 23 Dec 78) 1
Brie Ps ,
Cyanic~e Fouls Osake. Rivers 2
WEBTERN E~ktOPE
WEBT GF~iMANy
Bnvironmental Dn~mRge Fran Conv~ent3.ona1.~ Nuc~ear Pa~rex
Pleats Compsred
(W . Schik~raki; AT~+IIl~TSCHAPT-AT4b~DCffi~IK, Nov 78) 3
Chemical Polutiori, Se.fety in FR(~ Discussed
~ (x~~ner ~.oen~.; ~rriu~mra~ ~wr~c~~, i4~ xov 78)... z~
Yu]ner~bility of FRG Coast to Oil Spill Reported
( I~iAN~1~tTER ALLGFI~INE, 3 Nov 78 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0
. - a - [III -�INT - 139 FOUOj _
L41D l~L~L~Tl~T f1 T r�nr. n�.. ~r
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JAPAN .
FEW PLACES I~ET NOISE POLLUTION STANDARDS
Tokyo THE JAPAN TII~S in English 23 Dec 18 p 2
[TexCj
The ~nvl~narrlent Agenc~� When ~ auto trAtltc rqtse ex� begbu~ing b tUcA11lTe.
announced Frlday tlul in fiscal ceeda environmetttal standaMs As tor meibu~Mphut ~leb~
1H7? o~ ~a;f, nolec poUutbn and Irr~palta Ilving en� ~out+ce~. qew a~llibbbUil~ ir8!
monltorlag polnta, oaly 17.6 vlropmeata. pcetectural qa neqWt+ed to ~~dude� hMdr
percent rcc~orded aolae tevdt f~~ ~re autl~orlted to aek abl~~ output by aMe'10'~e~
wlthin govtcameat�set ea� 1a~1 puWk tvety comm~slon~ ~ pbons Ie�om pt+e~ent kv~els
vironmetlte! ~t~lAdsit+ds. (Or trsttfk~n~{cuona. Deginntn~ J~s. l. ~ ~ t .
~ Tt~e aBencY s~d the Il~ure Ib� `il~al . f977. lxceaatve Howev~et. it t~1rb ~YIMM ~Fe
coWd not,be ra~ared wlih that tratficbobt ~r~ t+ecorded at 6~28 to slx yp~ tor, ~ws ~~to
tor tifcal 1~ becau~e the o~ 22.3 , pe~cent oI t6e r~Dla~ed~d.ar~.'i'bu/ll~ ~e
number ot mooltoring potnta moNtoHad potota aa oompared iome yea~s .1a~t~ ~lore : I~e.
were dltterent for the two � wlth 20.3 pa+cent during the nolae envlronqAel~l~~id~idif
year~. : pt~ewlousyeas. wf l l b e it1N et mort ~q~g
tn n,c,u i9'lrs: !1.! qeccerit or ay a~, 37 penoa~ ar, u~ potnts. Tn~a ao~s uoc~ N~i~l~ec
the monltoring potnts met totAl nt~ber o( rpoNtoring take Into aeoe~nt'ffie e~lefdl~
envlraunerual riandards. polnta wet envtronme~tal tnchale m.b+~flkaeiidne:
Ia the lateat wrvey~ nolre sta~fdards In t~e mo ,
kveb weh a~�red a~ 2.A02 Rercerit 'In~ the atktao ,E~~
poltns ln tbe t~lor~ln~. In lhe percent b1 ttle evenln~. and 47.9
alternoon. ln tAe evening and at pereent at N~t.
Nght. � The noWest tlu~ee roada weme
Ot tfkrq. 4S1 monlWcing LoopNo.9lnTdcyo,RouteNo.1
poltita or 17.5 ~t met etr In sAd at+ouod OkazaRl. Afcht
vlt~Ormxnta! 1t~Od~M.... Pref~CtW~e. and Itoute N0. 431d
In tbcal ifl?i6,' oI tbe 2,283 A 1 ab t y a. A m a~ a: a k 1.
monl,torln~' pNots~ ~1 or 21.3 Nl~biqotnlya. and Kobe. HyO~p
psrcent met envlroameAtel Preteature.
standard~. ' Ttie CatMt~'t~ctlon D~tldstry ~i
~us we arcer,eaQe or co i~e~na a caai oc tc~.i nwan
nwaltalo6 po~ln4 meetM~ the In aa~grea~ belta ar~e aolse ~
envlr+o~utld~t~tS etandaMt went butt wAll: to t+educe n01se-
down by 3.? p~+o~t Q~Ip~ tl~e ~ aear du~ag tbe qri r.oi1
1NttlrcNyear. , Imp~'ovement .pro.gram
WPYRIGHT: The Japan Times 1978
cso: sooo
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JAPAN
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BRIEFS
CYANIU~ FOULS OSAKA RIVER5--Ibaraki, Osaka--Workers at the Kobe Steel
company's Ibaraki plant here worked desperately Tuesday trying to collect ;
hundreds of fish that diesi after a metal-plating tanic overflowed and
discharged cyanide iato a nearby river Che previous day. According to
inveatigators, the runoff, later found to have been caused by a clogged
drain pipe, was discovered about 3 p.m. Monday when workers noted that _
the contents of a tank nexC to the metal-plating one were abnormally
discolored, Plaat operations were stopped after water collected from a '
~ drainage outlet at Che Taisho River was found to have a cyrnide count of ~
66 parts per million versus an official environmental staudard of 1 ppm.
Large numbers of fish in the Ai and Kanzaki river~ dowastream of the Taiaho ,
River were also found floating dead in Suita City and residents were
warned not to eat any fish talcen from the ri~f2rs. IText~ ~Tokyo MAINICHI ~
DAILY NEWS in English ?.0 Dec 78 p 12] . ~
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CSO: 5000 -
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e
WEST GERMANY
<
0
_ ENVIRQ*TMENTAL DAMAGE FROM CONVENTIONAL, NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS COMPARED
Duesseldorf ATOMWIRTSCHAFT-ATOMTECHNIK in German Nov 78, pp 524-532
[Article by W. Schikarski: "Envfronmental Effects of Conventional and
'Nuclear Energy Production"]
[Text] If we compare the atmospheric pollution burden
arising from coal and nucl~Ar power plants,.then in a
calculation of relative pollution burden based on an
annual pollution balance there results a ratio of about
~ 1:100 in favor of nuclear energy if we use a cell model.
If we consider Che basic substance of air pollution from
coal and heating oil power plants to be 502, then the .
measured immission values are 10 times below the dosage
for immissLon burden for which health hazards are known
to occur; but the dosage burden in the environment of
nucl.ear pok*er plants is 10,000 times below this value.
Waste heat occurs for all types of energy conversion -
regardless of the energy carrier. The amount of primary
waste heat from power plants to the total amount of waste
heat is only about 20 percent.
1. Introduction
Even though the discussion of environmental effects of present energy `
conversion processes will be discussed below, it is useful to point u~p
~ again what we mean by environmental effects. Environmental protection
is understood differently by various groups. For in~stance, one may
mean protection of nature and another may mEan the protection of the
landscape and yet another may mean protection of the biosphere in general.
In the following discussion,environmental protection shall be understood
to mean protection of the human living area which will naturally include
his foodstuffs~, his air, his drinking water. This is not identical with
the concepts mentioned above, there is even somewhat of a conflict.
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UiKf:CT environmentnl effecCs due to energy conversion processes occur in
three basic ways:
--through pollutants which act on the humun organism Chrough the air,
water, food etc;
--by changing phyaical, chemical or biological environmental parameters
(e.s.~ waste heat);
--noise.
Let us ignore the last point here since it only plays a role in energy
conversion by the automobile.
INDIRECT environmental effects due to energy conversion processes have
been little studied from a quantitative viewpoint. Such viewpoints are
the reduction in availability of resources, the increase in social costs,
the reduction in the quality of life which is certainly a very difficult
parameter to quantify. Emphasis below shall be placed on the direct en-
vironmental effects of energy conversion in the FRG and a discussion of
the present status and a medium-term future outlook will be discussed.
In addition to local and regional effects of pollutanCs and waste heat,
~ the global aspects shall be discussed separately if necessary. Before
the year 2000, regional environmental effects will be of greater signifi-
cance. ~
2. Pollutants from Conventional Energy Conversion '
~ 2.1 Emissions
In the generation, conversion, transportation, storage and final consump-
tion of energy carriers, emisaions occur which are polluting to various
degrees. The most important air-carried pollutants are:
--sulfur oxides (especially S02);
--hydracarbons; ,
--nitrogen oxides~ '
--carbon monoxide;
--fluorine and chlorine compounds;
--dust (which can contain heavy ~tals). `
In addition, carbon dioxide and water vapor are emitted which are insig- �
nificant from a toxicolo~ical point of view, but,they do affect the~thermal
balnnce of the atmosphere. The named pollutants' generally occur during
combustion of the primary energy,carrier: bituminous coal, brown coal,
oil and natural ~as. Emissions occurring through generation (pumping),
tranKport and stora~e are of inedium importance in the FRG (Table 1).
Several of these pollutant emissions are naturally proportional to the
4
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_ consumption of Che particular energy carrier. They have increased since
the reference year 1972 (an example is gasoline transport). Other pollu-
tant emissions have tended to diminish (for example, because of decreas-
ing producCion of pressed coal). We will not discuss the trends of fndi-
vidual pollutants in detail; these are presented elsewhere,l it is
importanC to know the magnitude of emissions for the generation, transport
and storage of fossil energy carrier~.
Table 1. Pollutant Emissions during Generation, Processing and Transport ~ ~
of Energy Carriers
. 1 SCh~dstOH ' SO~ 'Z Sl~ub NO~ C~, H~ CA
~ Emissiorwn (U~~ , _ 10 `
Kokser:euyunp 3,0�10' 1,9�10' - kNn~
BrikotthentNlunp 6,1 � 10~ 1.0 � 10' S,7 � 1N - Od~n
Rtlllnen~n 2,8�1W - - 1.2�1M wrlGpbu
] ErdollErdpespewinnunp 9 ksine Daten rsAC9bu
und �TrenspoA ~
~i Ben:inlnnbpoA und _ ^ _ ~4 ~a I~~
�Liyarunp
Key: ~
_ 1. Pollutant 6. Refineries
2. Dust 7. Petraleum/natural gas production
3. Emissions (tons/year) and transport
4. Coke generation 8. Gasoline transport and storage
S. Pressed coal production 9. No data available
10. No data available
Table 2. Pollutant ~missions through Fuel Consumptions
1 SthadllON SO~ ] St~ub NU~ C~ H~ CO
2 Eml~ion~n ~t/a~
~3 ioawa~. ,a�,a ,,o~,w a.o~,o~ 4.o�,a e.o�,a
1 HaushaNB 7.2�10~ 1.8�tOs 1.3�10s 7,2�10' 7.6�10s
KNinwrbnucher
~ StnOenwrkehr 1,9�10' 9,0�f0' 2.5�10s 2.5�10s 6.0�10~
(j Sumrt� 1.9�10~ 3.7�1W 7.8�10~ 3.8�10~ 8.8�10~ '
~ Key:
1. Pollutant 4. Domestic and small consumers
2. Emissions (ton/year) 5. Highway traffic
3. Industry 6. Total
7. Dust
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- 'l'nble 3. I'ollutnnt I;miRaions due Co ClectriciCy Generation (Fossil Fuels) ~
1 Sch~dsloN 80~ 4 Staub NO~ C~ H~ CO ~ !
2Emlaion~n (fh~ .
3FoNu.oen.i~. ~,~s�,a x.s~,w a,4�,o+ ,,o~,a z,o~,a
~ KnMw~rk.
, KeY: . ~ ' _
1. Pollutant 3. Fossil fuel-burning power planta
2. Emissiona (tons/year) 4. Dust ' .
Table 4. Tota1 Pollutant Emissions from Energy Converaion by Fosail Fuels '
1 SCh~d~tofl SO~ 2 Slaub') N0. C., H� CO
3 Emi~atonen ~t/i) � �
4 o.w+n~uny.Tnn.port.�3.o�to+ x.'~�,0' e.o�1C~ 2,o~to~ 9
Lap~runq
~ Endverbnuch � 1.9�1M 3.7�10s 7.8�10~ �~.E�1M a,8�1W
Stromorroupunq t.7�10~ 2.5�t0~ S.~�tOs 1.0�10' 2.0~1M
7 Summ~ 3.9~10~ 6.S~iQ~ 1,9�10~ S,7�10~ 6,0�t0~
8�) ohne St~uWmisalon~n ~us Indwtri~llen Pr~esa~n � ~
Key: ~ , ~
1. Pollutant ~ 5. Final consumption '
. 2. Dust G. Electricity generation .
3. Emissions (ton/year) � 7. Total ~
4. Generation, transport; storage 8. Excluding dust emissions �
~ from industrial processes .
~ i
Table 5. Relative Pollution due to'Total Pollutant Emissions. ; ~
Scb~diloH SOi . 2 Sfwb N0. C,~ H� CO ,
3 R.w~iw senaanona� .
laauno b~:op.n,u~ . j
6N Imml~siontqrenz� 1.~8 0.77 0.25 0.16 � 0.35
~ wM~detTA�lultvon . . !
' 1074 ' ,
. . . ~
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Key : ~ ~ . ~ ; -
1. Pollutant , ~ ;
2. Dust ~ ~
3. Relative en~tir ~mental pollution based on the emiseion ],~mits i
of the "Air" technical comm~.ttee/established in 1974 ~ ~
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Atma~pheric poll.utnnt emly~ione arising from finnl consumption of solid, -
liquid and ~;aseous fuels were clearly higher in the reference year in ~
the areas of.~industry, households and small consumers as well as Craffic
(Tnble 2). S~nce primary energy use t~as changed only by a few percentage
points, we assumu that these figures are still generally valid today--even
- wirh regard to the existing uncertainties.
In Che area of electricity generaCion from fossil fuels, pollution emis-
sions were of comparable magnitude (Table 3). Since electricity consump-
Cion has continued to grow, pollutant em~.ssions have also increased. Extra-
. polation of pollutant emissions from the reference year to Che present does
contain certain inaccuracies. These are caused by the fact that pollutant
emissions are correlated,not only Co the growth in elecCricity consumption -
but also to the increase in specific emissions (new facilities basically
emit fewer pollutants). The figures of Table 3 are based on average speci-
fic emissions over�a broad spectrum of old and new power generation facil-
ities. Thus, the increase in tota~. pollutant emissions from fossil fuel
power plants can be estimated. But.overall, total pollutant emissions ~
from electricity generaCion in Che FRG have probably increased by only a
few percent sinee 1972.
If we compile the three emission groups, then there results the following
configuration (Table 4) for relative pollution: Total pollutant emissions
from final consumption are approximately the same as those from electricity
generation. Only for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide do emissions from
final fuel consumption exceed those from electricity generation by more
than one order c~f magnitude. Here again, households and traffic are the
most important con~tributors.
Pollutant emissioais alone do not constitute a direct measure of environ-
mental pollution since emission rates are not equ31 to pollution effect.
TJe can use the concept of ''relaeive pollutant effec.t." This concept
assumes measured elevation distribution and residence times of atmos-
pheric pollutants, whereby a hypothetical average pollutant concentration
is calculated in a cylinder above the FRG. The relative pollution effect
results as the ratio of average pollutant concentration to a maximum
permissible emission concentration for various pollutants which was
determined in a similar manner (e.g., based on pollutant limit values).
The concept of relative pollution as a nondimensional quantity thus per-
mits a comparison of environmental effecCs of different pollutants under
consideratian of emission and effect. Recently, this quantity has been
called the environmental pollution index. In Table 5, we see the relative
pollutant concentration of the reference pollutant for the entire energy
conversion of the FRG. It is clear that the greatest contributors to
atmospheric pollution are S02 and dust. A few supplemental comments are
in order: '
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5~2 .
'I't~e rcduction in SUZ emiasion must begin wiCh both the consumer and elec-
. tricity generdtion. Basically the final consumer can reduce emissions
by dropping the sulfur content of light heating oil from 0.5 percent to
0.3 percent. Since final consumers emit pollutants at low emission alti-
tudes in densely populated areas, Chis measure should receive priority.2
A more extensive sulfur removal from light heaCing oil would be very
difficult to reul.i~e Cechnically. Since heating oil consumption by the
~final consumer will continue to increase at the expense of energy carriers
of high specific emissions (like coke, pressed coal), it is assumed ;.`~at ~
S02 emissions by the final consumer will decrease over the med.ium term,
but will hardly fall below 1.5 million tons of S02/year.3
~ The development of S02 emissions in electricity generation is significant.
It is the c~xpressed intention of the governme~t Co meet increasing elec- ;
tricity demands by coal-fired power plants. On the other hand, such power ~
plants can only be approved when their emissions can be reduced from a
present 3.75 kg SA2~h MW to 2.75 kg S02/h MW of installed power. Further
emission reductions to 1.25 kg S02/h MW are under discussion. The extent
to which these specific emissions can be attained in practice will depen?
on several factors. For example, the reducCion in S02 emission in flue
gas in the FRG has still not been tested on a large scale. On the other
hand, the necessary 80-percent removal of S02 in all flue gas can only be ~ ~
attained if the coal used does not exceed a certain sulfur content.
A pessimistic extrapolation of the SOZ emissions.from electr~~ity genera-
tion must assume that for the short term, additional reduction in total
S02 emissions from power plants cannot be expected unless S02 scrubbers
are built into existing power plants (including oil-fired power plantg).
Overall, S02 emissions can increase for the medium tera? as a result of
the intensified employment of coal, and on the other hand it can decrease,
as a result of desulfurization measures on heating oil and.through flue-
gas scrubbing. Regional aspects, i.e., the question of power plant loca-
tion, will be of great imp~rtance in this i�egard. ~
_ Table 6. S02 Emission Concentration from Air Sampling Stations of the
Federal ~nvironmental~Office -
~ 1 Station 1970 1971, 1972 1973 1971 1975 1978 ~
~ ~ W~Idhol 30 28 20 18 /8 21 ~
' 8roryecklrieyd , 9 11 ~
Scn~wnstand 2 3' 3 7 7 ~ 10
Deussibaeh 17 13 15 20
Weaterland 8 8 S 8
MittslweA 18. 16 13 11 11 14
~ (aus WeMn) (4) 14) N) (5) (5)
~ (Jahresmittelwerte in pp S0~/m~) -
Key:
1. Station 4. Schauinsland 7. Average value
2. Waldho� 5. Duselbach 8. Total value
3. Brot~acklriegel 6. Westerland 9. Annual average in Mg S02/m3
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M~a~?~
~oo ~
i 1"J1911;16
1500 1500 C:t~ liil
%
- 1000 ~ IU10 /
600 ; ,i 6q0 ~
~~sfl 1~~ i~i110 Ijel Ijsla6l �I!i "~00�1j_601 jt: '
1~- 2 I .r N~_ fYO~l:slp0 ~
1 ~lNptlNwtA) . IW Ij pI~u111~M11~
, 1 IebsNM~~tldt ~NI SO:I~~~ ~
Fi~ure 1: Surface Pollution end 502 Emiesion Po1luCion SCagee for North
~thine-WesCphalie
Key:
l. Pollutl,cn stn~e 3, for I2
- 7~ f~~ I1 4. Year of ineasurement
bust
We ghould point up several nspects of duat emission from Che combustion of
, foasil fu~l. Dust emieaions from the final consumer gen~rally paes un-
filtered into the atmosphere, Only power plante (and large industrial
boilere) use duat scrubbers (usually electric filtera) which achieve re-
moval of between 99 end 99.8 percent. NoWever~ thie removal ie at preaent
limited to coars~= duet. Fine duat (aerosols) with a particle eize lees
than 3 Nm are genernlly not reoaved. HoWever~ this duet can be inhaled
and is thus of greater toxicological importance than coarse dust.
Although I have already presented a relative pollution burden by dust from
convPrsion of fossil fuels for the FRG, this velue was related to the emis-
sion limit for harmless duata as established by the "air" technical com-
mitte~ (1974). The sometimee highly toxic dust constituenta like heavy
metals, radioactive aubetances, etc. were not included. Depending on the
level of these substences in the dust~ such constituents can clearly in-
~rease the relative pollution effect of dusC to the levele of S02. Thia 4
is particularly true of duat emissions fro~ bituminous coal poWer planta.
eut r~~ardles~ of this, We mu~t not forget that as a result of induetrial
proceaees other than energy conversion (we mean primarily the industrial
arens of mining and conetruction as Well as iron and steel) have about the
same order of duet emiasions.
In addition~ these dust emiasions--consisting ~~rimarily of fine dust--ere
masked by secondary aerosols. Secondary aeroscrls consist of airborne par-
ticles Wl~ich arise from natural and anthropogenic gaseous emiseions ahich
only form aerosols in tt~e atmosphere as a result of physical and chemicel
processing. We know, for example, that about 10 percent of initially
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f;nKe~~uH St1~ fn the r~Cmc�pherc i~ converted there into sulphateH. Clob~l
er~t~mnCionK nf t~Cnl. dugt emi~~idn� inC~uding eecondary gerosol~ already
exceed S(1z emigqione in toCtll qugnCity. Thie meane that 502 hae alregdy
: bcen moved out of first place as gn eCmospheric polluCnnt.
2.2 Immiesiong
. Wh~t is the ~itugCion regardin~ immission~? The immiesion situation today
is well known in certain nreas as a r~su1C of the operaCion of air pollu- `
tion measuring network. 8ecause of Che so-called bnck~round atations of
the ~ederal Environmental Office (Table 6)~ information from ~on~ested _
ureas regarding S02 variea~ but is overull favorable. From the middle of
the 19G0's to the middle of the 1970's, SO2 immie~ions have decreased on2
the average by n factor nf two. ~ven in 1970 there wea more than 600 km
in the FRC where the lon~-tprm immission limit value of 140 �g/m3~ set by
ttie ".hir" technical commiCtee in 197~i, was not exceeded on an annual
avera~e. Today, this area is aCill 187 km2.3 Neverthelese,we muet noCe
thnt this represents regional nver~ges which can be exceeded locally and
which ure not always based on the repreaentative measured reeults ao that
lnr~;er errors (up to a meximum of 50 percent) are posaible. ~igure 1 is
muct~ more reliable: here~ the distribution of the measured unit surfaces
for the yeurs 1974-75 and 1976 are plotted ageinst the individual po}lu-
tion stages for the air-moniCoring network of Northrhine-Westphalia.�
Here we see the immiasion limit values of the "air" technical committee
of 140 Ng 502 /m3 (long term) and 400 ~g S~2/m3 (ahort term) are exceeded
only in small aubregions of the monitored area. On the other hand, the
total S02 pollution has~risen as we can aee from the ahift in distribu-
tion townrd larger values.
The same thing can be said for immission pollution by total dust (coarse
dust and fine dust). On the average~ this pollution increased slightly
from 1975 to 1976, however, the peak pollution has generally decreased.
Dust levels were not exceed~d if we use the following immission limits
of 200 Ng/m3 (long term) and 400 pg/m3 (short tercn) for total dust.
However~ as already mentioned, the contents of particular toxic dusts
(metnls~ metal oxides, certain organic compounds) are not included. '
In this regard~ the pr~sent question of the immission pollution caused
by individual~ large r~ituminous coal power plants is important. Long-
term immisaion measurements at modern power plants are not yet available.
Sucl~ measurement~ m:Rht also ~e ~enerally very difficult since the exist-
in~ S02 prestreas clearly exceeds the addition immiesion pollution at
most locntions. Using the best available (partly developed at the Karls-
ruhe nuclear research center) diffusion model, we calculate only 3 to 8
~ug SOZ/m3. for a 700 MWe power plant with a discharge of 130 g S02/sec
(i.e., without reducing the S02 in the flue gas) as a yearly average
(depending on locatian). The assumed tall smokestack of 250 m insures
that the diffusion of immission concentration has a minor maximum betveen
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J and 8 km so th~t even aC15 km r~nge, a medium immi~sion of about
'l N~ 502 /m3 ~xi~te. Thi~ i1luKtr~t~H the location difficultieb which
:iri~e wFien pollut~ntg nre modified by dil.ution and when a large degre~
~ n[ prhnollution by oth~r ~mi~~inna .~lreydy exists.
Anoth~r prnblem which hge recently been illustrated by eevergl nublice-
tiong~ i~ the "emiseion of rndionctive subsr.ance~ from bituminous coal
gnd brown co~l (power plante)." This is in fact a problem at~~ched only
to thege power plante eince the radioactive componente of petroleum and
naturel gae nre ~everal orderg of magnitude smaller. In~ eddiCion~ the
emis~ion~ are only relevant because the coal throughputs of powoc plante
are very lnrge. The content of natural radio nuclidee (like radium,
tt~orium~ uranium, potns~ium-40 nnd obhers) flucCuates greatly so Chat
previoue cnlculationr~ hnve yielded variou~ polluCion reeults. A Russian
publication7 pn~tulntes r~di~tion stresses o� more than 100 mrem/year
(~um of all orgnn dosages) for a 1,000 MWe coal power Q1anC, whereas
8onka et alg calculete about 70 mrem/yr und Kolb et a19 calculate about
60 mrem/yr. Certainly, thege cnlculaCed immiesiona would have to ~e
detectable at the mentioned concentration. One study by Sennwitzl which
attempted to determine nrtificial radium contamination in the environment
of e lurge power plant ehowed that in fact a minor increase in the radium
concentration of the soil occurred.in the neighborhood of a coal/oil power
plnnt at a level of 4 to 8 percent; this would correspond to an additional
radiation stresa of a few mrem/yr. In order to carefully answer the
question of radiation from coal power plants, immission measurements of
all relevent radionuclides should be performed soon and the results co;-
related to the radioactivity content of the coal and to the emitted dust.
Such meaeurements would certainly provide information on aerosol behavior
of the radioactive particles in the flue-gas vane, whi.h i.a presently a
generelly unknown subject.
3. Pollutanta frocn Nuclear Energy Generation ~
3.1 Immissions from Individual Plants
In the sphere of nuclear energy generation~ the notable emitted redio-
active pollutants come from nuclear power plants and reproceasing centers.
The minor emissions from other plants in the nuclear fuel cycle (fuel ele-
ment factories, waste depots) can be ignored for purposes of this etudy.
In nuclear power plants, ve nre dealinF primarily aith the radioactive
noble RaAes Xenon end (to a lesser extent) Krupton, whereby the position
Jiffers dependinR on the vr~riouA isotopes of these gasea from one plant
to the ncxt. Nredominant isotopes are Xe-133 and Kr-85, a~~d their emie-
sion depends on the air flow concept of the particular poWer plant. In
addition, radioactive iodine I-131 should be mentioned; it leads to
thyroid difficulties shrough the so-called pas[ure-cosr-milk route.
Since nuclear poaer plunts (in contrast to fossil-fuel power plants) are
a cloged system. emi~sions of the named radionuclides are amall. These
emissions occur only as a result of processes in coanection With subpressure
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c~ondttion~ in the ren~tor building and with coolnnt purificetion~ 'Che
~~tfJctol value~K nf rndtutton atrc~~H in thc envirnn~nent nf nuclear pnwer
pJrintq Ju~ tn nirburne pollutant~ ie illu~trated in Table 8.11
Ndte Che followings ueunlly, euch po~.lutinn datn i~ cn~Nared with n~Curgl
eource~ of redintion~ Ag we know~ we ~re ~ub~ect to a ngCUrnl radiation
which ie ebout 110 mrem/yr on the average. The numerical value~ shown in
T~ble 7 repreeent pessimietic calculaCed maximum values which could only
occur if the gffected pereon remained conet~ntly at Che dangerous siCe in ~
th~ neighborhood of gn outdoor eysCem. In reality, the etrees vglues are
thue clearly smaller. Only a smaller, more realigtic value would be
comparable to the "actual" natural radigCion. Thie is particularly true
for rndiation gCres~ due tc, I-131~ where in additior~, pessimistic trans-
fer coefficients ar~ included in the calculation. The figure publiehed
by BMI ehould thus be preceded by a"less than eymbol."
The egme thing can be eaid for radiation potlution from radioactive pollu-
tante which are discl~arged with wastewater from nuclear power planCa
(T'able 8) .
The cunditions of reprocessing centers are clearly different from those
prevailing at nuclear power planCs. Initially, we should point out that
airborne pollutant emissions co~tain quite different radionuclides, namely,
only long-lived isotopes since tt:e radioactivity of short-lived nuclidea
in spent fuel drope to inaignifica?1t values between removal from the power
plnnt and reprocessing. Secondly~ ~e should distinguish betWeen emaller
centers of usually older conetruction and large centers at preeent in
the building or planning stages. Wher~ae the radioactivity discharges
from nuclear power plants are by no meana proportional to the poaer output,
for reprocessing centers~ a ltnear connection exists betWeea fuel input
and radioactivity emissions. This meane that large reprocessing centers
handlin~ more than 1,000 tons of uranium per year, requtre extensive ~
exhaust gas gurification ayatems. Since the design data for exhaust
systems and real values measured in practice regardiag pollutant emisaions
point up di~ferences for nucle8r power plants indicating that all values
measured in practice are clearly sn?aller. then we expect the same reeult
fvr the large rep~ocessing centers.
'!'he mo~st in~nnrt.hnt radioactiviCy dischargea �rom a cuantity point of view
:~rr ci~,~ rad ~~?n~~rl ldc,~ i~�-3, Kr~ ~5, C��14 and I-129, whoae emission factera
for a large reprocessing center uaing, 1400 tons of uranium per year are
~hoan in Table 9. The radiation burden from these nuclide emissions can
be given as a function of locati~n (for a given diffusion aad retention
Eactor.) It lies below the radiation protection regulation establiehed
value of 30 mrem/yr even in the immediate vicinity of an individual poaer
plnnt.
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Tgble 7: It~diatinn ~xpo~ure from Nuclear power Plants due to Diech~rge
of itedioacCive Subgtnnces with Cxtiaust Air (1915) -
1 K~MMt~hwlfM Z Ma~~m~l~') SUOhI~nltdof~bOn 3 Md~bM K~imd~utnn�
(m~eml~~~urchlnq~st~on upof~t~onlm~~m~~~
dU 9~v01kerunq
(iW~ O~mm~~5ub�
m~rfwn fm Umkr~il
vOfl
4 o~m� 5e.a.b,ioa�u~ a~i~ Fka~a~, 900~�~0
m~� Sub� ~Scn~id� ~Osni� km
Bub� mer� Erufl, kOrpe~,
mt~� uon KINn� KINn�
~i0/1 (Maut� M~nd?t~ klnd)
(O~nt� tlo~~~)
k0~ptr�
do~~~)
lOwn~