JPRS ID: 8322 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR RESOURCES

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- 8 March 1979
, ~
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR RESO~lRCES
(F0~10 5/79)
~
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICIE ~
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- DIOLIOGRAPHiC DATA 1. Heport No, ^ 2. J~ Recipient'~ Acccseion No,
SHEET JPRS L/ 83~:? i
A, 'U ,~n ~u ~tu c S~ epon ate ,
_ TItANSLATi0N5 ON USSR ~~5UURCES, (FOUO 5/79) 8 March 1979
6.
Author(s) 8~ Pet(orminR Org~nit~tion Rept,
No.
9~ 1~crlurminR Organiz~tio~ Name and Addre~~ 10, Project/T~sk/Wotk Unit No.
Joint Publicationa Reeea~ch Service
a.000 Not'th Glebe Rogd 11. Contr~ct/Gr~nt No~ '
Arlington~ Virginie 22201 -
12, Spoi.~otina Ors~niz~tion N~me ~nd Addrei� 1J. Type o At petiod
Coveced =
Aa above
t~,
1S~ Supplemencery Notei
16~ Abatr~ct~
This aerial report cantains information on energy, fuele and related equipment; -
fishing industry and marine resources; water resources, miner~ls~ timber, and
- electric power.
11. Kcy a'ords ~nd Document Analy~is. 7a. Desctipton
US$It
Natural Resources _
Electric Power
- Energy
Energy Conservation
Fisheries
_ Fuels
Minerals
Timber
Water Supply
17b� Identifiers/Open-Gnded Term~ -
COtiAT'1 Firld/Group SC, 10, 21D, 2C, 8G, 2F
18. ~lvail~bil~cy icatement 19. Securicy Class (This 21. ~o. o( Pages
FOR O~FICIAL USE (1NLY. Limited Number of ROPo�~ 34
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_ 8 March 1.9 79
~
TRANSL~T~ONS ON USSR R~SOURCES -
(FOUO 5/79)
CoNT~NTS PAGE
' ELE;CTRIC P(7WER AND PQJEft EQUIPMF~V'r
_ Using High-Temperature Gas~�.Cooled Reacto2~s
(1r. A. Legaeovy et al; ATOMNAYA ENERGIYA, Dec 78) 1
- F1ie1 Utiliza~ion in Power Production
= (B. Ye. Nivikov; ATOMNAYA ENE~tGIYA, Dec 78) 16 `
Biographj.c Sketch of A..M. Petrokovekiy
(~zc~sTVO, oct 78) i8
FIJF',LS AND RF,L4TID EQUIPN~N'r -
- Regulation of Gas Conaumption Nonuniformity
( F. T. Agayev; et a7. GAZOVAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' .
_ SIIZIYA: EKONOMIKA GAZOVOY PROMYSI~TNOSTI, Jan 79).... 20 _
Distribution of ~'etroleum Reserves and Oil Recovery
F~om the Uzen' Field -
(M. L. Surguchev; et al.; GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA,
Aug 78) 27
- a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUO)
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_ ELCCTRIC POW~R AND POWER EQUIPMENT
= UDC 621.039.5'1w034.3
USING HIGH-T~MPER,ATURE GAS-COOLED REACTORS
M~ecow ATOMNAYA ENERGIYA Russian Vol 45 No 6, Dec 78 pp 411-418
~
[Article by V. A. Legaeov, N. N. Ponomarev-SCepnoy, A. N. Prvtsenko, Yu. F.
Chernilin, V. N. Grebennik, and A. Ya. Stolyarevskiy: "Prospects of Util-
= iaation and Basic Problema of Adoption of High-Temperature Gas-Cooled -
Reactors in Technolo~ical Processes and Electric Power Engineering"]
_ [TextJ The widespread and comprehensive diacusaion of various problems of
= tlie prospective development of power engineering has come about due to
` increasing difficu~ties of aupplying the country with cheap energy and
power resources, the level of conaumption of which has reached a maesive
acale.
_ Difficulties involved in developing power engin~:ering are due chiefly to
the fac~ that organic resources are becoming increasingly more expenaive,
- eapecially petroleum and gas, the moat convenient and widel?~ used sources _
of energy, reservpa of which are limitedy also the necessity of taking ac- _
count of ecological factors, which make energy production more costly and
- impose additional restrictions on the scale and location of energy-producing
installations; and, finally, the coneiderable "inertia" of power engineering
� --the most labor-intenaive and capiCal-intensive sector of the economy, -
~~s a result of which it is essential to develop prototype installations .
long before the wideapread adoption of plants of new energy profile in
th~ TEB [Fuel-Energy Balance].
All oE this requires expending the domains of application of nuclear power -
in the country's fuel-energy structure, and the maxiaium effectivenesa of
its utilization [1, 2]. Of great importance in power dew~::~opment in the
near future is the gradual replacement of liquid and gas organic fuel
[1, 3, 4].
At present, nuclear power is being used in practice to generate electric-
ity, thus renla~{:;~ organic fuel necessary to generate it. The develop-
mental nucl-ear ~ower in the European part of the Soviet Union will make
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- tt possible Co eubstanCially reduce the deficiency of energy reeources in -
that region. However, the functiona of AES's in reducing the deficiency of
_ hydrocarbon fuel are relatively limiCed. Since assimilnted power reac-
tors are designed primarily for use in the base portion of power system
loads, their adoption is driving coal-f3red condensation power planra our
of the energy balance.
Table 1 showa that the greateat consumption of fuel-energy resources, in-
cluding oil and gas~ is neceasary in the generaCion of inedium and low- -
potential heat and steam and high-potential heat for technological pro- -
ceasea (meCallurgy, chemietry, and so on) and also to supply the national
economy with motor fuel. In addition, gae and oil fuel ie utilized to gen-
~
erate peak and aemi-peek energy.
The consumption of gas and liqu3.d fuels in some of Chese domaina can be
reduced in part through the use of AST's [Nuclear Heating Planta] to gen- -
erate low-potential heat~ and asaimilated AES's in certain technological _
- processes for the integrated eupplying of low-potential heat and electricity.
Possibilities of utilizing nuclear power on the basis of assimilated reac- _
tors to supplant gas and liqui.d energy reaources are limited. Broader
perspectfves are opened up by the development and adoption of VTGR's [High-
Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactora~.
The characteristic features of VTGR's is the generation of Y~eat at tempera-
tures of around 1,000 degrees C or more. Such a Cemperature will make it
possible to adopt these reactors in various central-heating, power-
technological, and other processes to replace scarce hydrocarbon fuzls.
Tables 2 to 4 indicate the domain~ of potential application of VTGR's.
The potential scope of development of VTGR's is examined on the example of _
utilizing high-temperature heat for the steam conversion o� methane, and
- is presented in Table 2.
About 20 percent af all organic fuel that will be produced in 1980 will
have to be conaumed to generate hig~-temperature heat. Moreover, 60 to _
70 percent of the fuel conaumed for theae purposes will consist of scarce
hydrocarbons, and this share will not change substantially over the next
15 to 20 yeare. The high-temperature potential is e~sential in the produc-
tion of a~nonia and aimnonia fertilizers, synthetic alcohnl, hydrogen, and
so on, also in metallurgy for the direct reducticm of iron, blast~-furnace
processes. and so on.
The key problem in most high-temperature procesaes is the production of
various reducing agents, especially hydrogen, which can be obtaine~ bq
means of VTGR's. From organic ~uel, hydrogen as a raw material is obtained
by 3team conversion of inethane or cosl gasification (see Table 2). In the
long-run, thermachemical or thermoelectrochemical decomposition of wa~:er
~ may provide an unlimited source of hydrogen (Table 3). The productioi~ of
reducing agents, especially hydrogen, by means of VTGR's makes it possible
to replace all the organic fuel consumed in t~is sphere of energy produc-
tion.
2
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'I'nl?1~~ I. Slruc~~irri] Cniir~umpllc~ii c~f rui~l-l;ncr~y ReH~~urr.eH~ f'ercent c~f
l~uel-Ln~+r~y Is+~l,~nce
_ CT~1~'KT~'()p IIOT~lCG7C1111H 1'Of1711flN0�aiu~Pl'PT119PCNIIX ~1CCyl1(:OSt T3B T a 6 n ~s q a 1 _
ArpHOa f970-1980 rr, fta n pcneNrNny~~+ no~a?una~~~~a~ Ao~n~
~ ~L) (2) 5 8 naeptwn oucprenucu ~
~
ObnacTb norpe6neuNe (3) Aoirt ~cemrn ~6~ ~7) ~9 (10)
� n raan ine Aonn nc~yr?~ DTI'P
Ik~e.o ~~n ~cu nc~n- Dcero n raen nD
\`~~Ae) ~
~18~ .
11 nNpA(OTKQ ~JiCK7pOBIt0~T3Iti 25 13 30-35 ~ 10 Ao 20-?5 Ao 25-28
- ~123 liirpnfioT?cn Tcu~a u nopa cpe~lncro n 32 22 25-30 ~ 20 ~,0 8-f0 Ao ~(19 -
~~n,ir,oro norenq~tann
- (13) ItWpaGor~ta nWCOitono~reuunenbu~ro f9 i4 14-f8 f0 ~17 - ~o f2-14 (20)
rcnna
(14) ~tuGna~nda u craq~~onapede cnnoede 18 f4 fG f5 - RponseoAcr- (21)
)'C7UpQBKN 60 CIID'I'~T8�
qeCHOPO 70-
(15) n xn~niqec~coi't, ue~rexNUi~qec~tofl 8 5 f0 g _ nnasa -
IIj11iMNIll7ICt1110CTN Q N89RC700 CWPbA
I3cem (22) I f00 ( 88 I f00 I 80 I I
23 � no neiuidM [6~, e c.penNeM an nepNOR.
2(~ I10 OqPHlttlu BOTOp00, SN~IOIIfll111iW~t C)qlTOY fTpy NTyFd ~OTQt6J[lA811 Nt~iM 8 T88! 00 Aa~i61?I [o] R YBCIGT860~ 00-
TpeGn~m+n nt~tti+ u rnon ua f B60 r. no aowiww (8).
2~ t10 OtlCHlt(1~1 OBTOpOH C y9CTON OCHOBIILII �tPN,~C11411A 8~11lBlWtA T3D 6 Op01'A0308, nanpxwep (3~.
~Z JlcrsoeonnWe pcakTOpnt IDB3P, PBMK).
y~~
r
Key: -
1. Domain of consumption 16. -Up to 20-25
2. 1970-1980 17. Up to 8-10 '
3. Total* 18. Up to 25-28
4. Share of oil and gas (as 19. Up to 25
of end of period)** 20. Up to 12-14
5. Prospective*** 21, Production of aynthetic fuel
6. Total 22. Total
7. Share of oil and gas 23. *According to ~5], average for
8. Potential ehare of period.
nuclear power 24. **According to suthors' e~timates
9. LVR**** made on the basis of the struc-
10. VTGR ~~a�~e of consum tion of
p petroleum
11. Generation of electricity and gas in accordance with [5] and
12. Generation of heat and scale of consumption of petroleum
steam of inedium and low and gas for 1980 according to [6].
pot~ntial 25. ***Authors' estimates on the
13. Generation of high- b~sis of main tendencies of util-
potentiat heat ization of TEB and forecasts, -
= l4. Mobile nnd stationary for example [3j.
- power plants 26. ****Light-water reactors (water-
i 15. As raw material in the cooled reactors, high-power
chemical and petro- boiling-water reactors).
chemical industry
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Table 2. Nuclear Power-Technological I'rocesaes with VTGR's or~ Che Dasis
of Methane Converaion
,1TO~uwe ~uepibrexi+onor~iaccKUe upoitrccw c IiTCP ~u~ oc~~one Konncpcwt ~cTaea T a G n u u a ~
1 fldrceonr~uatl rn~ (~iaayt)
~1~ ~2~ ~3~ i AJTy MOOIIIUCTb10 ?OTO~IU118JIbRYQOabPNN
~ri~i,T~, 4~1un Atilr 1'rai,~,) uwtecaneNOro rm~:wnn
u nairu~~- Tun Tc:noieru~ LlpOxyl 20-30 xnc neiicKOi? qacTU CC(:P
~ ~ eae (29) 30 ea uepcrteKTnny)
~ H XeNOtoputivec- IIuKOSaa a:ceK� 1,9-2,1 2,4-2,6 He oqeausanacb 32-35 (ycTaaoenea�
~ It06 BKKyMYJItIpO� Tp03HCpfUR 88A DIOII~HOCT6 liBIIC-
eaeue axepra~~ (34) epessrrx
~ (32) (33) nac ~ zo rsT) ~35)
~
( 36 ~aTC - S70YNON 7HtPt0TllINOJtOCNqtCN911 CTi1tUNR.
Key:
1. Domain of application 6. Millions of tons of standard
; 2. Type of technological fuel per year
production 7. Economic effectiveness
3. Product 8. Potential volumes of fuel re-
4. Gas (fuel oil) replaced placed through the adoption of
in AETU of 300 megawatts AETS with ~/TGR's , millions of
capacity (heat) tons of standard fuel per year
5. Billions of cubic meters 9. Reduction in consumption of
per year natural gas
[Key continued on following page]
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- [Key Co Table 2 Continued] F
_ 10. Steam converoion of 24. Synthetic gas E;
meChane to produce ~ 25. 40 to 50 rublea per t~n of etan-
hydrogen dard fuel
11. Ammonia, ammonia fer- 26. 60 to 70 (in the case of gasifica-
_ tilizers, synthenCic tion of 50 million tona of coal)
alcohol, hydr~ogen 27. ReplFC.ement of gas and liquid
_ 12. 10 to 15 percent re- fuel
duction in prime coat 28. Chemothermal tranemisaion of
_ 13. 30 to 50 (in the case energy
_ of AETS's, 15 to 20 29. I?~centralized domeatic and in- -
million tAns of amtaania dustrial heat supply -
fertilizers) 30. Mors economical than AST's at
14. Direct reducCion of distances of more than 20 Co 30
or.e kilometers
- 15. Slaggy iron ~ 31. 80 to 120 (50 percent of decen-
16. Not estimated tralized heat supply of the -
17. Two to three (20 European part of the USSR over
million tons of slaggy the long-term)
iron) 32. Chemothermal energy ~torage
_ 18. ReducCion of ore in 33. ~eak electricity
_ blast furnaces 34. Not evaluated
_ 19. Pig iron 35. 32 to 35 (inatalled capacity of -
20. Nat evalurated maneuverable AES's roughly 20
?.1. Five to six (30 ~0 40 gigawatts) `
million tons of pig 36. AETS--tiuclear power-technology
iron) plant.
~ 22. Production of syn-
thetic fuel
- 23. Coal gasification
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J
TabS.e 3. Nuclear Power-Technological Proceases WiCh VTGR's on the Basis .
, of Various Methods of DecomposiCion ot Water
Aro~~~ue aacprotcxxonor~~accunc T a 6 rt a q a 3 _
npoqeccu c BTI'P Na ocuose pay~uqu6uc ~
tirro~os pnaao~cew~n ooAw _
- llponaeoacTeo noAOpu;tn
ua Ab`TC uomxocYba
- ~1~ 3U00 aiBr (raui,l
TcxxonoriwxKep 1tIITI, T~oKC~
OP~4lCC x MJI 1[. N~ I NJIfR~ :1~ T. `
_ (Z~, roa roa (6}
Tepaoxueu~- 85-70 4-4,5 i,8--1,8 1225
RCCIfA~~ [(i1KA rJS-80 3,5-3,8 1,4-1,5 925
35-40 'L,2-2,5 0.~1-f,0 800 _
7
Te},~coano~tTpo-45-50 2,9-3~2 ~,2-1,3 800
siuwqecKUii
ntuxn ~8~
- Bw o orc~mo- 40-45 2,5-2,9 l,0-1,'l 800-900
parype~tit
Key : aneKrpoaua
1. Technological process 5. Millions of tons of etandard fuel
2. Efficiency, percent per year
3. Production of hydro~~n 6. T~BX, degrees C
_ in AETS of 3,000 mega- 7. Thermochemical cycle
~ watts capacity (heat) 8. Thermoelectrachemical cycle
4. Billlona of cubic 9. High-temperature electrolysis
meters per year '
- Thus, the use of VTGR's in energy-intensive technological operations opens
up broad pros~pecCs for the development and use of nuclear power; this c~n
have a positive effect ~n resolving the problem of environment.
As mentioned earlier, mof;t of the organic energy resources being produced,
_ including hydrocarbons, nre cons~ed Co produce medium and low-potential
heat and steam. Some of the conc~ntrated consumers of low-potential heat _
could be supplied by AST's based on as~imilated reactors. A high propor-
tion of gas and fuel oil is essential for decentralized domeatic and in-
dustrial heat supply characterized by low concentration of energy consuTnp-
tio~., the conversion of c~rhich to coal is mdde difficult by technical-
economic and ecological factors. One possible w~y to resolve this problem
is provided by ASDT's [lang-distance nuclear heating plants]. In this
case~ the VTGR is used far the steam conversion of inethane, with trans-
mission of the cooled conversion products (CO and HZ) (Figure 1) through
gas utility lines to the places of heat consumption, where the reverse
- reaction of inettianization takes place to release heat. ~'he temperature
of inethanizatioY~ is roughly 450 to 650 degrees C. In the process, the ~
CO and HZ are converted almost wholly into methane, which can be returned
to the reactor through tl~e pipeline.s. ~
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i -
,
~ ~ -
~ i
r~ (d) -
DmonneHUe -
xunei 4
npou,t~cd� -
' ~a ) ( ~ ~ cmdeNNax
A CD T' nemoNOmop ! r, noneweNUd -
No dou (10�?00I1Bm~mtn~
BT~P ~
r'
I111
jlll
= CH~ llomRebumene
mexNOnoruvecaoto
nopo �
_ (b) 60-7oK~e%n: H
~t
p (e) `
i~~
i~ P t o. 1. C:er~ Aearxero xeroTeprmreoaoro rennooua6~e~~
Figure 1. Schematic of Long-Distance Chemothermal Heat Supply
" Key:
a. ASDT based on VTGR d. Heating of housing and industrial
b. 60 to 7U k3f/cm2 .facilities
~ c. Methar?ator ~~.0 to 200 e. Technological ateam consumer
megawatts t;heat)
All of th~se schematics f~~r the use of VTGR's in power-technological pro-
cesses call for using some of the heat generated by the reactor to pro-
duce electricity. Thanks to the high temperatures of~the heat-carrier in
this case it is possible use steam turbines with contemporary high steam
parameters (550 degrees C and 170/240 bar) and an effective net efficiency
of about 40 percent.
- The ability of VTGR's to generate heat of higher parameters makes them
highly promising in the development of AES power engineering with direct
gas-turbine cycles. Gas Curbines are becoming economical at temperatures
_ of. 800 degrees C or more. In this case, the direct gas-turbine cycle will
be superior to the eteam cycle both in terms of high efficiency and by
virtue of reduced metal-consumption of th~ equipment and reduced capital _
outlays. Other advantages of the direct-cycle AES are the considerably =
_ lower consumption of cooling w�ater and the probability of conversion to
, air cooiing, higher maneuverability of the AES, and the possibility of
using it in regulating ~onditions. Various alternattve uses of VTGR's -
in electricity generatio~ are presented in Table 4. -
~ -
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Table 4. AES~'s With VTGR's =
_ ATOMHWC C?9H4NN C DTI~P T a 6 n n q~ 4
~ 1~ 8nepreteteCNx31 ltaKn I~2 ~ HIIR~ y I~ 3~ Oco6ennocTa -
IIapuTyp6uQadi4 38-40 Ilcno~ ~aooAm~e cep~~i~as~x naporyp6nx-
1161JC ()JIOI~OD, uanpu~tep na ! i0 Gap u na .
- (4) I 545�C. Cc~mhcuu~ Ten:?oe~tx cGpocon ua -
30-35 �io
' 3natxeyrwii raaotyp6nua~n 41-44 B~~,i6HCnocr~, J(OCTR1KCIIlIR D61C01iUX hIIA.
~6` D TOrI RIIC7E' f1Ntl 11CI107630DflEttlll GIIit8ptlNX
J QIiH710H. Ceu;itenue Kt1QUT8JIbHW7~ aaTpar,
non~uieuuc riaucopcuuocTn A3C, eoaaioxc-
nocr~ npit~teneaust vcyzsx? rpn;l~ipen tt
~icnonbaouanun cupocaoro Tertna (IIo 250-{-
_ -{-3n0 �C) Aae Teanocpnxaqun
3anucayrdi8~raaorypGraa~ii c 50-55 (c y9eroai nnaxonoTeu- ~3dcohuii hII;~.i~, soaeioHCaocra nenonbao-
repa~ocopGquoaeurc xoa~npitaApo- qitanbnoro Tennonoaeo~.a) BFIII{IA �cyatia+ rpaAupee.
oaaae~a 80-9(1 (6ea yvera nnaeono~mf~- }Ieo6xoAnai fI0JlD0,7, A118KOIIOTBHL(IIBJ[bHOI'O
qNanbaoro Tertnouo~eo~a) (l00-150 �C) ~renna
Key:
- 1. Energy cycle 6. Clos~d gas-turbine ~
- 2. Efficiency, percent 7. Possibility of achieving high .
3. Characreristics efficiency, including through
_ 4. Steam-turbine the use of binar~ cycles. Reduc-
- 5. Use of series-rroduced tion in capital outlays, higher -
= st~am-turbine blccks, for maneuverability of AES, possibil- -
� example of 170 bar and ity of using "dry" cooling towers _
~ 545 degrees C. 30-35 and the use of waste heat (up to
_ percent reduction in 250 + 300 degrees C) fo,_ centr~l
heat emissions heuting. _
- 8. Enclosed ~as-ttirbine with thermo- -
~ sorption compression -
9. SO to 55 (counting low-potential .
heat supply); 80 to 90 (not count-
ing low-potential heat suppl3?) ~
10. High efficiency, possib3lity of -
using "drj " cooling towers. -
- Necessity of supplying low-,
potential (100 to 150 degrees C) ~
- heat.
_
8
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'1't~e development of nuclcar power ahuuld be b~~~ed on a reliable golution to
ttie ;~roblem ~f fuel su~ply. T1ie developtnent ~f ~ helium Ceclinology for
rherm~~l VTGR's will gpeed up Che rc~~oluCion ot Che problem of gas-cooled ~
br~edcr-re~~rtore [1J.
A~ ACade~niribn A. P. Aleksandrov hae noCe~, evidenCly, the devel-
opment of high-Cemperature reactors on pnr with breeder reactorc~ will be-
come a charncterisCic tendency of change in the etructure of nucl~ar power
by the 1990's.
~ "It may turn out that thp development of breeder reacCore cooled by sodium
will prove eo be complicnted and nnfeasiLle in the case of ~ four to Aix-
= yenr doubling time, becnu~e the appreciable de~r~~c~ntion nf the neutron
spectrum by sodium reduces the ;~reAding raCio. In thie cnae it mr+y be
feasible to have s gga-cooled reactor, although the neces~ity of a very -
high calorific inCeneity of the fuel will lEad to high presaurev and com--
plicated emergency shut~down cool~ng systema. It appears, neverthelese,
th~t this trend should be followed up, eapecialiy coneidering Chat reduc-
ing the d~utrling time in metal-cooled rescCor~s will require conversion from
c~xide fuel c~mpetsnds to denser carbides, nitrides, or metal compounds, the
srabilicy of which is easier to ensure in chemically inert helium than in
sodium" [lJ.
(?ne of the outstandinR and substantial advantages of the whole VTGR con-
- cept is the commonality and uniformity of the basic technical, te.chnolog-
ic~11, and design solutions for all of the above-listed thrusts of develop-
ment. This npplies to the deaign of Che fuel elements, the basic equipment,
the design of the reactor housing, structural and heat-insul~~ting materials,
the re~ulating system, and so on. This kind of co~onality and uniform-
ity of basic solutions mak~s it possibl~ a:~~ reduce the volume of scientific- -
- research and experimental-design work anc~ to shorten implementation times.
i"hi~i advanta~e of Che VTCR's will. also undoubtedly have a poaitive effect
==a!~ on tt~e development of the production base.
Among the most important acientific-technical problems in developing VTGR's
.tire: Development of the design and technology f~r the making of fuel,
tiigh-temperature radiation- and corrosion-resiatant graphite~ high-
r.eroperature materiale for the equipment, fittings, conduits, and so on,
:~nd heat-inaulating materials and atructures; designing of :he basic tech-
noloRicA1 equipment (heat-exchangers, gas blowers~ fittings, steam gen-
erators, and so on) and high-pressure multi-chamber housings made of pre-
stressed ferroconcrete; and also asRimilation of helium technology
(control, cleaning, mass-tranafer~ and so on). -
ReAe~~rch is under way on practically all of tl-.ese problems in order to
re
~ oo a+ o~ oo v>.n ~ eo
H p~ -t ~ ~ A V tii x v~i t~n
24
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In the '1'rnngcguca~us nnd in the Norehern C~ucagu~ pro~ect~ have been
ongoing for r~ number of years Co find siCee for th~ creation of underground
gay gcnrage in the depleted bedg gnd aquifer~. In Kr~snod:~rsk.iy Krxy, 210
~ites have been inveetigated, gnd the Lower Cretaceoug d~poeiCe df ehe
Ku~t~cl~eW~kiy ~ield hgve been reCOmmended for underground ggs srorege; iri the
Senvropol' Krny, 170 ~ites hnve been inve~eigaCed, and the depnsits of the
' Green 5uiCe of the Nnrthern Stavropol' F'ield have bppn recommended; in
Checheno-Inguahetia, 100 bede of Ch~ Y.~rgggnchokrakskiy Complex were invea-
tig~ted~ and none were recommended~
In th~ Cerritory of the Geargian 551t, Che 5oyuzburgas Tru~t hgs worked on -
finding local w~ter-bearing structures and collector bede for underground
ga~ storage.
In order to create underground gee etorage in water-bearing etructurea~
therE are geological prerequieites, and a final enlution of thie problem
- will require n number of explor~Cory operatione~
The selection of the eites for underground gae storage in the water-bearing
structurea of the Armenian SSR hae low proepecte.
In spite of a lnrge number of inveatigaCed depleted beds (nbout 400) in the
Azerl~ni~nn SSR no favorable ei~e was found except tihe beds of the VII
horizon~ of the K~radagakiy Field.
The aite for underground gas atorage ie the depleted bede of the VII horizons
coordinated with the lower� limb of a brachyanCiclinal 15 km long and 6 to 8
km wide. The atructure ia divided into two blocks I(large) and II (amall)
by two dislocations.
The VII horizons differ from the other horizons by significantly more effec-
tive thickness of the sand and aleurite beds.
Above the VII horizon suite is an argillaceoue section VI-VII 250-300 meters
~ thick~ which is a reliable confining bed.
In addition to the favorable geological characteriatic, the additional _
prerequiaites for creating underground gae atorage in the VII horizona are
the possibility of extracting the condensate depoaited in the bed~ the
effect on the oil margin underdevelopment~ the use of the existing wells,
fteld structures and lines for underground gas atorage.
The II (amall) block is recommended as the primary block (3j.
25
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_
~OEt 0~'~ICtAL US~ ~NLY
Number of opergCing we11~ 14
Cgpitgl invesCmenta~ millions of rubl~s 15.x
OpergCing expenses, mi111ona of rublea 1.45
Iteduced exp~ense~, millions of rubles 3.27
Specific cgpitgl inveetment~~ ruble~/thougand
~f m~ 15~2
The cost benefiC from creating the firs~ phase of the Karadagekiy underground
ggs gtor~ge will be 6~7 million ruble~ per yenr.
The next phgse nf the underground gns storag4 ig to be cre~Ced in block I
(the lgrge otte) with subaequent buildup oE it.
The ~oint uee of the two underground gas ~tornges (Kalmusskiy nnd Karndaggkiy)
requirea investigation of the problem of the digtribution of Che pumping
lnwe and the selecCion nf gge betwepn ttiem. In Chis case it appeare ex-
pedient tn ueE! the K~rgdagskiy underground gas eCorage ~s the base, gnd
Kalmasskiy, es the peak.
Thus, the creation uf a large base underground gas etorage in the depleted
bed of the VII horiznns of the Knradag ~ield ~oill make it posaible to regu-
late the nonuniformity of the gas consumption in the Transcaucasus and _
individual oreas of the Northern Cuuc~sus, to create a reserve and improve
the oper~ting religbilit~� of the cross-connecCed main gas line syetema.
BI$LIOGRAI'HY
1. berezhov. 5. [t. SOTRUDNICiiESTVO SOVE:TSKOGO SOYUZA 5 IRANOM V OBLASTI
CAZOVOY PROMY5NLENN05'TI (Cooperation of the Soviet Union with Iran in
the Field of the Gas Industry), VNIIEgazprom~ abstract collection,
EKONOMIKA GAZOVOY PROMYSHLENNOSTI (Economics of tt?e Gas Induatry), No 1~
1978.
2. Korshunov, Ye. S. "Extra-E~:onomic Cooverat�:on of the Soviet Union in
Che Field ot the Development of the ~as In%~ustry," Nedra, GAZOVAYA
PROMYSHLENNOST' (Gas Induatry) , No 5, 1976.
3. burmiah'yan, C. A.; Kiyaebeyli, T. N.; and Orudzheva, Yu. S. "Optimal -
Salution of the Problem of Underground Gas Storage in Azerbaydzhan,"
Nedra, GAZOVAYA PROMYSHLENNOST', No 4, 1974. _
COPYKIGHT: VaesoyuZnyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut ekonomiki,
organizatsii proizvodstva i tekhniko-ekonomicheskoy infotmatsii
v gazovoy promyshlennosti (VNI1~gazprom). 1979
10845
C50:1822 ~
26
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a~nk ~~~~t~ t.r, i n~, ci~i, nrt~,v
I~'U~L5 ANU It~LAT~U ~QUtYM~NT
~
iJDC 553.98:622.276,057(574.1)
UISTRIgUTION 0~ P~TROLEUM R~5~ItVE5 ANb OIL RECOVERY FROM TKE UZEN' ~IF.LD -
Moscow CCOLOGIYA N~~TI I GAZA in Russian No B,Aug 78 pp 1-S
[Article by M. L. 5urguchev~ A. V. CherniCskiy~ M~ K. 5izdv~, VNII Insti-
tute~
['CextJ More thnn 1800 well~ have been drilled ih tlie Uzen' formation. The
geophysicnl data for more than half of them have beEn interpreted by the ~
known procedure of (2j.
Mnre than 50 aep~rate productive bed~ have been isolated in the XIII-XVIII
horizon aecCion. A large amount of initial data including tens of thousands
of individual ~eterminationa and characteristics have been accumulated for
these b~da. They offer the poseibility of studying the atructure of the
~ formationa choaen for development with a high degree of detail and accuraCy.
M~tnformation retrieval syetem (the Uzen' IP5) has been developed and aet
up for complete uae of thie hroad materiel. IC permits operative~ multiple
sorting and procesaing of the data pertaining [o the index or ob~ect under
s[udy.
The Uzen' information retrieval aystem is a aet of programs for automatic
recording, clasaification, atorage and proceaeing of geological and geophysi-
cal data on productive beds executed on the BESM-6 computer [4J. In addition
to the data on the effective thicknesa and petmeability of the bed, the
information retrieval eyatem catalogue containa data on the coordinates of
drilled wells, the position of the initial oil-bearing contoura for each
productive member, tectonic diaturbaaces, and so on. The system permita -
graphical constructiona and calculations to be made connected with the
spatial propagation of the ail-bearing traps in the body of the formation.
A special progrrun was uaed to determine the oil-bearing volumes within the
limits of a given bad, band or horizon, a block or the entire formation.
An important characteristic of the system is the possibility of limiting
the selection of information to an arbitrary range of values of the perme�-
ability, in particular~ aelectively calculating the productive volumea only
- for those beda~ the permeability characterietic of which corresponda to the
- previously given range of values.
27
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~j.~
~Ok nt~'t~'ICIAL I15~ ONLY
ny u~ing the infnrm~tion9 retrieval ~y~tem it h~~ become po~sible to c~rry
out detailed differenti~tion gttd evaluntion of the initi~l balnn~~ regerves
di the dil in the XIII-XVTII horizon~ of the Uxen` fnrmaeion for g61 wellg. _
The primary goal of thi.s evaluarion was not a review of ehe totgl oil
reeerve~ but only g~tudy of their gtructur~ tha~ ig, the ngture nf Che
dietribution with respect Co area, ~ection, attd bedg with diffprenti p~rcnlg-
tidn properties. ~or eep~r~te c~lCUlation of th~ regerv~s with regp~ct to
bedg wiCh differ~nt percol~tidn Char~ct~rietic, variou~ oil sntur~tion
coefficienCa were uaed fdr the rock. Th~ preaence of n gtgble correlatinn
between the permegbility and the dil ~~turntion [3] mgde it poseible to uge
different values of the lgtter coefficienC for low, medium and highly perme- -
~ble trapg. The firet category included the beds with a permegbility of
lesg than 50, the secottd category, bed~ with a permeability of 50 to 150~
nnd the third~ 150 mD or more. The c~tegory of low-permeable tr~p~ wgg
divided intd twn subcntegorieg. The firse ittcludes the beda with a ps~rrne-
nbility from 10 (the extreme value of the parameeer adopted when calcul~ting
the regerves, approved by the 5Cgte Conunission on Minernl ~esources of Che
: USSFt) to 20-30 mU (the lower limit under the cold water pumping conditioris
[l~); the second includee the producCive depoaite with a permeability from
25-30 to 50 mU. Itt accordance with Che claseification of Che Uzen' traps
~3j the third cate~ory ie divided into aubcategnries corresponding Co the
bede with permeability from 150 to 400 mD or more.
Table 1
Permeabi~.ity range Korizons ToCal with
Eor oil-anturated respect to XIII-
trnps, m~ xiv xv xvi xv~~ xviii XVIII harizone
~
1~,0 6,9 ~6.2 4,5 12,9 10,0 8,7
- 1~~ 32,4 34.8 9.2 5,2 ~ 15.2 3.2 100,0
15,6 10.1 17.2 11,2 10,9 26.8 12.8
Z4,5 34.6 17~5 8,8 8,8 5.9 100.0
~I~ 2~,7 28.7 42.5 36.8 29.7 37.8 30.8
16,0 ~ 40.8 17.9 11,9 9,9 3.5 100~0
1~'~ 22,5 30.2 21.7 33,9 25.9 10,7 2T,0
16,8 49.1 10~5 12,5 9,8 1.2 100,0
> 4~ 23.2 24.0 12,3 13,G 20,~ 14.7 20.7
22.8 50.8 7~7 6,6 10.1 2,0 100.0
Bcero ~~�0 100,0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0
Total ~3.8 13.0 10,0 IO~s 2.9 100,0
Note. Proportion of reserves, percent: proportion from total hori2on in
the numerator; from the total range in the denominator.
'Ihe reaerves were evaluated by the following echeme. The address for each
~inalyzed aection of the formation wae calculated, hy which the voltmes of
the productive beds~ bands and horizons as a Whole were calculated on the
computer. Then theae volumea were multiplied by the mean values for the
28
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I~'t~it h~~ICtAL U5~ dNLY
given horiznn di the pnro~ity coefficiettt~ the oil den~ity und the cnnver~ion
Chctor gnd al~o by the oil eaturn~ion fgcCor cdrreeponding to ehe given
pErme~bili.Cy range,
Aq n result, n deCgiled egtimgCe wgs mnde of Che iniCial bglance re~erve~
of Che oi1 with re~p~Ct to the horizons~ beda~ bands, and sectian~ af the
blocka in each of the five given permen6ility ranges. The bal~nCe re~erves
witf~ respe~t td the formntion have tuYried out in prgctice to be equ~l to
those gpproved. The di~eribution of the initigl bala~nce res~rve~ with
= regpect to permeabiliCy rgnges gnd generalized resulCe from eaCim~Cing nr~ _
- presented in T~ble 1.
Most of the reeerves rurn out to be aseociated wiCh rraps with permenbilitie~
�rom 50 to 150 mb--mnre than 30 percent of all uf the balance resexvea of.
the XIII-XVIII horizons~ The trape with permeabili~y wich lesa than 50 mD
cnntgin on the whole more than 20 percenC of thn reserves of the XIII-XVIIT
horizon8, gnd ~ome of them, even more (in XIII 29.6, XVIII 36.8 percent)~
A ndtirenble proporCion (8.7 percent) ie nsaociated wiCh thp bede with the -
permeability of lees than 20 mD.
The nil reserves aesociated with the highly permeable trspe (150 mD or more)
amount to a total of 47.7 percent of the over~ll initial balance reeerves of
the formation. Half of them are concentrated in the XIV horizon. Among the
higl~ly permeable traps~ as has baen noted, a category has been eatabliehed
witt~ permeability of more than 400 mD containing more than 1/5 of the total
reserves.
The preaented valuea of the volumes of the reservea in a formation with
different permea6111ty indicate how wide the range of variability of the
bed propertiee is, how nonuniform the collecCOre are with reapect to their
percolation characteristics and how large the proportion of the reaerves in
the low-permeab2e beds. ~
This can be presented more clearly by depicting (s~e Figure 1) the oil re-
serve dietribution with respect to permeability in the form of the f(K) and
~(K) curvea.
~
~ ~
_ ~
~ ~ �
1 ~
~o ~ ,
~ ~
re : ,
~ , ~
~v ~oriasaeir ~o~v sro ar ~ao ran~~f
Figure 1. Diatribution of the balance oil reservea of the Uzen' formation
with reapect to permeability. Distribution curves for the
balance reserves: 1--Differential--f(K)~ 2--Integral--F(K).
2g
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~Oit n~I~'ICTAL US~ tlNLY
Thc weighCed m~nn vglue di the permegb~iliry g~ a whole with respect to the
_ ~ormatian ig Z35 mb. , Mor~ ehnn 70 percent of the nil regerveg gr~
_ eociated wiCh eh~ bede ~nd intergeie.tgl bed~ with permeahility b~low thie
figur~, nnd the minimum p~rmeabiliry of the bede, eh~ r~gerve~ df which
gre conaid~red industrigl, is 23 tim~~ legg thnn rhe weighted means.
The reserveg cnnneceed with bede having permegb~tlity above ~35 mb amount
to leae thgn ~0 percent o~ Che formgtion, and Che ratic~ nf the maximum
perme~biliey Cn Che me~n in this group reachee 7-10. The digpereion of the _
megn value of the perate~bility is 1.16, whiCh i~ appreCigbly more thgn for
the Urgl-povolzh'ye fields.
The inve~tiggtion of ehe etrucCure of ehe inieial bnl~nce reserves, their -
distribution with respect to trape with differene percolation ch~r~cterigeicg
are e~f gr~gt intere~t when analyzing the flodding conditions of ehe prdduc-
Cive formgtions.
In r~cent years, a relatively Fast rige in flooding of the production
formgtione hne been observed in the Uzen' field. It is known that the ef-
fectiveneas of the flooding proces~ is determitted by many factore, amnng
which the pumping eystem, the viacosity of ttie oil, t}~e disconCinuity of
the oil-bearing etrata, the condition of t}~e bor_tom-hole pumping and operating
wells, und so on play an important role. The nom~niformity of the flooded
formations with respect to petmeability also has very great eignificance.
- In order to estimate the role of the natural nonuniformity of Che beds of
Che XIII-XVIII horizons with respect to permeability and ratio of the
viscosity of oil and water in the flooding characCeristic, a etudy was made
of Che follawing approximaCe calculation (idealized) acheme. All of the
operating eites in the formation are represented as a single multilayer
nonuniform bed, Che reserves in which are distributed in scattered layere
with different average pern~eability corresponding to the above defined
petmeability ranges. The tr~icl~ness of the layers is praportional to the
fraction of the balance reaerv~ls characterized by one permeability rating
or another (see Figure 2). Thia schematized bed is drained by using the
~ srorking and pumping galleries u~nder constant conditions. Under the flooded
and oil-bearing zones, the percolation resistances remain equal. that is,
the reductions in phaee permeability and viscoeity of the liquid in the
flaoded zone are the seme. The layere vill be worked in this case propor-
tionally Co the mean valuee of their permeability, and the water aill ~
break through into the Working gallery from the .nore permeable layera through
the less permeable onea.
30
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F'OR c11~~ptCtAL US~ nNLY
. ~y,np, ~M,o
2:,~1,K~ y~6~~ -__6
_
A� ,6 ,v~ 4 _
_ M -
A,7d9X;~`
~ 0,.,~ ~
_ . _ ?
A~?lsX~R 'e~~A /
_
A~D,Oxi �A2f0~rA
~'igure 2. Ide~liz~d ~chematic of fldoding prdc~e~. Curvea 1-6--Poeition of
th~ pumping fronC gt Che time of flooding thp cdrr~eponding
layer.
K~Y: '~--p~~~~bility
Wh~n ~ layer (ee~ ~igure 2) with Ch~ high~~e perm~gbility (in ti~e range df
~00 to 1,200 mb, K,p~ ~ 1059 mU) is compleeely flooded, the ponieion nf r.he
wnter front in the o~ier lgyerg (indic~t~d by a eingle v~rtic~l line) turns
out td be proportional to their m~en permeabilities; the pumping front line
will be described ict cutve 1. At the next point in time--c.omplete flooding
of the l~yer with an averege permeability of 600 mD (the range 400-800 mll)
--the pneition of the water front ie ehifted (indic+~ted by the double
vertical line) and the pumping front line will be deecribed by curve 2~ nnd
, ~n on.
Conaidering the simpiificacions of the percolation process discusaed above,
the flaoding of the production formation at each inveetigated time ie defined
by the formula
E RA -
~ n"' ER.h.-}-EA~h~ '~~�b
where Kg and hg are the main valuee of the permeability and the effective
thicknesa of the flooded layere, 1C~ and hH are the mean values of the penme- -
ability end the effective thicknesa of the layere not yet flooded.
The coefficient of dieplacement of oil by water in the flooded formation
is assumed to be equal for all beda (0.62). Here~ hoWever~ it ie coneidered
_ that the collectors with different mean permeability are encompa8aed to a
different degree by the drainage. which ie caused by their diecontinuity.
The factor indicating the degree to Which the beds are encompassed by the
drainage ie ~eaumed to be equal to the following ti?aluee for the given
permeabilities: for 10-20 mD~ 0.5; 20-50 mD`0.6; SO-150 mD~ 0.7 and above
_ 150 mD, 0.9. T~is correeponde to the actual atate of nonunifa~ity of che
- horizone in the formation and enccrmpaseing of them by the drainage. The
loW-permeability bede are charac[erized by greater diecontinuity and are
less encomp~esed With reapect to thicknees in the xells not exceeding
0.5.
Beginning With these conditiona, the follosring relationa Were obtained bet~+een
el~e flooding and the current relative oil e~ctraction calculated in percentages -
of the final planned extrnction (see Table 2).
31
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~Oft n~t~'tCIAL 1?SF: ONLY
'Ch~ ratin b~tw~~n th~ indpx~g nf the different st~ge~ of develdpment indicgt~e �
th~t in th~ Uz~n' fi~ld v~ry high nnnunifnrmity with r~~pect td perme~bility
nf th~ initial bglance oil reg~rv~~ in th~ working ~itra di th~ XIII-X~+III
horizon~ pr~deCerminee Che r~lgtively high flooding rate nf th~ prdductinn
fnrm~tinn. Th~ ch~r~cteriotic~ nbtained under the cnndition~ ~f the idenlized
I11ndp1 ~f~ C10A@ t0 th~ ACCUgl Ch~reCe~rigtiC~.
Tgble 2
~telgtive oil extrgceinn, x ~roductinn flonding, X
+ -
-
26,8 38~~
~9.1 ~+a
68,1 ~~q
78,8 91.8
98~4 97~&
100 99~4 -
In aJdition~ the actual ~onditions of the workin~ of tt~e formation are
charncterized by Che presence of ~ti number of f