JPRS ID: 8331 TRANSLATIONS ON LATIN AMERICA

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~ J'PR5 L/8331 '
13 March 1979
TRANSlATIONS ON LATIN AMERICA
(FOUO 4/79)
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
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010l.IOGRAPNIC OATA
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sHEeY
JrRs
L/8331
. t e okn t t e
7'RANSLATION5 ON LATIN AMEItYCA, (FOUO 4/79)
,
S. cport )aec
13 March 1979
6.
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in major areas of Latin Ame
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JP?RS L/8331
13 Marah 1979
TRANSLATIONS ON LATIN AMERICA
(FOUO 4/79)
CONTENTS
COSTA RICA
- Briefs
CFCR Protests Chinese Attack on Vietnam
CUBA
Ideological Conditioning of Cuban Servicemen Described
(A. Shcheglov; VOYIIVNO-ISTORICHESKIY ZHURNAL, Jan 79)
GUYANA
- Burnham Exgreases 5upport for Nonalined Movement
- (PRELA, 23 Feb 79)
Briefa
Gtiiban Delegation Goea Home
PERU
Aprist Party Increasing Contacts Wit h Government
- (PRaA, 26 Feb 79)
Reaction to Vietnam-China Crisis
( PftEIA, vaxious dates ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solid.arity Meeting� Called
PSR Supports Vietna.m
Press Reports PRC Invasion
CGTP Denounces PRC Aggression, by Palmiro Gomez
Two Leftist Publications Closed
Communists Assail PRC for Attacking Vietnam
_ (pREi,A, 24 Feb 79)
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CONTENTS (Continued) Page
Peruvian Prime Ministe,r Criticizes PRC Attack on Vietnam
(RUMA, 25 Feb 79) 19
Bri.efs
PETROPEftU's Foreign Debt 20
Signs of Economi.c Recovery 20
VFNF"~LUEI'A
Foreign Minister Speaks Out Against Chineae Aggresaion
(PREI,A, 22 Feb 79) 21
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CUBA
IDEOLOGICAL CONDITIONING OF CUBAN SERVICEMEN DESCRIBED
Moscow VOYENNO-ISTORICHESKIY ZHURNAL in Russian No 1= Jan 79 aigned to
press 22 Dea 78 pp 64-68
[Article by Capt-Lt A. Shcheglov: "On the Ideological Conditioning of
Cuban Soldiers"]
[Text] On 1 January 1979 the Cuban people celebrated its Liberation Day.
Twenty yeara ago its long years of struggle against American monopolies
and the Batiata dictatorship ended in victory. A new era in the life af
the country began an era of revolutionary Cransformations and of the
construction of socialism.
The soldiers of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, the heirs of the heroic
past of their homeland, are vigilantly atanding guard over the peaceful
labor of the Cuban people which :Ls building socialism.
The development of the Revolutionary Armed Forcea is being carried out
under the constant leadership of the Communist Par.ty of Cuba.. In the
decisiona of the First Congress of the Communisr, Party of Cuba it is
emphasized: "The party attributes and will continue to attribute
especial importance to strengthening the defense. capacity of the country,
to maintaining the combat and mobilization readinesa of the Revolutionary
Armed Forces, and to the acCive participation by the entire people in the
defense of our revolutionary galns and af the independence and eovereignty
of our country."1
Political education work which influences all of the aspects of the life
and activities of the Revolutionary Armed Forces ia assigned an important
place in the accomplishment of these tasks. Its premises arose at the
time when under the revolutionary dictatorial regime the young revolution-
aries lead by Fidel Castro and his fellow fightera were preparing to giv.~
battle to the Batista dictatorship. Underground workers explained the
goals and taeks of the movement to the young people who had taken the
revolutionary path and developed staunch fightera. Femembering those
days, the Minister of the Revolutionary Armed Forcea General of the
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Army Itaul CasCro hae 'said: "In...the aCruggle againet tyranny we did noC forget about political Craining. Performing organizational
and propagandn work, we cxeated ci.rcles in which, along wiCh other
- mttterials, Marxist liCerature was studied.... we underwent a theoretical
training which included a study of the combaC hiatory'of our'people and
31 of the political ideas of the leaders of the revolutionary atr~}ggling
~ Cuba."2
~
The importance of.the agiCational and propaganda work whiGh was carried
- ouC during that period is tesCtfied to by the high morale of the 165 _
fightera who on 26 July 1953 stormed the Moncado forCresa tn Santiago
_ de Cuba. Although the revolutionariea suffered a failure, their action
was of great political imporCance for Che development o� the revoluCionary
- proceas in Cuba.
In a speech at a Cuban-So-viet friendahip meeting in Havana an 29 January
1974 the General Secretary of the CC CPSU and Chairman of the Presidium
' of the Supreme 5oviet USSR L. I. Brezhnev emphasized: "Today,,speaking
about Che grand houra of Cuban history, we cannoC but pay tribute to
the heroic atandard bearera of your revolution. Under a severe dictatorial `
regime a handful of fighters coura$eously joined battle against the
oppreasors, fired the popular masses with their ideasand raised them to
a victorioua struggle. Thia was truly a great feat."3
-
- At the beginning of the combat operations by the expedition of rebels
who landed from the yacl:C "Granma" on 2 December 1956, along with oral -
_ propaganda, the newapaper EL CUBANO LIBRE began to be published and its -
first editor was Ernesto Che Guevera.4 _
The radio also played an important role in propaganda on the territory
which had been liberated by the rebels. The firat appearance on the air -
= by "Radio Rebelde" took place on 24 February 1958. The radio broadcast ~
_ information, bulletins on the military situation on the fronts, political
commentaries, discussi.ons, explanatians of the meaning and ideas of the
= rebel movement, and reports about the represaions of the dictatorship.
- Fidel Castro has emphasized that truthfulness was the basic principle of
- radio propaganda. The broadcasts by this radio station were listened to
not only by the fighters of the rebel army and the inhabitants of the
liberated areas, but by the entire people of the ieland.
In view of the importance and necessity of training special cadres to
J conduct ideological and educational work, in 1958 the first revolutionary
political instructors school was created for the rebel army in the
Sierra Maeatra. During the war it conducted three recruitments and
- trained two graduating clasaes; the third graduation took place after
the victory of the revolution in Santiago de Cuba.S This school was
the first organized form of the training of political instructors who
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' played an'important role in the educational and agitational-propaganda ~
work among the pereonnel of the revoluCionary forces.
~ T.he baeic taslc of the ideological and educational work was aubordinaCed
to the attainment of the chief goal the rapid destruction of the
_ IIatista forcea and the overthrowal of the hated dictiatorahip. Along
with trie, great attention waa devoCed to propaganda an3 agitation among
_ the pereonnel of the Batieta forces. The purposes for which the rebels -
were faghting wQre explained to the soldiers, the juetnesa of their -
cause and the corruptness of the Bariata dictatorahip were demonstrated,
and it was euggested Co them that Chey makc: the only correct choice
to stop ahooting at thelr brothers and aC their own. peop].e, and, by
' uniCing with them, to overthrow the rotten anti-popular nystem. -Toward these enda, the rebels conducted oral propaganda and radio broad-
casting, sent lettera and leafleta to the campa of the unita and subunits
of the government army, and performed explanatory work ,among pri$oners.
The Cruthful worda and the unmaeking of the government's lies had a
posltive in�luence on the soldiers of the BaCiata Army. During combat
operations hundreds of them voluntarily aurrenderPd, while aome of them
= declared a desira to fight on the eide or the rebels.
In the end, the combat oper.ations of the revolutionaries, supporCed by
the broad popular masses pf Cuba, ended in victory in January 1959. The
role of the rebel ,army in the historic eve:its of its country was properly
evaluated by the First Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba. It ia
stated in the aummary report to the Congresa that the "rebel army was
the soul of the revoluCion."6 Iaith the estab?iahment of people's power
_ in the country the revolutionary government devoted great attention to
the construction of the armed forces. This was extremely neces'sary.
- American imperialism was doing everything it could to strangle the Cuban
Revolution. First it declared an economic blockade, and then it went �
over to direct aggressive acts against Cuba. Raul Castro has emphasized:
- "The situation demanded of us that we create a modern army capable of
standing against new and more powerful enemies."7
In October 1959 the Miaiatry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces was formed.
Detachmenta of people's militia began to be formed. In the middle of 1961
the first regu3.ar units of the Revolutionary Armed Forces were created.
As Cuba developed in its socialist path its cooperation with the socialist -
countries became stronger and wider. Cuba's international positions,
~ its interests, and its security were increasingly protected not only by
the firm policy of the Communist Party of Cuba and the heroism of its
people, but also by the support of the USSR and other socialist countries.
The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Cuba a reliable defender of the
people's socialiet gains were created and equipped with help from the
USSR and socialist countries.8
4
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Tlie Cuban people place a high value on the Soviet Union's conCribution to atrengChening the defenae capacity of the Island of Freedom."ileciaive _
military aseieCance waa given to ue by the great homeland o� Lenin,"
it was noCed at the Firat Congreas of the Communiat Party of Cuba, "which
�rom the firat, most difficult momente of our revolution provided Cuba -
with modern meana of defense free of charge. The Soviet Union provided
ua with valuable assiaCance Chrough :+ts military apecialists who Caught
- us how to use weapotte, gave ua their knowledge of modern military science, _
and aerved as an example of modesty, selflessnesa, and a Communist
attitude to life."9 'Phe adoption on 26 November 1963 of a universal
_ military service law was an important event in the further stre:ngChening
of Cuba's Revolutionary Armed Forces and in increasing their combat
readiness. -
During the course of the conatruction of the Revolutionary Armed Forcea
a great deal of attiention was devoted to political education�work. "During
the periud of the creation of our uniCs," Fidel Castro has said, "and of
increasing our combat readineas and strengChening diacipline political
work ha s been one of the mosC important jobs and, one might say, that Chis
_ work is the moat imporCsnt work."10
In order to strengtheti educational and mass cultural work in 1959 a
- department of cultur,e was created in the Revolutionary Armed Forces. This
is the period of the opening of the Frank Paiz School for the Training
of Polic:ical Educators, Along with the revolutionary education o� the
servicemen, one of the most important tasks of its graduates has been the
elimination of illiteracy. (as of 1 January 1959 80 percent of the fighters
in the rebel army were illiterate).11
In 1960 the work on revoluLtonary education and the elimination of
= illiteracy in the army was headed by Ernesto Che Guevera. On his
initiative, a weekly military magazine VERDE OLIVO began to te published.12 -
Che Guevera activated political training for the personnpl and took active
part in preparing the first textbook for political studies. In 1961 the
Oswaldo Sanchez School for Political Instructors was opened. In that year
- it graduated ita first 754 political instructors who were assigned to the
armed forces. , . .
During that period the Administration for Revolutionary Education of General
Headquarters carried out tiie immediate leadership of ideological and
poliCica] and educational work in the armed forces. Pulitical education
sections were created in the branches of the armed forces and in the armies, while in the divisions revolutionary education groups were
created. Political instructors were appointed in battalions and companies.
_ In addition to combat training, political training for the'personnel was
introduced into the Revolutionary Armed Forces.
5 .
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On 2 December 1963 party organizations began Co be created in the unite
of the Revolutionary Armed Forces. The formarion of party organizatione
foatered a atrengtihening oE the army's might, a rise in the revolutionary
- conaciousness and morale'of the soldiera and officers, and au improvement
- of combat training. By the end of 1966 party organizations had been
_ created in all of the units (ahips) of the Revolutionary Armed Forces.
All of the ideological work in the Cuban Army is carried out on the basis
~ of the deciaions of the Firet Party Congress, the Program Platfoxm and
Charter of the Commur.iat Party of Cuba, the decrees of the plenuma of the
CC and Politburo, the orders and directivea of the Commander-in-Chief and
Minfster o� the Revolutionary Armed Forces, and the inatructions of the
chief of the Central Political Administration of the Itevolutionary Armed
Forcea.
. Political agencies have been created in all of the.'oranches of the armed
forces, formations, unite, military educational institutions, and
institutions.
The political agencies direct all of the ideological and political work
toward cultivating high morale-political and fighting qualities in the
- soldiers, raising the level of combat training and maintaining the
combat readiness of the troops, strengthening conscious military diacipline
and the principle of one-man leadership, and also toward the accomplish-
ment~of the concreCe tasks which are set for the units and subunits of
- the Revolutionary Armed Forces. The Communists of the army are the active
- conductars of the policy of the Communist Party of Cuba in the RevoluCion-
ary Armed Forces.
"The party's woxk in the ranks o� the armed forces," the First Congress
_ of the CommunisC Party of Cuba emphasized, "contributed to the fact thaC
their party org:anizations achieved a high level of maturity and develop-
- ment as a resul.i: of. a systematic study from the moment of their forma-
tion of MarxiRL�Leninist theory, a strengthening of party organizational
work, and a constant improvement of the quality of Ehe composition of their
ranks."13 .
As of December 1976 86 percent of the officers in the Revolutionary Armed
Forces were members of the party and the Union of Young Communists.14
The members of the Union of Young Communista the organ3zation of the
advanced youth and a smithy of the party's fighting reserve are active
helpers of the party in the Revolutionary Armed Forces.
The army organizations of the Cuban komsomol give their basic attention
to raising the political and general educational level of the msmbers
of the Union of Young Communists and of all of the soldiers and to a
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- rOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY deep atudy by Chem of Marxtst-Leniniat theory. They struggle for
- exemplary behavior by all of the members of the Union in carrying ouC -
their miliCary service and alao conduct work with the non-union youth,
and so forCh. More than 50,000 soldiers joined the Union of Young -
Communiets during their service in the Revollitionary Armed Forces, and
after having gone inCo the reaerve the,y worked auccessfully in the
' economy.l5
The cor.imanders, poliCical agencies, und parCy and youth organizations '
attributs great importance to developing and increasing the effectivenese
of socialiet competitions. They are organized between aoldiers, tank
crewa, gun crews, squads, platoons, companies, and battalions. Since -
1972 the victors in socialiat competitions have been presented with .
the insignia "Outstanding Member of the Revolutionary Armed Forces."
� The servicemen of the Air Defense, A3r Force, and Revolutionary Navy
have achieved great-succeases in socialist competition. For the first
time in Cuba two unita of the Air Defense and Air Force an3 one unit -
- of the Revolutionary Navy have been awarded the honozary designation of -
Guard Unitg.
The basic forms of the ideological woxk which is conducted in the
Revolutionary Armed Forces are Marxist-Leninist training for officers,
political classes for sergeants and the rank-and-file, party education, and agitational=propaganda and masa cultural work. -
- The materials of the First Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba, the `
Program Platform of the Communist Party of Cuba, and the Constitution of -
the Republic of Cuba are sCudied in the Mazxist-Leninist studies of the
officers and in the political classes of the sergeants and the rank-and- -
file. The Cuban soldiers increase the3r knowledge about.-the hietory of
Cuba and study the experience of socialist construction in the USSR and
other fraternal countries. Thus, for example, in 1978 in the Marxist-
Leninist training system the officers studied such problema as Marxisin-- - Leninism on war and the army and the political economy of socialism; the
soldiers and sergeants wark on such topics as "The Communist PaYty of -
Cuba," "The Third Congress of the Union of Young Communists and Its Basic -
_ Decisiona," "The World Socialist System," and so forth. _
One of the most important tasks in the ideological work which is performed i
in the Revolutionary Armed Forces is the education o,f Cuban soldiers in a
- spirit of patriotism and proletarian internationalism.
- . The heroic accomplishments of the�Cuban people are described by exhibits -
in the Central Huuse of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, the military
- glory museums, the "V. :I. Lenin-J. Marti" rooms, and unit clubs. Year
after year the relationanips and contacts betT�Teen the Armed Forces of
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the U55Et and of Cubu grow stronger. MutuA1 visite by deleggeione for
- the purpoae oE exchanging experience on the organizgtidn af ccibgC training
and the ideological gnd political conditioning of aoldiera havt become
- syeteawtic.
_ The developmenC of canCacts with the Etevolutionary Armed Forcea and the
~ U55R's military sid to Cuba are helping to defend the baine of the
Cuban Itevolution. "It ia known that the Soviet Union ie aleo providing
gid to Cuba in etrengChening its defense," L. I. Brezhnev emphasized at
the Cuban-SovieC friendship meeting in Havgnn. "We know very well, ae,
probably, others also know: Soviet weupone in the hande of Cubans are
~ not weapans for aCtacking anybody, and not a means of aggravating the
international situaCion. They aerve the just cause of d(:fending the
revolutionary gaina of your people, the cauee of peace aiid calm."16
The relationships between the Revolutionary Armed Forcea of Cuba and
the other armies 4F the socialist commonwealth counCries are also
_ growing atronger and developing.
Mofe thun two decades have pEesed aince the Revolutionary Armed Forces
of Cubn were born. Today ir is a modern army which occupiea a worthy
place in the fighting ranks of the armed forcea of the countriea of the
socialiet commonwealth.
FOOTNOTES
1. "First Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba," M., Poli`izdat,
1976, p. 362.
1 2. LATiNSKAYA AMERIKA, No. S, 1913, p. 7.
3. PRAVDA, 31 January 1974.
4. E. A. Grinevich, "Cuba: Path to the Victory of Revolution,"
Moscow, "Nauka," 1975, p. 60.
5. "From the Sierra Maestra to Havana," Voenizdat, 1965, p. 132.
6. "First Congreas of the Communist Party of Cuba," p. 176.
' 7. KKASNAYE. 'LVE'LDA, 2 December 1970.
8. KOMMUNIST, No. 2, 1974, p. 105.
9. PRAVllA, 20 December 1970.
- 10. "The Republic of Cuba: Handbook," Havana, 1963, p. 171.
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11. Alfredo Varelos, "Revolueionary Cuba," Moecow, Sotgekgiz, 1962,
p. 297.
12. I. LavreCekiy, "Erneato Che Guevera," Moscow, "Molodgyn Gvardiyg,"
1972, p. 181.
13. "F'irsC Congrees...," p. 182.
14. GttANMA, 6 December 1976.
15. "FireC Congreas...," p. 180.
16. "The Vieit of Leonid I1'ich Brezhnev Co Che Republic o� Cuba,"
Moscow, PoliCizdae, 1974, p. 48.
COPYItxCHT: "Voyenno-iaCoricheakiy zhurnal", 1979
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STATINTEL

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100030034-0
STATINTEL