JPRS ID: 8455 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

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• Collection: JPRS
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ii MAY i979 CFOUO 271T9~ i Of 2
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JPRS L/8455
ii MaY i9~s
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TRANSLATIONS ON USS R SCIENCE AND TCCHNOLOGY
PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNO LOGY
(FOUO 2 7/79)
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JPR5 L~8455
1.~ May 1.9 79
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND. TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 27/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
CYBII2NL'~ICu, COMPUTERS AND ALTI'OMATSON TECHNOLOC~Y
Ttic Mos~ 7mpor~unt Methods of Increasing the Effectiveneen
nf iJ~i~izing Computer Technology
(B. N. I'~~rov; AVTOMATIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEI4~tIKA,
Mar/APr 79) 1
Problems of Computer Technal.ogy aud Flandamental Research
( G. I. M~rchuk, V. Ye . Kot ov; AVTOMATI?{A I
VYC~IISLIT~L' NAYA TEI~INIKA, ~'~APr ?9 ~ � � � � � � � � ~ � � � � � � . � 3
The Experimental Computer Network of the Latvian SSR Academy
of Scieuaec
(E. A. Yakubaytis; AVTOMATIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA
TEKI~IIKA, Mar/APr 79) 18
~'he Configuration of Open Network Remote Da.ta Processing
Systems of the Ye5 EVM
(V. V. Prxhiyalkovskiy, V. S. La,pin; AVTOrfATIKA
Y VYCHISLITEL' 1VAYA TEIQ~IIKA, Mar/Apz' 79 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Tnvestigation oP the Iustitute of Automatics and Control
Proce~~es on Dc:veloping a Collective-Uae Com~uter Center
(A. A. Voronov; AVTOMATIKA I VYCHISLITEL~NAYA TEIQiNIKA,
Mar/APr ?9) 34
The Multiple-User Computer System and the Data Bank of the
Nuuka ASU of the Arm~nian SSR Acadeu~y? of Sciences
(B. B. Melik-Shaktuiazarov; AVTOMATIKA I VYCIiISLITEL'NAYA
T~EF4INIK1~, Max/APr 79) 36
The Coll~ctive-Usc Computer Syatem of thz Lithuanian SS~R
Academy of 5c.tences
( L. Tel' l~:~ui~; AVTOMATIKA I VYCHISLIT~~ NAYA TEIg~1DCA,
~'I APr 79) 40
-a- [III -USSR-23S &TFOUOj
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CQN'~'ENTB ( Con~ inued ) pa,ge
'~he Theory of F`Snite Automa~ons and ~ta Applica~i.ona
(AVTOMATZKA I VYCH78LZ'.PEL~NAYA TEKEIlVIKA, N1as~Apcr 79) 43
ELEC~t'RONICB AND ELECTRrCAL ENaINEE~iII~
The Resolution of a Syntheai2ed Aperture Radar When
Obaerving ~he Sea Surface
( A~ V. Ivanov; ?ZVESTI'YA WZ RA,DIOFZZIKA, No 12, 1978 ) 44
(~EOPH7tSrCS~ ~1STRONOMY AND SPACE
Principa~. Reeults of Seismic 7aivestigations in the Frunze ~
Prognostic Tes~ 5i~e
(V~ P. Grin, et a]..; 1YL'vESTIYA A.KADEMII NAUK SSSR,
b~IZIKA zF~I, No 11., 1978) 58
P~iYSICS
Op~i.cal Science in Belorussia
(n. I. Stepanov; ZHt1RNAL PRIIQ,ADNOY SPEICPFtOSKOPII,
Dec 78) 7~+
The Development of Tntegrated Optics in the USSR
(A. M. Goncharenko, et al.; ZHURNAL PRSKLADNOY
. SPEKTROSKOPII, Dec 78) l06 ?
Spectrometric Environmental Investigations.in the Visible
Region F~om the Salyut-4 Orbital Scientific Station
(B. I. Belyayev, et al.; ZHURNAL PRIIQ,ADNOY
SPEKR'ROSKOPII~ nec 78) i3i
Atomic E~niasion Spectral Analysis Using I,asers
(M. L. Petukh, A. A. Yankovskiy; ZHURNAL PRIIQ,ADNOY
SF~,fCPROSKOPII~ Dec 78) 142
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CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS A,ND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
UDC 681.324
THE MOST IMPORTANT METHODS OF INCREASING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF UTILIZYNG
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
Riga AVTOMATZKA 2 VYCH2SLiTEL'NAYA TEKHNiKA in Ruseian No 2, Mar/Apr 79
signed to preas 3 Jan 79 pp 1-2
(Article by B. Petrov]
~ [TextJ The ~evelopment of computer networks and collective-use syatema is
the most important step on the path of solving the problem of increasing
the effectiveness of utili2ing comp~.ter equipment, posed by the 25th CPSU
Congress.
The use of computera at the USSR Acad2nr~ of Sciences and of the academies
of sciencea of the union republics is related to a significant deqree ta
automation of acientific research. Investigations to develop syatems for
automa~ion of scientific research are now being conducted on a broad front.
It should be emphasized that scientists of the academies will be ;nvolved
for a number of years with problems of developing fundamental research in
the field of computer technoloqy, instrument buildinq and control equipment
in the interests of increasing labor efficiency. Development of collective-
use computer systems and computer networks within the USSR Academy of
Sciznces and of the academies of sciences of the union republics must be
reqarded as the next step related to automation of scientific reaearch.
Problems of coordinatfng the indicatgd investigations and of integrating
efforts in solution of the problem of automation of scientific reaearch
acquire primary siqnificance. A specia~ meeting of the presidents of the
academies of sciences of CEMA countries was devoted to this. Takinq into
account the importance of effective coordination of investigations on com-
puter technology within the system of the academies of sciences of our
country, the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences decided to create a
Coordinating Gommittee on Computer Technology. Ita main task will be coor-
dination of inveetiqations on fundamental problems of modern science and
technology, related to dQVelopment of high~y productive computers, computer
networks and the technical ba.se of computer equipment.
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There are de~initie succeaees in the directiion of developing collea~ive-u~e
computer eyateme. Computier centere equipped w~tih bo~h highly produative
computerd and emall mechinee have been created at many ecndemia inet~tiutes.
Thera ia gnod experience of collective uae of computer equipment nt the
USSR Academy of Sciences, ~he Siberian Departmenti of ~he USSR Aaademy of
' Sciences, a~ the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Scienoes, tihe Latvian SSR Academy
of sciences and ao on.
To discuse the coordination problei~~ which we face and the inforn~ation about
the experience availr~ble in this direction, a coordinating meeting of the
representative delegations of the US5R Academy of Sciences and o� thc~ academi.es
of sciences of the union republics, wi~h the general designers ot YeS and
SM computer systems and of the E1'brus computer complex being invited, was
held in 1978 at the Institute of Electranics and Computer Technology of the
Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences. Reports on the experience of r.onstructing
collective-use computer systems in the leading organizations of the academies
of sciences and about the lat~eat Ye5 and ~M computer equipment and the equip-
ment of the E1'brus computer complex were heard at the conference. Among
them were report8 of the leading scientists in this field academicians
' G. I. Marchuk and V. M. Gluahkov, Academician of the Latvian SSR Academy
of Sciences E. A. Yakubaytis, general designer of the E1'brus corr.puter com-
plex V. S. Bruteev, general desiqner of the YeS EVM [Unified computer aystem]
V. V. Pr2hiyalkovskiy and deputy chief designer of the SM EVM ~Tnternational
~mall Computer System] Y. N. Filinov. A report containing a survey of the
advances of foreign scientists in this field (project manager of the Inter-
national Inatitute of Applied 5ystems Analysis A. V. Butrimenko) was also
heard. ,
Materials of part of the reports and communications presented at the con-
ference ars publishad in the given igsue af the journal AVTOMATIKA I
VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Zinatne", "Avtomatika i vychislitel'naya tektu~ika",
1979
6521
CSO: 1870
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CYgERNETICS~ COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
UDC 681.324
PROBLEMS OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH
Riga AVTOMATIKA Z VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA in Russian No Mgr/Apr 79
signed to preas 21 Apr 78 pp 3-14
[Article by G. I. Marchuk and V. Ye. Kotov~
[Text] Within the very ahort time that has pasaed aince the first Soviet
electronic computer MESM [Smal1 Electronic Computar~ was developed under
the supervision of S. A. Lebedev, computer technology has underqone a
vigorous 3un~, being transformed from laboratory experiment to a branch of
industry and hae become run important component of the scientific-technical
revolution. A new stage in its developn~ent has naw begun. The needa of
aur country for data processing and automation equipment are increasing with
each year, which requires a qualitatively new approach to planning the deve-
lopment of computer techneloqy and to methods of development, production and
applicatiori of computers. The basis of this approach ehould be scientific
justificati~n of all the decisions made on the basis of extenaive fundamen-
tal investigations of the mathematical, systems-enqineering and physical
bases of data prxesaing.
The general trend in the development of computer technoloqy is characterized
by a qualitative increase in the level of its production and application and
includes: -
a radical increase of the total productivity of computers by improving the
enqineering and technological ba.se and of essentially new architectural con-
cepts;
development of more effective forms and methods of man-machine interaction
due to a significant increase in the level of programming languaqes and
developed communications software and hardwaref
conversion from powerful and medium monolithic machines of traditional
structure to an optimum combination of "individual" computers with limited
or special capabilities and of computer complexes of various configurations,
wide range of capacities and designations.
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~The succession o� computier generat~.ons is primarily initiated by the progress
of tihe phyeias dnd technology of the componenti base, which improvee such
technical parametiers of machines as speed, dependabili~y, compac~negs and
economy anc~ thue permits embndiment of the idea~ of engineers and programmers
in machine designs which could no~ be realize~l by using previoua technology.
Along with improving the phyaical~teahnological parameters of the component
base, the developmenti of so�tware was the main means oE increasing the ~otia1
computer utilization etficiency up to the present tim~. But in ~he final
analysis the decisive factor which determines ~he capabillties o� compu~er
technology ie the configura~ion of machines artd systems.
The progress of microeleatronics, the prospects for daveloping new physical
principles of data storage and processing and thA ad~~a,7ces of programming
and theoretical research in the Eield of computer struc~ures have now laid
the basis gor practical postulation of the problem of working our new prin-
ciples of organizing computer systems and processes. 7'his task becomes
especially Limely because the range of problems which require qualitatively
new methods of data processing and storage will increase rapidly and the
fraction of complex problems will increase.
The componen~ base of computer technology. The current state of development
and production of computar logic elements is characterized by production of
a series of inteqrated syetems with signal distribu~ion delay measured in
units of nanosaconds. A Eurther increase in the speed of logic components _
requires solution of the problem of intercomponent coupling~ i.e., an in-
crease in the level of integration with a simultaneous decrease of the mean
consumed power to the gate. ~
Semiconductor storage devices are developing at rt~pi~~ rates: from superhigh-
speed storage devices based ~n loqic elements to maasive storage devices
based on the simplest structures.
The most promieing of the new physical-technological principles of developing
the computer component base are opto-electronics and integrated optics.
Opto-electronic components and devices will find ever greater application _
in computer technology, for example: in superlarge-capacity storage devices,
in specialized enalog and hybrid (analog-digital) processor~ far imaqe pro-
cessing, fast integral transformations and so on, and in using data input
and imaging devices and multichannel data-imar~e transmission devices.
The problem of developing an opto-electronic internal storage, for whfch
there are now no appropriate information carriers despite the fact that a
search for them is beinq carried out in many directions, is interestinq and
complex.
Development and improvement of computer devices based on integrated circuits,
includinq optical data processing and transmission systems, require the
creation of new technoloqical equipment and the development of production
processea, specifically, electronic and X-ray lithoqraphy and the technology
of growfng supcrthin semiconductor structures by the molecular-beam epitaxy
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~ method, which l~ade to a eignifiaant inaroase in t11e level oE intagra~ion
and to s~tiak,iliza~ian of cc,mponent aharactorietics.
Investiga~ions nnd introduction of a new tiype o� graup memory magnetic
domain storage devicea, apea~.fically, bubble domdins are being carried
out int~enaively. ~his memory should repiace magne~ic dieks and drums, but
there are atill difficultiies in the p~~h of its developmer?t, overcominq of
wl~ich also requirea essenti~lly new teahnology.
The problem of u~ilizing cryoqenic effects in computer ~echnology is of
tnterest. On the one liand, czyogenic technology is now a unique tiechnoloc,~? '
w~here there are no egsential phyaical raetrictiona for ~ signi~ir.ant inarease
of apeed, depend~bility and ths number of components. On the other hand,
- many specialiete nre carefuliy evaluet3ng the poasibility of bringing thie
princ3ple up to pr.actical introductiont in any case, ariy pr~dictiona in this
field are diffiault and tihir3 problem requirea additiional study.
. `
, Finally, the poesibil~.ty o~` utilizing biological prin.ciplea of data storage
� and pr.ocesaing, which may be promising due t~ the hiqh viability, adaptability _
and enerqy economy of biological sy~teire, should be noted.
,
it is anticipa~ed that the realization of scientific pr~grama in the field
~ of ~the computer component base and introduction of the result~ of investiga-
tions will make it possible to develop by 1990 processes witih praluctivity
from 10~ operati.ons/secand (universal) to 109 operations/second (superhigh-
speed and apecialized), auperfast internal storas (02,U) with acceas time of
10 ns (capacity up to 104 bytes) and supe~larqe OZU with capacity of 108
bytes (access time of 1 microsecond) and external stores with capacity of
1010-1012 bytes.
But the main effect of microminiaturization is those qualitative changes
in the concapt of "computer component" itself, which lead to radical expan-
sion af its functional cspabilities and fundamentally alter the methods of
logical dQSign of machines and their structure, rather than new quantitative
parameter of clevices. The appearance of micraprocesaors and their apglica-
tion as baseline design elements of computer devices and complexes is the
first indicator of these changes and the first step on the path to develop-
ment of an esaent~ally new technique of the production and use of computer
tQChnology.
The architecture of computer complexes. A new jump in the qualitative in-
crease of the con~onent base alters the established concepts on the archi-
tecture of computers. The classical structure of computers is maintained
in mi.cro- and mini-machines. Any other functionally closed structural unit
of future computer technology may be arbitrary, suitable for a given appli-
cation or configuration and made up from diver~e computer equipment. 'i'~e
ranqe of these configurations is very wide: from individual machines at
operator's positions to a network of pawerful computer subassemblies dis-
persed throughout the country. Their range of possible applications and
specialization is even broader. As an example one can name the followinq
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~ ~ox o~ricrai, us~ orn.Y
computer complexea which have already been designed and developeds large
inforn?ation-computar complexes (state, regional and specialized compu~er
- natworks and colleotive-use computier centers), in~egrated real-~ime systems
(ob~ecti and process control systems, acien~i�ic research automa~ion systems
' and so on) and powerful universal and specialize8 computer systems (including
those based on mini-computiere and microprocesaors).
The character~.etic �actures of future computer complexes must be noted:
their functional and atrua~ural complexity, the large nur~ber of diverse
componen~a with complex interactions between them, inareased requirements
on the dependability o� equipmen~ and saftware, lonq lifetime and conse-
quently speoial requirements on tihe compatibility of devices and programs
_ and the capability of reconfiguration and adap~ability to problem areas and
changes in the mode8 of use.
The increasing complexity of the architecture of computer complexes requires
an increaee in the periods of working out the deaigns and volumes of material `
expenditures and recruitmer?t of large collectives of highly qualified spe-
cialists. Successful implementation of these requirements is possible only
with organization of a wi~~ range of leading fundamental research in the
field of the architecture and baseline sof.tware of complexes and of the
computer equipment contained in them.
The classical architectural problem is development of baseline principles
of construating tihe main components of computers processors, memory,
exchange devices and means of conanunicating with the machine. The main goals
of research are an increase in the productivity of these devices and expan-
sion of their funetional capabilities with a simultaneous reduction of cost.
New principlea of designfng highly productive processors conveyor (main-
line), associative, parallal matrix and so on are investiqated most
actively. These processes provide acceleration of calculations and present
new functional capabilities both for organizatfon of intrasyatems procesaors
(working with a virtual memory, processing interruptionst the protective
mechanism, proceas planning and so on) and for applied problems (ma.trix
calculations, solution of differential equations, linear programming, sorting
and information retrieval and so on). The developer.s of these processors
are now oriented towar~ microprocessor equipmen~, which permits realization
of sver more complex structures. Another-.promising trend is the development
of hybrid, analog-digital processors, including opto-electronic processors, _
which are very useful in processing two-dimensional data and image structures, '
for makinq rapid inteqral transfozmations and so on. The variety in the types
of processore oriented both toward specific problems of users and toward ~
special intraeyetema operations: exchanges, control of resourcas, process
planning, translation and so on, will increase as the new technology of the
component base is developed, as the sphere of computer application expands
and as the configur~itions of complexes become more complicated. It becomes
necessary in this reqard to develop special "machine arithmetics" ,nnd methods
of converting algorithms and data to a form suitable for processinq in
special processors.
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An increase in the capacity of storage dev3ces forces new pos~ulation o� the
- problem on mc3~hods of reducing etorage 8CC888 ~ime. On the one hand, the
sharpneas oE competi~ion is wedkened due to s~orage resources, the possibi-
lity of data duplica~ion and storaqe of copies of them at different poin~s
of the systeni appear. On the other haind, a sharp increase in storage
capaaities increasea the neoessary data re~rieval timet therefore, investi-
gating the n?ethods of orgartizing a deeply and flexibly structured storaqo,
in~roduchion of parallel and aseociative access and apparatus methods of
data diatributioa and protection are required.
An increase in the dependability and apeed of information exchange, especially
in distributed computer complexes, requires aolution of diverse problems
related to development of ewitching subassemblies and transmiasion lines:
integration of variows types of apparatus, reception and transmission of data
arriving at different speeda, eupport and monitoring of inesaage authenticity,
organization of a flexible topoloqy of dynamic communications and so on.
The forms of uaer contac~ with computer complexes will become more and more
diverse and adequate to the apherea of applicationi they will be strengthened
by development of intellectual terminals, data input-output visualization
devices and other hardware (photocollecting devices, speech information
input-output devices, Yecording and monitoring apparatus, means of coupl.ing
- to telegraph and television channels and so on). The use of built-in micro-
computers esaeatially reduces the problem of intellectual terminals to one
of specialized machines oriented t~ward the process of communications.
Problems whose nature is determined by the specifics of these devices arise
for ather devices.
_ The problem of a radic:al increa~e in the total productivity of computer com-
plexes requires inv~stigation and development of new principles of their
structural organization. The basis of these principles should be rational
- combination and nonparallel functioning of all comFonents, activation or
"intellectualization," primarily of passive devices stc,rage, communications
channels, external equipment and so on, and c3ecentralization of information
flows and optimum separation of labor between special subsystems and pro-
cesaors.
Microelectronica imparts a new nature to the problem of the dependability
of calculatione. It can be solved with the simultaneous use of a large _
~ arsenal of inethods and procedures, includinq sufficie~ntly linear methods.
Special processors built-in at different points of tihe systems will carry
out the majority of operations related to checking, statistics and correction
of the calculation procesa.
The stable trend tioward increasing the level of machine languages and opera-
ting system~ while ret~ininq the effectiveness of calculations must be
strengthened by inveatiqation and development of inethods of determining
adequate virtual levels and improving methods of mapping onto each other
and onto phyaical resourcee.
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'.A timely problem ia study of the architectural variants af complexes
oriented toward difteren~ modes o� applic~~ion ~ime-sharing, real-tim~
operation, information retrieval and so on.
Providing specializatian and adaptability to problem ar~ae requires the
development o� a rich nomenclature of specialized da~a processinq and
storage devicos, "programmability" of subaystems and devices for speci�ic
opera~ing conditions and algorithms due to micropr~cessor equipment and
development ~f the principle of dynamic rearrangsament of the configuration
of ~he complex as a whale. Problems rala~ed automation of algorithm
and pror~ram "translation" to equipment with regard tio special requirements
on the optime?lity and corrdctness of selected decisions arise at the juncture
of systema prograinttn~.ng axid computer design. .
The basis of all the applied architectural investigations should be the
devel~ped mathematical theory of analysis and synthesis o� computer struc-
tures. The development of formal methods of describing the structures and
data proceseing processes occurring in thsm is pr3marily required; languages
of structural specification and methods of justification and automation of
the synthesis of promising machines and complexes should become the applied
result.
The role of modeling and optimization of computer structures and processes,
~ specifically, modeling of large distributed complexes computer networks
and colleative-use computer centers is incxeas3ng. Conducting theoretical
f.nvestigations is a necessary condition for further development of inethods
of complex automatit~n of designing compu~er equipment at all levels. The
problem of experin?ant, mockup and instrumental equipping of scientific re-
search work in the fic~ld of architecture must be sharply brought to light _
due to the increasing complexity of projects.
As a whole, investigatians of architectural problems should lead to deve~~op-
ment of wel],-founded methods of designing diverse computer complexes in which
the equipment and software are efficiently utilized and in which high total
efficiency in each of the fields of application is achieved.
Programming. Active investigations be.gun in the 1950's in the fieYd of
programming automation terminated in development of high-level algorithmia
languages which considerably increase the labor pruductivity of programmers.
In the 1960's, programming took on itself the problem of increasing the
efficiency of computer use by organization of multiprogrammj.ng, res~urce
and exchange management and coordination of the functioning of va~ious com- _
puter components. The attention of programmers is now concentrated on in-
creasing the quality of software, its efficiency and dependability, and in
improving the program production technology. Investigations are continuing
to increase the level of languages for communicating with the computer,
including.development of problem-oriented and systems programming languages.
The effect of ideas and experience accumulated in programming on the archi-
tecture of equipment is becoming intensified and programmers interact
actively with the developers of computers.
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inv~~tiigatione on the ~~athematiicai theory of machine c~tlculatiione from
individuai probiems of programming automati3on arid optiimiz~tiion soived by
metihnde of ti.he tiheory of algnrithme, automatons, aigebra and logia theory
have ach,teved aonsiderable development, ar~ ind~pendent eciea~ifia dieci-
pline was formed and Sovieti saientists made aa important contributiinn to
~stablishiag it. (Nowever, atitientiion to t.heoretiicai programmi,t~g probiems
hae recentiy der~reased somewhati in our countiry, which ie eapeciaily dis-
cernible on tihp background of tihe quant.itiative and qualitiative growth of
tihes~ inve~tiqations abroad). ~
~r mhe development of computier teohnoloqy evoked v~yoroug progrees of computer
mathematics. Unique algorithme and methods of solvinq importanti appliad
problems have been developed ~nd j ustified. This makes iti po~eible tio ~
euccesafuliy poee and solve igrge and complex problemg which require con-
~iderable storaqe cap~cities and solution time with more linear approaches.
t?mong the generai trends in development of computer technology and epheres
and methods of ueing it mentiioned above should be notied ~hoae which pri-
marily d~termine the mhin trands of inveetiigatiions in the fieid of program- ~
ming.
1. A siqnificant increase in the output of computer systems, spead of cal-
' culations and storaqe capacities and the multiicon~onent nature and paral-
lelism in larqe information-computer complexea centralized and diepersed
multiprocessor systems, computer ne.*.works and collective-uge computer
centers.
2. The complex nature of probletna in integrated datn proceseing aystems
which include large volumes of calculations, infora?atioa retrieval in larqe
data bases and complex loqic derivation. Theae inteqrated systems may
include automated control systema, including control systems for production
complexes and complex objects, scientific research automation systems,
models of complex multicomponent dynamic systems and economice, meteoroloqy,
geophysics and so on.
3. Development of apecial data prxessing and storaqe equipment matrix
and hybrid proceasors for processing two-dimensional data and imaqe etruc-
turQS, asaociative memories and so on.
4. General expar~sion of the spheres of applications ~f computer technology
and as a result a sharp increasp in the ntunber of users which cannot be
related to the cateqory of professional programmers.
tteving added to this the internal trends of programminq, one can formulate
the main scientific problems in this area.
One must primarily develop proqramming theory in the dfrection of creating
effective methc+~is of deacribinq interactinq parallel processes. The applied
resul~s of this theory should be languaqes of the specifics and programning
of complex dynamic discrete sygtems (for example, computer and operatinq
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OyAtiems and productiion modele) and parailel languagee for mu].tiproaessor
cor,~pu~ere which provide eggactiive and dependable programming.
The bounderiee of further, inoredsing tihe eff~otiivenees o� progran~a depend `
_ eignificentily on the luvei o~ those thsoratiical investiigations of the etiruc-
turai and semantic propertiiea of proqrams and progranmting lenquaqee which
are aimed toward optimization of maahine celcula~ions, global and dynamic
dispergion, automation of 9ebuqging encl proqram synthesis. Theae sectiiona
of programming ~.'~eoxy hava alrgady bacome classicai and it is importianti not `
to reduco the reti~e of investiiqations, harmonicaily combining their funda-
mental and appiied directiions.
Comput~r methoda ahouid be developed witih regard to new capabilities offered -
by? promieinq computer technology. A tiimely problem ie development of
parallel alyorithma, methoda of proaeseing muitiidimeneional data and image
structures and methods of hybrid calculations.
The achievement of new poeitions in programming autiomation is related to the
development df lanquages and superhigh-level eystemg based on abstract da~a
atructures, control structures and qeneralized operators. They become the
b~~is for the eoftware of "intellectiual" operating aystems and problem-
oriented psckets of applied pragrams, including packets with elements of
nrtificial intellect and verbal meens of communicatiing with computers on
the basis of natural languaqes. The problem of packets is extremely timely
and complexs it is an essentially complex problem and coordinated efforts
of syetema and appli~d proqrammers and also of specialists in problem arees
are necessary to solve it, but the dacisive factor is still the syatems
base of packeta.
The difficulties in the path of developinq larqe programs have alreadv reached
such dimensions that problems of proqramming technology require *-~:e most
careful atitention. This problem is also complex and touches a~l st~ps of
proqramminq from the rules of specification of assiqnments to debugginq
methods and taking into aacount all aspects of proqramminq theoretical,
language, methodoloqical and orga~nizing is required to solve it. The
first steps in this direction have already been made within the framework
of invEStiqations on systems for constructing translators and checking the
correctness of proqrams and methodoloqies of structur~d, systematic and
collective programming. A complex program of investigations is necessary
which would permit practical realization of the problem of "industrialization"
of proqram deaiqn within the shortest possib.le periods.
The structures of computer systecas. The component base of machines has
changed twice qualitr~tively during development of computer technology, the:
methods of communicatinq with computers have chanqed significantly, peripheral
equipment hag become considerably more abundant and diverse, but the structure
of the nucleus of the machine (proc~sanr, internal storage and controi) has
changed to a leeser extent, which, however, does not mean that new principles
of orqanizing computers and calculations have not been advanced during this
period. Thus, beqinninq with the aecond half of the 1950's, the idea of
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~o~ oF~ic~~ Us~ ocn.Y
parA11o1 da~a proasasing bagnn to 1~e discueeeQ and etiudied a~nd powerfui
Courtt~-goneretion multiiprocc~eor cort~putiere were deeignad and conetiructad.
Two groups of eyeteme univereei lerge ~omputere with gmall number of
powerfui prooeeeore an8 epecializad "qiants" with parailel matrix p~oceasors
ran be die~inguished among the multiproceeeor computerg. Howev~r, neither
~ne nor tih~ other exhausta eli tihe v~rie~y of forms of paraileliem inherent
tio the probimne eoived a~td tiu the procese of maahine caloulatiione 3tiseif.
Syatems of ~he first type mainly renli~e t.he concept o� parailel prooes~es
arisinq in operating muitiiproqramming eys~ems. Syatiems of the aecond type
are construotad on the principle of veator or marrix parailelism, i.e.,
gimpie parallelism of completiely independettt calculatiions.
Until qui~e reaentily, there was no generally accepted concept of tihe archi-
tectur~ o� a promiaing universal computer aystiem in which the alreAdy known
principles of parailel calculations would be sufficientiy fu11y realized.
7'he sitiuatiion has now char~qed. ~ireti, a large volume of tiheoretiical investi-
gations of parailei methode oi data procesaing has been c~nduotied. A
"critical mass" of investigatione was formulated in which both general pro-
blems of orgar~izing muitiproc~eagor eystems and specifie variants o� struc-
tures are coneidered. Second, eome practiicni experience in echievinq
parr~llelism at� different levels of cexculations hea been accumulated: at
the level of microopernLions, at the level of parallel proceases in ope~rdting
sYstems, in eimulatiion problAms ar~d so on. And, finaily, the progress of
microelectronics, which assimilates serial production of larga inteqrated
circuite and microproce~sors bnsed on them, permit one to realize many con- -
cepts, previously seemir?q hardly realizable, new ideas are advanced and one
is forced to reconeider the eatablished ~oncept of the principles of machine
data processing. Moreover, microelectronic equipment provides transition
to broad experiments in the field of computer system structurea. ~
The outlines of future computers are beinq drawn more clearly. Transition
to the new architecture is o~curring not as a result of an unexpected jump,
but wfil be an evolutionary development of those princ~iples which already
play an appreciable rale in late-generation machinns. ?fie combination and
interaction of theee principles leada to qualitative changes in architect~.ire.
Rather than making a survey of exiating and predicted variants of eyatems
_ or of clasai�yinq them in a specific manner, let us formulate the meiin pzi~n-
ciples which determine the cha?rar.teriskics of the structures of future
systac~s and tha nature of the celaulatinq procesaes in them. Justification
of these principlea ie investigations of the last few years and analysis of
pians for future computers and trends of development of computer technoloqy
and programming.
The parallel nature of data pr~cessinq devices and processes. ihis principle
is fu.~damental for computer systems, especially with reqard to processors
and calculations. Parallelism in systems is beinr developed in two directions.
First, control devices anci processea (for example, dispersed control), data
atorage devicee and accese to data (disperaed meaariee, multiaccess mertwry
nnd so on) will become ever aare parallel. Second, the variety of types of
paralleliem and the method3 of optimum combination of them will increase. The
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eignificanca og diaperairg datia etorage ar~d op~l.mum locatiion in tihe syetem
~ ia eepecially aoutie~ einae a aimpie increaee in the number of parnilei pro-
~eeeore rapidly @!t}1dL19ti8 tihe reBervea for incre~si~ny productiivitiy and aacase
tio datie~ becomeg a oritiicei featior.
System deaentralizatiion and ~isperaion of proceesea, datia flowg end contirol.
All componente of a eystem wili partiieipate tio a greater aegree than now
in controi of prooaeee~ ar~d wi11 stiore end au~onomouely prooese dAta. zn
the generai caee they wi11 bacome trbre urtiversai and homoqeneous in their
capab111tiea (an exnmpie of a dev3ce of this type i~ the procegsor-etoraqe).
Specialization and the "programanability" of inaividual componentis and eub-
system~+. Simple stendard subprocesaors for deta proceesinq may be realized
by ueinq mioxoprogram equipment and more complex or epeaif3c StibpYOC@88@g
can be realized by ueing epeciai proee~aors and deviaes. Fineliy, cempiex
or read~ustable procassinq functiions cen ba turned over tio miaroprocessors
oi~ to progremmable subaystiems. Speei~lizatiion touches botih user proceesors
and intr~syetama operations. The latiter is of epaciai interest from tihe
architeeturai point of view and eupplemente the prinoiple of decentiralizatiion.
Asynchronism of controi and exchange of informatiion in a system, which
permits eim:.lar and effective means of dynamic ad~ustment for apecial cases
of ozganizinq the computer process, includinq for sequential, 8ynchronous
_ and other calculations. 1'he eseence of asynchronous control consi9ts in the
fact that all processes and devices are regarded as a priori independent
(they have their own "internal clocka") and cannot directly control the
functioninq of each other. Control interactions between them are carried
out by their aitiering the states of eome ccrt~non cc~n~rol medium fq~nerei
memory, channelg and eo on), in8ividual trackinq of the states of this
medium an~ individual reaponee to changes of states.
Nierarchical virtuality of syetem structure. A computer syatem is an
agqreqgte of the equipment, proqraa~s ar~d data. T'hey interacti with each
other and ae a result of thie interaction form a unified whole a system.
The complexity of the aystem requirea decomposition of it into simpler
components. The principie of virtuali=y aesumes tne aesign of a system ae
a series of encloaed concentric levels. Each i~vel, besidea the innerniost,
ie a virtual system whose components and procesees ere mapped (by d proqram
or by apparatus) onto the reaources ar~d processes of the more internal levels.
The principle of virtuality is already realized extensively in modern opera- r
tinq syeteme an8 a~~hines. The tendency consiste in making the itnages of
levels more requler, increesinq the fraction of apparatus-realized imaqes
and in ~hffting of (virtunl) devicea which control memory toward more itt-
ternal levels. The latter is related to the relative increase of storaqe
capacitiea in equipment arid the vol~m~es of information in proqrams, :fiich
provides the ba~sie for many authors to reqard the memory and proceeaors which
controi acceas to data rather than proceasor-computere as the core of future
sy9tems.
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Se1�-iden~i~iaation of dsta~ which inoludes tihe gaati tihati datia ere aoaom-
pdnied by tinqe informa~ion which indicatiee their tiype, propertiiee or
atiatus. Thie informatiion ie decoded by apparatu~ and is used ~o contirol
devicee and thA prooe0a og oalaule?tiiona. Tnqe mey aeaume di~~erge fo~mg nnd
may indica~e tihe deqree og rasdinese of deta to partiicipatie ,ln anlGUla~iond,
ths typa of data for seleo~~ng th~ typa of c~~vic~ or proc~~~ing, deta on
eources, destination pointis or routee o� de~a for orqanization of cot~nnuniaa-
tions and exohanqea, debugqing informatioa and 3nformntion required to
readjus~ tihe etruaLure of the eystem or i~s individual componen~g. Self-
identification of datia using tage repinaes tihe prinoipie of Neyman background,
dominant in the traditionel ar~hiteatiure of computere, which deperaonelixee
the dnta and givee the right of their identificetion to the program exelueively.
Taqging of data permit8 qreat opportunities for orqenizetion of a flexibie
etructiure of eystieme and sim@lifiee controi of the proceea og calculations,
bu~ raquires careful har~dling of the problems of the affeativeneas of cai-
aulations.
The modular neturg ar~d reconstxuctability of vir~ual and phyeical levels and ~
of tho cort~uter aygtem ae a whole. These principies daveloped on the basie
of previouely enumerated prin~ipleat lhey simpiify th~a design and development
of systems, inoreaee their totai effeotiveneae and permit one to adapt the
sy~tem to tha etruatures of the problema beinq solved, to rasource capabili-
tiee and to the epecifics of the area of ,~pplicat~ion. t
Uncontradictory and effeetive realization of theae prir~eiplog in a unified
architectural concept is the m~?iin trand of inveetiqations in the t~ield of
tha etructc;rae of computer syeta:re. Taking into account tha diready men-
tioned enorn~cue material expenditurea on developmenti and creation of naw
computerg and of ~apecially paa?erful 8ysteme, one ahould emphasize the
extreme importaace of developed methodoloqy of ecientific rasearch and ex-
perimental-deeign work on structures. 6~ne may recall that many "supergianta,"
beginninq with the 3TRETCH and SOLOMON systems ancl endinq with fourth-
g~neration matrix and conveyer~~~aachines, were not put into serial production
aince they did not achieve the anticipated pr~ductivity or were care spe-
cielized than the developers ~;~sumed. The main reaeon for these faflu~es
was the AbB~nce or a real complex approach to desiqn of these systeans and
as a result difficulties in n~tchinq the etruatures of the problems to the
structure of the eyatem. Another zeason was systems enqineerinq errors due
tio inadequate understanding of tht overnil propertiea t~nd laws of computer
processes. Computer design based only on intrasystems criterid and the
technical tneka of the cuetomer is now impermissible. Representation of
user problem e~reas into the machine equipment should have no interruptiona
and white epota either in theory or in design practice. But this is a diffi-
cult task, althouqh the firat approachee to solving it have beea made in
proqramatinq, which for the time being is almost completely responsible for
orqanization of this representation. Postulation of the problem itself must
pricaarily be refined, namely development of formal means of specifyinq the
calculatinq structures, procesnoe and problems to develop ar~d juetify methods
of transforminq problesae iato processes and of processes into structura.
The experience of similar inv~$tiqations in progra~aning, especielly in the
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theory o� semanbl,os and tiranslation of programming langaage~? maY be uaeful .
her~. Merhoda o� experiments, modeling and model realizations of computer
eyeteme muat ba developed para11a1 with thie. Aacomp~nying inves~igations
in tihe fl.ald of computsr methode nnd in modeling and op~im~,~ation play an
3mportant role.
L~at ue deecribe in qeneral outlinea the conaept of e modular computier systiem
based on mioroproceeaore whtch may be reqarded as an ina~rwnent eyetem for
developing anfl cheokinq methods of compatiible realizatiion o� tihe prinaiples
enumerated above and �or mo9eling varioue versiona o~ futiure computier stiruc-
tures and as ~ prototype of an expanded syetem w3.th rearranged struature.
Tha basie of the diacusaed concep~ of the systsm is understiending the com-
puter module a atructiural element from whiah tha gystems and programe
are de0igned. The comput moflule is n functiionaliy closed flevice or fragment
of a program in which four partg (zones) are datermineds the proceasor zone,
the memory zone, the controi zone and the identiification zone.
in the general cese each o� the zones of the module ie an aqqreqate of sub-
modules, i.e., lower-level modules. Z'he memory sone is related to informa-
- tidn g~orage, tihs processor zone is rela~sd to processinq the information~
the control zone fixes the module confiqurntion, orqanizing internal comanuni- _
cation8 and exchanqes and eetabliahes and monitore t1~e modes of euhmodulo
functioning nnd the identification contains information about the condi~ions
- of module resdinees for operation, a~bout the ty?pe of module, about context
relationehipe and eo on.
Let us define a computer system ns a maximum module in the hierarchy of en-
ciosed systeme modules and let us define the program as a maximum module in
a similar hierarchy of program modules. At the lower level of the hierarchy
are the elementnry modules (micropracessore, 9pecial devices, instructions
and atandard procedures). Each module in the eystem or proqram hae zones
of different "aapacity" as a function of the zone of the encompassinq module
to which it belonqs. For example, the memory zone nadule of the syatem may
have a developed internel memory zone and gimpler processor and control
zones. The recureive nature of the module concept of syetems as~d proqrams
facilitates the problem of formal description and analyais of thera. Hawever,
the principle of n hierarchical modular gtructure interests us pritaarily as
a method of deeigninq syatert~ from "larqe-block" elements based on micro-
proceasors and of desiqning programs from proqrem modules.
Z'here are mar?y examples of system classifications and most of them take into
account the topology of iatrasystem communica~ions as~d control modes. Selec-
tion of a flexible, readjusted and at the saa~e time efficient control module
is one of the most timely problems in the field of the confiquration of com-
puter eysteme. Theoretical investiqations indicate t11e adventnqe of asynchro-
nous control aith exchange of oontrol information through the generel mertary:
most of the other control methode can be simulated by asynchronous control.
The asynchronous principle of control dominates in the new parallel program-
ming lar~quaqes. Zb qive the proqramner the opportunity to select or desiqn
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eimpler, "explioi~" metihodg of contiroi convenienti for hi~ progrem ~or dif-
~Qranti �r~qment~ of tihe pxogrem), it ie euggeeted that the conaepti of the
tiype oE contiroi be intiroduoed into the prog~amming langudges. The programmer
a~r? describe ~he types of required contirol similaL to how tihe types of data
in language~ with expanded dnta stiruatiuree are daecribed and can tihen uae
the deecribed type~ of contiml mi~eion 3n ~he progrdm modulee.
The conc~pt of a olosed module witih ciear determinatii.on of zone~, eepeoially
o� rhe ida,~ntifiaetion nnd proqrammad contiroi zones, liee within tihe ch8nnel
of the ideology of atiructiuring calculatione, stiandardixeg the design of pro-
grams and syetieme and permitie automa~ion of the proceae of matchinq tiheir
atructuree. it eseentially relies on the ideas advanced and ~ustified in a
number of papere on tihe etructureg of futuxe ~yetema, including papezs de-
voted to zecureive machinee, aeynchronous syetem8 and systems witih rearranged
gtiructure.
Coii~ctiive-use computer centers. The procesa of differentiiating tha etock
of computerg into powerful computer syetems orientad towara soiving a wide
ranqe of problems and into mini-computers desiqned to fulfill specialized
data proceeeing nlgorithms is now underway. Zn thie case an important feature
of scientific-technical progrees ie combininq of tihese Lwo trende into a
unified trend of developing collective-use compu~er centere, the nucleus of
which become powerf~tl computers, while their intiellectual termiaala are mini-
computera. The main meane of man communicating with these cantere bocc~mes
displays which depiet various types of inforn~tion on a acreen, impor~ant
to ihe user, aria which ensure the work of eubscribere with the coa~uter in
the dielogua ma1e. An important means of communication ia also the remote-
packet mode based on terminal stations capable of recovery of informat.ion
in the form of a packet, feeding it into the computer syetem and deriving
the neceseary resulte of solvinq the problem in the required form.
Since high-capacity computer complexes are becoming ever more expenaive and
aince this trend Will be maintained in the future and the problema which
req~ire solution continually become more complicated, collective use of the
higher-capacity computer equipment is essentially a common matter. it is
fnr thie reaeon that orientation toward regionai coliective-use computer
c~nterg ~,rith subsequent combination of them into a comnon network is a pzi-
mary problem. A number of collective-use centers is beinq fornied in the
Academy of Sciences and a number of coilective-use computer center desiqns
is beinq formed in th~ branch ministries and aqencies. All this is part of
an overall proqram conf~rn~ed by G1Q1T ~State Conm~ittee for Scfence and Techno-
logy~ on development of a unified country-wide computer center network.
An important cnatter for instituCions of the Academy af Scienres ig now cam-
bining forces for total realization of collective-use conr,~uter center8 based
on Lhe organizations indicated above.
Recommendations for institutione of th0 USSR Academy of Sciences and of the
academies of sciences of the union republics to combine the hiqhest-capacity
computer equipment for collective use must be further developed and qiven.
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~ti ie importinn~ ~o carry ou~ work tio create problem-orianted da~a banks,
aocompani.ed a~td eupplementad by the correeponding head insti~utiee. 7'he~e
fir~ti colleotiive-uoe dnta bsnka he?ve aiready sppae~ed in the v88R ACeden~y _
a~ soienoea.
The problem of conm~unicationa ie of exoeptional significar~ae for developmen~
of aomputier netiworks and colleatiive-us~ compu~er cen~ere. Telephone-tiele-
graph commun~,catil.ons cannoti ~atisgy these requl,rementia ati present. Tha
main problem here is to creatie epeaial aommunica~ions channels and tio use
communicatione eateilitest therefore, ~hie problem must be preparea i+nd iti
must be posed ~o the appropriate orge~nizatione. Positive solu~ion of the
problam of connnunicationa on tt?is ba~is w311 p~rmit organizatiion of work on
interactiion of coilective-uae computier centers and tiheir use in science and
3n tihe nationdl economy.
F'inaily, the need has come to orgar~ize an experl.mentai computer center net- �
work of ~he US9R Academy of Sciences based on combininq regional academy
computer centere with reqard to tihe principles advatnced aL+ove. Thia would
be an importianti s~ep on the path of forminq a common methodology of develo- _
ping a unified country-wide computier center network.
Conclusions. An active scientific aearch which prepares a qualitatively
new step in development of computer affairs is now being conduoted in all
fielda of computer technology, proqramming and computer application. Exten-
aive work hae been carried out on critical analysis of the reaulta of theore-
tiical investigatiions and the derived conclusions are being compared to the
predicted trende ancl poaeibilities of pr~?ctical realiza~ion. New approaches
to solution of the main probiQm a sherp increaee in the level of pro8uc-
tion and use of computer equ~pment are being formed on Chis ba~is.
Total substantiation and introduction of these approaches requirea intensifi-
cation of fundamental and applied research both in special and in related
scientific dieciplines. The moet timely problema dre:
improving the technoloqy of equipment miniaturization, specifically of the
component baee, founded on new phyaical principlest
development and introduction of new, gubstantiated principles of the struc-
tural orqanizatiion cf hiqhly productive computers adaptec] to problem arenRs
improvement of the principlea of organizing computer proceases in larqe
in~ormation-computer co~lexes, specifically in netwdrks and collective-use
computer centerss
d~veloptnent of highly efficient superhiqh-level programming sygtea?s. speci-
ficaily, intellectual applied proqram packets base8 on natural ar~~ problem
lanquaqes and larqe data ba~est
complex automation of tho desiqn of computer aysteme and software.
~6
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~o~ oF~tci~ us~ oxLY
Z"his saientiigia grogram can be accotrt~lished only by oloae coopAre~ion of
saientil,fia and produc~ion ooiiaot~.veg d~ ~he t138R Acaden~y of So~.enaee, tihe
aaademies of eaienaes of tihe union republias and og branch organi~atiions
in supporti and contirol of in~eragenay orgar~i~arions.
COPYRZ~HT: Izdatiel'e~vo "Zinatne", "Avtoma~ika i v`rchisii~ei'naya tiekhnika",
1979
6521
- CSOs 1870
17
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FOR OFFICZAL US~ ONLY
CYB~RNETICS, COMPUT~RS AND A~iTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
UDC 681.324
THE EXPERIN~f1TAL COMPUTER NETWORK OF THE LATVIAN SSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Riga AVTOMATiKA i VYCEiZ3LITEL'NAYA TEKHNiKA in Rueeiar~ No 2, M~r/Apr 79
siqned to preee 24 Mny 78 pp 15-19
(Article by E. A. Yakubey~is~
(Text) ~'t?e experience of automatinq ecientific resedreh indicatea tha
importance of convertinq from tihe use of individual machinee to development
o� multimachine hierarchical computer networks of ecientific centers. Com-
puter networks make it poeaible to combine control of experimen~e and
qeneration, atoraqe, tranemiesion, processinq and printinq of information
~ into a unified proaees. NeLworka have hiqh economic efficiency, high
viability and the capability for improvementi and qrawth. Fusion of local
computer networka of the aaientific centers into a unified coc~utier network
wiil make it poeeibie to combine the efforta of inveatiqatorg and available
information-computer resource~ ~or effective solution of important complex
acientific problems.
The Experimental Computer Network (EVS) of the Lativian SSR Aaademy of Sciences
ia a multimachine hierarchical computer aseociation (1), whiah combines
atructiurally and program-epecielized machinea into a ur~ifiea complex which
makes availabla hardware and eoftware for coilective uee by all ecientific
workere of the academy.
Development of a packet-switchinq computer network foliows two main goalss
" conductinq scientific inveetiqations in the field of the confiquration of
computer networke ar~d conatructinq a base of a general acadamy ecientific
reeearch automntion eystem.
The logic structure of the EVS is shown in Fiqure l. As follaws from the
figure, a sinqle-node con+puter network based on the use of six types of
logic modules, was developed. The maia module in the network is the working
moclule, which mnke� available infos~nation-coa?puter resource8 for collective
use by their many investigatore~.
In contraot to the workinq module, the terminel aiodule with terminala con-
nected to it is a u~er of informatioa-computer reaources from the viewpoint
lE~
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~ok o~~tcrnt~ USL nNLY
~1 ~~1~
~ ~
CZ' "~e~.~`~r3)
(
A'ewywre4
hedy~u
~?".~4)
~w5 )
~.a~~~ ~6~
~~L
I~r.w~w w hp�~aws+i
"�'Y~"7 r'"~+~. (7
r ~n
~ ~
Figure 1. Logic Structure of EVS
lCEY s
1. Working module 5. =nterfaca modulee
2. Conmunication module 6. Talaphone network
3. Control Module 7. Terminai module
4. Fila m~8ule
of the network. At the sama tima, this module a18o makes availerie ita awn
limited resourcea for ite own terminala.
. The task of the interface module is to procese for~nats and codes an8 to per-
form a nwnbar of other trar~sforne?tione related to the need to m~?tch tit?e
characterietics and paranieters of the working and terminai aadulea.
The communioation module ewitchas the packet flovre amonq the w~orkinq artd
terminal modulee arid aleo between the terminal modulas. The lile module
nakes available ite owm ~disk) me~nory ~or atorage of taeks `y the workinq
nw8ulos, decieions made an~ also to stora asy other infos7nation transmitted
by investiqatora lrom the terminal modules.
The control m~dule pertorms functions related to control of the networks
control of the tasks, observation of the load of working modulas, du~inq
of maifunctioning charinele, recording the packet fiows throuqh ali channels,
providing local input-output grom punch cards and pur~ch takes and issuinq
lists on the oouree of taeks to all inveatigatora.
eecause of the atructiure indicated in Fiqure 1, the EVS makas available the
followinq eervice to the invastiqntora located near the tenainalss
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FOit O~FICIAL US~ ONLY
tihe poesibility of assigni,ng a~~ek to eny working modulet
the poeaibi~itiy of prepari,ng these taske or programs in ~he dialogue mode
and o� edi.~ing themt
of generatiing liste on the course of tia~ka ~n the n.etiwork=
o� controlling the banks o� their own tiasks and og decisions madet
of qenerating ligts on the taeks prepdred in ~he tierminal modulea and o�
decisions madet
o� stori.ng the derived deoisions in the file module "until demand"~
of automatioaily recoding and reformatiting the in�ornation prepared by
di�ferent working dnd terminal modulest
of storing its own programs or data in the �ile modules
of automatiically translating (or combining) information located on the
carriers of some modulea (punch cards, punch tiapes, magnetic disks, magnetic
tapes and paper printout) to the carriers of other modules.
One or several logic modules can be realized in an electronic machine as
a functioa of its size and structiure. A diagram of the layout of the
modules shown in Figure 1 in the EVS is given in the table. As a resulL,
the phy8lcal etructure of the EVS is found which, according to the status
for May 1978, ie presented in Fiqure 2. The network consists of three main
parts: a Central Computer Complex, the Terminal Complexes of the institutes .
and Communications Channels.
Realization of Logic Modules in Electronic Machines of EVS
Xt n,. I ?Nn rC o~ud I Mony~H, pean`~yeMYt M~WHNOII
i r:c�io~o ~a~gaoqN~
2 M~~1030 j g a6ow+A
3 hl�4030 S'np:,nnnbiu~+tl, ~aAnoeWA, KOM�
NyuuKUuuuunwil, tIFLTC eitin~d8
q h1�400 6 LiHTep~peikttw~
b CC�IOIU 7 T~pMU?ianwidA
G M�400 7 Tepw~u~aat~aA
7 WANG�2200 (7)TepwNHaneBdR
KEY:
1. No. of itam 5. Control, file, comanunication
2. Zype of mnchine and interface
3. Modules realized by machine 6. Interface
4. Working 7. Teszninal
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~oR nr~icr.nt, us~ ortt,Y
The central cotqputier complex (TeVK) ina].udes warking and diepaticher maohines.
Three working mechinee (YeS-10301, YeS-10302 ancl M-40301) per�c+rm the mnin
information~co~puter opera~iona~ These machines are controiled by the OS 4.1
' operating ays~em. Moreover, subecriber gti~tione interact with workin,q machine
XeS-10302. The displays establi,shed here (XeS-7066 screen consoles) are con-
trollec9 by ~he DW2 (Remote Taek Dialogue znput-Output) program system and
perform the follaving functions in the dialogue mode:
editing the set of data=
~ creating new aets of data~
making available the tasks to the operatiing syetem of ~he working machine
end issuing taeks on the diaplays or printout~
controlling the operation of the diaplay users.
The dispatcher machine realizea �unctions determined by ~he version of the
OSb 1.2 special operating syatem:
control of the ini:ormation �lowe paseing through the local i~put-output
device (perforating and printinq devices)=
accepting tasks from the users of terminal machines=
transforming formats and codesj
checking the correctness of the information used and makinq a second request
for receipt of it in the case of errorj
buffering messaqes in the external magnetic disk memoryi
selectinq the working machine on tahich the next task will be performed and
transmitting the task to it;
conducting a dialogue with working machines to check the griorities and to
determine the volume of free buffers in the internal storaget
storing tasks and the results of completing them in the external storageJ
tranamitting the reaults to users of terminal machines in modes of urgent
and immediate derivation of resultss
checking the communications channels and switching off malfunctioning
channels;
gathering statistical information on the operation of the computer system.
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~ ~ti'd ,~..,,w ~im- � ~ i .
~a,�,~,.,,.I ~ ~ r r
"N"""" fr ~1l0' 't r.r.,in,~p' E �lulp I
I
~q ~ ~3~
I .VtMw~v~ ~ 2 ~ ~ I ~ ~
. I ryrA M~M~T i,
, I Il1R ~1 MO I
l_ ~ ~ , _j ,
- � 4
,
~ ' V
~
~ ~5~
~
~ ~
' " (6I
r�- - r _ r _ r - - - - ~
M:100 I ff � qM I~ Lf.' ~ 10M) I ~ NIM~ !',?'N ~ I M+H~'~'M(~ EC- iC57 MW. )MJ MIMSi?A7/ I
I ~ ~ C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I .1~ 1~~ L'J Ul ~
~7~^~'enrmyn~B~NYmu'^ynrJ~~~ J L._ r10J 1++~~K~e~,ey~, ~~l
numy~n Mwmunuj1
�~w q~.�..~. ~MJ:wON~I//YY O~pf IYNT14)G ay/. IIWy~~ .IAMIIS:DnMY Y~wt~u/N,y/qt /11/~Myty
Figure 2. Physical Structure of EVS as of May 1978
I~Y :
1. Subscriber stations 7. Institute of Wood Chemistry
2. Central dispatcher station 8. Physics and Power Fhgineering
3. Central computer complex Institute
4. Local input-output devices 9. Institute of Organic Synthesis
5. Communications channels 10. Institute of Mechanical Polymers
6. Terminal complexes 11. Institute of Electronics and -
Computer Technology
Various machines of the YeS EVM and SM EVM can be used as the dispatcher
machine in the computer network. The M-40302 machine, operating in the YeS
EVM mode, was selected as the dispatcher machine to make it possible not only
to work with the OS D 1.2 operating s~;stem, but also to conduct i,nvestigations
with various system control programs. In case of repair of the m.qchine or of
an emergency, its functions are transferred to the M-40301 machine.
The programmable cot?Qnunication controller (PKK) is designed to provide inter-
action of the TeVK with the terminal machines throuqh a telephone network.
The important element of the TsVK is the central dispatcher station. It has
a group of displays which duplicate the input and output information of the
operator consoles of the user machines and displays. The presence of this -
station permits the chief of the shift (the mathematician controllinq the
computer network) to monitor the operators and users and to correct their work
in necessary casea.
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F'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Th� tarminal complexe8 0~ the instituteo were dovalopad on tho ba~ia of
t~rminai maohir?ao of tiypes M-400, Ye8-1010 and taANQ-Z200. The sy~tienu
aoftwara daveloped !or ~heee tneehine� p~rmit~ preparatiion ~inoluding editiing)
of tiaek~ in aigorithmic lanqueges in tihe disiogue nade e~r~d partaite remote
inpu~ o~ ta~ke end ovtiput o~ rAeuits to the externei davioeo of both the
working and tierminal machineo. Trar?amisaion o~ tiseke end racaptiion of re-
oultie are aocompiiahed in paoketa tbiocks) intio ahioh ti.he meBesgee are
divided automstiaeily wl,thout ueer par~iaipatiion.
' Tha communiaatiione chennels in the EVS are subdivided into perailel (hiqh-
epee8) and seriaa. Perailel chaanal8 nre formed in qroups of 28 twietied
peirg of telephone cables each. The machines are consected to the8e chnnne~s
by meana of ndaptera (A) which provide parailel (nlne-bit) eyamnetxicdi eemi-
duplex esynchmnoua inforaiation exchnriqe between the msahinaa at epaede from
0.2 Mbita/s (et dietence of 2,000 m) to 1.5 Mbits/e (ati dietar~oe of SO m).
A telephone network ie ueed for eeriea ~bit-by-hit) communicatior~e. informa-
tion ie tranemitteQ over theee channale et a spaed up to 2,400 bita/e.
The interaction of machinee in the Et/S is detierminad by the five-lavel softi-
w~re eyetem of the computer network (1~ whose che?rdcterietic~ sra ragulatied
by thA corresponding hierarchy of protocois.
1. The phyeical interface (method of inteqratinq the machine aith the coa~uni-
cations channel). ~
2. Channel control (procedure of data trans~~iseion over the oommur~icatione
channel).
_ 3. Pncket control (atructure o~ packets ar~d rulea o! zoutinq the~a).
4. Transmission control (methods of deliverinq packets from the process in
one machine to the procesa in ar?other machine).
5. Procega-procese (forma of interaction of processes in the tesmi~nal an8
working machines).
The information transl~~rred betweon the machines is clear for any types of
texts and nsethods of codinq them.
~
Development of coa~uter netwozks permitss
a) achievement of coniputer capacities not achie+vable in a sinqle machine
by combininq machineat -
b) a siqnificarit increaee af their ~unctioninq efficier?cy due b~ oollactive
use and specialization of machiness
c) an increase of viability due to dynamic varietion of the structure of the
eystem=
23
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FOtt OFFiC~AL U3~ ONLY
d) high apaod o! praperatiion end ~ulfiiimenti o~ ~aska by mear?a og muitileval
Qonvayar proceoaing og inlormabionj
mekinq evasiabie ~o tiha inwstiqatior convanient ~orau o! eoemtunieet.ing
with maohinea Aae to renata prooeeAing and dieloque modes.
~ T1~e computer natwork perr,~l,t8 a AigniliQant reduotion in the voiwno of rout~na
operatione end a reduatiion of the pariod~ of perlorming thaoretiicai oparation,~
nnd appiiefl dav@iope~ants. The reei possibilitiy appearo of ~ranaforring
acientifia.invaetiigationa to a qualitatively aew levei~
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1� Yakubaytiis, E. A., "Computer sy8tems aad 8ciant3t~io Reeaarch Automntion
Network~?" AVT, No. Z, 1978.
COPYRIdMi't t~dstei'stvo "Zinatne", "Avtomstikn i vyrhisiitai'naya tekhnika",
~ 1999
6521
CSO: 1870 ~
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F~R OFFiCtAI, U9E ~I~fLY
CY9ERNETICB ~ COMPt1TER8 AND At~TOMATION '1',ECHNOLOaY
tJDC 681.324
TH~ CANFi(~~RATION OF OPEN NETWORK REMOTE DATA PROCfBSIN(~ 3Y3TFi~13 OF THS
YES EVM
Riga AVTOMATi1CA i VYCNiSLi~EL'NAYA TfiKNNiKA in Ruaeian No 2, Mar/Apr 79
eigned to prao~ 30 Mey ~8 pp ZO-26
(Artiicie by V. V. Przhiyalkovekiy end V. 3. Lapin~
IText~ One of the most effeative methode of satiefying thA syotem8 require-
ments of the user at present ie the uee of a family of proqrem-compatibie
computers with s wide ranqe of produativitiy, eupporCed by remote datia pro-
~ ceesing facilitiea. Univeraal uee of remote data procaseinq ie a chdrnc-
t~rigtic faature of the modern developn?ent ot in~ormation-computer artd
control eyetems.
The YeS EVM hae high capabilitiee in the fieid of eatisfyinq ayeteme zequire-
ments compared to the computare praviouely producad in socialiat countiries.
Several hundred automate@ control ey8tems n~nd automated data proaeaeing
systeme of different level and desiqnation na+ function on the basis of
YeS EVM mo.9ale. The experienca of utilizing the YeS (tlnifiefl system) hard-
ware and softaare made it poagible to determine the weak arad atronq aspects
of ita development ar?d to note the prineiples for further davelopment of the
system upon trar~aition to soiving new problems of fourth-qer~eration computer
equipment.
One of the cantral problems in realizinq the scientific-technical proqram
of the YeS EVM ig that of developinq hardware and eoftware of ranate data
procesainq eystems ar?d netWOrke Which provide the capabflity of dispersed
data proceeeingj in thie case the development of these facilities in the
unified configuration of open network remote proceesing systema is provided.
in this reqard we shoulcl ct~rell on ar?alysis of the capabilities of YeS EVM
equipment for orqenization of colleciive-use systeme.
The renwte data processir?g syatam of YeS EVM. The qoals and taek~ of the
ecientific-technical proqram for developinq the first unit of the YeS EVM
remote dat~ procaeeinq syetem arec
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M't)k UF~ICtAL U3~ ONt,Y
organi~ation o~ coliAOtive-usa eompv~er 0yetama for remo~e eubsaribersj
work of ramoti~ eubecribaro wi~h th� computer over tielephone and tieiegraph
communiaatiior?a ohennalet
organi~a~~ion of eompyter-com~putar inearmeehine in~ormatiion exahanger
development o~ atandard remota proeeeeinq hardwnra~ deta tran8miaaion
, muitiplexors, de?ta branomioeion spparatue and mnn-maehine eomnunieabing
eq~ipment ramote �ubaeriber e~ations~
development of etianderd remotia proeeseinq so�tiwere and data tiransmiseion.
The compiex progrem !or d~velopmant of the Ye8 EVM uni~ied remote data
proanssing ayatiam provides for realization of dialoque operation of the
eubeeriber, pseket dsea proeea0inq and data gathering and tranemieeion.
The poasibilitie~ of conetruating 9ata bases and berike wit.h remote acceae
and also of compvter-computer information exahnnge are provided. A wide
nomano~ature of Ye8 EVM raaate data procae~inq herdware whiah combine e
common eystam, unigied interfaaee in tihe atxuo~ure, unifiad procedures a~cid
control aiqorithms has been developed.
YeS EVM remotie data proceeeir?q hnrdwere in ehe USSR includas 3 data
tranemiasion mulitplexors, 5 ramote subacriber etarions, end 13 ~omen-
eleturea o~ date proceseinq epparatue and auxiliery apparatus. The h~rdware
hae been put into production and teeted under real automated data processing
sysCems. Complex work has been canied out to eneure functioninq of the
apparatus under noisy conditioss and interruptione in the communioationa
channeis and aleo functiioning with provision of information conceeLnent.
The YeS EVM remote deta procegsing software syatem oontains the required
facilitiea for outfittinq collective-u~e computer centers:
a) software at the level of accees methods for construction of sp~aialized
syetems, including aubscriber etations end locnl diaplayst
b) components of operatinq aystems which provide aimultar~eous operdtion of
a large number of ueers for remote verbal input of tasks and interactiive
probiem-eolving~
c) appiied proqram peckete which provide development of data bases, access
to them by a larqe number of uaers and modification of data bases and con-
tt~ct of the user with the applied proqrams which utiZize these bases.
The operating system (OS) of YeS, edition 4.1, contains sof~ware for remote
co~mnunicatinq and qraphical methods of access. By using macroinstructions
of the qeneral remote conanunicatinq uiethod of accesa, it is simple to con-
etruct e speci~ic meaeaqe control proqram in the remote deta processinq
system of the computer which providee switching of inessages, priority of
their passaqe in the internal storaqe and on maqnetic disk, prioritiy
26
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~OR O~F~C~AL U9~ ONLY
pro~eaeing end editinq o� meaAegea and commur~icatiion8 of tihe Aubecriber
etia~ion operetor with en arbitirary appli~d progrsm.
Th~ 09 Yes haa DUV2 (ramotie verbai inpat og beeka) Qomponenta whioh permtee
~he proqrannnar workinq at tihe 0ubearibar atation to anter programs, date? and
taak contiroi langu~qa operatiore over tha comm~ur~i~a~iong ~he~nal into tha
computer, to edib progratne and tio fulfiil them in ttte peakati nada wi~h de-
rivation af tih~ re~ui~~ tio ~he subeariber e~a~ion.
Deveiopment of the proqre~m ~omponente of a til~ma-Bharing ayatam hae bean
compieted whioh provid~e intieraotive eolu~ion of u~er problan~s, the uee of
verbai progrananinq lsnguagee witih expanded debugqing espabil3tiies ar~d a Aeti
of eorvice programa operating in ~he tiime-ehaYing moda,
~ The KAMA and OKA sppliad proqrem packeta havo baen davslopad which ensure
the work og ueera with dete baeee and acae88 to deta from ~ocai displays
and subacriber etatione~ Standsrd Ye3 EVM remote data proceseinq equipment
wae the basie of exietiing automated aeta procaasing eyateme and managsmant
gystems of the netione~ aconomy.
The Yes BtIM remotie prxersinq aquipment wae teated in the experimant racentiy
conducted by GiQ4T (State Committea for Soience and Technoloqy~ on axchange
of deta in the network betwean Moecow, Kiev, Zbmok an8 Tashkent.
One can etiate that the complex of Ye3 EVM equipmant aa,r providee the required
compie~eness of the set of hardware and software required not only to con-
atruct coilective-uea computer ey8tems, but aiso con~putier networka. Poesibl�
configuretions of the cou~uter ~ystems are preaented in Fiquras 1 ar~d 2.
The main probiems today are to train user personnel, to increaee production
of remote processinq equipment, to solve pxoblema of aystem desiqn and tc,
eneure deliveries of equipment complexes data proaeesinq systems to
the user, to develop new YeS EVM equipment and to eff~ciently utilize the
capabilities of fered by the prograaaning syatem.
, The probiem of the incompetibility of rem~te comaunications equipment being
- developed in the country by several aqencies (MRP (Minietry of the Radiotech-
nical ind~~stry~, MPSS IMinfstry of the Communicationg F,quipmenti tadustry,
USSR), Minpribor (Minietry of instrua~ent Makinq, Automati~n Equipment and
Control s;?etems~, Minevyaz' (Ministry of Comm~unicatione) and eo on) now re-
quires serioua ettention end reeolution. Ninety-nine percent of the communi-
cations proceeeore, multiplexore and terminale in !he United States now
operate by usinq a control procedure BSC protocol. New HDLC and SDLC
telecommunicatioru protocols are beinq introduced which have the properties
of code independence, hiqh dependability and capabilities of operating by
eatellite net~rotke.
A unified priaciple of a complex approach to organization of a data proces-
sinq system, whether it be a collective-use system, computer netarork or data
tranamission system or neti+ork, must be developed. This principle should
reflect the unanimity of three main partiees the user (a list of services
available to the ueer), communications administration (haw to construct the
27
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a~r~it c�t~ rc~rnr, u;~~ ~rrt,Y
? ~ ea ' ~
Kowo~ RQMde ~ ~ by
' W Mi
er
w ~?q n
A ey
Q, w
w, q ey
rsn ~ ~ry n
~ ~ ey
~ea
ev
~ n
w p sy
rr,n
~ er~.ee
Kao~ ~
r
e
K
~
Figure 1. Two-Marhine Remote Proceseing Syatem With Computi~r
' at~d MPD Stendby
1~Y :
1. Procaeeor 2. Chantiel
communicatiione an8 date transmiseion aubeyetem to satisfy t14e r~iquir~ments
of network remote proceaeing) and devalopere of the computer equipment (the
equipment should be compatible and should be combined with each other at
ail leveis of the structure).
Development of the problems discuseed above led ue to ~he pioblem of the
confiquratioa of open network remote processinq aystenm.
Inveetigatione are now beinq conducted on problems of the confiquration of
network remote ddta procegsing and development of the i.deoloqy, hardware
and software components of open network remote processinq ayetems artd
computer networks, accordinq to a plan of NiR MPtC (expar~sion unknown) on
computer techaoloqy of the Council of Chief Desiqnera of the YeS EVM wi~h
participation of orqar~izations of the academiea of sciences of socislist
countries. The problem of an open aystem is formulated as "providinq an
opportunity for t.he user or proqram of one computer system to interact with
the user or program df another computer system." Nence, it is clear that
this problem ia related to providing qeneral aystems compatibility in com-
puter networks and data transmiseion networks. Open remote network pro-
cessinq systems (OSST) are ar~ in~portant step in development of computer
technology and itB systems use in CEMA countriest it is anticipated that
they wiii contribute to a aignificant expansion of the spheres of com~uter
application.
28
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FAR ~FF~C~AL UBP~ ONLY
~ 3aM
~ d
~i,o.~r
~1~ ;rA~~i
iU
A'~hiU~ ~~M1A J 1~
~ I ~ A~�~ A Qll @4
y J Q
N
M ~ ~ " d ~ ny
M ` n ~ t � an
, A ~ sy
a � ~ ~:�1 ~
A
~ ~
' ~r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n an ey
`
~
' r,~~,f ; , ' O
rl~i�~ 7bA i ~ ~ Afl A'/
Q '/AA ~ ~Vi
7dA A1Y,'
~
Figure 2. Remote Prooeseinq Syetem With intarn~ehine Exohange
KEY:
1. Pra~ceaeor 2. Channal
Development of the 03ST inoludes crearion ar~d improvement of a qiobal logic
model of syetam configuration provided by formsl description of the func-
tioninq logic of tho d~viaeB in the open syetem ~onfiquration, diatribution
of functione at functional lavale betweea the ta~o finel ueere accordinq to
formalized deecription of the confiquration an~ developnient of protocols
of interaction of di~persad componante of one level and representation of
the lanquaqe of deecription of functions ar~d interaction in the open syetem.
- There is naw a unanimous opinion of most workers in this field that inforaia-
tion syatema should be represented accordinq tc~ multiilevel confiquration of
the type (Figure 3) whoae physical realization is preaented in Fiqure 4.
The network in the systems plan of OSST is loqicdlly constru~ted from se-
quentially arranged functiondl levels. The lower levels correspond to remote
communications devices of the ddta transmisaion subsyetem, while the upper
levels correepond to standard data prxessinq appiiaation an8 to uaers (com-
puters, subacriber atations and applied proqrams of the user).
This preliminary composition of the functional levels of network remote
processinq with regard to the proposals considered by international orqani-
zations on atandardization (iS0 and DCMA) inciudes:
user control=
control of etanclard applicationet
~ 29
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APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100050026-7
FOR OF~TCIAL U9~ ONLY
~ ' ~ ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ r ~ ~ s
~y~ ~~D3p0"ne n~fIe~BM~ ~l~lkdPO~+a ~ l~ u 8~
~ ~ ~+~NQuaaw t~) (~omo~on 'l..... . .._a.. ~a?~wrew (2 ~
~ ?,o~~~eo?~~a ~4' ~4 none!?oAome~e 1
~ ~ d~,~~~?~~ - i
I~? y`rr~i~0ne~s~?n(t~5 ' ~~ome~n D ~�no~e
! ~ ~
~ ( ~Ou~~euu~~ ~ , npuHe~e~uEM i ~
~~e~ne?~,e ~ l~omoKon3 ~ ynpaSn~MUe I
~ I ~ ,q~Sr"'4uaene� ~ ~yp~uuoNOna?oe ~
i ~I
~ ~ ~ bhpa~ ~po?no~on ~
cccc~''.~ ~
~~~e j I
j~ ~~nt~u~8~ yeMOU
j ~ - - ~ oc~~---- - ---w--~ I ~
~ ~ j~ ll~poE~cnus omoKcr. 6 y~n~?~ ~ ~ I
i ~ ~ 5 gocmae~o~9 yocmoERai ~ I ~
I( i \ ynpadnc~n~ R,c~maron 6 dnpaAn~ ~ I~
~ i I 6`/IpR1dtQA{ O~ ' ROTOKOM ~ I I I
l+
j ~ j ~~r~odn~~~ rr?oKon 7 ~'~?,oM
@ I( 1
. 9Q?~ 11) 9c?~+a,~ ~ ~ ~
i j I 6~~'p�~1e'~?~ /k!omnkcn N ~
o ~ i ~ ,
~ ~II
~ R~gcacmM+a cdAeu (13 ~ I I
i ~ Lnoye~c neAe ~ la _ J~ I
~ s~~. ~~s.~~~'I~t1.6.2---J~
Fiqure 3. Confiquration of Opea Ramote Network Proceasing Systems
1~Y :
l. AP and EVM proqrams and 9. Delivery control
operators 10. Flow control
2. Final user 11. Datd link control
3. Protocol 12. Transmission control
4. Remote processinq servicea 13. Communications subaystem
5. Control o! standard epplica- 14. Data traunsmission aubeyetem
tion 15. Open remote neri~rork proceasing
6. Functional control system
7. Seeeion control 16. Diatributinq remoto pr~ceasinq
8. Dats tr~nsmiasion eervices syatem (network)
control of functional pmcesaing and representation of data and formatst
control of logical joininq of usere (eession contzol)f
delivery control~
deta flow controli
30
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~oR ~~~~cinL us~ or~Y
de?ta link aontirol~
trsn~mi~aion aontiroi.
U~o~~owuo(1~ n~'~�""�' (2 (4~ ~�rG~AC~~kI{5~
~ e M+~ ~polpoN ei na~nr+~.ru
?~O'.po~n+?? ~~M;N,r~~re~ nr/var~a+n~u
non~~�~~ ~ ~/~O,o~oaNe, e~.4~re~ ~~~ae~a r '+:~,�nr~+�'a
o +Q~'i~
t~+e~ r.emp o mane�n,~�~� ~ ,~,a oorm
~a~ ~
t~ 8 ~ ~~eU~~t rr.RU ~ou~tc~
~Pa""b ~rp~b~w "x~
c+~mwo n+onr u
IIYi'f
Equ~.?e c~,~,po~e, ~Adu~~yA~ y~+coene~,a tll~
l
ai nf.em� M~~e M"flp~.
trfp f, *..'et n+rnro~f ea0
xtim qo...eM
an ~ 1 ~
!,'M~ur} l~jp,~/M?'lwf 4'~lppfl�
Y'f.b~M~ NIII~f?- IkM/p C~~?Sd Atp �
! ~ ~?~~v rnyc~ ~
AR M o,
~ ll~~nnpK� n �c.
Mlu+ an ~+yo~e~eni nnce�
r,~- ~~a�,.~r tpyn
r~,+~~ a:~ ,M~'' d,,
~~cn4
an
s~e ~s y~ e'~"~o~~f~
8 ccme 38M(15) s s?u ue~
Figure 4. Network Remote Processinq. Hardware and softaare con-
fiquration
KEY:
1. User controZ proqrams !or AP 8. Microproceesor
2. Programe for workinq with 9. Remote data praceesing procesaor
queues and c]ialoque work (pTp)
3. Programs of qenerai acceas 10. Network remote proceseing control
method OTI~ program (PUST)
4. Data base control programs 11. Unified synchronoua control pro-
5. Packet processinq proqrama ceduxss
6. Remote taak input control 12. Packet prxessing AP
progrems' 13. Dialoque workinq AP
7. Programs for network tele- 14. Intellectual proqrammable qroup AP
communications method of accesa 1S. To computer network
The last four levels fozm the data trnnsmission subsyatem. By providing the
requirement of general compatibility and interaction of data transmission
31
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~o~ ~F~icrnr, us~ or~Y
a~~ara~u~ and r~mote proeaAa~nq apparetue when working throuqh the data
tranemia~ion subayatam netiwork, one muet raali~~ th~ indica~ed lavel8 in a
loqically unilied matmar.
Tage~her with tih~ dsra ~ranamias~on aubaygtam, tt?e fir8t four levela, whiah
parlorm funotione of dete ~onvereion and proaeOAing, ~ojcm tho architactiural
modei of an open netiwork remobe proae88inq eystiaM.
tnterr?ational organizatione on etendar~i~atiion f8e1 that etiandards on data
transmis9ion and commtimieationa ehou~d be deve~oped, con~ormin~v to tihe
globai Aystame modai of architee~ure of an open remote proceesing syetem.
Communi~ation8 batween disperead componants of one levai of 038T arehitieeture
requires praoiee datermination of t.he format, eont~nti end sequanaa of ~x-
change betiween tihese componentie of ehe levei. Theee rules are formalized
by etan9ar8 protocol~. Within tha ~ramawork of investiqatione conduated on
development of the erchitectura of open Ye8 EVM eyetems, the ob~aeti of
etandardization ehould primarily be a protoaol of internationel ginai ex-
~hange (user-user, user-cotnputer and computer-computer) ar~d a furiotional
contml protocol related to repraeent~?tion of data, data formate attd types
o~ contirol ~or a specifia class of subsariber etations.
An important applicetion ar?d uee of the principie of an open network remote
proceseing syetem are qeneral stnte deta trnnsmieeion ar~d remote procassing
systema (OG3PD end GSVTe). Theee ey~tame ~networks) are inhomoq~eous in
the qeneral aase end, therefore, the indicated principie of orqani~ation is
most ap~licabte to them.
The following program for workinq on the topic of OSST of YeS EVM has been
adopted:
1) determination of areas of stauidardization in the sphere of YeS EvM open
systems;
2) development of OSST architecture in the form of forn~alized description
of the functioninq logic of the components of architecture=
3) determination end development of proposals for standard interaction proto-
cols and interfaces of architecture componentst
4) development of network remote proceseing hardwere and software in the
architecture of open YeS EVM syatems in CEMA courttriee.
Davelopment of data OSST sl:ould be reqarded as the main trend of investiga-
tion for many yearss therefore, the required actions muat be undertaken for
effective development of investigations in thfs ~ield.
32 .
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FOR ~FFICIAL USB ONLY
gIBLIOARAPHY
1. "Orqanizatiion og Work on Syetem Arohitaatiure and Com~nunication Protiocois,"
i80/TC97/SCe, No. 1451, March, 1977.
"~urop~an Computier Manufeotvrera' Aeaooiation Reporti on Open Systemo
interconnea~ion," =SO/TC97/3C16, Dacamber, 1977.
COPYRic~Mr: t~datei'etivo "2ina~ne", "Avtomatika i vyohielitei'naya takhnika",
1979
6521
CSO~ 1870
33
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FOR ~FFICIAL USE ONLY
CY6ERNETICS, COMPt)TER3 AND AUTOMAT20N TECHNOLOOY
UDC 681.324
INVESTIGATION OF THE INSTITUTE OF AUTOMATICS AND CONTROL PROCESSES ON
DEVELOPINQ A COLLECTIVE-USE COMPtITER CENTER
Riqa AVTOMATIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA it1 Ruesian No 2, Mar/Apr 79
aignea to presa 29 May 78 pp 36-37
IArtiale by A. A. Voronov~
~Text1 Preperatory work is naw being carried outi et the institute of
Automatics and Control Procesaes (iAPU) of the Far Edstern Scientific Canter
(DVN~s) o! the USSR Aoademy of Sciencea at Viadivoatok to develop a colleotive-
use computer center oriented mainly tioward autiomatiion of scientific research
~t instiitutee of DVNTa, but whose users have also expressed the desire that
there be mora tihan 20 institu~ions ar~d enterprisea of Primorskiy Kray. -
tnitially, accorc]inq to the plan of devalopment of DVNTs, tihe computer
center was crented st the Inetitute of Automatics ar~d Control Procesees with
reqard to the need of fu1f311inq tihe ordera of other institutes of DVNTa as
well. in ewnmer of 1977, a comnittee consiatinq of representatives of the
Cour~cil of Ministers and of the State Con4nittee on Science and Technoloqy
arrived at Vladivoatok, which familiarized itaelf with preparation for
orqanization of the collective-use computer center in the kray and with the
work of the coa~puter centers of a number of institutions and recoim?ended
_ that this ce,r.ter be developed on the basis of the iAPU computer center, which
at that titne had at ite disposal modern computer technology and hiqhly
qualified pereonnel, includinq eystems proqrammera who were temporarily
attached to the Inetitute of Cybernetics o� the Ukrainian SSR Academy of
Sciences for eeveral yeare in the composition of the iAPU laboratory.
It has been proposed that new hiqhly productive machines be installed at the
future center and that a collective be formed, the staff for which will be ,
allocated by GKNT ~Stete Committee for Science ar~d Technoloqy~. iti is planned
to use machiaes of clasa YeS-1060 aad the E1'brus-1, linkinq them into a
complex, and also alphanumeric and qraphical displays, plotters and drum
graph plottere, qraphical information input devices and so on. Tenninals
will be installed ati inatitutes of DVNTs and terntinal processors for SM-l,
SM-2, SM-3 aad SM-4 will aleo be installed at some institutes. Gradual
connection of a number of orga~izations of other aqencies over com~ror~ications
channels, both thoee who have ar~d thoae who do not have their own computer
~i} I
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t~~c~it c~i~~t~~TC; t~nt, lr~L ~NLY
- centers, hag b~en proposed ~or the futiure, which w~.ii eseen~idlly become
~he basis ~or a regional oomputer netiwork. Taking tihia into account, ~he
kray aommititee of tihe CPSU deoided to acceleratie constiruo~ion of ~he new
building of the rne~i~utie of Automntiics and Contirol Proceeees with the com-
pu~er cen~er and ATS [Automatia tielephone exohange~ and o~ pu~~ing them into
operation in 1981.
The main eystems programming complex �or the given configuration is being
developed by a colleotive of ayetems progranm~era of the institu~e on the
basis of ~he M-4030 and Ye5-1033 compu~ers already available at the insti~ute
ar~d also on the baeis o� tihe M-400 and SM-1 computers. Eight magnetic diak
storea, six Ye5-7064 and A-5433 graphicai displays and alphanumeric displaye
7906 have been connected ~o the M-4030 computer (storage aapacity up to
1 I~yte). The basis of the deaign of the unified maahine complex ia the
idea of maximum use of domestic serial connec~ing davicea, the main part of
which the t15VM (Unified computer eystem) communica~ions device, modems
and so on ie already operating at the instiitute.
Development of software for working on mini-compu~ers of type M-400 is now
being completed. A ao-called "proqrrun factory" for workinq on the M-400 is
being developed in the Ye5 EVM [Unified Electxonic ~~~ompu~er System~ oparating
system. Work on a dialogue progr~m debugger-interpreter of the M-400 in the
Ye5 EVM is now in the stage of com~le~ion. Work has been completed on
development of a croas-assembler on the YeS EVM for the M-400. This
approach facilitates development of the correspondinq support for the mini-
computier. The baseline software for mid-level automation of scien~ific
research, specificnlly, the DISGRAF graph packet far YeS-7064 and A-5433
graph displays, the DISFOR'P packet for workinq with SiD-1000 and Ye5-7906
alphanumeric diaplays from FORZ'RAN languaqe and a multilanguaqe programming
systPm for realization of problem-oriented uaer languages, has mainly been
developed and is operating. Several information systems of a problem
nature is beinq developed on the basis of the KAMA remote control system
operating at the institute. investigations are beinq conducted on develop-
ment of software for construction of infonndtion referenae systems for auto-
mation of scientific reaearch and software for exchanqe of data distributed
in different c4mputer classes between bases on mini-computers.
Investiqations to develop applied program packets which utilize the dfalogue
and machine grephics mode will be coordinated with the Siberian Department
of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The following packets are in the stage of
development: for geophysical regionalization of territory by pattern recog-
nition methods, for qeophyaical modeling of yeological structures, for synop-
tic-statiatical analysis and farecasting in the atmosphere and ocean, for
investiqatinq electromagnetic fields in the atmoaphere and ocean.
In solving personnel problems, we have been oriented toward the base of the
Moscow Physicotechnical Institute, created at DVNTs, which has regularly made
personnel available to the institute b~qinninq in 1971.
COPYRIGHT: I2dllt@1~StV0 "zinatne", "AVtOIMt~kd i vychislitel'naya tekhnika",
1979
6521 35
CSO: 1870 FOR OFFICIAL U~E ONLY
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rox o~rYC~~, osE o~.,Y
CYD~I2N~TICS ~ COMI'UTL~RS ?1ND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY ~
UDC 681.324
THE MULTIPLE-USER COMPUTER SYSTEM AND TI-IE DATA BANK OF THE NAUKA ASU OF THE
ARMENIAN SSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Riya AVTOMATIKA I VYCHISLITEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA in Russian No 2, Mar/Apr 79
signed to prese 24 May 78 pp 38-90
[Article by B. B. Melik-Shakhnazarov]
[Text~ The multiple-user collective-use computer system (KVS I~) of the
Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences is an aggregate of hardware uaed for data
gathering,~tranamiaeion, processing, storage, retrieval and display during
investigation and management in the scientific inatitutions of the republic.
In the first step, the KVS will service primarily academic institutions.
This is an open three-level system having a number of interconnected high-
speed computers or processors in the first rank, working machines specialized _
to carry out infrastructure problems at the second level and simple or intel-
ligent usar terminals at the third level.
The indispeneable parts of the KVS are an open, i.e., increasable data trans-
mission system and intercnnnected operating systems of the network separate
computers and an automated data bank. The main calculating capacity in the
system ia provided by the YeS-1045 computer, which is capable of ineeting the
' needs of u:~era at the qiven stage and during the 2-3 years of development of
the KvS KP. The reserve for it may be two BE~M-6 computers of the computer
system o� the Yerevan Institute of Physics (gee figure).
The second level of the system has the following infrastructure functions:
1. Cortmtunications between computers of the named level, essentially between
those which form the multiple-user computer system, to service users with
calculating capdbilities of inedian productivity.
2. Special infrastructure servicing of users in issuance of information to
them from the autotnmted data bank (ABD KVS KP and of dispersed ABD), making
available to them the ext~rnal storaqe capacities, connecting users to
specialized calculating capabilities for accomplishing technical design and
calculations, processinq photoqraphic negativea, editing texts and printing
them on the "Monotype" to accomplish printout and so on.
36
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t~'OR OFFtCLAL U5~ ONLY
rau Epe~ 2 ~~e. ~3~
rotnnawo HUUM ~wtrt+u ro
~ Cucmt?+?,~ (4 )
Ka?+M;fmnuuu cAA~u ?coMM naau
~oNo~oe ~5 y N s ~
~~`',~Kr~ 6u tt npMC~p
. .,r...
' ~r.. a~s~ tote
G�,:~ re^
~ rc�~ou CNC
g p,,.orn~.: Mn � 1.~lL~
~w
~~~y~~'~A~ `A~�~
t,10 f/ fl ~1 ~V~ d~ q qll OYPI/ U
~7 D C1 C~ LU ~ (11)
Computier SysCems of Armeniar~ SSR
KEY:
1. Main computer center of Gosplan 7. SK3 coa~puter network
2. Yerevan Scientific Remearch 8. Monotype
~ inatitute of Nlathematiics and 9. inetitiutee of tha Armenian SSR
Meehenics Acad~my of Sciences
3. Yerevan Inetitute of Phyaics 10. Neiri-4
4. Conanunications syetems 11. Terminals
5. Channel ewitches
6. Messaqe ewitches
3. Accomplishing conmunications with a wide natwork of third-level subscriber-
userg through data transmission multiplexora (MPD-2 or MPD-3).
sfmpler user terminals and intelligent termi.nals are available at the third
level of the system. intelliqent terminais a?re small and me~ium computere
which service usera on the apot and which in turn have their oan terminai
network in subdivisions of the scfentific institution and which operate as
connectinq processors durinq interaction with the data transmisaion system
(which is now cnused by the poor quality of coa~aunicetions channels). The
main type of computer which will be used es an intelliqent tezminal is the
Nairi-4. These computere have software which permits workinq together with
computera of YeS type and of connectinq them to 64 local displays.
The computer capacities and subscriberg of the KVS KP will be linked to each
~
other by channels of three types. A meseage switchinq system, which, eer-
vicing teleqraph channels, is loaded by 8-10 percent, has beer~ introduced in
the republic. it contains thre~ YeS-1030 computers which can expand the
sphere of ita owri aervices in the oblast: a) development of qeneral-use
ABD for servicing uaers while providing work in the dialogue t~adei b) pro-
cessir~g reqular syatems problems with reaerve capacities which will first
be introciuced to usera of type: waqe calculation, material-technical eup-
port, monitoring fulfillment of directive and agency decisions and so ont
and c) transmission of circular instructions to all or to a num'~er of users
37
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by listis and provzding gathering of report information of tihe ~ame type,
reduotion of i~ to eummary deta and iAOUanea to ~he corYaeponding orgar~iza-
tions who manege or ertelyze theoe date. tnetaliatiion of a 200-600 baud
channei gwitich~nq ~yeti+am wi~h provieion of ~ninei d~via~e o! ~he tn~in in-
formation ueera wae alao bequn. The third tiypa of deta tirenamieoion encom-
paaee~ only large informatiior~ usere~ computiar centiere, information banks
end managing orqartizatiione which ~an be conneoCed to each other by direct
datia tranamiaeion channels. These channeis wiii link to each otiher at leaet
five comput@r eystame formed in the repubiics 1) the network of the institiutie
of Phyaics (nine computerg) j 2) the Mititstry of Comnunications ~eix eomputere~ j
3) the Compatiar Center of the Armenian $SR Academ~ of Sciencee ~four com-
putiere)i 4) the Yerevar~ NiiMM IScientific Research insti~ute of Mathgmatias
and Mechanice~ (five compttters)= an8 5) the Computier Center of Gospian of '
the Armenian 3SR (three computers) (gee figure). ~
We are devoting a greati deal of attention to probiema of information eupporti
of the inetituties of the Academy of Sriences and of other users. Whereag
10-IS yeare ere required to develop a computer ayatem and its software,
d~cadeg are required to fonr? an ABD havinq sufficiently complete dara filea
in different areas of knowledqe with a proqramminq syatem and leqal and in-
formation support. Many years of tedious labor are required to determine
the features for deecribinq objects of the etudied area of knowledqe, for
devQlopinq methode and even the moc~e of interaction of many research qroups
to form permanent data files of the studied field and to provide dependa-
bility eu~d tin?elinese of theae indicators for any moment of time. The clear
interest of user-eubscribers in this type of information piays a qreat role
if, of courae, the process of hardware and eoftware formation of these banks
is provided. The Academic institutes of Ethnography and Arts now have many
thousand prepared machine-oriented questionnaires for formation of files,
while the institutes of Microbioloqy and Geology and the fundamental library
could make available similar materidis at any moment. There are experimental
data files in the computer center on scientific workers, scientific topics,
institutes, historical memoridis and completed developments.
A number oC the formed ABD is directly related to the work of regional
scientiEic institutfons and cannot be cseated without the assistance of the
latter. Work in this field includes problems of the national characteris-
tics of the people who populate the region~ their history, ethnoqraphy and
languaqes purely territori~l problems concern landscape, soils, flora, fauna,
geoloqy, economics, population and othera. These data should become the
nucleus of solvinq complex regional problems of environmental protection,
reqionalization of ~conomics, efficient use of resources, natural-landscape
transformations and ao on.
The second type of ABD ie rQlated to developm2nt of part of the all-union
distributed bat~ks in the case when the scientific potential of regional
institutions ie adequate to form its own bar~k. Data filea on pharmaceutical
and microbioloqical preparations nnd crystals and data files in the field
of agtronomy, medicine, organic chemistry and so on may be created fn the
Armeni~ SSR Acndemy of Sciences.
38
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_ ,
~o~ ~~~rc~~ us~ o~,Y
The tihird typa o~ A8D ia data giles seleatiad from otiher, main banka for �
their uae aa ~cientiifio-technicai referenca or permanent atiandard informa-
tiion requirAd to conducb inveatiigatiione in apecific eraee og knowiadg@
within a qivan region.
Wher~~e developrtu~nt og the lN3 KP requir~s apaoifia initiai inveetmer~ts
which wil~ be raturned by aooeieretiion of tiechnicai prograse, formatiion of
an AeD doee noti require large expan6itiuree eince iti is orqanicaily included
in tihe etiruatura of reaearch inatitutione, coneiderabiy facilitating their
work and freeinq peraonnei for a aider range of inveetigatiion~. The exter-
nai stornge of lerge computer complexes is edequate to oreate e wide ala9s
of ABD.
COPYRiGHT~ z~9ete1'etvo "2inatne", "Avtomatikn i vychielitel'naya tekhnika",
1979
6521
CSO: 1870
' 39
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_ CYBERNETtCS, COMPt~'~'fR8 AND AUTOMATION TECNNOLOCiY
UDC 681.324
TH~ COLLECTtVE-USE COMPUTER SYSTEM OF 'i'NE LITHUANIAN SSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCE3
Riga AVTOMATSKA i VYCHi3Li~fEL'NAYA TEKHNiKA in Rueeian No 2, Mar/Apr 79
signed to pre~s 16 May 78 pp 41-43
~ (Articie by L. Tel'kenie~
(Texti~ Computer techno~ogy piays a aiqnificanti role in confluctinq fundamen-
tial and applied acieatif~,c reaeerch in the Lithuanian 9SR Academy of Soiences,
which hae 12 iastitutes. Zti occupies a special place in inveatiqatiione of
random proaeeses in technical ar~d bioloqical systems, the properties of aemi-
conductor materials, thermoPhysicai end electrochemical proaesaes, atomic
and ion epactira, photomatry of celestial bodiea, information received from
spectral devicee, the charncteristica of bioloqical n?olecules, the mechanisms
of chemicdi raactior~s, the dynamics of environmantai poilution aad purifica-
tion, dendrociimatochronology, the activity of nerve celis and ineecti behavior
ar~d cardiac rhythnagrama.
When conducting theae inveatigations, one must utilize cou,olex mathematical
models aad problem-solving methods end musti prxess larqe files of experi-
mental data. Large computer cnpacitiea, developed problem-oriented aoftware,
problem-oriente8 data bnnks and the dialogue mode of problem-solvinq are re-
quired for e~ffective completion of this work. The Co~lective-Use (KP)
Computer Systsm of the Lithuanian S9R Academy of Soiences has been created
to meet theee requirements.
Nigh-capacity computers artd mini-computers comprise the technical base of
� the KP e~yatem. Hiqh-capacity computerg are used in aolv'�nq problems of
dlfferent complexity i� packet and terminal modee. Mini-computers are used
to procese d~+ta ar~d calculationa on siu~ple alqorithms ar?d also to manaqe
experfinents. The SAMAS apparatus is used in the system. It is plaanea to
uge a micro-computer in the near future. Data transmiasion to a distance
up to 1 km ie accocaplished throuqh specinl channels. Standard telephone and
telegraph communicdtions channels will be used to transmit data over qreaCer
distances. It ie plarined to transmit larqe information files betweea com-
puters, when data tras~staisaion delay by 1-2 hours is permissible� by transfer
of data recordinqs made on Che maqnetic tape of storaqe devices of type YeS
or Hewlett-Packard.
40
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Tha KP Computiar Centar og tha Litihae~r~ian 98R AQe?demy o~ Soierfaae~ ehawn by
th� diagram in the figuYe, ia plannsd ~o be construoted by t.t~a and of 1980.
The oxiotiing compot~entia o! tiha ayeti~m af A~ril 1978) nra ~rog~-h~tiehed
in ~h~ diaqram.
R: � -
` 63tM'A~ '.tr?A 7C 1,,:.
- l~Il. 7Nr~{ :
1
; tCMM a� 1~ u n
i e,,,,M,r,,,,,,,~ ~ I
I ~1A ~ ~A ~N
, , 1a~e~ T,e ~4~ a+~~e~,r~ tto Tn
~
i ~ ~ ~ ~
, , ~ ~ ~
O O p
tcRno rcnA ._rov,,. ~ rc
(5) (6)
rre~r~y~ u..ti?p ~+ero~y~ r~,,u:. ~ ~~ir ~ ~?'~1? '~�~4r~ !5~
IunfwM Ad/0~wru lOd~priRf wd ffb1VM 1YAW MLWaf Mi?e~ORRU u MMOfn
~ re u n e N b ~,�t~(9~ ~ ca u n e a a c< t ~M ~(16)~
' :
N~
~+w~~.~,"M�e"` ~ZS~
~ ~ m � ~�~~,wM�wa~eAd ~Z6~
, ~ ~ ~ . .s~nyAwwww~w J~eisAJ ~Z~~
~ ~ O ~ e � ~nwr~e�~r~.M I~e.~., ~28~
~ c�ro� ~b~o cc� er ~ . .~...~.~.~e~..~..~t.~.~.. (29)
~ ~ 3~ Q
~ 4~CfY~ ~M~ .r,~..~ ~ � ( 30 )
~ly~ v ~ ~eoQM+s~eo7?uro ~
~(lek r x a y M_ c c a~.�~ ~ ~ 24) ~ �.i...~~., ~a� (31)
Diaqram of Collective-Use Computer System of the Lithuanian SSR
Acadeniy of Sciencea
KEY:
l. Externa~i computer ewitch 10. inatitute of Biochemiatry
2� 11. Institute of Chemistxy
3. Central computer complex 12. inetitute of Semiconductor
4. bite/a Phyaics
5. Institute of Philosophy 13. institute of Phyaics
6. Inatitute of Hotaay 14. Institute of Mathematics and
7. Institute of Zooloqy Cybernetics
8. Inatitute of Phyeics of the 15. Institute of Economics
Radioloqical I.aboratory 16. Vil'nyus leas than 1 km
9. Vil'nyus less Lhan 0 km 17. Branch of institute of Cardioloqy
(1Gey continued on follawing paqe)
~+1
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~o~ ~F~ici~, us~ orn~Y
18. Palanga 3S0 km 25. TerminsZs with alphenumeric and
19. tnobitv~e of Cardiology grephical diepley~ ~
20. iastituta of Phyeiaoteohnioa]. a6. Annioq-dig3tal, digitial-analoq
Problams og Powar EY?q3neering aonverter
21. 8rench of =aetitiu~e o~ Sotiany 27. Mngnetiic disk cotmnutator
22. Kaunas 104 km Z8. Magnstio disk etore
23. ina~,t~utie o� Phyeics of tihe 29. Maqnetiio tape store
Astrophysical Observatory 30. Modem
24. Moletsy 80 km ~1. Electironiae 100
Mnin attention ia being concantratied in development of th~~ eo~tware for tha
KP computer system on devalopment og probiem-orien~ed proqram pnoketis, dnta
bank8 and dialogue probiem-soivinq eysteme. Spacifiaally, e proqrnm paoket
for statistiioal analyeis of random processes in the dialogue mode, a eyetem
for mandgemanC of thermophysicei experiment, a didlogue syetem for identifi-
cation of the funotiional conditiion of rhe heart and of veqetiative regulation
from rhythmogrnms, e dialoque sys~am for syntheaie of olassifiers of random
obaervatione ~?nd an information retirievai syetem for rarely corrected data
are being dev~:loped. Progriun pACkats are being created for eolvinq noniinear
differential equations by numericai methods, for eolvinq multiextremnl pro-
biems and for calculating atomic and ion epectra.
it is planned to carry out development of the KP Computer System of the
Lithuanian SSR Aaademy of Sciences on the basis of the E1'brus multiprocesaor
computer coa~lex. it is aesumefl that ueers from hiqher educationai inatitu-
tions and braneh scientific and production orgesizations who will require
larqe computer capacitiea will elso be connected to the syatem.
COPYRIGHT: izdatel'stvo "2inatne", "Avtomatika i vychislitel'naya tekhnika",
1979
6521
CSO: 1870
42
~OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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~ _
~o~ oFFtcin~, us~ orr~Y
CYBERNETICS, COMPUTER3 AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
, ,
TNE THEORY OF FINITE AUTOMATON8 AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Riga AVTOMATtKA i VYCHt3LiTEL'NAYA TEKHNiKA ~.n Ruegien No 2, Mar/~4pr 79 p 92
~Review drtiale~ .
(Text~ A total of nine iasuea of the coilection have been published at
izdatel'etvo "2inatne" during the period from 1973 through 1978. Reports
read at the eemiaar of the section "Fini~e Autiomgtione" of the Scientiific
Council on Automation of Scientific Research dnd on Problems of Cybernetics
attached to the Presidiwn of the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences are pre-
. sented in theae collectiions. The main problems diacussed at the seminar
are related to the theory of finite automatons, methods and alqorithme of
anniysis and eynthesis, chdracteristics of conatiructing discrete devices
and syetems based on modern miaroelectronic componenta, problems of ~eohnical
diaqnosis of theee syatems and auton?atic methods of investigatiag computer
networks. Materidia on the principies of organization and vonstruction of
design and monitorinq automaition systems, realized on the basis of modern
~ computers, cer? be found in the coll~ections. The collections ar6 intended
for scientific workera, anqineers and post-graduate etudente working on
problems of logic deaign of diacrete automation syetems.
ordere to acquire the collections by COD can be sent to the Scientific
Secretary of the 2natitute of Elactronics and Computer Technoloqy of the
Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences at the address: 226006 Riqa, ul. Akademiyas,
14.
COPYRIGHT: Izddtel'stvo "2inatne", "Avtomatika i vychislitel'~aya tekhnika",
1979
6521
CSO: 1870
~+3
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~
1
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~L~CTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENaINEERING
UDC 621.371.4:551.463.7
THE RESOLUTION OF A SYNTKESI2ED APERTURE RADAR WNEN OBSERVING THE 3~A
SURFACE
Gor~kiy I2VESTIYA Vl1z ltADI0FI2IKA in Rueaian Vol 21 No 12, 1978 pp 1750-1760
(Articl~ A.V. Ivanov~ Inetitute of Radio Engineering and Electronice of the
USSit Ac~demy of Sciences, manuacript received 12 December,'1977~
(Textj The limitations on Che aximuChal reaolving
power of a sidE-looking, synChesized aperture radar
(RSA), which are related to Che mobility of Che ~ea
aurface~ are analyzed. The aolution of the problem
ia baeed on a two-dimensional model for radio ~rave
~ scaCtering in the V~'band by an agitated sea surface.
QuantitaCive eaeimates are given for the azimuthal
resolution of an RSA as a function of Che radar and
wave agitation parametera.
1. Introduction
It was thought for a long time that it was impoasible to obtain an imaqe of
a sea surface using a side-looking radar wiCh a aynthesized aperture (RSA).
The experimental reaults publiehed in recent yeara (1-4] demonstrate the
falseness of thia opinion. Wind waves, ahip waves, wind shadow sections on
the sea surface, etc., are clearly visible in the images preaented in these
papers. However, the proceas of synthesizing the image of a aea aurface
has almosr not been treated up to now in a theoretical sense.
An nttempt is made in this puper to find the limitaCions, related to surface
mobility, on the azimuChal resolving power of centimeter and short decimeter
band RSA's. The following procedure is used in this case: the process of
generating the image is considered for the case of small surface perturba-
tions (much less than the radio wavelength J~) employing the known results
obtained for a field scattered by such a weakly distrubed surface [5, 6j;
thereafter, final conclusions concerning the resolution of RSA~s are made
by working fr.om a two-dimensional model for the scattering of VHF band radio
waves by an agitated sea surface [6, 7].
44
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2. The InEluence of 3ma11 Surface Oeci118tione
An idea can be ga3ned of the epecific f~atures of the synthes3s of an image
o� a moving surfaca in ehe case where eur~ace deviation~ from ~he center
posiCion are ema11, by meane of ehe following simple ar~umenes.
My realization of a staCionary r~ndom surFace can be represented in tihe
Porm of set of infinite sinusoide~ corresponding to a cerCa~n spectral
denaity ~(KX, Ky,). The y axis here and in ~he foliow3ng ie nseumed Co
be directed along ~he course of ~he RSA vehicla~ Tf each of Cheee einu-
soids moves at ita own phase velocity, corresponding to the disperaion re-
lationship w~ f2(Kx, Ky), remaining abealutely regular in ehie caee, then
the following epecCral densiry wi11 correspond to auch a surface:
M
R(K,~~ x'r) a IW St (Kx, Ky)1 ~ (1)
A certain three-dimenaional apectral denaity~ which can always be written
approximately in the following form, will correspond to Che actual oscil-
lationa of the liquid surface:
N {V i
R(K~~ Ky) I~ ~(K.~~ Ky)~ Y(K.~, Kr)~~ (2)
where f ie some function with a maximum at the point w: S~ and a width Y.
When Y-~ 0, f-? 8(w - S2). It is obvious that the surface oscillations with
a spectral denaity of the form (2) can be compared with a set of ainusoids
of finiCe lengrh - wave trains with a random independent phase, moving at a
phase velocity of vg(KX, Ky) and existing on the average for a time Tp =
a Y-1(~(X ~ ,
We shall treat the scattering at the surface in a firgt approximation using
the method of small perturbations. Then, if each train contains even a few
periods and the Widch of the actual directional pattern of the antenna in ~
Che azimuthal plane is sma11, then one can consider only those traina with
_ wave numbers falling in a small range of values KX ~ 2k cos 6, Ky = 0
(k s 2n/A, 8 is the grazing angle; A< 60�); the remaining ones will make
practically no contribution to back scattering (5, 6]. The amplitude of the
field scatCer~d by each train is directly proportional Co the amplitude of
the latter, and depends in a complex manner on A. The frequency of the
sign~l reflected to the radar is shifted by the amoun~ +tt(2k cosA, 0) (the
eisn dependa on the direction of the phase velocit~� of the train: to the
radar or ao~ay from it).
~+5
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~oa o~FiciaL us~ orrt,Y ~
In the ea~~ of uniform moe~on of eh~ RSA v~h~c~~, th~ d~pend~ne~ of th~
Erequency ehiP~ of rhe aignal zeflected from eha searionary concentraeed
~arget on ehe coordinete y ie linear, while ~he eignai proce~sing system
in the R5A, as is well known~ can be ereated ae a epatial filtier, maCched
to ~ i3na~r FM signal (8~. M addieional cone~anr frequency ehifC in the
linear FM eign~l leads eo a ehift~ in Chis case a~pat3al one, of the com-
pre~~ed gignal (9], i.e., to a dispiacemen~ of ~he tirain ~eage w~.th reapect
Co y. The eize of the ehift wi11 amount [r/V]vg(2k cos 9, 0)cos9, where
r 3s Che oblique range to the Carget and V is the velociCy of Ch~ vehicle.
It ie apparenr that coherene srorage of the signals reflected from a givan
train can Caka piace oniy ae long ae thie rrain exi.sts with its o~m conetanC
or linearly changing phase. Correspondingly, Che azimutihal dimeneion of the
rrain image wiil ba deCermined by Che synth~eie time t~ when t~ < tp and the
time tp in thg oppoeire case:
y ,r r a
~ ~ V mtn (t~; To)
(with respect eo the resolution as a funcCion of the syntheeis time, eee,
for example~ [8~).
.
At nll appearances, the quantity tp ie not lees than the attenuation time
of tlie oacillaCion with an absolute value of the wave vector equal to
2k cos9. IP it is assumed that wave attenuation is determined by the mo-
lecular viecosity of the liquid, then [lOJ:
~ = 2~? K~ ~
P
where u is the dynamic molecular viscosity of the liquid, p is ita
density, and the condition t~ < tp is met with a considerable safety margin
for actual centimeter and ahort decimeter band systems with a parameter
r/V ~ 100 s(this value is characteristic of radars intended for operation
from a satellite with an intenaediate orbit). In the case of actual wind
wc?ve agitaCion, the upper layeY of the sea becomes turbulent, and Che quantity
tp cun change, however, as before we ahall assume that no degredation occurs
in the resoluCion due to the finite "coherency" time of the resonant compo-
nent of the ripple.
Thus, we obtain an image of each train with a resolution of
~ yo ~ ~c
~ v 2k cos 8 0 cos 8.
and shiEted with respect to y by the amount -V a~ . Experi-
ment shows [11] that surface oscillations with a wavelength on the order of
10 cm, with a wind velocity of as little 1 m/s and more, i.e., practically
alwAys, are isotropic. Consequently, the intensity of the trains moving
1~~
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tnwurds th~ rad~r and ~way from it, are 3dentical on ehe ~verage, and in-
~t~nd of d~ch of ~h~ ~~ct~.on~ of the eurface ~tieh a di~�erane ripple ampli-
tudQ (oii epoCe, aind ehadows~~ we obtain Cwo imagae, shigCed wtth respect
tn y by eha amoun~ [r/V~~vg cog9 in differenC d~.rec~iona from the true
posiCion.
Thu~, spl3Cting of eh~ ~mgge of ~he eurface ig po~sible. The mgnife~t~~ion
of the eplitCing effect can be ob~erved when the following conditions are
mets
ON' C ~ I v~ ( cos ~ W~ere Qy~ is the resolution of the radar due eo
the affecte of laxge wavea (see below) and ~he 3nherent inaCabilities of the
radar (eyp);
the aize of the ob~ect being observed ig lese ~han the quanCity
(r/V]~vg~cos8.
If we add to this the fact that the quantity (r/V~~vg~coaA in the best (nnd
rather rnre) aituations can exceed Ay' by only few times, then it becomes
understandabie ChaC practicaily the main effect is Co be conaidered the
degrada~ion o� theresolution which will amount to:
Qy, a 2 V ~ vm (2k cos 8, 0) I cos 8=
_ r Cos S~ 2~ r~+ 4a k' Cos'81 ~3)
V k cos 8 l 1'
here a is the aurface tension factor of the liquid.
The quantity ~Y1V/r cos9 is ahown in Figure 1 as a function of J?/cosA
(curve 1). The degradation of the resolution will be minimal at a/cos9 ~
~ 3.4 cm and will amount to 45 m at r cosA/V s 100 s.
The anisotropy of the spatial spectral density of wave agitation is rapidly
amplified with an increase in the wavelength [11, 12]. Because of this,
when ~ ia on Che order of a few metera, splitting will be actually absenC
if only the wind direction is not very cloae to the 1�Ine of flight.
~
i:3~ 0~,~
~ .ewe/s
Cm
3C ~
1 '
0~ V �C.M%C CID 8
20 � ~ ~ J A/4os6.eM
0 ~ 6 t2 ~ rI0 ~?.eM
Pec. 1. ~~8ure 1.
~+7
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A mhrc ri~euroua d~rivaCion of the resulta of this aQeCion i~ given ia
~h~ Arpend3x.
3. Th~ In~lu~nce oE Large-Scale Wav~ AgitaCion
Ae w~~ ~hown in peper (7), ehe epectrum of ~ctual wave a~i~ation can be
broken down inCo Cwo pares, so thae ehe follow~,ng condit3ons are me~: the
mean square value of the height of ehe a~rface pointa 3a much lees than
a~nd the mean equare values of the elope anglee of the surface are much
les~ than unity in th~ high frequency portion; the me~n square value of
~ the radiue of curvature of the eurfac~ ~.e much greater ehan a 3n the low
frequency por~ion. The breakdoan frequency, na~urally, dspnds on a,, ~hi~
m~ans that ecgttering aC the surfeca can be compueed in a first approxi-
m~tion uaing Che method of ema11 perCurbations, taking as the zero approx-
im~tion the fteld ecaetered At the eurface corresponding Co rhe low fre-
quency porCion of ehe weve agitation spectrum, which in turn, can be found
by Che mert?od o! Cangentiai planes. In other words, one can aseume that
large ec~le low frequency wave agitation influences ehe back scattering
ehrou~h rhe slow madulation of the parameters which determine the scatter-
ing for the case of very smail roughness (9, the amplitude of the ripple,
etc.).
In ~ccordance with this~ one can propose that the results obtained in the
preceeding secCion will also remain ~ustifed for the imagea of aections of
the aea sux~ace ~rieh dimensiona on the order of the shortest ~velengrh in
the l.oa .~requency portion of the aave agitation epectrum. The larger wav~~
will vary ehe inteneity of the resonance component of the rippie and the
local grazing angle, ar ahich the given section is visible fram the radar,
from section to section, because of which, the large waves become visible
_ to any side-looking radar. Another form of their action on the ripple will
be considered Aere: the change in the phase velocity of the scattering
trains with respect to Che radar by the orbital motion in large waves.
In r~n RSA, the image of a un-~ormly moving point ig shifted wiCh reapect to
y by the amount (r/V)u, whe~e u is the pro~ection of the velocity of the
point on the direction to the radar. The qu~ntity u depends on the coordi-
nates u R u(x, y). The dependence of u on y leads to the distortion of
the image (see (3]); the dimensions of the ob~ect or the width of the bound-
ary in the image can become both largcr and smaller than the true values.
The dependence of u on x leads to other results. An azimuthal shift of
an image, for example, of the stra3ght-line boundary of any ob~ect, directed
perpendicular to rhe courae of the vehicle, ~rill be different for different
valucs oE x, and as a consequence of averaging over x, within the limita
of A range reaolution elemene there will occur a washing out of the image
of the boundary in azimuth (besides a distortion of ite shapedue to the
change in tAe shifC from element to element). The amount of washing out aill
on the average by equal to AY2 ~(r/V)Au~, where Au~ is the mean aq+.:are value
of the velocities of the points in a range resolution element aith respect
~
~
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irUtt UP[~'LC1AL UtiL nNLY
to th~ pointi lying in Che cenCer of ~his element, in which case, the aver-
aging ehould be carriad outi w~ih r~apecC to Ghe realizaCione of rhe eurfaca
and w;itih respec~ ~o range.
We ~ha11 ~esume that the values u are disCribueed in accordance with a
norm~l 1aw having a dispersion aru and a normal~.zed corre].aeion function
R~(x)~ Then the diepers~on of the digference of the velocities of the po~.nte
epaced a dis~ance x from each oCher, is equal ~o the following on the aver-
age over ~ha realiza~ion:
o~u ~ 20~ (1 R�(x)l (4)
and on gn average with respecC Co x within the limite of a rattge reenlu-
Cion element L1xp
er,~~ r ~ Xn 1 dX ~5)
~u~ = ~ f �~u (x) dx 2 J R~(K) I 1 - slnc ~
~ x~ ~ ~ .
where ~u(K) is the apectral deneity of the proceas; ainc x~ sin x/x.
We shnll aseume that the wave agitation is cylindrical: the heigh~s of the
surface points do not depend on y. The instantaneous vertical velocities
of the pointa are equal to the derivative of the height with resp~ct to
time, and the time spectral denaity w 25(w) corresponds to them, where S(w)
is the epecCral density of Che values of the height of a surface point for
a fixed value x. We shali assume that the same apectral density w 2S(w)
corresponds ro the pro~ectione of the velocity of the points "floating'~ on
the surface onto any direction falling wi.thin the plane of the orbital motion.
Then, again by v~rtue of the proposed cylindrical nature of the lar~e scale
~ wave agita~ion:
Rn I K, r~, S`W, [1 tu
~ dK ..,.r,rc~
Here, and in the followirg we shall use an expression for S(W) of the form
oE a Phillipa spectrum:
( a
S ~w) _ bg! `~_s W ~ ~ .
0 ~~ Z where Z is the
\ V/ ~Y1 ' Y2~ y y
correlarion length, can be considered equal to zero. Fur~her, integration
with respect to ~1 and ~2 will yield a cereain funcrion of (xl - x2),
~Y1 - Y2), (yQ - Y2) and (yp - yl), which ehould differ neglibly from zero
when ~YO ' Y11 > L, where L is a certain quantity which falls wi~hin 2imits
of from Ayp to Y1, depending on the properties of the function R.. Conse-
quently, if the following conditions are met:
k[y ~ ~ 2k~ � 1
r r
(and titey nre praccically alaays met), the indicated exponents can be replaced
_ by unity.
We ghall write ti =~i/V and a a V/r, and substitute the variables:
ti - f~ ~ t. yi - ys x~ xz = x~
ti�~~ yi=y~ x~=x.
~ 54
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~OR OCFICI:AL USt~ QNLY
ThQn ~ p~xo~ Yol J e~p (21k y, cng u(xo X) t~ ~~o �~-i- X) X
exp (21k a (s yo - s y - t ~ ~1- S~II~ a ~x~ Y) ~ (x - - +1~ X
~ X R(X~ +1, t)dxdydtdy,d+~ds,~ ,
Th~ limits of integraCion with respect to t aret from -eC/2 + C to
CC/2 + e; wi~h respecC to t= from -C~/2 Co t~/2. Witih respecC to the
remaining variables, Che limies of integration are infinitie.
We shall assnme that R(X, v, T) fa11a to zero faeter with reapect Co
x snd v tt~an u and ~ vary wiCh respect to th~ same variablea. Then, by
inCegraring with respece to X and v, one can ~esume u(;~) w u(0), a(X~ ~ 0(0, 0),
< p~xo~ Yo~ f u~ (xo'- x) exp (21kat (Yo - Y~) X
M
X Rt, (2k cos a, 2k a(i - t), s~ o~ (x,y) dx dy d s dt. (11)
The aubecripts 1 and 2 on ~ mean that the Fourier transform is take-~ with
respect to the firsr and aecond variables.
ti
~'he characteriatic range of variation of R12 with respecr Co the eecond
argument is of the order of 1/Z . Consequently, if the condition
k a t~ � 1/Z or kZ~Y/r � 1 is~met, then the second argument can be
replaced by ~ero throught the inCegration range. The indicated inequality
is observed because of the fact that kZ~ = 1 and Y/r � 1.
The width of the function ~12(2k cos 9, 0, T) with respect to T is equal
tn T� Y'12k cos9, 0). If ip � t~, then since the maximum value of ~c in
the integration range is ~T~ = t~, one can assume Tp and
R(K.,, Kr, W) = R(K,~ Ky) a(w ~(K,~, Ky?),
< p(xo~ Yo) R(2k cos 0, 0) J~ u' (xo - x) sinc' f kl tYe Y~-
L
ti- 2~?ka)1 ~~(x, y)dxdy,
1
where S' = Q(2k cos 0~.
ThuH, the spread function with respect to y has a widCh of Ayp, but the
entire image irs shifted by the amount:
55
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t.. ~ y:
~ a y y 2k a V ~'~~o (~l~ cos 0) I~~s +1,
(~2)
~ _
R(2k cos 1?, U, w) ~ R(2k cos o, 0) f(w - S2, Y)
Now 1eC amd Tp ~ Y-1 � t~. Now,
the funetion ~~Z with reepect to t 3n (11) ie much narrower than ~he inte-
gration range, and the limiCs of integration w~.th respect Co T can be con-
eidered infiniCe. By substitu~ing the following in (11)
R,~ (2 k cos a, 0, t) ~ R(~k cos 0 0 w-. S~
f ~ 1f ( , Y) exp (lcus~ dw,
we obCaint
~ P~xo~ Yo~ R(2k cos 8, 0) f tt'(x -x) f(2ka -?-4 ot x dxd
o ~Yo-Y) ~ ~ TI ( ~ Y) Y~
�rom which it can be seen that Che spread function with reepect to y is:
ti' (y) ~ JI2k a y-.~~ ~ Y1~
The shift of the image, as before~ correaponde to formula (12), while the
widrh vZ(y) is equal Co
~y ` Y(2k cos0, 0) t l,
2k a ~ V to ,
,
. .D.
$IBLIOGRAPHY
1. T.R. Lareon, L.I. Moscowitz and J.W. Wright, IEEE TRANS., AP-24, No 3,
393, (1976).
2. W.E. Brown, C. Elachi and T.W. Thompson, J. GEOPHYS. RES., 81, No 15,
2,657, (1976).
3. C. Elachi and W.E. Brown, IEEE TRANS., AP-25, No 1, 84, (1977).
4. D. Atlae, C. ~lachin and W.E. Brown, J. GEOPHYS. RES., 82, No 24, 3,445,
(1977).
5. I.M. Fuks, IZV. V[JZOV - RADIOFTZIKA [PROCEEDINGS OF THE HIGHER EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTES - RADIOPHYSICS], 9, No 5, 876, (1966).
6. F.C. Baes, et al., IEEE TRANS., AP-16, No 5, ~54, (1968).
7. A.I. Kalmykov et al., Preprint No 71, Institute of Radiophyeics and
~lectronice of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, Khar'kov, 1976.
56
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9. A.l~. ttautiov, at a7.., "R~dio].oknesionnyye e~anC~ii bokovogo obzora~'
("~idr-t.o~kinp~ Rndnr~"~, Sove~skoye itadie Publ3~har~, Moecow~ 1970.
~1. c:li~ Kuk, M. Ifurnl'~y.~J~ "Itud~.~;Lokatdinnnyye ~ignn~y" ["k~d~r 81gna1~"],
Sovetgkoye Radio Publ3ehere, Moscow, 1971.
10. L.D. Landt~u, Ye.M. Lifahite~ "Mekhanika sploshnykh sred" [~'The Mechanice
o~ Con~inuoue Media"~, GoaCekhizdat Publiehers, Moscow, ].953.
11. I.A. Leykin, A.D. Rozenberg, I2V AN SSSR, ~TZIKA ATMOSFERY I OKEANA
(PROCECDINGS OF THE USSR ACADEMY OF SCTENCES, ATMOSPH~RIC AND OCEANIC
PHXSICS], 7, No 1, 102, (1971).
12. S.A. Kitaygorodakiy, '~Fizika vxaimodeysCviya atmoafery i okeana"
["The Physics of the InCeraction of the Atmosphere and Ocean"],
Gidrometeoizdat Publisherg, Leningrad, 1970.
13. L.A. Zhukov, "Obehchaya okeanologiya" ["General Oceanic Science"J,
Cidrometeoizdat Publiahers, Leningrad, 1976.
COPXRIClIx: "Izveatiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy," "Radiofizika," 1978
8225
C50:8144/11~3
57
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CEOPHYSICS~ ASPRONOMY AND SPACE
unc 55o,34i,5
PRSNC~AL RESULTS OF SEISMIC INVE~ICATIONS 1N TH~ FRUNZE PROGNOSrIC T~ST SZ~E
Moscow SZVESPIYA AKADEMII NAUK 38SR~ FIZIKA ZEMI,I in Russian No 11~ i9?a
PP ~2-53
~,ArticlA by V. P. Grin, B. ~1'yasov~ N. I. Kim~ Z. R. Kriger, T. A. 1~opatina,
7. A. Medzhitova~ and T. Ya~ Sere~ryanakaya~ Inatitute of Seismology~
Kirgiz ~ 53R Acade~my of
9ciences]
Abstract~ A brief examination is made of the seismicity
of the region of the Chuyskiy basin and its~ surrounding
mountains, and data are given on the apatial-temporal laws
~overning the manifest8~tion of aeismicity. A concluaion
is draxn on the periodicity of the seismic procesa that
consista of an interchange of periods of seismic activity
and calm. Studiea are made on the spatial and temporal
variations in the ratio V~N . The mechanisma for the
foci of earthquakes are i~ve~tigated~ The findings are
discuased f~om the viexpoint of finding the prognostic
signs.
LText~ The territory of the test site includes the Chuyskiy basin and its
surrounding mountains. Since the seismicity and the s atem of observations
of the area of atudy have been previously described [1~ we will dwell only
on the principal laws governing the spatial-temporal diatribution of earth-
quakas.
Analysis of the experimental material ahoxed tha.t for the examined terri-
tory one should consider earthquakes representative that belong to the
onergy class K> 11 from 1929, K~ 9 f~om 1951, K> 8 from 1958, and K> 7 in
the period of detailed seismic observations (19~7-19?5). The maps for the
Apicenters of earthquakea given in figures 1 and 2 provide an idea about
the seismicity of the region. The first of them presents earthquakes with
K> 9 for 1885-1967 in accordance xith the aforementioned representativeness
of earthquakes~ and the second--the materials of detailed seismic observa-
tions f`rom 1967 through 1975 (K>7),
5g
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~
~
. y - ~
^ ` i = t ~ 1 ~d
Q~ ~ : JU � 0 ~ o
o ~ t o Q~ ~
S o. , ~
o. ,
, ~ .
�O \~.w
~ ' �
~ o ` \ ~ o ~
O ' ~ N
' I ~ " 5 v�~
~ : ~ cn
, ~
~
~ ~ , ~ ~ ~
/ ~ m
ro ~
~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~ o
~ m
; ' ~ � ^ ~
O . ~ x
0 ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ �O O , � ~ o ~
0~ ~ ~ O~\ O ~ ~ U
O ~
~ ti rl N
~ ~
Q Q, � tA ~O 1 r l
~ e-I Q N
w ~
� "G) ~ � Q ~ ~ ~ .C ~ 40
: o o ~ ~ ~
0 0 ~ ~
~ � ~ e ~ ~ ~n >
O I ~ ~ m ~
.
0 ? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
m
'�y, ~j ~ p . ^ o ~
M
~ ~
O d , ~ �a ~ m ~ C~ ~ ~ i~-1
r
0 O O O w~ �~~m ~
~ o W m i~ H O ~
~ O ~ ~~o b
~ = ~ ~ a~~
~ . ~
~ ma~i4iN ~
0
~
m . .
~ r; c~ r~
~ ~ m
~
w ~e
59
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Fnk ()~FiC tAL U~1: ONLY
?I, L1~1 r~l ~~~~~Inr ~ti, f;hii tt 1v~~r
U~?un~iary khonc~ a~dur ha~ not baun b~ G~o~giyevk~
~o~tabliahed c~ Frunze
6~ boundariea of seismogenic zones d~ Kara-Ba~ta
Faul~ei e~ ;Kisgl.z rSd~e
7~ interclod' f~ Tokcaak
interblock g. Bys~rovka
9~ in~rablook h? Kungey Alatau ridge
10~ numbexs o~ tectonic bl.ocka i, Za311yskiy Alatau ridgo
~'or numbering of other blocka see 3~ A1n?a-Ata
figure 4~ k~ Rybach'ye
1~ Terskey ridge
'~he maps faixly clearly isolate mainly two seismogenic zonea~ eouthern and
northern~ The southorn seismogenic zone (deaignated on fig 1 by Roman
n~uneral oovera the the southern aection of the surrounding mountains of
i.ho Chuyskiy bagin with a fairly broa.d belt of epicentera~ and atretches Sn
a latitudinal dSrection along the foot of the Kirgiz ridge along its lowex
foothilln. The northern seiamogen~.c zone (designated by number III on fig
1) encom~~a~ses the entlre northeastern section of the surrounding mountains
o� tho Chuyskiy basin. The band of epicenters here begins to the north of
Tnkmak and stretches in a relatively narrow belt to Ceorgiyevka and f`uxther
along the Chu River goes to the northwest.
Qn the territory of the Frunze polygon the southern seismic zone occupies
a special place~ It is the most seismically active and has a complex struo-
ture= it consiats of individual blocks that differ in the manifesta.tion of
seismicity in them.
The level of activity from the set of all instxument data for the southern
zone equals 0.1~ and for the northern 0.045. One can judge the depths of
the earthquakes only f`rom th~ roaterials of detailed seismic observationg~
i.e.~ from the middle of 1967. The greatest number of earthquakes is con-
fined to depths from 5 to 15 km. The maximum depth is 25 km. W ithin the
limits of the northern zone the ma.in mass of foci lies closer to the
dilucnal surface~0-5 km, while 3n the southern zone--at depth 10-15 km.
5patial-Temporal I,aws Coverning Seismicity
An investigation of the spa.tial-temporal laws governing the manifesta.tion
of seismicity in the Chuysk~~y basin and its surrounding mountains xas
conductod by constructing and ana,lyzing the spa.tial-temporal dia.grams for
different zones and sections of the territory designated by Roman numerals
on fi 1. The technique for constructing the temporal diagrams is stated
in [~2~.
The studied territory was divided into zones and sections according to the
geology of the region, and xith xegard for the seismic data~ Thus, zone I
encompasses the entire southern seismic zone extending along the structures
of the Kirgiz ridge. Zone II is associated with the system of ridges of
60
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, ~
~ W + ~
aQ O ~ \ ~f'~ ~ oo ~ O~/ ~40 ~y ~j/~
Or ~y+ / aDO y+ ~l) p Fi
~ ~ O~ A~1~~ ~ ~ ~iO / [ V ~ vA ~1 0
~ y ~ 1 ~ V ~ 'w
\ �
0 ' : ,
I 0 ~
O ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~O ~ ~
� M
~
O ~ ~ ~ o o o ~ v .,M ~ E4
p O' . ~ ~v t!~ tlJ
Op o o N ~
~ o ,
O C~~'~J$ ~ ~ O 0 H
~ ~ ~ ~0 ~ ~ ~ ` O~ bq ~
~ ~ Q ~ Gf: f a ~ ~ ' R1 a-1
o ~ ~
o ~ ~~o~' � ol ~ .~+y
pR \ :=~Q ~ I~ ti ~N q
O O ~
o~~ ~ ~ o a
� .
' ~ ~ ~
0 op ~ ~ - a~
0 S 8 ~ ~~o o .C H
` , : o o ~ c~ o
o u A ~ � o~' ~ '1'~ ' 4~ ~ri
: . O
~ O;~q'_'.: v ~ ~ ,r1
p~'�..~ �~-'s o o �o � m ~
� ~n ' o ~ , o ~
~po ~ ~o ~8 0
o p ~ aa "
' 4 ~ . �o 0 ~ " d~~�'�. ~ ~ ~ �
08 0 0
o ~ O 0 O
~ 0. ~O
Q 'd ~ ~ , , �O ~ 0 ~ p ~ ~
v n ~68 p ~ o p ~ ~ N rl
~ e
. ~O ~ ^ � O ~ ~
~ ~ m 4-1
~p i ~ U
~ �rI
~ ~ O ~o., o a~
w
/ � ' ow o
~ o o w m
. O~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
.~i
~
m o
~ ~
w u
Gl
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FOR 0~'FICIAL USE ONLY ,
Keyt
apic~nters of earthqt~akea Kara-~a1~a
w~.th K~7-13 e. KirgSz rid~e
Faul.tss ~okmak
2. ~.n~teralod Alma-A~ta
interblo~k h. Zailiygkiy Ala~a~u r3dge
. intrablock Kungey Alatau ~idge
a. Chu RS,ver Bystxovka
b, Ceorgiyevka k. Rybaoh'yA
~,~~~A 1. Terskey rSdge
2ailiy3kiy and Kungey Alatau ridgea. 2one :iII includes 1n the north the
noxthweat seotion of the no~thern selemogenia zone~ in the center the
eastern flank of the southern saismogeni~ zone~ and in the aoutheast--the
we~torn branehes of the Terskey alatau ridge~ Finally~ zone 1V covers
the southern branches of the Kirgiz ridge in the west~ and the western
aection of the Terskey alatau ridge in the east.
i~'rom tha viewpoint of both seismology and geology ft is impc,tant to explain
the quest3on o~' whether the manifestations of ~th~ seismic prucess Sn all these
r.ones are governed by the same tlme laws or if there exiat differences be-
tween them. Analyais of the spatial-temporal diagram constructed for
each of the indicated zonea:~ as xell as separately for the northwest~
central and southeast sections of zone III shoxed the folloxing.
Previously [2,3] it was found that Sn the manifeatation .'i seiamic activity
of the southern zone there is a definite periodicity lasting 8-10 years.
The pariods of seismic activity are 192g-1938~ 194?-1954 and 1968-19?4. The
timo intervals betxeen the named periods are characterized by relatively
roduced soismicity~ In the periods of activation of total length 26 years
there wera 26 earthquakes xith K>11~ xhile in the periods of calm lasting
21 years--1. It is evident that such a diatribution of relatively strong
earthquakes in time cannot be random.
In zono II such alteznations of periods of activation and calm are observed
that differ~ hoxever, in their rhythm f~om zone I. The periods of calm and
activation in these txo zones do not coincide in time. Thus, for zone II
the pc~riod of decline is observed in 1958-1960, in zone I in 1955i there is
no ob3erved correspondence in zone I to the sharp drop in seismic activity
in 1~68-1970 in zone II. These facts indicate tha.t zones I and II ~~operate"
completoly independently of each other.
Of especial importance is an investigati,on of the seismic activity in zone
III, or rather, its individual sectionss northwest, southeast associated
with different geological structures, and especially the central, located
at the junction of the latter. Investigation of the development of the
seismic process i'n this zone indicated that in the northwest and central
soctions the opposite tendencies occurs intensification of the activity
in tho contral section (eastern flank of the southern zone) corresponds to
its attenua.tion in the northxest~ and vice versa. T his indicates the.
G2
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i~'t)It O1~ t~'tC I AI~ U;;I~~ (~NI.Y
7J� 74' y5� 7Q�
(,475 ~(J1) q 4 ~
_ ~Q p~'~,_...- !1
, 70 ~d a
~ ~a~~s~'~
` � � � .4 4--r . . J�
6S . 4f1d1
pte~ s
00 4
f4f 1S1 JOl91
4 .
f4(~11
SS 4 9 !0 2
f4 Q 9
aU~J +r ~ ~~U J
~s~~ol ~ erol~"-~~,
.
SO "Y 10
d(Jl y(~)
y_ 4
.
as et,r1 ~J ,sa~~ 3
~
f930 ~ p O J619J ~
7J� 74� 7S� 76� ,
p~ ~7 Qa ~}s �;~}�6�-�-~-�~
Figure 3. Summary Scheme of Migration of Eaxthquakes for Southern Sesimo-
genic 2one
Key:
1-6. K~10-15 7, lines sepaxating the periods of
activation and caLn
Numbers at epicenters lndicate the number of tectonic blocks~ numbers
in parentheses--less probable variant of the block.
existence of a definite interrelationship between these sections. Such
interrelationships can be called local since sections of compa.ratively
~mall dimensions are involved in them. There are published indications tha.t
the high intensity of local interrelationships testifies to the hiFr:i
tectonic loa.ds on the territory of the sections, but at the same t~.,ne it
alse testifies to the absence of stronger ~~fects anticipating ;~~~ong
earthquakes ~4a. If here in the ~iven time interval (1967-1975 ihere ha.d
been pr.eparation for a strong earthquake ~ then the action of powerful
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tectonic ntresaes encomaassing a much ~eater axea~ as it seems to us,
would have suppressed these intensive short-period antiphase oscillations
in soi~micity on the indicated sections.
FinaJ.ly, we will e~camine ~the epicentral zone N tt~a~t includes the southern
slopes of the K~sgiz ~.�idge and the western sec~;ion ~~.f the Terskey-A1.a~a;u,
Zone N in the nature of its spatial-temporal layrs is separated into thrse
sections--eastern~ central and western~ Here the manifes~tations of seism;~iiy =
in individual sections of the zone have their peculiar3ties. Thus~ ~or
example~ an increase in the activity of one of the sections ellcits a
certAin attenuation in the other sections,
A1~ of these facts~ as it seems to us, can s~rve as additional criteria for
the establishment of the configuration of the boundasies of tectonic blocks
possessing unified properties in an accumulation and the release of seismic
energy. It is evident that such blocks possess their own seismic potential,
i.e,, can be axeas responsible for the earthquake of a certain energy.
Thus, an investigation of~the laws governing the seismicity make it possible
to separate the studied territory into seismogenic zones and individual
sections in accordance with the time laws in each of them. Depending on
the similarity or difference in the spatial-temporal laws governing neigh-
. boring regions one can esta.blish the degree of sharpness (order) of the
boundari.es between them. The sharpest boundasy (of the first order) should
be considered tha,t which sepa,rates the regions with th~ most distinctive
spatial-temporal laws--zones I and II. The weakest (second order) boundaries
separate sections (regions) in~which the development of the seismic Yrocess
occurs in the antiphase; intensification of seismic activity in one section .
is accompanied by its drop in another. Such boundaries sApaxate the north-
west and central sections of zone III, and the eastern and central sections
of zone N. The weakest boundary (third order) is the boundaxy separating
the central and southeast section of zone III whose time laws are very ~
close (fig 1~.
T he examination of the ma.nifestation of seismic activity in the southern
zone on the level of earthqua.kes K> 10 reveals the migration of the foci of
earthquakes. The s wnmary scheme o~` migration is shown in fig 3. Here on
the horizontal axis the longitude of the epicenters is plotted~ and on the
vertical--the time for the emergence of the eaxthqua.kes. I~ follows f~om
an�.a.nalysis of the given scheme that the migration of fc5ci of earthquakes
in tima occurs accord,ing to the scheme west-east, east-west (oscillations -
of the wavy type). Another feature of the migration of earthqua.ke foci
is the fact that each time they begin in the central section of th~f ~otie
(fourth block). Further the epicenters of the earthquakes migrate cv:~-
siderablc~ dista.nces--all the wa.y to the edge sections of the zone.
Thc~ map of epicenters of weak earthqua.kes in the period of deta.iled sesim3c
observations (fig 2) shows tha.t in the course of a lengthy period the
earthquakes develop in individual places in groups, not imposed on each other~
but adjoining the regions where a group of epicenters has already occurred.
With time these groups of epicenters expand, encompassin~ ever�~ greater
areas.
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A comp~rison of tho sequonce of manifes~tat~.ons of seiamici~y of dlffe~ent
sectiona of ~he southorn zone finds a logical ~xplanation from the vi~w-
point of the block structure~ Figure 4 shows the sequence of man3fe~ta-
tion of seismici~ty in diffe~ent ~time intervals for indiv3dual blooks. The
time intorvals were selected acoording to ~the periods of actlvation and
calm of individual blocks or their sets~ Th~ ha~tched areas 3.ndicate tho
relative ~.eve1 0~ activity of oach ~.nterval for the mean valus ~or the
entirn poriod of detailed observat3nns (1968-i97~+)�
7t foll.nws from tho scheme that ~n obvinus sequence is obaerved in the
manifestation of seismicity of Sndividual blocks~ mhis can be related to
the poriods of intensive roloase of a~ismSc enorgy--ac~tivation of the aeismic
activity, or its accumulation--calm, which for different blocks may not
coincide in time. The dimensions of the blocks axe roughly equal betwAen
themsolves, which indicate3 tha possible equality of their aeismlc potentials.
Ono can also speak of the equa,l pr obability of the em~rgence of a faisly
~tron~; earthquake in any of the isolated block systems. However the nature
of tho manifestation of sei3micity in the fourth block to a certain degree
can serv~ as an indicator for the detection of the activity of the others,
It follows from figure 4 that the underestimated va.lue of ~eismicity of
this block must correspond to the overestimated value in one or several of
tt~ others .
Ratio of Velocities Vp/V
s
J Recently considerable interest has developed in the study of the rat~os of
velocities of longitudinal and transverse waves of weak earthquakes as a
possible forerunner of strong ones. In the Soviet Union the prinaipal
results ha.ve been obtained in the comprehensive seismic expedition of the
Institut~ of Earth Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences [5], and abroad--
in the main Japanese and American reseaxch,
A study of the spatial-temporal distribu~ion of the ratios of velocities of
longitudina.l and transverse waves by the technique developed in Gaxm C~]
made it possible to zone the ~territory of the test site according to this
paramotar. Without dwelling in de ta,il on the rasearch technique Fince it
has baon covexed in dota.il in [6] ~re xill noto the principal results. The
maan value for the ratio V,fV for the entire region is 1.72 � 0.02. Accor-
ding to this the values V~~{I ~.1~70 are viewed as underestimated, Y~V > 1.74
as overestima.ted. Resaax~h t~as shown that on the test site territo~y ~n the
ba.ckground of normal ratios V~V b 1.7~ 0,02 anomalous volumes of under-
astimated and overestimated r~tios are isolated to whose boundaries strong
aaxthqua.kos have been confined.
~ Durin~; the period of deta.il seismic observations on the test site territory
2 earthquakos of the 12th energy cla;s were the strongest: Shamsinskiy Qn
27 October 19?2 an3 Issyk-Atin~kiy on 1 September 1973~ we hava attempted
to oxamine the beha,vior of tha ratios V~V in the process of preparation
of these earthquakes. Tn both cases onpthe graphs of the time course of
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FOI~ O~~ICIAL US~ dNLY r-
dynam3c parameto~s of the foci o~ wee,k eax thquakes S.n the Chuyskiy basin and
i~ts surroundSng mountains in the period of detailed se~.smic ob~ervations
~19d7-19?3) indicate ~ha~ there ~xists a fairly digtinct spat3al separation
of the throe types of inechanlams of the foci~
mhe dependent w3ngs of the faults are elevated (de~ormations of the type
upthrust, upthruat-strike-s11p fault) ~ The orien~tation of the axes o~. ~the
main stresses 3a suehs compress3on (i)--close to hor3zontal(O~~C e t 3po~.~~
axtonsion (k)--closer to vertical (30o~C e.C 9po~~ intermediate (x~'--closer
to horizontal (0�~G e~ 60~), The shoves ~n one plane ha,ve sma11 angles with
levol (0�~ oZ< 4~~),Xfor the other--medium angles (15~< ez1~5o~~
b) The dependent wings of the faults are lowered (deformations of the�type
normal gravity fault~ normal ~ravity-stx ike slip fault). The stresses of
stretch are close to horizontal (0� < e~jpo
vertical (30�< e 5 are separated faf,rly clearly in space. Figur~ 7 has ha.tched
and o~tl~ned the rAgions in which earthquakes were observed with 1< A~A < 5~
the sol~'~i lines--boundaries made confidently~ the dotted lines--less ~on~
fidently. It is apparent f~om the su~nmary scheme of the spatial distri-
bution of ratios that the regions with 1< A/A < 5~ obta.ined f5com materials
of di'fferent stations overlap. They also c~in~ide with the anomalous
volumes of underestimated ratios Vp/'1fs[6].
In oxamining the changes in the ratios of ampltidues of transverse and longi-
tudinal waves in time one should besr in mind tha.t A/A is governed by
both the source and the medium, and at tha'given ~ta~e gf study they cannot
bo separated. The ratios of the amplitudes (in al~ cases where there are
the necessary data) in the southern aone are usua.lly altered according to
the time ls~rs governing seismicity previously noted, and precisely: by
the end of .the period of activa.tion relatively low values of ratios are
obsorvad. An ana.logous phenomenon occurred also before the strong earth-
quakes~ although in a nwnber of cases an underestimated value of amplitude
ratios was observed that was not accompanied by an eaxthquake.
Conclusions
1. Studies xere made of the spatial-temporal laws governing the ma,nifes-
tation of seismicity on the territory of the Chuyskiy basin and its
surrounding mountains for the period 1929-1973� A cyclicity was found
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. . 1 \ ~ � ti, ~ , _
, ~ ~ ~ \ ~ ,'~y'
\
t ~
K.p.� , cDp ` ~ ~~l? b i o
l . ~j
~ ~ ,
nM
~ .I r. Y
~6~ \ 7r , \
~.~.~..~.r.-~~~ , ~ �v y _ ~ \ ~
_ ~ C ~
0�
M~~b~~~e 1 . ,
6~"~\~~ ~ ,M K ! p
\ ~ � ~j ~ (d)~
F~ F. f
' .
. 't"r'
~ ~ O~ ~e
T
Figure 7. Spatial Distribution of Ratios A$/Ap and Strong Earthquakes
Key:
Regions of values 1rfaoes: Lake Zaysan (3) ,
Meaitierranean Sea (3')f dense cloud cover (4). 2pa46� (1),
67� (1') ~ 42� (2). 59� (2') ? 29.5� (3) r 22� (3') ~ 62� (4) .
Fig. 4. The function Pk(t) in the first (1), second (2), and
third (3) profiles of the earth's daylight horizon.
An important task performed usinq the MSS-2 instrument during
the Salyut-4 mission was the spectrometric measurement o� the
earth's daylight horizon. These exper.iments were performed by
the method of spatial scanning with a constiant anqul~r rate
in a directiion forming an angle 8 from the vertical toward
the horizon. The scanning plane coincidec~ with the saqittal
plane o� the instrument.
In the course of the experiments spectra were obtained of
vertical profiles of the atmosphere at the earth's daylight
horizon. These have made it possible to establish in d~tail
the optical characteristics of the atmosphere in the visible
portion of the spectrum. Since the instrument's field of view
was greater than the anqular heiqht of the atmosphere, a
special method was developed for analyzing the data based on
ideas from linear correlation analysis.
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Ae ~n ~xample we w~,11 OOt'18~,d@3'~ tihe ~ask of determining ~he
opticai heiqh~ of ~ha atmosphere. Sarvinq as a oriterion ~or
~he tr~ng~,tion from one ob~~,ct whiah Ealls within tihe ~ield
of v~,~w o~ ~he instrument to anothe~ as ~he inat~umen~'s
opt~.aa1 axie ie shifted is ~he differenoe betwean the rk~,
e1~mQnt of ~he normalized mutual correla~ion ma~rix of spectiral
brigh~nees for the ktih and 1tih epectra and ~he value de~ermined
bY ~h~ geome~ry of tihe experiman~. From ~he geometry of ~he
experimenti i~ follows that tihe time �or ~otal replacemen~ of
an object in the ffeld of view of the instirument is 14 seconds~
~hat is, Qach second 7.2$ new area entiers the field of vfew.
Thus there should be a closa and nearly linear correlation
between recorcled sp~etra.
The correlation coefficienti in tihe conditions examined is ~he
measure o~ dispersion or error o� the associative relation
be~ween any two recorded spec~ra. Since the maximum change in
information per aecond does not exceed 15$, the fractional
1in~ar dispersfon of two compared spectira should be 85$= ~hat
is, th~ coef~icient of determina~ion r~ is 0.85. On the otiher
hand, this coefficient is determined from the matrix elements
and for spectra numbered k~.nd 1 equals rkl. From this it
follows that a reltable dffference between any two compared
spectra may be observed for rklfi Representing this
quantity by ro, we introduce a criterion characterizing ~he
difference between spectra. As such a criterion we choose
conditions producinq a maximum of the quantity
~
Pw- ~ P~~,
n li~
where Pk1=0 for rkl-ro30 and Pk1=1 for rk 1-ro