JPRS ID: 8307 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR AGRICULTURE

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J1~I?S L/8307
5 March 1979
~
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR AGRICULTURE
_ (FOUO 2/79)
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATI~JNS ~ESEARCH SERVICE
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NOTE .
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newspapers, periodicals and books, buC also from newa agency
tr~nsmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
Aource~ are trc~nslated; those from English-language sources
are Cranscribed or reprinCed, with Che original phrasing and
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� Headlines, editorial reporCs, and material enclosed in bracketa
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lasC line of a brief, indicate how the original informaCion was
processed. Where no processing indicaCor ia given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracCed.
Unfamiliar names rendered phoneCically or transliteraCed are
enclosed in parentheaes. Words or names preceded by a ques-
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original buC have been supplied ae appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
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BIBLIOGRAPNIC OA7A L Ilepurt No. 2 J, I(1'1 I~~ICflt~l~~
~Rlull Nu,
SHEEY .I I'It;i I,/ a 3~ 7
. u e rn~ . u~tu ~ g. Itrrurr I)atc
'I'~tnN;;I,A'I'toNS ~~N ustitt nc;lt~c;ut;t'~i~tl~,, (FOUO 2/79) 5 March 1979
6.
1~ AWl~ot(~) ~ 8. NetlorminR (arR~niaotiun kept.
No.
9~ Per(otminR OrR~ni:~tioo N~me ~od Addce~e 10. Pioject/Tosk/Wor~ Unit No.
,loint Publlcations ttesearch 5ervice
lODU North Glebe ROtid 11. Conrr~ct/Gr~nt No.
Arlingtun, Virginix 22201
12 Spoa~otind Ors~nizuion Name and Addre~~ 13. Type o( Report 8c Period
Covered
= As above
t~.
1S. Suppleoxnc~ry Nae~
~ 16. Ah~tr~tts
_ '1'he r~~purt c~ntains information on trends and policy at the national and
re~~ul~lic levels, plans and plan fulfillment, pruduction statistics,
tecltnological achievements and shortcomings, and agricultural investments,
administration, and management. Information at lower levels is included
when it is indicative of trends or innovations.
~
_ 11. Key ocxds ~nd Document Ao~lr~i~. 17a De~eriptors
U5SR
Agriculture
lib. Idrnti(iere/Upen-Eoded Term~
t~~. cos~~ri h~~td/cro~p 2U, ZK
18. Avail~bility Stotement 19.. Secutity Class (Thia 21. o. Of PaA'CS
� R~pr~ ~ 17
('or O((iCl.~l Use Only, i,imltCd , ecunty �ss ( ~a 22. Price
Number oE Copies Available From JPRS P,~
~ ~~~~w Nr~s�~e ~~o-soi NCLA 5(FIF,D
i
wco~�oc �oa:o�~~~
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_ JPRS L/830? -
5 March 1979
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR AGRICULTURE
_ (FOUO 2/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
Reserves Available for Ft.irther Development of Liveatock Huebandry
~ (S: S. Dzare~sov, et a]..; 'JOPROSY EKONOMIKI, Nov 78) 1
1
~ -
- a - [III - USSR - 7 FOUO] ~
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- FOR OFFICIAL USE OM.,Y
ItESERV~S AVAILABLS FOR FURTI~R DEVELOPMSNT OF LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY
Moscow VOPROSY BKONOMIKI in Russian No 11, Nov 7Fi pp 24-35
~Article by S.S. Dz~rasov, Doctor of Economic Sciencea and profesaor in Che
_ Department of Political Sconomica of the Academy of Social Sciencea at the
~ CC C PSU; P.A. Ignatovskiy~ Doctor of Economic Sciences and professor;
P.A. Kudinov, Candidate of Lconomic Sciences and senior teacher in the
Department of AdminisGration of Socio-Economic Processea of the Academy of
Soci.al Sciences at the CC CPSII and I~F. Chernyavskiy, Candidate of Bconomic
_ Sciences and senior toacher in the Dep~rtment of Administration of Socio-
Economic Processes of the Academy of Social Sciences at the CC CPSU:
- "Reserves for the Development of Livestock Huabandry"]
~Text] The achieving of successful solutio~.s for many national economic tasks
is dependent to a considerable degree upon the agrarian aector of the economy.
The consistent implementation of the long-term program developed by the party
for developing agriculture has made it poasible, within a brief interval of
time, to transform its logistical base. The party's agraria~ policies are
directed not only to~arda achieving the technical rearming of this branch, but
also towarda making more efficient use of the reserves available for socialist
production. A successful aolution for the food problem is dependenC upon
more efficient uae being made of the branch's potential and more rapid placing
_ in operation of the ~eserves available for agricultural production.
During 2 years of the Teath Fiva-Year Plan the average annual volume of gross
_ agricultural output increased and the average annual production of grain
reached 20~.6 million tons, compared to 181.6 million tc,ne for the Ninth Five-
Year Plan. In 1977 a record yield of raw cotton was obtained and the
procurement plana for potatoea, fruit, egge~ milk and other prodWCts were
fulfilled. "The entire course of development of the country's economy and the '
steady grovth in �.he material standard of living of the people" stated
I~.I. Brezhnev during the July (1978) Plenum of the CC CPSU, "attach special
= importance at the present time to the task of achieving rapid improvements in
livestock huabandry. Natur.nlly, recent i~nprovements in national prosperity
have brought about a raised demand in particular for livestock husbandry
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products. In this ragard the aituation ia now auch t;hat, noCwithstanding
Lncr~asns in the production of ineat, milk and other ~roducCs and improvemenCs
in Che oper,ational organization of Che branch~ the presenC level of
devalopment of liveatock huabandry ia aCill noC keeping pace wiCh the rapidly
- growing ~requirementa." -
- The development of this branch has been adversely affecCed by the unfavornble
weather conditione experienced during the pasC five-year p1an. The feed
shortage during Che dry year of 1975 broughC abouC a reducCion in the number
of ~igs and poultry. However, increases are once again being obaerved in the .
number of pigs and poultry. For example, by Che middle of 1918 the number of
r.attle on public farma throughout the cou~try had increased by 4.2 million
head compared Co 1975, piga by 10.8 million and aheep and goaCs by 26.7
million head. This repreeents juet one trend in the development of livestock
husbandry. Another trend, as mentioned by L.I. Brezhnev during the Plenum~
consises of "raiaing the productivity of all types of livestock and poultry
in all areas and as quickly as poesible." The combining of theae two trenda
in the development of livestock huebandry raiaing Che productiviCy of the
enimals together with increasing their numbers impliea that an increase in
the number of animals, aseuming the average weight achieved throughouC the
country for the sale of 1 head of cattle to the state (355 kg), will make iC
possible to obtain 1.49 million additional tons of beef.
* * *
The data furnished in the table on the following page reflecta the growth in
and strucCure of ineat production volumes at all categories of farms. The
data underacorea the increase that has taken place in th.~ proportion of beef
within the overall atructure of ineat resources. This trend will continue in
the future. During the July (1978) Plenum, L.I. Brezhnev emphasized: "In ~he
majority of regions throughout the country, the solving of the meat problem -
is associated mainly with increasing the production of beef. This is
conditioned on the one hand by the increasing demand of the population for
beef and, on the other, by the stru~tural peculiarities of our feed balance -
and natural conditions. We possess vast meadow and pasture landa and great
opportunities for the production of coarse and aucculent feed. Large
q~antities of by-p~oducts are furniahed by enterprises of the food industry.
All of these factors can be employed to great advantage in the raising and
fattQning of caCtle." The Plenum underscored the need for devoting special
attention to raiaing the weight of the animals being sold for slaughtering
purposes and to reducing the fattening perioda. During the Ninth Five-Year
Plan, 60 percent of the absolute increase in beef was achieved by means of an
increase in the number of cattle and 40 percent by impt�ovements in the
productivity of the herd.
, Experience indicates that beef production will be expanded in the near future
- both by an increase i~ the number of animals and by improvements in their
utilization, that is, by incre8sing the output of ineat from each head
available at the beginning of the year. However, a change will take place in
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I1~~1--I!N~J ~r. I!4Ni-~7; ~ rr 1971�-14Y~ rr, I!~~u-~101~ rr, -
' 1 ~ ~i ~'-~`~'S ~ 1 2 ' ~
, ~3 ~ ~ ~ y~y 1~
gCr~ � ~"n: � �r~~- � ~ " or~s.. p-y~
'1H G C nr1'^:; G ?i~ "rf" j C ^e~,~~!'i ~ `1~t~
i ;
~aH ~�eri3 ~ =1' ~~ri D ~4'^ seH~ ~
,~~~a n~~o ~ I~^ h"a ,Q yiQ ~1~ ,by^c~ ~a !M ~ I~i
~ ~ h_ ~,~~lc r: C~e 4n~.]j Hr a,.�. 4L30 b� ~
V ~ M~ ~ V C 1~ C ~ V C 1~ . :h~' C~. L G M~ Y~~+
(6 MACO nccx oi~non . 9.i11) 1011 11 58.! IpU 124 I I UU~1 ~UO 131 14 13i 100 IOU,~ ~
7 R TOM 4NUIC:
. $ roo~nn~~a a; a ~37 S I H7 d:~ 140 5 9fi5 44 115 fi 7S~ d7,9 112,~
9 CRIIHNIIB iNA d l 4:t2i :~i 114 5 J~Ja ~8 12S 4 ti52 33,0 BG,~
~ ~ 6dP811HN8 M KOJ�
naTHHa 1(~50 11 9fl2 J 94 972 7 98 891 5,9 91,~ �
~12; p04HC 26~ 3 224 2'86 I~IS 2 142 ' 3l3 ,2,3'98,4
Key: ,
1. Average ann~al productio~i (in 6. Meat of all typea
~ thousanda of tona df dresaed 7. Incl~ading:'
weight~ 8. Beef
_ 2. Proportion (in 7.) 9. Pork
3. Compared to 1961-1965 (in 10. Mutton and goat mea~
4. Compared to 1966-1970 (in x) 11. Poultry
S. Compared to 1971-1915 (in y.) 12. Other
the ratio of these factora as a r~ault of production intenaification. The
experience :~f republics in which livestock husbandry operations are carried -
_ out on an intensive basis reveals that it is fully posaible~ within the next
few years, to achieve a production rate of 85-90 kg of beef per head of
cattle. In 1976 the average weight per head of cattle sold to tha state by -
kolkhozea and sovkhozes was 330 kg and in 1977 352 kg. Compared to the
1961-1965 period, when the figure was 236 kg, an increase of 42 percent was
realized in the average weight. This very important factor is the reault of
the intensive development of ineat production.
According to available estimates, 30 percent of the beef produced can be
- ensured on the basis of an increase in the number of animals and 70 percent
through intenaification of livestock husbandry. S~ch a change in the ratio
of the principal facCora affecting growth in the production of beef ia making
it posaible to reduce substantially the labor and feed expendituree per weight
unit of beef and this aignifies the creation of stable conditions for raising
the efficiency of liveatock husbandry based upon intensive methoda for
managing thia branch, methoda which will ensure an average live weight per
head of cattle delivered for meat purposes, at an age of up to 20 months, of -
no lower~than 400-450 kg. During the Plenum it was mentioned that such a
_ goal can be achieved in many rayons, oblasts, krays and republics during the
. current five-year plan. ~
The solving of this task is dependent upon raising the level of specialization
and concentration in cattle huabandry. A considerable number of kolkhozes
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a~id ~nvklioz~e gC1.11 h,ave emall hurds~ For exemple~ at Chn bc~gini~ing of 1977
l.e~HK tl~an 1,UUU hoad cetCl~ wor~ boing maintained at eech of 3,8n0 -
sovkhozea (21 percenC) and 7,000 kolkhozea (26 percenC). AC the same tine,
_ 92.7 percent of Chu aovkhozes and 85 percent of the kolkhozes in Che EsConian
~ S5R wero each maintaining in excess of 1,000 head and for Che Boloruseian 55R
the figures wera 94.5 and 87.4 percent of the overall number of far,~ns
respectively. As a reaulC of ineasures carried out in Moldavia in connection
with the developmene of apecialization und concentration of catCle huabandry i~
on an interenCerpriae basis, the producti~n level achieved in 1975 for beef
and v~al per head oF C&CCIe amour~ted eo ?r.oro than 120 kg (for the USSR 57
kg). In 1971, these indicea equallec' 48.8 nnd 54.1 kg respectively.
During the July (1978) Plenum of the CC CPSU, emphasis was placed upon Che
need for forming an independent branch of beef cattle husbandrv involving the
use oE pasture landa and also the creation of a strong feed ba~ve for irrigatio,
particulnrly in the republics of C~ntral Asia, in Che southern part o� the -
country, in the nonchernozem zone of the RSF5R and in Belorusaia. In thie
~ regard, breat importance is being aCtached to breeding beef sCraine of bulls
with dairy brood stock from which the plana do noC call for replgcemant young -
stock to be obtained. A gradual reduction and subaequently the sllminaCion of `
t~arrenness in Che cowa will also accelerate growth in the production of ineat.
The development of beef catCle husbandry will be promoted by improved feed
usage and by a reducCion in output production costs, which are being raised to
a considerable degree as a reault of improper feeding. In thia regard, one
important conditio~i for increasing the producCion of ineat and lowering the
' cosr of ineat production is that of ensuring that thoae enterprises engaged in
the maturing and fattQning of young stock are supplied with protein-balanced
- feed. The consumption of feed per quintal of weight increase in cattle at
kolkhozes, sovkhozes and other~public farms has. remained uqchanged for an ~ ~
extended period of time throughout the country as a whole. Thia affects the
cost of productic~n, since the proportion of feed in the structure of such
coats is considerable. Under modern conditions the maturing and fattening of
cartle, including feed production, becnme efficient only when carried out on
an industrial basis, involving both the modernization of the branch and the !
r_onstruction af specialized liveatock husbandry enterprises on an inter-
enterprise basis and by means of centralized capital inveatmenta. In this
' regarcl, the development of speclalization and concentration of livestock
husbandr~, combined with the erection o.f mixed feed plants on an inter- ~
enterprise basia and using aCate appropriations, represents a most effective !
sptlere for the use of capital investments. ~
_ The system empln,ved throughout the count;y for the raising and fattening of
, Livestock is pradicated upon specific conditions being taken into account.
For example, in the steppe regions of Kazakhatan, Kirghizia, the Volga region,
Kulmykskaya ASSK, western 5iberia, the Urals, north Caucasus, Buryatskaya _
ASSIt and certain other regions, one of the principal conditiona for raising
the efficiency of cattle fattening operations is that of making proper use of _
the natural meadows and pastures. Ideally the majority of regions in the
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' EuropQan pArC of the country raquire an induatrial sysCem for feed production �
and tha raisi.ng and fatCening of liveatock~ a syatem having definiCe logistical
_ requirementa and particularly a network of apecialized enterprises cregted
mainly on the basie of inCerenterpris~ cooperaCion. Experience indicates Chat -
axceptional importancs is also being attached to improving the economic
relatio nahipa between the repraluction da�ry farms and enterpriaes engaged in
tha raisin~ and fattening of cattle. Thto has to do with thoae inatances
. wherein young atock inCendod to be uaed for meat purposea are transferred at
_ an early age (10-20 days) from reproducCion (dairy) farms to campletel~y-
_ mechanized enCerpriaes and farma engaged in the maturing and fattening of
_ cattle. In those instances where the creation of liveatock husbandry complexee
is ,juatified, they funcCion ae independent enterprises which carry ouC their
work on the basie of complete economic accountability.
If condiCiona permit, farma and associationa created on Che basis of inter-
enterpriae cooperation will aerve as feed suppliers for the interenterpriae
livesCock huabandry facilitias. Moreover, these facilities will be provid.ed -
with land reclamation equipmenC and elite seed. "Here we have in mind"
- stgtQd I..I. Brezhnev during the Plenum, "the need for makf.ng feed production
more specialized in naturo at the kolkhozea and sovkhozes themselvea, creaCing
- interenterprise asaociationa for the production of feed and developing agro-
- industrial inCegration." The livestock huabandry complexes, while ~nsurin~
_ the production of Che final product, may also include mixed feed planCs
engaged in the production of quality feed in conformity with the requirements -
of the Livestock age groups. Hence a complex, as a speciali2ed enCerpriae
and an interenterprise associati.on, can hava a staCe task for the production
and sale of the particular final product meat. In the case of inter-
' enterprise cooperation, the state plan for the sale of ineat is ensured by
shareholder-farma through deliveries of young stock by dairy (reproduction) -
- farms and also by means of contracts with the population for young akock and
- ensuring high weighC increases for the cattle during fattening. Specialization
and concentration in livestock husbandry make it possible not only to
_ introduce a progressive technology and system of incentives inCo operations,
but also to raise the akills of workers who are capable of solving the task
of efficient meat production. . _
The development of specialized livestock husbandry enterprises (complexes)
_ can be carried out based upon exis ting farms in the Skotoprom system. In
those instances where such farms are not available, importance is attached to
economically substantiating the relationahip between the new livestock -
husbandry enterprises of the industrial type and existing farms in need of
moderni.zation. The problem of supplying feed for the large atate complexes
- must be solved in a rational manner using different variants depending upon
the natural-economic conditio~s. For example, the cattle being maintained at
individual complexes should ideally be supplied with feed produced at these ~
same o: other specialized farms and ~lso by means of state forage gr8in funds.
Moreover, the relationships between the farming parties are developed along
ecanomic accountability lines.
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' rox o~rrcta~. vsE ctvLY .
A Hcr~nE;el~c~~~in~ of thc~ livc~eCock husbandry economy raiaea thn need for _
- definitn changes in the syatem of economic relationehipa. Onn measure in this
regard in Ch~ increaso in procurement pricea for milk, wool~ mutton and othar
agriculCural producta, approved during the July (1978) Plsnum of` Che CC CPSU.
lte~uletion of the economic eccountability relaCionahipo under icitenae
xpecializaCion pregupposes Che eatablishment of more sound accoiinCing prices
for the young cattle stock supplied to the complexea by the reproduction
- farma, wiCh the price level being auch as Co ensure ChaC the reproduction
farma an,joy the same conditions as those prevailing at complexea engaged in
the raieing and fartening nf livestock und~r more raCional forma of
specializati~n. Thia raiaes the intereat of Che kolkhozes and sovkhozas in
obtaining and prutecting their offspring and deliverin3 Chem on Che basis of
conCracts arranged with the inCerenterprise complexes. The young stock
- obrained from crossing cows w:Ch boef strains of bulls could be eold at higher
prices. Under such conditions~ spacializaCion in the raising and fatCening ~
of caetle exerCa a poaiCive influence on milk producCion, since earnings from
the sala of milk according to aound accounting pricea promote improvementa in =
the profitability of dairy livQStock huabandry and in iCa development. ~
The computations for feed supplied by the kolkhozes and sovkhozea to the -
inter~nterprise c~mple�-~a and asaociationa for the raising and fattening of
cattle occupy a specia: ;~lace in the mechanism of economic relationships -
among those parCicipating in cooperative production on an interenCerpriae ~
basis. Uniform principlea for auch computations are still nat available. In `
some instances tkey are being carried out on the basis of the atate 4~
procurernenC prices for grain (Chis method is being employed on public farms in
. Moldavia), in other inetancea based upon the production cost of the grain
and still in a third group of casea based upon the accounting prices.
_ Experience indicates that in the first instance the suppliera of the grain
forage stand to gain c~nsiderably, but aC the same time the coat of ineat
production will be artificially inflated. The profit which Che kolkhozea
obtain from selling grain to the state is included in the expenditures for
- raising and fattening cattle as producCion expenaes. '
It stiould be borne in mind that even when feed expenditures, based upon their
_ production cost~ are applied to the output of livestock husbandry associations,
an increase of ten takes place in the production coat for the weight increases
in the animals and for milk, compared to kolkhoz and sovkhoz farms, while at
the same time labor productivity increases aharply. This is natural, aince ~
complete mechanization ensures an ecenomy in live labor. However, the
transferred value of the production resources to the fin~l output at livestock -
husbandry complexes ia higher and iC is still not bein~ covered by a savings '
in live labor, since the productivity cf the animals, particularly cows,
- remains at the same level in ind~vidual instar.~~n. 'l':~~ increa~!ting material
expenditures associated with the introduction of inechanization, even in the
.face of raised labor productivity, lead Co higher production costs. This is
why the industrial methods employed in livestock husbandry production
operations require not only a complex of machines for conser~ing in the use
of live labor but also a more productive herd, improved pedigree data on the
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, liv~stoclc, l~t?lttnced Leed nnd ykilled IaUor. All of ehese faceors will ensure
growth in Ch~ productivity ot the herd as a condition for lownring production
co3ts. At~the presenC time Ctie computation for grai.n forage in Moldavia and `
oCh~r r~public;~, hy lives~ock hugbandry complexes and associaCions wiCh the
Icc~lkhor~s nitcl yOVICIIOZt;9~ ig rarri.ed nut li~ accordanca wiClt the evdrage
production cest Lo r the rayon. Under rnod~rn condiCions, thia ia the most
auitable principle for the carryinR out of computations.
* * *
Ateer bcef, pork occupies second place in the coupCry's meat baiance. During
the last ~wo five-year plans its proportion in the meat balance amounted to
3J-38 percent. Prior to Che beginning of 1978, the number of piR3 at all
categories of farms reached 70.4 million head, compared to 1965 when Che
figure was only 59.6 million head.
'rlie rates of growth for pork production increased during the course of recent -
_ five-year plans. Thus, during the 1966-1970 period the average annual
pro~'��^tion of pork in the public sector increased by 22 percent above that
- tor ,~e preceding five~year plan and during the Ninth Five-Year Plan compared
to the Eighth an increase of 36 percent. In the private sector, the -
gruwth amounred to S And 10 percent respectively. For all categories of farms
on the whole, the average annual production of pork increased respectively `
_ by 54U,000 tons or l,2 percent and by 1.06 million tons or 25 percent. A ~
great deal was accon::,~~lished with regard to disseminaring Che progressive
technologies for park pr~duction. Large-scale pig raising enterprises were~
created boCh at ko?kt~~o~~:~ and sovkhozes and on an interenterprise basis. The -
results of their opex~ttiuhs underacore the new opportunities thaC are
available for the in~c;nsive management of this branch. Nevertheless, the
_ proportion of such enterprises in the production of pork is atill not very
- high. An increase in the productivn of pork is being held up owing to the
, fact that meat production per head of pig has decreased at a number of -
_ kolkhozes and sovkhozes. For example, during the Eighth Five-Year Plan ~an
average of 85 kg of ineat in live weight was produced annunlly per head ~
available at the beginning of the year and during the Ninth Five-Year Plan
83 kg.
During the years of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, 34 percent more concentrated
feed wes uaed for feeding purposes on the pig farms of kolkhozes and
sovkhozes than was employed during the previous five-year plan, despite the
fect that the proportion of such feed compared to tha overall mass of feed
used for the raising and fattening of pigs increased only negligibly. The
_ consumption of mixed feed increased by 46 percent. It bears mentioning that
the consumption of grass meal and grain in processed form is inereasing in
= pig breeding with each pasaing year. Improvements have been realized in the -
structure of the concentrated feeds being fed to pigs. During the Eighth
Five-Year Plan the averagg annual proportion of grain in concenCrated feed
� amounted to 28 percent; flour, siftings and other residues obtained from the
~ proceasing of grain 45 percent; mixed feeds 26 percent. ~ar the Ninth
. 7 ~ -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-4Q850R000100034Q10-6
I~'Uk (11~ I~ lC I AL USL: ONI,Y
l~i.ve-Year l'lnn rhe figures were 2G percenC, 45 parcent and 29 per~enr
r~s~~ectLvely. An intportanC fuctor with rogard to raising the efficiency of , -
use o~ f~ed is that of realizing improvemenCs in the sCrucCure of Che
rations. However, this �actor manifests itself fully only in Chose instances
wliere use is made not only of the bc~st feed but where tha faeding is carried -
out in a?i intensive manner. 'This sc:cond condition musk be rea~ized more
�ully. Comparad Co the Eighth Five-Year Plan when an average of 626 kg of -
concentrated fecd was fed to each ~ig, dur.ing the Ninth Five-Ye~r Plan -
6U3 kg. -
[~rom the standpoint of the moderil requireinents of sr_ience and leading �
E~x{~eriencP, large numbers of pigs are not being utilized properl,y at a =
considerable number of kolkhozes and sovkhozes. Special importance is being
uttached to taking into account the regional aspect in the distribution of _
tiiclustrial pork production. Statistical data reveals that 77.2 percent of _
~lie ~>L~;s are located in the ItSFSR (48 percent) and tlie Ukraine (29.2 perce?it) -
and when Retorussia, Molduvia, Kazakhstan and the Baltic republics are _
~ Lnc luclecl 97.4 percent. The principal suppliers of pork in the l2SFSR are
rlie nortli (:sucasus (17.6 percent of the pigs), the Volga region (16.5
- ~~~rcent), the central��chernozem region (15.8 percent) and the central region ~
(13.3 percent, that is, 63.2 percent of the pigs on farms in tlie RSFSR are -
~ Locat~d in four economic regions. Since pork production represents clearly
uxpr~ssecl zonal specialization, tl~e problems concerned with the development
- ol pif; raising and its intensification should be examined mainly in the
tipecl.lic obiasts, krays and republics. 'Phe or~anization, level of culture ~
and efficiency of pork production in the mentioned ecqnomic regions and
re~~ublics are determined hy the economic status of the branch on the whole.
in 1974, a stable year Prom the standpoint of production condirions, and in
oblasts which were not specializing in the production of pork, for example
Novgorodskaya Oblast, 150 kg of ineat (in live weight) was obtained per head,
in rlurmanskaya Oblast 14tS,.in Pskovska~~a Oblast 132, in Volgogradskaya _
Oblast 124 and in the north Caucasus, a region of traditionb~. pig
i~aisin~; i~l kg. The highest pork yields per head were obtained in oblasts ~
in thc c~orth~~est, where industrial methods are employed mainly in pig raising
o~~erations, and the lowest yields in the regiong of traditional pig
raisln~;, conside'red at the same time to be large producers of grain as the
principal teed for pigs.
Uurin~; th~. pas~ tew years, increases have taken ~lace in feed deliver.ies for
- livestock husbandry purposes. In 1965 the consumption of concentrated feed
nt a1l categories of farms and in all branches of livestock husbandry
auiouilLecl to 65.3 miilion toc?s, in 1975 118.9 million and in 1976 '117.4
nii l lion to~is . In 1975, 22. 5 quintals of sl l types of feed were expended ,per
ticad a rnl in 1976 25.5 quintals. However the desired results were still -
n~t actzieved, since zonal specialization was not developed in terms of
s~~ecializecl enterprises, that is, it was not reinforced by a modern level of ~
~
~~roduction culture.
B
. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.Y ~ -
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000100034410-6
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