JPRS ID: 8425 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR TRADE AND SERVICES

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000100040061-9
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JPRS L/8425
27 April 1979
~
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR TRADE AND SERVICES
(FOUO 5/79)
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE -
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NO'T~
JpI25 publicaCions contain information primarily from foreign
newsp~pers, periodiCals and books, buC ~~lso Erom n~~ws ng~ncy
transmiseions ~nd bro~dcttars. Materi~ls from fdreign-langua~;e
sources ~re Cr~n~l~ted; ehose from ~nglisli-language sourceg -
are transcribed or reprinred, with the original phr~7sing ~nd
= other ch~racCerisCics ret~hined,
Fleadlines, ediCorial reports, and mnCeriul enclosed in br~ckets
~~re supplicd by JpR5, ProcessinR indir.ators suc}i as [TextJ
or [~xcerpCj in Che first line of each irem, or following ehe
last linc of tt brief, indicate how the original information was
~ processed. Where no processing indicaeor is given, the infor-
mation was stimmarized or extracted,
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated Are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original bue hlve been supplied asappropriate in cor~text.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate wiCh the source, Times wirhin items~arc as
given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- _
- cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government,
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING (1WNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION -
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.
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I~c)it Uh't~ i(:Il1L uSl~ c~NLY ,
:1PR5 L/n425
_ a~ Hpr~~ ~979
TRANSLAI'IONS ON USSR TRAUt ANU SERVICES
(F'OUO 5/79)
CONT~NTS PAGE
INTL'RIVA7':COI`AL ~CONOMIC K IONS -
~ Securtng Inforu~tion on Evaluating Qutzlity of ~'orei~u
Froducts
(G. S. Verblovskiy, Z. M. Curev~.ch; NAUCHNO-
TEKHNTCFiESKAYA INFbRMATSIYA, SERIYA I,
ORClANI7ATSIYA I MF.TODIKA INF'ORMATSSONNOY RAIiOTY,
Jan 79) 1 _
Cooperation in Light Industry Among CEMA Natious
Stresses Advanced Technology
(G. E. zaytsev; SfNEYNAYA PROMYSHLENNOST', No 1, 1979) 5
- DOMESTTC TRADE AND CONSUN~R GOODS
New Type or Purchasing Contract With Indi.viduals
- (B. D. Basheyev; SOVETSKOYE GOSUDARSTVO I PRAVO,
Jan 79,~ 12
MANPOWE~t: LABOR, EDUCATION, DENIOGRAFflY
Book Describes Population Migration
(I~. L. Rybakovskiy, V. Ya. Churakov; SOTSIAL'NYE
FAKTORY I OSOBENNOSTI MIGRATSII NASELENIYA SSSR,
1.97~) ~g
TRANSPORTATION
New Soviet Airliner YAK-42 Described
(TECHNICKY TYDENNIK, ti Feb 79) � 23
Methais To Reduce Track, Wheel Elange Wear Proposed
( A. S. Linev, P~I. S. Kogan; EI,EIfii'RICHESKAYA I
TEPIAVOZNAYA TYAiGA, No 6, 1978) 27
Br iefs
Rail Deficiencies Noted 31
' a [III - USSR - 38 FOUO;
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IN'ri:itNATJ.ONAL CCONOMIC RELATTON5 -
SECUt2ING INFORMATION ON EVALUATING QUALITY OF FOR~IGN PRODUCTS
Moscow NAUCIiNO�TEKHNICHESKAYA INFORMATSIYA, SERIYA I, ORGANY2ATSIYA Y METODIKA -
INFORMATSIONNOY RABOTY in Russian No 1, Jan 79 pp 19-20
[Article by G. S. Verblovskiy and Z. M. Gurevich, aubmitted 25 OcC 1977] -
[Text] One of the moeC important goals of the Tenth Five-Year Plan is Co
improve the quality of production in a.ll seators of industry through conatant -
quAlity control. Objective evaluation of the quality of each new product ia
impossible without comparing it Choroughly with analogous foreign producta.
The lattcr determines a number of importanC taska of information agencies.
Inform~tion needa cauaed by the problems of the evaluation of production
qualfty are quite varied. According to GI=~T Z5467-70, the quality of a pro-
duct is understood to be "the aggregate of the properties of the producC
determining its suitability to satiafy particular neede in accozdance with ~ts
purpose"1. This definition is concretized in two generalized indexea: the
~ technical level and technical-economic level of the product's quality. The
former is understood to be "the level of production quality determined by
the aggregate of baeic2 indexes which doea not include economic indexea";
the se~cond index is "the level of producticn quality determined by the aggre-
gate of basic indexes which include economic indexea" (GOST 16431-70).
On the whole, the solution of the problem of evaluating the quality of a pro-
_ duct presuppoaes the availability of information on the deaigns of the pro-
ducts being compared, the technology of their manufacturing, maCerials and ~
elements being used, economic characteriatica, etc.
The main document which, according to YeSKD [Unified Aeaign Docucr.entation
~ System] (GOST 2.116-71), muat reflect the quality parameters of Che producC. _
at all~stages of its life cycle ia the technical level and quality chart.
The nomenclature of the indexea uaed in the charC includes the indexes of
purpose, reliability and longevity, technological effectivenesa, atandardiza-
tion and unification, as well as the ergonomic, aesthetic, patenC-right.and .
economic indexes.
Since Ghe available sources of information about analogous foreign products,
as a rule, do not contain data on most of these indexes, Che securing~of
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.
- information abouC Che quality of foreign produc~s must be viewed as ttn im~ 4
portunt independent problem, particularly becauae such informaCion is also
required for preparing Cechnicttl and economic subst~nCiations for new re-
search pro~~cts, engineering aseignments, analyCical scieneific and technt- `
cal surveys, reporCs, for evaluation of foreign maCket canditions, etc. -
The most complete information abouC foreign products is given in advertiaements
- on Che page~ of scienCific and Cechnical Journals and in a firm's liter.ature =
many kinds of which ure still not used sufficienCly3. Catalogues and prospec- .
- tuses are used more actively Chan other kinda of firm publicaCions. When
using firm information, it is necessary to evaluaCe thoroughly iCa reliabil-
iCy and compleCeneas. Foreign firma uae their publicarions as a means of `
- competition and often resort to various devices in order to repreaenC Cheir
_ products mo~t advantageously. Such devices include withholding information -
on disadvanCageous parameters and intentional detiailed description of secon- "
dary details which are not e~sential for the eharacteri~tics of the product
at the expense of the shorCening or even total exclusion of more imporCanC
in~ormation. Giving the hi~hesC values of technical characCeristics, the
manufacturing firma, as a rule, do noC mention the conditione in which these -
values were obtained, as well as the method used in determining ttieae values. -
Vagu~ terminology and descripCion o~ methods are used widely for P9vertiaing -
purposes. Since the rules for the standardization ot technical characCer- ~
istics used abroad differ from our rules, in co~nparing analogous produets,
it is necessary to recalculaCe the characteristics mentioned in foreign pub- -
l.ications in accordance with GOST and other normative documenta4. _
The evaluation of the reliabiliry of foreign information must be done with
participation of information workera, metrologists, and designers of new -
equipment. Th~ most reliable information is that obtained by analytical com-
parison of the data from various sources.
Unfortunately, there are no available methods or reco:mnendationa for the -
- verification of the reliability of foreign information. _
E_
Experience ahows that ~the most important and reliable information for evaluat-
ing the actual quality of imported products is obtained as a result of their
tttorough testing and use. In the machine-building industries, a unified
procedure has been established for obtaining, atudy, and use of specimens of
foreign equipment. Provisions are made for submitting technical reports about :
testing to sectorial information centers, publication of current awareness -
information, etc. However, this work is not carried out satisfactorily and
- is narrowly sectorial in nature; as a result, extremely necessary information
is~not included. It would be desirable to create an intersectorial system -
,for studying specimens of imported equipment similar to the existing regis-
trations system for NIR [scientific research work] and OI~t [experimental
- design work~.
.
Considering the interaectorial nature of the processes of the creation and
use oF instruments, measuring systems, etc, it is possible to propose, as an
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I~c~lt Ol~t~ iClnt. U;;I~, c~NLY
, experimcnr, ro abligarc all or~~nizarions und enrerprises o~ ~11 minieCri~s
.~nd depcirCments receiving new apecimens of imporCed instrum~nCg, automaCion
_ devtcew, erc, ~o suhmiC inEo?-maCion nbout the recetpe of specimens ~o ~ se-
.lected inCorma~ion center (fox examplc, VNTITsentr [All-Union ScientLEic and
Tcchnic~~l SnformaCi.on Center]) ~nd, after testing ~nd uppropriaCe studies,
~o ceport Cl~e results ~t the rests. Tt~is tn�arm~Cion should be submitCed on
standard carriera. Such informuCion syst~,~ (let us ca11 it arbirrarily
"rorefgn Specimens") wauld contrfbuCe to the~ tmprovemen~ of aecuring in-
_ formation t�or the qu~~liry control of Che LiisCrumenCs ~nd systems being cre-
ated. '
Evident].y, the content of the studies on the technicul and economic 1eve1
and the qunlity of products created by the domesric industry does noC remain
Lnvari~ble. ~~here exist various points of view on ttie nomenclaCure of in-
dexes, on ttie very approach Co Chis work, and on the goals set in comparing
new domestic produr,ts with foreign analogues having the highest chnracker- -
- isCtcs. However, the problema of improving the information base and m~ster-
ing the are of collection, analysis, and evaluarion of Che reliability of the
needed information about foreign products remain urgent.
r00TNOTES
1. Gurevtch, z. M. "l~irm .Tournals and Their Place in rhe Information Refer-
_ ence Sexvices," author's dissertation for tt~e degree of the Candidate of.
Pedagogical Sciences, Leningrad, 1974, 24 pages.
2. The basic quality index of a product is undersCood to be "the index of
quality of a product ~aken as the initial product in comparaCive evalu- _
ations of quality." QualiFy indexes of i:ertain advanced apecimens of pro-
ducts produced in the country or abroad can be taken as basic indexes:
quality indexes achieved in a certain preceding period of time, or indexes
of promising specimens esCablished experimentally or calcul~ted theoreti-
cally. -
3. Verblovskiy, G. S., and Gurevich, Z. M. "Information on the Use of Pro-
- ducts in Firm Literature," NTI [Scientific and Technical Information],
Series I, 1975, No 12, pages 23-24. -
4. ror example, the Japanese firm Takeda Riken, in advertising its electro-
meter TR-84M, states that the error in voltage measuremenCs constiruCes
0.3%. However, they are not taki.ng into consideration the error of the
indicating instrument (�1%) and the error occurring due to the internal �
- noise of the circuit (2% on a scale of 1 mv) which characterize the actual
measurement error and are taken into consideration in accordance with the
current USSR standards. -
- I:ven with an adequate understanding of the metrological term, it is often
completely unclear what method is used by the firm for determining the
- value. For example, in the propeceus of the measuring device Automatic -
Pipette of the firm Micro~medic Systems, Inc. (U.S.A.), a relative error of
+2% is given for the measuring range of 0-5 ml. However, it is not known
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. in relation Co whaC pninC of rhe rgnge thie error ie calculaCed. In
SovieC liCeraCure, iC is recommended to normalize ie in relation Co one-
half of the maximum measuring limit, i.e., in this case, in relneion to th~
vuluc of 2.5 ml. Then eha ubeoluee value of arror would constituee eh~
vnlue of 0.05 ml. Howovcr, rhe AuromaCic PipeCeQ Opergeing Manual'contuin-
ing methods for the verification of the characteriaeics recommende to de-
Cermine the relative error on dosea above 60% of the highest measuring
limit. Moreover, atudies on meei~oda indicaCe thaC it ia noe the relaCive
error ~f an individual doae that is in queseion, buC a relative error of
the urithmeCic mean of ten doses Thus, rhe chnracteriaCic in ehe
prospecCua is overstaCed by a minimum of one and a half times.
COPYRIGHT: "ysesoyuznyy insritut nauchnoy i eekhnicheskoy informnCeii", 1979
10,233
CSO; 1823 -
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- 1~UIt (11~~ICiAi, USI; l)NLY
_ INT~;CtNATIONAL ~CONOI~QC K~LATIUNS -
O~OP~RATION IN LIaHT ItmUSTRY 1lMi0i~} t~MA NATIONS SZRESSES ADVAN(~D TEQiNOLO(}X
Moecow SHiI~YNAYA PROMYSHL~I~+pST~ in Ruesian No 1, 1979 pp 23-26
� ~rticle by Zayteev, advieor on light industrq to th~ Permanent USSR
ae3egation to t;~:NA, nThe Basic Directione of Sc3ent~it'ic�Technical Cooperation
of the C~MA Menober-Nationa for the Period up to 1990"7 -
~ext7 The natione of t~he eooialiet oountrlee have achiened outetand3ng su~a~ -
ceases in the aphere of developing ecience and technology. The cor~aauniat and
workera~ par~ies of all the fraternal etates look upon acientific and techno-
logical prcgrees ae the moat important prerequiaite to the complete i~nplementa-
tion of the advantagae of aooialiem.
The C~MA member-nations~ a~otive force for developing wutual scientifio-technical
cooperation is their deaire to elevate W~e national eaono~r of each nation and
_ to assure rapid economic groxth of the xorldxide eocialiat co~unonxealth. Thie
c~peration permita the C~MA menber nat~ions to put raodern indust,rial ob~ectives
into operation, tn utilize rax naterial and energy reec~urces in s more efficient
manner, and to increaee the tempo oi acieatific and technical progresa, ~rit,h
lesa expenditure of etrdngth aad reaourcee, end in a shorter period. ' -
~t the 25th CPS(J Congreea, it xas atreeeed that accelerating ecsentitic aad
technicsl progreee renwine the ~oremost taek for developing the Soviet econoapr
_ at a modern etage. nWe Comuniata,n noted (}eneral Seoretary o� the CPSU ~entral
Cancnittee, Chairman of the Preaidiwrt of the USSR Suprea~e Sovi.et, Comrade L. I~
Hrezhuev, nproceed frow the faaL thet on~y under the aonditions of aocigli~
doea the scient~ific and technioal revolution acquire ita t,rue direct~ion, one
which responds to the intereats of humaaity aad society. In turn, only oa the
basis of accelerated devel4pment of acience and technology can tl:~ ultimate
ncisefon of the aocialiat revolution be ~ompleted, and a coa~munist society be
built."
Saientific and technical progrees in tha CEMA nat,i~ns is manifested first of
all in creating nex and up-to-date engineering and advanced prxeaaing methode~
and perfec~ing aad optimi~iag the industrial et,ruature for aocial production;
thia means accelerating the develope~ent oP advaaced production, raiaiug the
technical-economic indiaatore and the qualiLy of production, and constructing
~ huge enterpMaea equipped with the latest teclwol.cgy~
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. ~
; (}uided by decieione of the congre8see of the oommunist and workers~ partios
on further increaeing the etandard of living of the population, eoientiste,
speoialinte and econoail.a ada~?inietratore of the C~MA member nationo are f'ooue~-
~ in~ ttieir attention on the most important taeka of aoaioeconc~aic and ecientific-
tec:hnological pr~~gresa, upon xhose aolution dependa to the greatest degree the
su.^ee~ful development of induetry, science and technology. A broad front of -
rese.~rch is being deployed and is diecuvering principlea of nex methoda for
- augm:+nting the producti.ve forces and creating the engineering and technology of
the future.
- In rocent years the Cr:M~I member natioae have been succeeefully developing light
indust,ry, achieving new vic'tories in the produation af manuSactured conawaer
_ goods, improving their quality and cheaging the assort~nent of goods; increaaing
_ the productivity of labor on the baeis of renovating the engineering, mechaniza-
tion and automation of the production processes; improving the utili~.ation of
� production capacities and introduction of a complex system of quality control -
of production. -
The groxth of groas production iY: the different b ranohes of light induetry of
the C~:MA merober nation8 for 19?7, xhen canpQred xith 1976~ ia aho~rn in Table
1 (ib percenta~~s).
Table 1
Industry -
Country Shoes & '
Textile Gar.ment ;
Leather
Bulgaria 105 102 108
Hungary 103 102 103 _
GDR 103 101 105
Mongolia 106 105 105
- Poland 109 112 108 _
Romania 114 106 109
USSR 103 105 104
CSSR 104 104 104 -
Note: Data on the Poland includes sales of goods and -
services.
Scientific end technical cooperation among the CF:MAamember nations, achieved
xithin the frameKOrlc of the Permanent C~1A Comoission on Light Indus~ry~ has
increased output and improved the quality of p~odu~ction.
~
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1~Ok C)l~l~ iCTAI~ US1~, ON1~Y -
OF qro~t significanco to the garment industry of the C'r;MA meu~er nations
ie tho rosoaroh conducted on the theme ~f ~~The Complex Developcaent of Hi~h-
1'roductlvity ManufacturinK Mothode f~r Mnkit~~{ Men~~ Coate, Suite~ Troueora e~nd
Shirte~ and Woman~a 5wamer l:oate, Cotton Ur~esas and Work Clothee".
- 1~:~~h of th9 participating countri~a i~ developin~ the theme, hae established -
a production line for a certai.n ~ype of c~ 'lcle, 'The results achieved are pre- -
- sented in Table 2.
'1'~blc 2 _
Results Achieved ~
~ ~
v o
_ o ~ ~ ~ a
3~ ,a v, a ~ C w
a ~ ~ o
a u a
- v+~ G m C O
y~ Type of ~ a v~ a v a. i _
_ L Arfiicle o �u y y ~n u o
~ ~ u a ~ ~ ~ " ~ 6 0 ~
� ~,c �.~i ~ G ro G i u cn
~ aL
~ u ~ v ~ _
�1 ~ ~ ~ x a~ o L
- N o~ � u cn G~ cn m a~
t~ N cn DO tn �S ~ O
~ ~ ~ ~ ~a
~ }O� ~ > .C auJ t~A ~
H'L) E ~7 O PO L d A ,'7 'Ci
1 2 3 4 S 6 7 -
iiulgaria Men's Trousers 49 38 48 79 61
llungary Work Clothes 33 55 59 80 *
� GDR rten's Suits 140 15 174 244 74
Polancl Women's Summer Coats 112 30 113 165 31
(Raincoatsl
Romania ~hirts, Men's 19 26 24 29 53
- USSR Coats, Men's 120 25 120 198 65
CSSR Dresses, Women's 43 20 42 53 23
cotton
Notc: Time spent in columns 5& 6 based on 1977 data.
_ ~4 Decreased by a factor of 2.4
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- ro~ a~~rcrn~ us~ oNLY -
ln Ehe yoare iy66-1967, 23 euoh produotion linoe were introduoed in the USS1t, -
and additidnal output in the aum of 69.7 nrillion rub:lea xas produced. =
The practice of introducing production lines shor~red ~hat the sharp decreaee
- in time spent on manuf~acturing clothing ie possible only under aonditione
xhere the production linee are auppli~d e full owaple~ment of manufaoturing -
- equipment~ utilizing acceasory resouraes and Qutomati.c control.
In order to arore widely introduce the total ~aeohani~tion of gariaent manu- =
facturing lines in the country~ the USSft Council of N~.niatera comtaisefoned -
- aosplan USSS~ the USSR Minlegpishchme~sh /Miais ~f ~aahine Building for -
Lt,~ht and Food Induetry and Household Applianoes~ and the USSR Minlegprom
/Minietry of Light Indue~T, and enlisted other ministriea ae xell, to
_ organize nmass production equipment for theae produation linee, taking ad-
vantage of the cooperation and production epecializat~ion of dit'ferent compon- _
ente and machinery t~rithiri the frameworj: of CEMA. '
IA 1979, they continued to develop a unified sy~t~aa of designing alothing for
~ the standard eizea eatabliahed for the CEMA member nation~; high~y produotive -
methoda for putting together parte of garmente xithout uaing #,hread; and modern -
� methods of packaging, xrapping~ atorag3 and ehipment of ready-to-xear garments.
Propasals xere drafted in 1977 for the yoar 1979 on t.he general trenda of etyles
= for the CEMA nat3one, taking into accouut the type of aateriels used; on the _
range of fa8hionable colora Yor clathing fabrics and Imitted materiala; and on
m~aking up teztile aad Imitted materiale atyliahly, conaidering their tsxture
- anri the composition of the rax materiala. .
Attributing greet im~ortanae to acientific and technical cooperatioa, the
Psrmanent C~MA Comaai.asion on Light Induatry drafted sad approved at the end of
- 197? the Basia Txerlds of Scientific and Technical Cooperation of the CEMA Mem-
ber Nations in th~ Teztile~ Knitted Wear, aarment-maaufacturing~ Shoe and
_ ~Leather (}ooda, and the Woodxorldng Induatry for the Period up to 1980. Team-
- rrork ~ill mark the pursuit of increeaing productivity of labor, inproving the
quality of praiwction and worldng conditions, and eolving preaeing p~oblems
of p~eserving the environment. _
_ The garment mauufacturing induetry envieagee dev~eloping an automated process -
for laying out pattarns for teztile materiale~ut,ilizing new mat,hods and electron-
ic canputar teahnology; developing progreasive techttology for manufacturing -
_ different kinde of clothing~ and on thia baeia prepering t,he requirements for
eatablishing a full complement of equiparant; reaearch, dev~elopment and ~puttivg
into production methods for shaping pettera pieoas and the simpleat k~nda of
clothing, hypaeaing the stages of xeaving and aexing, xith the aia? of decreae-
~ing the an~ount of labor on the articles and increasing productivity of labor;
developing nex methods for packaging and xrapping, ahipping and ~arehouse
atorage of different Idnds of ready-to-tiear clothes in the gara~ent-manuYacturing
industry; dev~eloping and aasimilating nex form~ of organizing and directing -
production in the garment-manufacturing shops ~n the basia of uniformity of
pattern parta, and complete mechanization aad autao~ation of the proceasea for
manufacturing articles of clothing.
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~'~~Z (~l~F~'[CIAL LfSL C)NLY
- 'i'he 32nd C,~;MA Con~'erence~ which was convenad 3n 1978 a
= airoc tions for Further Perfectin thE ~ PProved ThP Besie
of tha C~p Member g Organi.,ation ot Mu2ti~.g},~ra],
= incre~~,F th~~ e.ffectivonoao af ooo~ rat~,~t~~e of the ~oparatioti
~ i n among th~ ~L,,~~uncil, in order to
It xas noted in m0�~�r r~?tione.
t,he decree of this aea~ion that scientific and teQ}~iQg~
- ~ooPeration and doveloping st~endards for Ch;r[~, ~i�A ttot su:ff
- with t,he specializat3on ~d conperation :ic, production w~~~�ientl~ coordinatod
t~al .forme of soientifio and t,echnical cnoperation are rare
~e proper interaction in the work of the C~l~p or h~~~t~' that contr~o..
vided; all of xhich hus a e + gans ie stillunot~bningtpro_
ially those of a Qo~plex charac ter K}~i~h involve~se~ver8t the _
px~ob1ems, espe~_
The aession of the counc.tl obligated the commi,t ~~dustMos. -
sions of the C~ mea~er nations ~ tees arid the
Peruwnent commie_
to define more precisely the priorit
firat of all Y direc ~ions o#' its ~ctivitios ~
~rith the task of coa~pletel ~ Proceeding
developin~ and i~ttple.ne nt Y im~la;n~inting the Complea Program, of
- gram for Cooperation (DT
p~~r~ ~e meaeur~s of the I,ong-term S eciel-
eration in the ephere of '~d concentrating ~'a~es for or Purpose ~o_
of pro,~ects for a ~~ical, production, and es g~~t~On coop-
- economic 82"eemente and contracta on solvi ~Cia~y ~~d pi~~ration
and ecientific-technical coo , ~~e concrete probleme of
P~ration, `
= to focus the xoa~k of the
- multilateral r ~~ent induetrial commis~si,on$ on or
kl.th the p�duction and scientific-technical cooperation ~~~~e ~ect
goal of e~ergeti~e~ly 8olving tt~e p~obleme of ; industrp,
coruiected xith the effective utilization of capacities e
of goods produced~ develo ~8 CLMp me~er nat~ons
�~Y, etc.; P~ent a7 d intro~!��~tion of nex~enginee~rinof the range
g an3 technol-
to cuncentrat,~ scientific-~t,~~~~cal cooperatio~s
CEMA on the or~e�~i~tion of a ~~e industrial organs of
nates from DTe?S), ~a PP~ed developa~ent (firs~ of all that xhich ema_
Peble of having a~ econoraic effect on
agreement on mea8ure8 for introduction b ~e ~~~ntries; and
_ received from production, chiefl on ~ tihe interested r,ountrie9 of th~ resu1ts
~ ~e basis af epe~iB~Zgtion and cooperation;
to focus attention of t,he C~;Mp po~,ttee an 3cientific and
- first of all on workf;ng out e
cerr~in Xploratory que~tions xhiclx ema g},~
~f ro~ DT~�~rgtion
g Z~'8e inter-iudusti'Y problems;
, con-
_ to expand the use of the cQntractual Ponn
for draft agreamenta or of sr,ientific and technical coop~ration
organs of g~ized within the frarneWOrk of a co
the branch
tual relations ~betweengthe coop r8ti~tic'~18r the develo ~t~e ~nd
ment of the ob g~r8sn izations gnd ent of direc t cont,rac-
ligations accep~ted by the ' ~~'~~eeing fu1fi11-
parties to it;
~d to cuncantrate efforte on devel,o
~ride level) for production xhich repr
e nts~anritem~of 8tandards at
eration in production, in accordance ~ ~e ~orld-
erati.ve ~ith the lo Pecialization and coop- -
pro~rams and multilateral agreements~ ~~r~ge special-
P~'pose coop-
9
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~Oft Ob'~'ICIAL U5~ dNLY
In order to improve int~eraction ~uaong C~HI organe and aleo with t~he inter-
rlational eoonaaiia orgsnisationa oreated by the CEMA nember nation~, the Counoil
eeasion oommieai,ned the Council Seoretariab~ beginning with 1979~ tu develop,
ar~d the Exeoutire Cmmittee to aFp~ove, a onn~dlidated ple,n for lgying the
groundwork of the baeia interaeotorigl probles~ ~rit~ ~he C~NA organe.
Rdeolutions udonted at the 29th, 30th an,9 '~2nd C~1~lA Seeeiona on developing
- ldng-t~rm ~p~cial-purpose plans ~dr aodp~r~Cinn oE C~MA nar,ions dn gatigfying
the rational requlrement~ os~ the CF~1~lA ae~ber r~at,ione Por induetrial coneu~er
. goode, a~re v~ery gignifioant, and eapecial],y thoee of the 32ad Session. Thie
_ Px'~8-"am proceede from the necesaity for providing the neede o~ Lhe poptilatiaa
. uf t1'z9 ac~amonwealth of the CIIKA member netione for the baeic types of oonewner
goods, by virtue of expa,ndin,g thbir praduction sad reoipr~,;~sl supp~y, Wi~
thie dim, t.he Working arcup of t,he CS~I ~Ct~nittea oa Cooperation in the Area of
P1~ Activiti~e ha~ work~d out a dr~ft for DTePS, to in~lude the etruature
of the program and the baeio nieaauree for rea~3,~ing the program. Tneerted inLo
t,he draft were the following meaauree Yor s~ientific and technical cooperation
of the CEMA me~ber natione in t,he ephere of the g~e~ti..~up~Q~,ittg ~dustsy,
Por the developa~^nt and aesimtlation of s ~
, high],y-effioient induetri,al prooeeaea for oanufacturing ~ass-produced olothiag~ I' ~
ueing production li.ne8~ xhich in~lude oo,mplexea of aemiaut,woatic equipaent xith
Pi'oBi'~med oont,rol; :
a manutactuMng method for making different idnde of clothin -
most baeic arti~lee direct~y? fro;n a roll o! material using apeoial~equ pment;
indus~rial prooasees for laying out patterna of textile naterials baaed on uee
- of programmed contral ot patternynak3ng, ueing variou8 methode of cutting;
technicluea ueing special equipment for
the aomponentej ~~8 one-piece clothing patterne and
completely_mechanized lines ~rith pregramned aontrol for ~oanufaeturing high-
quality g~enta (men~s troueere, ~ackete, coats, ahirt,e ar~d xork clotheej
ladies~ dressee and rainooata).
- Work by epecialiste ia the garlaent induatry ar~ a~achine.build~ng iad~try on ~
developing the nex ma~nufacLuri~g nethode and engin~ering requirements of the
new equipenent xill be earried oa xithin the framexork of t,he per~nent C~Hp
~o~aeion on Li~t Indus t,ry~ and on the part of developing nev ~oaohinery and
eguipment-ths Fe~ept CEMA Co,mmiesion on Machine-building and the ?~0
~oaaibly, Internetional ~;cono~iQ De
TexLile !lachinery plaat7~ P+~'tment~ of InterteYstilaash ~Internstional
Implemeatiag the meaeures oY DTaPS on eatiePying t,he rational re
- C~:M~ meniber nationa tor maaufactnred eonaumer oods hga reat a~~~nts of
tt~A develepmeat o� t?he garment induatry, and tha wrk conaected~thitheir iaple-
n~entation wi11 be o! highest prio~ity in the yeara 1979-1985.
10
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I~'U!t nI~'FICItiL U51: l)NLY
In Ootober ig'16, the Perm~nent C~MA Comm~.nmion on Light Yndu~try ~dnpted n
_ reeoluti~on f
or the purpose of perfenting the methode for deeigning olothir~,
on tha ban3.e oi' a oommon ey~tem fnr deeigning ~lothing in a11 the Cb;MA membor -
nationr~. Work i~ to ba o~?rried out i~~ the yeare 1q81-1985 on the ~heme, ~~The `
F'rinciplee for F'lannin~ nnd De~i~ning Clothing: Teeting, Coordinat,i.on and
Introduction of a Lbmmon Syetesn for Degigning Clothing nmong the C~MA M~rober
- tr~tionen. Ir~Lt~oduait~ the reeults nf tho fr ~rk on this thema xi11 permi,t raieing
_ the t~ohnical lev~l of proparation ~or prcxl~:ationj m~chanization of the proc~s-
nes for do~ignit~r ~lothingj and iL wi.ll a~lvmia~ the manufscture ot' alothing and
aseme that the artiolea will fit a person x~ll.
Currently vaMoue adhesive c~ateriale are in~ uae around the warld, deeigned for
duplicati~g psrte of clothing. ~zperimenta in manufaoturing ueing applied acl~
he~ive materiale decaonstratee that in order to produoe high-quality olothing~
" a rrl.de saeortment of aoven and nornroven, tlgt?bly-4lfferentiats~ et,ripe ie re-
quired~ depending on the propertq of the naterigl on topj xhich demande perfeot-
ing the methode for eizing and duplioating elothin~ patterne, evaluation o~ Lhe _
' paropertiee of adhe~ive materiale and conbrol of the eizing parametera. Tn
_ order to ~olve theee probleme, xork xill be oarried ouL in the yeara 1981-1985
= on the theme NThe Developa~enL and Pbrfection of Methods for Si$ing and Duplioat- -
3n8 Part$ of Clothing and ~valuation of the propertiee of Adheeive Nateriale~
as well ae Coatrol Over 81t,~ng parametora.~~
Scientifi.c aud teahnioal cooperaLion oacupies aa ever aaore Smportr?nt poeition
_ in the ~~evelopnenL of the national econoa~? and ia the eystem of integratod
ec;,nomic tiee of the CElSA meaober n~?tione.
Realization of the oont~anplated m~aauree for ecientifie-technia~l cooperaLion
xill assure the further developmenti of the garment induetry of ti7e C~MtI naLione.
COPYRIaHT= ZHURNAL "SHV~YNAYA PRO~ENNO~~'"~ 1979
9006
c~D ~ 1823
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N'OR O~FICIAL U5~ ONLY
DOI~STIC ~I'RA.DE AND CON~UM~ GOODS
= N~FI TYP~ OF PURCHASING CONTF2ACT WITH INDIVIDUALS
Moacow SOV~TSKOYE GOSUDARSTI/0 I PRAVO in Rugsian No 1, Jan 79 pp 90-94 .
�
[Articl~ by B. D. Basheyev, candidate of ,juridical sciences and doc~nt of
- Kemerovo 3tate University: "Purchas3ng Agricultural Products ~rom Individ-
ua].s Under Contrgct" ] �
(Text~ 2'he state obtgins a large portion of agricultural products from so~ -
cislist organizations--kolkhozes, aovkhozes and other state agricul.tural en-
terprises. Yet private farms are an important source of suppl,y of food-
stuffs and raW materials. In recent years more thar. 10 percent of state
purchases of f~rm products have come from kolkhoz members and workers anfl
employees.1 At the 16th Trade Union Congress and at the July (1978) Plenum
of the CC CP3U L. I. Brezhnev especially emphnsized the need to take greater
~ advantage of the cspabilities of private farms to incresse the country's ~
sources of food supply.
The legal basis for organizing purchases of farm products from individuels
is Paragraph 20 of the decree ~f the USSR Council of Ministers entitled "On .
~ Unification of the Decisions oF the U~Sc~ Government on the Question of Or-
ganizing State Purchases of Agricultural ~`roducts," Which is dated 23 April '
1970.2 It states that the farms of kolkhoz membera, vrorkers and Employees, -
- profesaional hunters, handicraftamen and ether individuals mqy if they ~aish
sell to the state surpluses they have of agricultural products the state i~
interested in b~?ing. The traditional legal form for purchases of agricul-
tural products on private farms is the purchase-sales contract. But with
the passage of time these procurements have undergone substantial crianges;
along xith the customary purchase-sales trer~sactions there is nox a variant
With its own inherent features and peculiarities xhich can best be called a ,
purchasing contract.
1 3ee SOVETY DEPIJ'PATOV TRUDYA3HCHIKHSYA, No 12, 1975, P 92�
~ 2 See SP 333R [collection of U53R government regulations and decrees],
No 8, 1970, p 63.
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I~Utt o~'~tCtAL tl5h ~�1,Y
`I'he Conception ot' L�he I'urchflstng Cantrnct
`I'h~ pc~rtie~ to the r.ontrnct r~rr the ~uppl.ir.r oi' the product uttd the procurer.
_ '1'he role ot' the ~uppli.er i~ plqyed by the Individuf~l who hits u plnt ni' land
.:i, l,l?~ ti~~nestetid und hid own livestor.k, potilt~,ry ru~c~ r~bbitg. Sdmetime~ the ~
suppli.er~ ctre htinter~ ~nd other individu~.i:~. it' they i'urt~i~}i gr~,me and wild
_ truit snd berr3es to ~rocurhr~, mhe procurPr~ ~re consumer conperative or-
gani~r~tinn~, entar~,r:tc~e3 n.f the ment ~nd d.niry industrv ~.nd certn3.n others.
'Ific sttb~ect mtitter of the co,~tract r~re ~griculturnl pro~iuct3 und ruw rr~teri-
nl: purchnsed und~r contract~ coneluded in udvancE, whose delivery r~nd ~c--
cept~nce are en a regulur btisis over a~peclfied period of ttme (for ex~m-
ple, pracurement of mi1k, rabbits, tt~e me~t of hdoved gr~rue, furs and pel.ty
ure delivered to receiving stQtinns durin~ u yenr, qugrter, or season). The
sub,~ect m~tter oi' th~ purchasing contract m~y also be produrtg r~sching the
receiving ntation periodically, from time ~n time, c~ecording to ~ schedul~.
Conaumer co~p~ratives purahgse livp pnultry and poultry meat f'rom it~dividu-
r~ls under a~ich ugreements. ~orely have one-time purc:heses of producte of
homesteud plot~ and fruits of the fore~t been made under purchusing con-
- tracts, but recently they have become more widespret~d. Surh agreemetits ~re
_ now being drawn up to cover purchases of potatoe3, veget~ble3, f'ruit iu~d
livestock from individuals.
- A~ide .from the ~eneral norms of civil legislation, the purchasing contrnct ~
is regu].oted by special normutive enactment3; the Standard Contract f~r
Purchnsing F'urm Products from the Private Farms of Kolkhoz Members, Warkers~
_ F:mployees and Other Indfviduals. Theae relations ure algo regulated by the
SL~.ndurd Contract for Lhe Tuking nnd Purcha3ing of Pelts r~nd Other Products
of Hunting, the Standard Contract for the Purchasing of Rabbit Skins, Live
Rabbit~ and Ather Products of Rabbit Raising, Which Were adopted by order of -
- the USSR Ministry of Procurements, and the Standard C~ntract for the T~Jcing
anc~ nelivery of Meat of Wild Hooved Animals, adopted t~y the board of the
RSF'SR Union of Hunters' and F'ishermen's SocieLie3.
Con3:uner cqaper~.tive organizations make purchases of livestock and dome3tic ~
poultry from individuals on the basia of model contracts drafted by the
board ot' msentrosoyuz at vurious times. The purche~sing contract ~ervES as
the me~ns whereby ~sn individual's property be~omes t',te propertS of the
state, Lhe cooperative organi..ation or the public oi�gant~ution. But it has
quite a few specific features inherent only in ~.his type of sules transuc-
tion. The principal peculiarity ia that its vaiidity is not limited to the
~ sale:~ ~ph~re--it calls for the supplier to be gi�ren certuin aiil ln ~;roduc-
tion of hi~ prod�ct, in its preparution and in the organizutfon of its de- �
livery. Qther e; senLfcil features of the purchasing contr~sct ~+hich distin-
- guish it i'rom Lhe purchase-srsles contract is that it must be in Writing, it
must be caneluded in advc~nee, and the date of its exer_ution and the c~te of
it~ pPrt'~~rr~nnce ~3o not coincide. 'I'he overti+helming ma~ority of purchauin~
� ~ont,rr~ct, contain clauses concerning finnncial lisbility in ahich provision
i~ roncje fc~r forfeits (fines, penalties) to be invoked for nonperformancP or
improper discharge of obligations. The purchasing contract is an agreement
~3 -
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~dlt O~F'ICIAL U5~ ONLY
between supp~.i~rs and procurers unfler ahich the ~upplier ~ggumes the obliga-
tion tn prnduce or obtain the products of agricu].ture or hunting or wi1.d
fruit~ und berrieg ~pecified, and th~ prncur~r agreeg to igsue an advanCe
and to prnvid~ esa~ntiira,l ~ic~ to the other party in the production or dbtain-
ing of
the product, to nccept it and to pqy for it. It ig evident from ~hia
definition of the contrgct that it i~ alwqys cong~nsual, fbr compensetion,
and bilateral. Qraduelly this legal form covering transactions 3nvolvin~
the prdcurement of
agricultural products from individuals ig being appl.ied
more wid~ly. In recent years conperators in Kr~nod~rskiy Krqy have been
concluding as many as~30,000 written contracts with indiv3duals for the pur-
~ chase of pote.~oes from the future harvegt. In Bryans..aya Oblast prior con-
~ructa for purchasee of
apples from individuals are concluded. The practice
n~' concluding written contracts providing for supplierg t~ diacharge their~
_ obligatidns subsequently is being carriec~ over inta the purchasing of vege-
tables and cultivated and wild fruits and berriea.
Conclusion of the Contract
Usually the draft contruct is drawn up by the procurer, who hus a plan for
state purche~ses or an assignment from the superior organizution, requiring
him to procure agricultural products and raw materials. Sometimes the sup- .
plier will be the initiator of the contract'~ conclusion. In such cases
the offfcials of the procurement organization issue the individual a printed _
form of the contract with the suggestion that he fill it out and fill in
the necesgary numberc3. The procedure for concluding contracts for the pur-
chasing of farm praducts from the private farma of kolkhoz members, workera, _
employees and other individuals provides that the procurer shall have sheets
on Which the text of the contract is partially printed; these sheets corre-
spond in content,to the Standard Contract for Purchases. After negotiation,
when an agreement has been reached, the sheet is filled out, the types and
amounts of the products to be sold are specified, and other necessary infor-
mation is entered. The procedure calls for the supplier's farm to be taken
as trie place where the contract is concluded. This provision is altogether
,justified, since it makes it necesaary to examine the supplier's farm, to
verify the existence of livestock, poultry and rabbits ar~d the conditions
under Whfch they are kept, and so on, before the contract is concluded.
Often contracts for the taking of pelts and their purchase are concluded
and signed at the place Where the procurement organization is located, since
often the offerer is a hunter and there are a number of complicated ques-
t~.ons specific the organization of hunting Which he must go there to agree
on with the other contracting party. This would seem to be proper practice.
It ought to be set forth normatively-, and the appropriate amendments shoul.d
be made in the procedure for conclusion of contracts.
The contract forms corresponding to the standard and model contracts facili-
tate the process of conclu~:fng the contract, since there is no longer a need
to agree on certain clauses, fc~r examiple, concerning financial liability,
- but the reaching of an agreement is not reduced merely to filling in the
blank vith the figures and other information. Disputes arise betWeen the
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I~UIt nI~'I'IC CAI, USI~; ~NLY
cuntrncttnE; parties cor~c~rning the type, ~~rnnunt, and grude of products to
be delivc~red, nnd the mode of' delivery to the receiving at~,t;ion. 8nm~times
:~upp.lier:~ ob,j~ct to clo.us~s concerning fin~nci~l liability, proposing th~t
_ they be om:ttted. If these clauses ure envi:;nge~d in the stnndard contruct,
_ thcy musr, be inclurl~d in thc gpecific contrr~ct even though the inter-
eated party does not ugree with them. Thr tan~lr~.rd contr~r~ct3 are a speCien
_ of normative enac~ment~ atiich have been ~dc~~ted by the competent ttuthori-
ties, ~nd their clnuscs ma,y not be c;mended r~t the dis~retion of the parties. _
Any other arrungement woulu n~t be conducive to e~t;ubli3hing orc~erly rela-
tinu:~ between the contracting parties, noT� to the ytrengtheriing oi' contract
discipline~ and wo ~l.d inflict hurm on the stability and strengthening of
leg~.l. relutians in th3s field.
= No procedure has been e~tabli~hed for resolving the dif'ferences that ariae
in negotiating a purchasing c~ntract, before it has been concluded. These
disugreements not uncommonly result in re,jection of the contract, ~ince the
~upplier is not bound by any sort of planning or udministrative enactments
which ai�e binding on the procurer. He himself decldes to se11 the product
to the procurer or t,o sell it on the murket, and so on. On1;~ membera of
the hunter~' society, in accordance with the standurd contruct for the tak-
_ ing and delivery of the meat of wild hooved ~nimul~ must abide by the re-
quirements of a normative enactment approved by the ~upreme bocLy of their
union and aell the meat taken to the procurer. It would be wise to estab-
list~ the following procedure so as to safeguard the interests of individu-
_ als who want to sell surpluses of their products to the procurement organi-
r.ation: the rqyron inspectorate for procurements and quality of agricultural
products should have its nonstaff in~spector in every village, chosen from
among the competent local agricultural specialists capable of resolving
differences in negotiations. The inspector's decision would be binding on
the procurer. The result would be that unfounded demands and ob,jections on
the part of the procurer would be eliminated, and individuals would be able
- to sell their products. The contract is drawn up in triplicatc and regis-
tered with the executive coiruaittee of the rural soviet; two copies remain
with the procurer, and one goes to the supplier. � .
- '1'he legislation previously in effect did not provide for purchasing con-
trac';s to be recorded with a government administrative agency. The purpose
of this measure is to enhance the legal strength and importance of the
agreement between individuals and procurement organizations, to make the
parties more accountable for performance of the condition~ of the contract,
and have a record of the proposed influx of agricultural products from indi-
viduals within the ,jurisdiction of the given rural sovfet. -
The Contents of the Contract
The contrz~t is considered to hr~ve been concluded when an agreement on all �
essentinl points is reached betWeen the parties and put fn the required
form. !n a purchasing contract the essential points are those envisaged in
~tand~rd contracts recognized by normative enactments. The contents of -
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specific contracts must correspond to the standard contract and may not be
- contrary to them, 7'he mode~. contracts ~lso c~ntain a ~ist of clauses which
are the basia of the f'uture agreement, since they were drafted to take into
- account actual pr~ct3ce in the purchasing of the given product and conform
= to the interestg nf the parties and envisage measures that ensure that the
ubligations assumed will be discharged. The conditions contained 3n them
safegucLrd not only the interests of the procurer, but also those of the sup- "
plier, they tend to strengthen contract discipline, they give the aupplier -
an opportunity to sell product surpluses without hindrance, and they impart -
atability to the relations between the parties. That is why the content of _
specific agreements Frequent~y cori�espond to the clauses of the model con-
tract regulating product purchases. ,
A list of the conditions which are indispensable in contracts of this type
depends on the content of the specific contract. In aome cases on1.y the
conditions expressing the essence of the agreement me,y be indispensable. -
Conditions concerning the sub,~ect matter, dates and prices will be indis-
' pensable to a purchasing contract. If an agt~eement has not been reached _
= though on ~ust one of these points, a contract has not been concluded.
- Also essentiel are those points on which an agreement must be reached by
declaration of one of the parties. For instance, in negotiating a purchas-
ing contract the supplier demanded inclusion of a clause to the effect that
if the potato harvest should be bad, he would be relieved from the obliga-
tion to sell products to the procurer. This demand was met, and the appro-
priate clause became an integral part of the agreement.
In addition to the clauses which are formulated during negotiations, the
contract presupposes provisions provided for by legal norms regulating the _
given relations, i.e., the customary conditions. They take effect without
being included in the contract and they are binding on the parties. The
customary conditions differ from the essential conditions in that their
presence or absence does not affect the fact of the contract's conclusion.
.Since.they have been aet, forth in legal norms, there is no need for them to
be included in the text of the contract. It is assumed that parties agree- "
ing to conclude a purchasing contract have thereby agreed to sub,ject them-
selves to the requirements contained in normative enactments regulating the
given relations. Regardless of whether these conditions are included in
- the purchasing contract or not, no changes whatsoever ensue; suppliers of
products will not be reimbursed expenses of their delivery to receiving sta-
tions, since there is an explicit indication in the normative enactment con-
cerning this matter. The considerations taken into account in establishing -
that settlement procedure was that potatoes, fruits and vegetables are pur-
chased from individuals at prices considerably higher than the purchase
prices paid kolkhozes and sovkhozes for the same products.
_ In the legal literature it is also customary to distinguish in the contents
of the contract ad hoc conditions resolving issues which have not been en-
visaged at all by the legal norms or which regulate specific relations dif-
ferently than provided for in substantive norms. Once included in the
16
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t~�dis oi~ric~nr. ~?s~ r~rt~.Y
contrac~, i,he ad hoc. c~nditions r.icquir~e the ~tc~tus of' ee?sential condit;i~na. -
I!' one exfunines the sub,ject mHtter of ~ piz~~r.hu3it~~ contrn~ct, t;he conclusion -
cttn be drawn that the refusal to give ~i cep~rate place in it to the ad hoc
conditions i~ ~ltogether ,juctified. If during negotiations one o.f the par-
~l~s z~slc~ t'or an ~dditional provision to br. inr,lud^d in the tex~, once it
has been accepted by the other con~ra~tin~,;a,rty it, becomes an e3sentlnl
condil,ion 3n full compli~a.nc~ with Article 34 of the 13ases of Civi1 Legislu-
tion of the USSR and tti~ Union Nepublic~ atid Articlc 160 ot' the RSFSR Civil
Code.
`ifie essential conditions of a~urchasing contract can be divided into con-
ditions thttt regulate ~nd define more ~pecific~lly the sub,ject matter, the -
price, ttie time and the procedure �or performance of the obligations, fi- ~
nancial liability for nonperformance or improper performucice. A speciul
- place fs taken by conditions that require the procurei� to tn.ke steps tb ex-
tend ~,id in the production, organization and preparution ~f the produ~t'~
delivery and to encourage suppliers. In cc~ntracts covering the taking anfl
purchnse of furs the procurers commit them~elves to sell to the hunter a.m- -
munition, guns, hunting get~r and food before the huntin~ season begins,~to
_ inform the hunters ahead of time on matters concerning the h~,tnt:ing re~ula-
tions and open seasons, on the methods of taking furs und other product~ of
hunting, on its removal and curing, and also tu familiarize the hunter with
GOST [state standards] and technical specifications applicable to the prod-
ucts of hunting and with the current purchase prices for them. In organiz~
ing state milk purchases on the basis of u contract whereby individuals
help out enterprises of the dairy industry, kolkhozes und 3ovkhoze~ extend
aid to owners of dairy cows by fl.irnishing them pastures, by allocating
feed, and by providing veterinary service. The procurer of the products of
rabbit raising assumes the obligations of providing the supplier advance
instruction, of providin~ him written instructions and visual aids on r~.b-
bit raising and primary processing of the products of.~abbit raising, and
malces food and the necessary supplies available to him. I~; would be diffi-
_ cult for the hunter or rabbit raiser to di~charge his obli~ationr under the
- cont,ract until the procurer takes these actions. The procurer's duty to -
provide the conditions necessary to performance of his c~ligations by the
- supplier is specific and differs from the set of steps incumbent upon the
se1?er. It is not possible in the text of the contract to foresee all the
actions which the pracurer should perform to extend n.id to the supplier.
~1n important place is occup~ed by countersales of mixed feeds to suppliers,
which are provided for in me.t~y contracts and which have become widespread.
This strengthens relations between procurement organizations ancl individuals
~nd encourages an increase in the volume of ~.roduction and sale of products
to procurers.
In the case of unplanned purchases of livestock, live poultry and poultry
meat from individuals by consumer cooperative organizations, the productive
_ character of the contracts is less pronounced. The model contract for the
purchase of poultry and poultry meat provides for countersale of mixed feeds
to suppliers. `I'he model contract for the purchase of livestock from indi-
viduals does not contain clauses that require the procurer to extend aid to
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the o~rner of the livestock 3n obtgining feed, though consumer cooperativen
hnve tlUC}1 cnp~bil.ity. Thi~ defec~ ought tn b~ corr~cted; it woul.d h~~p
_ rurrtil irihrlbttr~nl,n Lr~ i~c~lvr.~ },I~c~ prnblrm r~(' f'rr.dtt mnra r.atiily, it wt~u7.d p,ivcf
Lt~cm mc~rc.~ ittc~~nLiv~~ Lo rriiuc~ rir~im~~lE~ 1'ur aub:i~quent r~~ic.~ t.o congumer coop- ~
erativeu, Coapt~rgtnr~ of certnin ob:L~i~ts nre gttempting to do uwey with
thit~ drrlwb~ck. In Sr~rutovski.~yn Ob1nF3t nnd i.n U7bekietnn r.nntrnCtn betw~hn -
- CUIlJW11Ct~ c:dopet�ative drgunizuti~ns und individualt~ fnr rc~i~sing and ~~111n~
livestnck and young animals at negot3sted prices are quite cnmmon, The
products supplied under ~the contracts are charged against the young animals
obtainefl from the farm. 7'he suppliers are sold concentrated feede above
a].1. Potato purchasing contracts ca11 for suppliers to be given assistance
in ~he form of transport and containers. In Kemerovskaya and a number of
other oblasts the practiCe of extending advances to suppliera has begun in
recent years. When contracta are concluded for purch~ses of livestock, ~
poultry and rabbits the procurers advance the other contracting party as
much ns 30 percent of the value of the products contracted for. In m~}r
regions of the coi~ntry rabbit ratsers are sold concentrated feeds in ad-
vance when purchasing contracts are negotiuted. When necessary individuals
~rith whom contracts are concluded for the purchase of agricultural produets
~ are advanced money (up to 50 percent of the value of the contract Khen the
products of animal huabandry are being purchased and up to 30 percent When
the products of plant cultivation are involved). Gosbank credits are used
for this purpose in the regular wey.
Contract Performance
The purchasing contract is a bilateral bargain in which each of the parties
possesses rights and oblir,ations and figures as bath creditor and debtor
toward the c~ther contracting party. Normative enactments regulating these
relations have set forth the principle of specific performance of obliga-
tions; they point out that the payment of a penalty, forfeit or ffne does
not rele~zse the party from the discharge of obligations under the contract
(Paragraph 6 of the Standard Contract for the Taking and Purchase of Pe1ts
and Other Products of Hunting, Paragraph 6 of the Standard Contr~ct for the
Purchase of Rabbit Skins, Live Rabbits and Other Products of Rabbit Raising,
and the relevant paragraphs of the other standard contracts). The wording
of these paragraphs differs somewhat from the wording of Part 6, Article 36,
of the Bases. While they provide that the pa,yment of a penalty, forfeit or
fine does not release the contracting party from fu1fi11mei~L of hi.^. obli~~-
tions under the contract, these normative enactments sqy nothing about
losses. The following question arises: Is the party still required to
make specific~performance after reimbursing losses? It Would seem that
pqyment of a forfeit and reimbursement of losses does not release a party _
at fault from specific performance under Part 6, Article 36, of the Bases.
In our view this issue needs clarification. Sublegal enactments ought not
to contain a different formulation of the principle of specific performance
than that Which the legislator has provided. For that reason their xording
ought to be l~rought into conformity With the Wording of Part 6, Article 36,
of the Bases.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo Nauka, SOYETSKOYE GOSUDARSTVO I PRAYO, 1979
?045 18
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ME1NpOWF~i: LA}30It, i;bUCAmION, UCb10(3I2Ap1iY -
BOOK br:SCRIt3E5 PnPiILATInN MIGEtA`TION
Mo~COw SO'TS L1L' N1'~ ~AKT~itl' t(~50I~~NN05'P l ~~[GltA'I'S t I NA5F:LF:NIYA SSSR (5dc ia 1
i'~ctor~ nnd PeCUliarities of Migr~tinn of che Populatidn nf the USStt) in
Ruagi~n 197f~ ~iRned Co prese 25 Dt~y 78 pp 1-6, 141-142
/Brief desrription, Introduction and Table of ConC~nts nf book ~dited by
Prnf. L. L. Rybekovskiy and Prof. V. Yn, Cl~ur~kov, Academy of Sciences, _
Ifl9ClCUtn af Sociological Re~earch/
/Excerpts/ Title Page:
Tit1e: SOTSIAL'NYE FAKTORY I OSOBENNOS~I MIGRATSII NAS~LENIYA SSSit
_ (Socic~l Factnrs and Peculleritiea of Mi~ration of the Population of the
U5SR)
Signed to Presa Date: 25 May 1g78
Publisher: Naukn
Place of Publication: Moscdw
Number of Copiea P~bliahed: 3,260
; Number of Pages: 142 =
BrieE Description: -
Theoretical questi~ns of population migration, its esaence, f.orms and cau-
sal f.~ctors are examined in the book; the laws and peculiarities of migra-
- [ion processes are analyzed. The correlation between intensity and re-
sults of migration on one hand and various socio-economic factors on the
other is traced in the work.
- Introduction:
The bekinning of the sixties was marked by notable revival of scientific
research in the field of population migration. This was aided to a eig-
- nificant degree by the development of science in Siberia, primarily the
association within the framework of the Siberian branch created at that
time of the Academy of Sciences U55R of economic, so~iological and demo-
gr~phic research conducted in 5iberia and the Far East. Preciaely in
these regions the most urgent and complex problems of populatt~,n migration
arose.
Using the results of research carried out at [his period, several mono-
graphs were published.l
The Siberian Branch of the Academy of Sciences USSR later became an all-
union scientific research center on problems of the socio-demographic
development of the countryside. including migration of the rural po~ula-
~9
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FOR OF~ICIAL US~ ONLY -
tidn. 'I'he collective ~f sci~nCisCs headed by T. I. z~elavskaya publiehed
n numbcr of worke interesCing in a theorerie~l and prarCical respect,
d~voeed to elaboration of mpthologl~al and gyetematic q~estions of study
of the gncinl d~v~lopment of the countryeide in gener.~l gnd research on
th~ developmene nf the S3berian r.ountryside 3n particular.~
_ T'he gcientific workers of the Population Center of Mnscow State Univeraity
hnve concenerat~d their att~ntion on research nn rhe correlations of mi-
gration procesaes with resertling of the population and urbanizntion and
on study of the specifics of migration of the urban population. The great
~ervice of ehe Population Center and the department of the eame name of
Mosr.ow Srate Univergity lies in training of demographic personnel of broad
profile and preporation of e9ucgtion texCbooks for these purpos~s.3
In 1974 study of population migration was begun by the InsriCuee of Socio-
� logicgl Research, Academy of Sciences USSR. Principal aCtention was con-
centrated on reaearch in inrerrayon migraCional processes, and also migra-
tion of the rural population to citiea, whirh are mosC significant for the
socio-economic development of the country. The initial premi~e was the
� idea that migration is a complex socio-demographic process which must be
atudied complexly.4 Thereby the sub~ecC of research includes migration
itself~ the factora causing it and the consequencea of theae procesaeg.
The complexity of the sub~ect also preaupposes complexity of inethoda applied
(statiatical analysis, sociological surveys, mathematical simulation, etc.).
Books on the theory and methods of reaearch on migration processes in the
USSR which have been publiahed in recent years present great scientific
interest. For example, the publishing house "Statistika" in the seventies ~
- alone p~~bliahed more than 10 monographs and collections of arei~Ies devoted
to population migration.s Several works have been is~ued by other publieh-
ing houses, including "Nauka,"6 and also "Ekunomika." Nonethelesa gcien- -
tific interest in this problem is not slackening. Books on population
migration do not lie long on counters; there is always demand for them.
The subject demand ia also not met by central ~ournals, on whose pagee in
the Ninth Five-Year P~an alone 25 articles on problema of population migra-
tion were published.
The present monograph is the collective ~rork of staff inembers of ti?e aec-
tor of social problems of migration of the Inetitute of Soc~ological Re-
search, Academy uf Sciences USSR. The book consists of two parts: in its
first part theoretical and methodological questions are examined: the
essence and forms of migration and its factors are ascerCained and much
space is allotted to characterization of the methods with the aid of which
this social phenomenon is atudied. In the aec.ond part of the book the mi-
grational proceseea which take place in the USSR and their interterritorial
and intersettlement trend are analyzed, the fa~:tors which cause these proces-
~ ses are escertained and the correlation of migration with population struc-
ture is examined.
20
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F'UR 0~'~'ICIAL USL' ONI.Y
'1'I~c chnp~er~ w~re writeen by ttie followink ~uthara: 1.. L. Ityb~knv~kiy--
ch~~~~t:ers 1, 3. fi; A. C. 'LuUr~nov--r.hapt~r 2; L. V. MakArovn--r.hupCera
- 3, 4, 7nd K, b, Argunov~~--chnpCer G; S. PJ. 2h~lezko and G, F, riorn-
_ zovn--chapter 5; B. C. Serditykh--chapterq 6 t~nd 7; E. I. Rybakov~kr~ya-~
chnptcr 6; N. I. Kozhevnikova and G. G. Koroleva--ohapter g; N. V. Tr?ra-
yc~vr~ iind M. A. Ugknvn--r.h~lpCer 1
_ 'I'nble of Cnnrenes
E'reface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Section One: Migrat~onal Proce~ses and MeChods of Studying Them
Chnpter 1.. Esaence ~nd Forms of Migration of the Populatior. of rhe
USSR ............................8
Ch~pter 2. Concept and CompoaiCion nf F~ctors of Migr~tion ......26
Chnpter 3. Indicators ~.nd Stntiatical ttethods of Study of
_ htigration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Chapter 4. Regresaion Models of Populatian Migration . . . . . . , . .49
ChApter 5. 5ociological MeChoda of Research on Populntion
Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
Sectinn Two: Peculiarities and FttcCors of Population Migration
Chapter 6. Basic Trenda of Migrational Processes in the USSR .....76
ChapCer 7. Peculiaritiea of Migration of the Rural Popul~tion. ....87
Chapter 8. MigraCional Movement of the Urban Fopulation. .......99
Chapter 9. Factors of Migration. Analysis of Empiric~l Data 115
Chapter 10. Correlation of Migration with Population Structure. 125 -
FOOTNOTES
z 1. Zh. A. Zayonchkovskaya ~ V. I. Perevedentaev. "Sovremennaya migratsiya
_ naseleniya Krasnoyarskogo kraya"/Modern Migration of the Popula~ion of
the Krasnoyarsk Kray/, Novoaibirak~ 1964; V. I. Perevedentsev. Sovre-
mennaya migratsiya naseleniya 2apadnoy 5ibiriN~~~~ Migretion of the
Population of Weatern Siberia/, Novosibirsk, 1965; V. ~ Perevedent-
sev. �Migratsiya naseleniya i trudovyye pr~blemy Sibiri ~~~ation of _
the Population and Labor Problema of Siberia/, Novosibirsk, 1966.
2. "Sotsial'nyye problemy trudovykh resursov sela"/Social Problems of -
Labor Reaources ~f the Village/, Novosibirak, 1968; "Metodika vyboro-
chnogo obsledovaniya migrataii ael'skogo naseleniya"/Methods of Sample ~
Survey of Migration of the Rural Population/, Novosibirsk, 196Q;
T. I. Zaelavskaya. "0 tselyakh i metodakh planirovaniya migratsii
sel'akogo naseleniya v goroda"/On the Aims and Methods of Planning of
Migration of the Rural Population to Cities/, Novosibirsk, 1910.
- 3. "Problemy migratsii naseleniya i trudovykh resursov"/Problems of Popu-
� lation Migration and Labor Resources/, M., 1970; "Osnovy teorii
narodonaseleniya"/Principles of the Theory of Population/, M., I913;
"Migratsionnaya podvizhnost' naseleniya SSSR"/Migrational Population
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Movement of the USSR/, M., 1974.
4. "Sotaial'nye problemy migratsii"/Soci.al Problems of Migration/. M~,
1976; L. L. Rybakovskiy~ "Structure and Factora of Interrayon Migra-
tion Processes," SOTSIOLOGICHESKIYE I55LEDOVANIXA, 1976, No 1; V~ N~
~ Varygin, K. D. Argunova, L. V. Makarova. "Regression Analyaie of
Interrayon Migration Processes," SOTSIOLOGICHESKIYE ISSLEDOVANIYA, _
1976, No 2; S. N~ Zhelezko, G. F. Morozorra, B. G. Serditykh. "An
Experiment of Sociological Research on Migration of th~ Population of
the Far East," SOTSIOLOGICHESKIXE ISSLEDOVANIYA, 1976, No 2.
S. "StaCistika migratsii naseleniya"/Statistics of Population Migration/,
M., 1973; Zh. A. Zayonchkovskaya. "Novosely v gorodakh"/New Settlera _
in Cities/, M., 1972; L. L. Rybakovskiy. "Regional'nyy analiz migrat- -
siy"/Regional Analyais of Migratioris/, M., 1973; V. V. Onikiyenko, .
V. A. Popovkin. "Kompleksnoye isaledovaniye migratsionnykh protaessov"
/Complex Research on Migration Procesaes/, M., 1973; etc.
6. V. I. Perevedentsev. "Metody izucheniya migratsii naseleniya"/ Methods
of Studying Population Migration/, M., 1975; V. I. Staroverov. _
- "Sotsial'no-demograficheskiye problemy derevni"/Socio-demographic - -
_ Problems of the Countryside/, M., 1975.
1. A. V. Topilin. "Territorial'noye pereraspredeleniye trudovykh resur-
sov v SSSR"/Territorial I'.edistribution of Labor Resources in the USSR/,
~ M., 1975. _
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1978
_ 9072
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'i'[tA1Vu C'012TA~1~:[ON
- NEW SOVIGT AIRLINER YAK-42 DESCRIBED
_ Prague TECHNICKY TYDENNIK in Czech 6 Feb 79 ~ i2
[Article by (vkk)] ~
[Te~~,:;; A new airplane, the YAK~-42 for 120 pasaengers, with a flight range
of 1,850 kilometers, and a cruising speed of 850 kilometers per hour has
originated in the design office of A.S. Yakovlev. For the time being, it is
_ operating on "Aeroflot" routes, but in the very near future it will also -
- appear a~ Czechoslovak sirports in the colors of CSA [Czechoslovak Airline].
There i~ sraat interest in the new airplane a11 over the world, and that is
= why the editorial board of the periodical "SOVIET EXPORTS" asked a~ew
questi~ns o.f S.A. Yakovlev, deputy general clesign engineer of the aircraft. _
[Question] What basis did you use in selecting the concept of the aircraft
and its design? -
[Answer] In developing Che Yak-42 airplane, we used the basic technical
ideas which proved to be so successful in the case of the Yak-40 airplane:
The reliability of all the systems of the Yak-40 sirplane has been tested by
many long-distance flights in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America.
It is enough to recall the demonstration flight through South America:
�.115,000�kilometers, 270 flight hours, 260 landings at all kinds of a~.rports,
including airports in high mountains. For almost half a year, the airplane
_ .Elew rhou5ands of kilometers away from its main base. There was no need ~
to replar.~ a single part during the entire period. The Y~1:-40 airplane re-
. turned from South America to Moscow via the USA, Canada, Alaska, and Siberia,
and was able to continue flying immediately. We appli_ed this operational
_ experience in designing the Yak-42,plane. The plane is designed for short ~
and medium-distance routes. The type for short route;s carries a hundred ~
persons. The passengers put their luggage in compartments located in a space
close to the entr~nce to the plane.
For longer fli,ghts, we insi:a].1 an additional 20 seats, and luggage is placed
in the space t~elow the cabin floor.
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~tlEt d~'~iCIAL U5~ bNLY
~Quegtinn) As g rul~, eh~re gr~ only gm~11 girpores on 1~C~1 rout~~. ~'h~
Ynk-42 i~ a pl~ne wiCh beck~w~pr wingg. Ag ie known, the~~ plgn~~ hgv~ ~
relgtiv~ly high lgnding gpu~d. Cgn Che Yak-42 lend ~~~fely gC girpore~
IOCnl t'OUrp~Z
(Answer) C~rtainly. ~vdn ehough the landing speed of ttie Yak-42 plgnp i~
gdmewhet higher thnn ehgt of Yak-40~ roughly 200 kilom~rerg par hour, ~he
overall di~Cancp ne~d~d for 1~nding from an ~1Citud~ of 15 m~t~rg i~ elmogt
the ~am~, which mpane 1,100 mee~rs. Z'herefor~, eh~ Ynk-42 C~n tak~ off gnd
l~nd gaf~ly on runwayg nnly 1,800 m~Cers long.
(QuegtionJ How was it poggibl~ to achieve ~uch remark~bl~ pgramet~rs in
the case of an airplane wiCh backswept winge carrying 120 pgg~eng~rs2
(Answer) W~ used dnuble-sloeted flaps with a hinge~ gurfgc~. Ag aoon gg
the wh~~1s nf the under~~rri~ge touch ehe ground, ~poilerg which increg~~
frantal drag and r~duce uplift are broughC out automaCically. ~'hat incr~g~~g
the adherence of the tires Co the surface of rhE runw~y, ao that the piloC
can apply the brake~ more effectively. The Yak-42 plane also has n new set
- of flight and navigational instruments, which provide for mr~nual or auto-
m~tie flight control.
[Questionj How did the new deaign help Co increase the strength of th~ air-
plane and exCend its operaCional capacity?
[Answer) The most important part of Che plane, which xs a rule deterroines
its service life, is the wing. Tt~e aervice life of the wing depends on the
- operational reliability of the part whlch ia aub~ected to the greateat stress~..
namely the w~ng's rooC. Z'he Yak-~i2 has a one-piece win~, and that is why
the stress is distributed throughout its entire atrucCural shell evenly.
In addition, the profiles of the wing at various points of its span are
selected in such a way that the center of aerodynamic installation is
shifted closer to the fuselage. That reduces the bending momenta and the
stress in that part of the wing, whcih increases its service 1'i,fe and reli-
ability. A11 vitally important assemblies and systems are duplicated, some
of them actually triplicated.
Hydraulics are cempletely duplicated in tne Yak-42 plane. In addition to
the basic distribution system~ there is also an emergency with a aeparate
reservoir for operating fluid and independent reserve pumps. As regards the
distribution systems, we have a dual reserve, in the case af pumping stations
a triple reserve, and with regard to sources ~f current a quadruple reserve.
Each alt~rnator that is installed in the plane~ deYivers electric current
to an independent feeder Ghannel. The output of each channel is aufficient
- to feed~ all the equipment in the aircraft. But even if two generators fail~
there is enough electric current for all the systems. Anc1 if the third
generator also fails~ then electric current is delivered 6p the emergency
" 24
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~ok n~N~tctnt. usF, nNt,Y ~
g~n~rr~tdr of the ~uxiliary uni; wl~ich i~ put int~ dper~tic~n ~fter twn g~n-
~r~t~rg df ~h~ b~~ic ~yqeem ~gil. If ehc ~m~rg~ncy g~n~r~tnr w~re ~l~d td
r~il tn nper~te, ~dmething which pr~rti~~lly cgttnut ~Grur, ~11 ~f the mo~t
impnrtant ~ygeems u~ing nlt~rnnCin$ currc�nt will, bp f~d by ~i~c~ri~ Curr~ne
~~~r�~ h~~eter.ier~ through Convcrrer~ ~nd equt.pm~nt uging dir~ce curr~nt, di-
rcctly Ernm battpries.
Cpu~gtinnj Wh~~ ig ~;~~enCi~~ far dupliC~ting nr eripli~~~fng ~ G~rt~in ~yg- .
tem7
(An~~oerJ ~xperi~nce g~in~d frnm dp~r~tions of annlogic~l ~yBtems and long-
t~rm te~es nf supply ~uurc~g, ttowever, w~ kert in mind glso tha kind oE
hlmoyc impnsaible incident guch ~g, ior ~x~mple, failur~ of g11 hydr~ulic
- sygtem~ ugEd in the lowering th~ l~ntlin~ gear. In that cn~e~ the crew open$
Ch~ landing gear door~ manually and th~ l~ndtng g~~r ia lork~d into p~~ieion
by itg own weight ~nd girflow.
(Que~tiinn~ '1'h~ Yak-40 ig ind~pend~nt of the equipment uged gt gn nirpnrC,
it dnes nnC need sCepg or a sCarCing truck to stnrt Ch~ eng~ne. Daeg th~
Y~k-42 hnv~ ~~go th~se advantngee?
~Answer~ Yes. As a maCter of fact, the Yak-42 hng two types df st~pg.
One set in the rear--the g~tne as Yak-40--and the second in the ~ront~ im-
rnediately behind the crew cabin.
To ~tart the enginhg,an auxiliary unit ia used in thie airplan~ whi~h de-
livers cnmpr~esed air both on the ground and in flight. The Yak-40 gCgrted
iCs motors quite reliably even at La Paz in $olivia, the airport with the
highest altitude in the world (4,000 metera above eea level). There i~ no
doubc that Yak-42 will start its motors eaeily under the same ~onditions.
[Question] To what extent is the servicing of Yak-42 laborious and gtren-
uous?
(AnswerJ On local routes~ the flight lasts ns a rule one l~our. The plane
_ st~ys on the ground 15 to 20 minutes and takes off again. The ~xtent of
the required technical check at the airport is minimal. A routine check
is enough in view of ttie outstanding degree of reliability of the airplane.
A detailed inspection takea place once a day, when the flights have bean
cdmpleted. The system of technical checks of a Yak-42 plane is based on the
r~latior.ship of the operations, and the actual condition of the individual
systems. Th~t reduces considerably the laboriousness of servicing.
FIGURE APPENDIX
Yak-42, ,i new Sovtet plane for short and medium-distance routes. has -
rhree D-36 engines, with a take--off thrust of 637 KN. The service life of
ti~e airplane is 30,000 hours and 30,000 landings, maximum utility load is
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~Olt U~~ICiAL U~~ t~NLY
14i500 kilo~r~mg l~igu~~ 1),
Figure 2 ghow~ eh~ int~rior of th~ piloe'~ Cabin.
1
COPY1tICHTt 1~79 VYDAVAT~LST~VI A NAKIADATF~ZVI RU~ ~a~~
56G~
CSO: 2400
' _
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~~oii o~~~ctnt, US~; ONI,Y
mr~nNS~t:mn~rroN
M~"I.'HOU~ m0 ~i~DUCE 'I'RACK, WH~~L F'LANG~ W~11Ii ~~(7POS~,fi �
hio~cz~~r EL~K'I'RICH~SKAYA 2 T~pLOVO~NAYA 'PYAaA in ~us~ian rro 6, 197~ pp 43-45
(Arti~le by Candid~te~ of
inechnical ~cience~ A. S. Linev ~nd M. S. K~gttn:
"}{d~ tn ~educ~ 'I'rark ~nd Whpel ~'1Qng~ W~ur on the B~ykal-Amur Mainlin~" ) -
(~ext~ Over a great ext~nt the $AM CBgykal-Amur MainllneJ hc~n a complex
trxck plnn and profile, and in ~dd;tion pas~e~ through regidns With harnh
climatic canditions. While s~s an average for the railroad netxork th~
share of eurv~d tr~rk equals approximo.te~,1r 26 percent, on the BAM it is
nbout 45 percent, and even much greater on the pass or grgde aections.
The minimum curve redius equals 300 meters. The gredea have an incline of
up to 18 ~ercent. Under such conditions, rather inteneive lateral Wear
on curved track and the vrheel flanges can be expected. Tha uoe of rail~
which httve been hardened along their length only partially can reduce the
acuteness of the question of rail Wear, since the hardened rails vre~r out
~pproximatel,V 1.5-fold less than the unhardened ones. But the int~nait,y of
the Wear on the Wheel flanges xith hardened rails is not reduced, but
rather increases, since the "~rorking in" of the rail profile to the Whee1
_ occurs more slo~ly.
4n the Soviet railrottds, the lubrieating of the rails and Wheel flanges
is done by tra.::; lubr.:catol�s With ~ Peeder plgte 570 mm 1on~ nnd a lubri-
cant tank holding 12 kg of lubricsnt. The experience of using such devices
shoKS thnt by lubricatin~ the intensity of side xear on the rails can be
reduced by several-fold. A rather high effectiveness from employing the
track devices is achieved in the instance that they are placed cloae to
one another, not farther than 3 1Qn apart in single curves, and ~I ~ru.}.e con-
tinuousl~r. On 13nes with a traffic load of around 50 million ton km per
km per year, the devices should be filled after 15-20 dnys.
Track lubricators can be installed on the BAM, but their use on this line
involves numerous difficulties. Under the conditions of a sparsely popu-
lated locality, the maintenance personnel will live at station points which
are locuted every 40-50 km. Under these conditions the inspecting of the
instruments and their refilling Will take a great deal of xorking time,
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l~
- ~o~ o~~ic~Eu, us~ oxLY
for the p~r~~nn~1 c~n b~ brou~ht dut dnly by h~ndcnr~ whieh wou~d b~ dent
b~tw~en traing~ 7'h~~~ expenditureg c~n b~ reduc~c~ if the cgp~city of the
lubric~nt tank on th~ ~xigting devicp~ i~ incr~~sed by ~evera].-fbld (~he
trtsck l~tbricator~ ef th~ "h1~r~o" fit�m h~ve t~nkd ot' 86 nnd 144 k~*).
'Pt?r axp~rihnce ei' i'oreif!n railro~zdg nhoa~ thnt the len~th of the f~~d~r
plnt~s on c~rtain d~vi~~s r~ncheg 2,700 mm, ~nd thi~ makeg it pogs3.b~e tn
~pp1y lubricant to th~ ~n~ir~ circumf~renc~ di th~ wh~el. 7'his inCreg~~g
th~ eff'~etiv~ne~~ af r~i~ lubrication by th~ tr~ck lubric~tor~. How~v~r,
unfler th~ ~onditidn~ of th~ gAM, the most eff~ctiv~ is to lubricate ~he
railg ~nc~ wheel. flsngeg uging locomotive deviceg wtth the direct applic~-
tion of the lubricant to the ~ide edge of the rui1. Such n lubricating
mpthofl i~ u~~d on the lines of the Moscow Subway, on �Jhe experimental rin~
of the Central Scientific ~e~earch Institute of the Ministry of the Nai1-
road$, ~nd a~ an eyperiment was previougly used on certain railroads of the ~
eystem. It hag bepn most wid~ly used on foreign railroads and in particu-
1ar on th~ Japanege ones.
r
J ~
/ ~
- ~ ~
r+4~ '
i l) ll
/ '
, f0
; / 9~
e
s'
6 ft
7 .
Design of the Automatic Lubricator ~
of the Kinki Nippon Railways System
bevices oF different design (see the drawing) are used for lubricating the
rails and Wheel rims in Japan. The operating principle of the Kinki Nippon
. device consists in the folloWing. The lubricant from the tank 2 is sup- '
plied through a rubber tube to valve 9 to the lubricating device 7 which,
in beine in direct contact vri~h the side of the rail head at point 12, de- ~
livers the lubricant to the rail. The device is fastened to the lxomotive
rocker arm 3� By a rod 5 and a guide roller 6, the lubricant is constant~y
delivered to the required place on the rail head.
When the roller is not in contact With the rail, valve 9 is closed by a
- spring and the lubricant is not delivered to the roller. On track curves
the roller is continuously in contact With the outside rail, and this pro- ,
vides continuous lubricating of the side edge. In moving along straight
track the crew can put the roller into contact With the rails in certain
sections, and the rails are then lubricated.
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~OIt 0~~'ICIAL USL ONLY
mhe lubric~~nt m~teriMl used in thi~ devi~e i~ ~z minernl oil mix~d with ~
futty oil which has been trer~ted with hnt r~ir. '1'he t~ddition oi' ~h~ fatty
cdmpnn~nt to the mineral oil, on the one tiand, en~ure~ lubricatin~ at hi~h
speed du~ to th~ ~c~od adhesinn ch~racteris~icg of the oil, and on the other,
nr~vcnts it from running beyond the point of ttpplic~t3on. mhe u~e o� vc~ri-
du~ mix~~ m~kes it ~ossib7.e t~d eu,pl~y th.~ 1 uhri c~:it m:~teri~,~. with plu~ tltld
minu~ temperatur~g.
� Lubrican~ con~umpt.idn ig approx~mntel.y 4 liters p~i~ b00-~00 km.
Subs~quently this r~ilroad developed an improved type of 1.ubricator with a =
nozzle. This new lubricator combines both a guide roller which directly
regulate~ ~he arec~ oC lubricant distribution, und u nozzl~ aystem with a -
minimum number of wearable parts. 7'he lubricant is supplied to the nozzle
by air C~d into the oi1 tank. There is a two-sta~e regul~tion of air pre~-
sure. At spEeds up to 30 km per hour, the nir ia delivei�ed to the nozzles
through u high-pres~ure control valve. Here the amount of lubricant de-
_ livet~ed to the nozzles is increased. The rate is controlled by a counter
tictivoted by n 1u~ on the roller which turns on the inner sur�ace of the
wheel. As the speed increases, the frequency of pulse3 recorded by the ~
counter u1~o increases and this clnses the circu3t which controls the nd-
iri~85ion of sir to the oil tank through electropneumatic valves. ~'or t}~e
low pressure circuit, this valve is activated at a speed of 5 km per hour,
and the hi~,h-pressure circuit upon reaching a speed of 30 km per hour.
At a speed below 5 km per hour and at a halt, delivery of the lubricant
is automatically stopped.
When the crew enters a curve of a certain radius, ordinarily 1,200 meters,
= a ~lidin~ lug on the truck moves along a guide fastened to the lower frame.
Here by a tracking mechanism an electronic circuit is closed, and air is
admitted to the two electropneumatic valves leading to the oil to.nk.
With the activatin~ of the valves, the air enters the oil tank and releases
oil on the inner face of the rail.
The experience of the Japanese railroads shows the high effectiveness of
~uch a rail lubricating method. Here the intensity of rail wear has been ~
- reduced by 5-fo1d, the wear on the flanges has been reduced bf approxi-
mately 2-f.old, and the consumption of electric power in pulling the trains
has been reduced b,y 12 percent. This is related to a reduction in resist-
ance in moving over the lubricated rails.
The maintenance of the devices mounted on locomotives is much easier than
the track devices. Considering e11 of thfs in the near future we must
aork out the design qf a device for locomotives in order to introduce the
desi~nated method for lubricating rails and wheel flanges on the BAM.
The BAM is being laid in regions ~rith very harsh climatic conditions. The
absolute minimum temperature reaches -62� C. The number of days per year
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~OEt 0~'~ICIAL USE ONLY
with a temperature below -50� C is 13, and a negative temperature laetn
190-234 daye. Zn this regard, the question arises of selectin~ a lubricant _
_ for the track lubricators on the BAM. The presently used winter track
lubricant can be used in the devices to -30� C.
Ag a result of research carried out it has been egtab~.ished that the
induatrial-commercial. lubrican~, the TsTA~'IM-201 (Stnte Standard 6267-74),
in terms of its 1ow-temperature properties can be used on the track lubri-
cators of the BAM. mhis lubricant works in the devices down to -50� C,
- and reduces track and wheel flange wear by several-fo1d. When it is nec-
essary to reduce the intensi~y of rail wear (on aections with a heavy
track plan nnd profile), the LZ-318 antiscuff and antiwear additive can be
added to thi~ lubricant.
7'he question of the need for year-round operation of track lubricators on
the BAM does not require ~dditional stuc~y. The fact is that in wintertime,
_ a fi1.m of moisture forms on the ra31s and this helps, as research has shown,
to reduce the intensity of wear. In comparison with the summer period,
w3nter wear can be 2-3-fold less. Tf the same indicators are obtained
- for reducing wear in the wintertime under the conditions of the BAM, then
in a number of instances there will be no need to lubricate the track and
wheel flanges with very low outside air temperatures.
COPYRSGH'I': Izdatel'stvo "Transport", "Elektricheskaya i teplovoznaya
tyag8~~ ~ 1978 i
. 10272 -
CSO: 1823
,
. . ~
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~Oit O~~ICIAL US~ ONLY
TRANSPORTATION
BRIEFS
RAIL DEFICIENCIES NOTED--Soviet traina are arriving chronically late. On
the main linea, one in four traine arrivea lare in Moacow. From an ayerage
33.4 kilometera per hour in 1975, the ~verage speed of a frsight train has ~
_ fallen eo 32.3 kme per hour by 1977. Rail cars thet covQred an average of
248 kms 2 yeara ago now average only 234 kma. Tn numerous Urul diatricte
half of the seed supply is unfit for use [becsuae of laee delivery?].
[Text] [Paria VALEURS ACTUELLES in French 26 Mar 79 p 36]
CSO: 3100 END
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