JPRS ID: 8463 TRANSLATIONS ON JAPAN

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000100050034-8
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I JPRS L/8463 ~
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TRANSLATIONS O(V JAPAN
~ (FOUO l7/79)
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JPR5 L/8463 .
' 17 May ].9 79
TRANSLATIONS ON JAPAN
(FOVO 1.7/79~) ~
,
CONTENTS PAGE
POLITICAL AND SOCTOLOGICAL
~AKA,HA~A~ Editorial Commenta of Ohira-Carter Summ~it ~
~J~, 7 ~Y 79~ 1
~NIHON KEI7.AS' Strees~s Need To ~].fill Promi.seg at
U.S. 3ummit
- (Editorial; NIHON I~IZAI SffiNBUN, 4 t~y ?9)
~ASAHI~ Comments on Upcoming UNCTAD Meeting
(Edstoxial; AsABI EvF,NING 1~WS, 5 M~Y 79~ 6 -
Communist Party Iaeues N18y De,y. Sloge,na
1 ~Y 79) 9
Opposition Parties Iesue Statements on Jape~n~s Constitution
Day
(~xi sglr~stm, 3 ~y 79) i3
= JCP~s Miyamoto To Visit Hanoi Bc:Pore; Autumn
(r~u~cxi s~tNBUN, 3o A~ 'T9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
NiILI~ARY ~
Upgraded Air Defense Force Planned in Next Fiscal Year
(ASAxI EVII~1I1~ x~ws, 1 1~.Y ?9~ 18
FCONOMIC
For~ign Exchange Decoutrol Eyed Por F'all.
DAIILY YONII~I, 3~ AP~' 'T~~ 20
~y
5 .
�MITI To 2'hrrnr Weiglit Into General Aviation Induatr~r
_ ~ Edit orial; NII4tAN KO(~CO SffiNBUN, 2 Feb 79 ~ � � � � � � � � 23
Petrochemical Industry To Scrap and Rebuild Plants
(NIKKAN KOGYO SHII~IBUN~�31 Jan 7~) 25
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CONTENTS (Con~inued) p~ge
Criticiem Against Excessive Protection oP Agricul.tural
Indus~ry I~creases
(Various sources, var3ous da~es) 27
Excessivel.y High pz1, ces
_ ~ Ts the ~rmer'e Yote That Importaat
Basten a Change in Agricultura~. Adminietra~ion,
Sei~i Ame,ik,e Interview
Ja~,n T~ Propose Internstional Development of Coal-Oil.
Mtxture
( As~HI EvII~1INf~ N~ts, 3 ~ 79 ) � � � � . . � � . � . . . . . . . . . . 41.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
,
5teps Te~ken To Promote Econanical Use of Eaergy
(NIKKAN KOGYO SHInBUN, 1 Feb 79) 42
NBTI, Nonferrous Industry To Promate Autome~ted Mining
( rr~ x~oGYO sau~ux, 3i Jan ?9 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOCICAL
~
'AKAHATA' EDITORIAL COIrAtENTS OF OHIRA-CARTER SUMMI`T
_ Tokyo JP5 in English 0900 GMT 7 May 79 OW
[TextJ Tokyo, 7 May (.~PS)--AKAHATA carried an editorial on 6 May, _
entitled "Has Japan-U.S. Relationship Come to the Age nf 'Equality'?"
The full text of the ediCorial follaws:
Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira visiting Che U.S. has (?completed) his
main schedule, including the summit talks with U.S. President Jimcny
_ Carter, and will return to Japan on 7 May. On the Japan-U.S. summit
talks extolling "fruitful partnership between the two counCries for the
coming 1980s," some quarters in Japan's mass communication media advance
an argument that this betokens the coming of the "age of equality" between
~ Japan and the U.S. could this be true?
- The inner reality of the .~opan-U.S. summit talks is most distinctly typified
as that the U.S. faced by various contradictions and difficulties in recent
years, Co rebuild its world strategy, has further integrated Japan into its
world strategy as a potent ally, which has now joined in the company of
"big powers" of capitalism. This indicates that the dropping of the rela-
tive position of the U.S. in the capitalist world, and the promotion of
Japan's positi4n do not flatly lead the Japan-U.S. relations on the
"equal" and "even" footing, but will lead Japan's structure of subordina-
- tion to the U.S. to expand, deepen, and to prolong.
~ Regional Expansion of Share in Subordination
In his speech given on 3 May at the National Press Glub in Washington,
Premier Ohira said, "The partnership with the U.S. is an essential pre-
requisite for .Japan to conduct its foreign affairs. The pPace supported F
by the balance of power in Asia, the Pacific areas, and tt~e world is still
_ dependent on the strong U.S." The reality to have Premier Ohira recognize
the world situation as such characterizes the Japan-U.S. relationship today.
The summit talks praised the Japan-U.S. security setup in which Japan is
subordinated to the U.S., as "the foundation of peace and security in Asia
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nnw nnd aver." ?t i?s ul~o confirmed Chat Che U.S. and Japan wi11 ~ointily
~ ~~rop up Chinn, whicis ie repudiating the cauae of socialiem, and is drawing
nlo~nr to Chd imperialiqt powere~ and ChaC Japan will pc,eitively cooperate
with the U.S. in the new unfolding ot Che U.S. intervenCioniet policy in
- Indochina, and the ~~olicy to "stiabilize" the rule of the Asean-associaCed
countriea.
Whar to be noted, in addition, is that Japan's rule for supplementing
_ Che U.S. strategy extends to the "peace and stability in ehe Middle Ease
and Che Gulf area."
It is widely known that Che recent de~velopment in the Middle East area,
. including the downfall of Shah Pah~avi.'s regime in Iran, which had been
the U.S. foothold for the rule nver Che Middle East, and the increasing
diatrust of Arab counCriea of the U.S. on the "peace treaty" between '
Israel and Egypt, in which PresidenC Carter made a direct interference,
have endnngered the U.S. strategy for natural resources and energy, noC
only in Che U.S. miliCary strategy. [As received] to have Japan take in
the responeibility to assiat the U.S. for the "sCability" of this area,
means that Japan's share of responaibility under the Japan~U.S. military
alliance will be expand~d to the global acale, not only to all Asian
areAS.
It must be pointed out that Japan's ahare of role under eubordination
to the U.S., in the name of "partnershipy" is creatiug a marked increase
in the military bearing [as received] in the expanding areas.
In the summit talks, the heads of the two countries confirmed to each other
that the security setup is in good condition that never existed before, in
such instances as particularly in the recent advance of the buildup of
the Japan-U.S. defenee coopeLation setup of both countries be further
strengthened, and the Japaneae SDF's war potential be reinforced. It
should not be passed in silence that those agreements are related to the
buildup of the U.S. military strategy in the Middle East, and the U.S.
policy to maintain the military superiority over the 5oviet Union, as seen ~
in the move to set up an Indian Ocean fleet.
In this political and miliCary background, it is very serious that a new
U.S. structure for economic rule over Japan is being constructed, under -
the pretext of a liquidation of the econou~ic frictions between Japan and
Che U.S.
In speaking at the National Preas�Club, Premier Ohira said that Japan ha3
made commitment to the U.S. thaL Japan will promote the "five ob~ectives
of the external economic policy" for a"medium and lon~g range period,"
including the reduction of Japan's surplus in the bElance of payments, an ,
early enforcement of reductions on tariff, and the change in the economic
structure. This indicated that in the summit talks, Japan accepted the
~
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s~trong U.S. demands. Particularly, Chrouqh the summit Calks, Japan is
ob~.igated to make.an early settlement of tl~e procuremenC of U.S. equip-
ment for th~ Nippon Telegraph gnd Telephone Public Corporation, and to
further liberalize Japan's markets, including Che import of agriculeural
product. This means Chgt Japan's leading indusCries and food will be
increasingly sub,~ect to the interesCs of the multinational corporationa,
rhat is, U.S. monopoly~capital, and this will inevitably force more burdens
and sncrifices on the people, including many small and medium business
operaCors and farmers in Japan.
In the Japan-U.S. science and technology cooperaCion agreement, it should .
not be takep lightly thAt a long range setup was agreed between Che two
~ counCries for Che development of new alCernate energy, including Che
nuclear fusion and the liquidization of coal.
What must be pointed out further is that Japan and the U.S. agreed to
establish a regular consultaCion beCween the Japanese Government ~nd
the U.S. Government on the high-level officers in charge, and a civilian
"wisemen's group." [as received] The so-called "wisemen's group" is
~ nothing but a permanent system for m~nopoly capital of the U.S. and Japan,
under the leadership of U.S. monopoly capital, to directly pressure Che
Japanese Government and to supervise the Japanese economy. This will
leave Japan's economic sovereignty to the care of the U.S. for a long
Cime to come.
Choice of the Japanese People Becomes Weighty
It has become a serious concern for the peoples of Asia and the world,
as well as the Japanese people, that on what course Japan will steer, a
country now referred to as a"big power" in the capitalist world.
In this respect, the Japanese people's choice between the two ways has
become more important than ever: Either to walk on the road of sub-
ordination to the U.S., serving monopoly capital, or to get out of such
a course and change to a political, dfPlomatic and economic way of self-
reliance and independence, peace and friendship, and for the service to
Che people.
In the recent suIIanit talks, the Ohira govermnent turned its back on the
aspiration of the Japanese people and the way to peace and friendship
among Asian nations, and declared that Japan will embark on the course
to integrate the future of Japan, literally for a"medium and long range"
period of time, into the new order of subordination to the U.S. the
irresponsibility of the Ohira goverrcment for this must be severely denounced.
We repeat emphasis on the importance of a complete change in Japan's poli-
tics, with a view to building an independent Japan with democratic national
economy, and establishing genuine peaceful and friendly relations with the
peoples of the Asian nations. [As received]
.
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
'NIHON KEIZAI' STRESSES NEED Td FULFILL PROMISES AT U.S. SUt4tIT
Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN in Japaneae 4 May 79 morning editton p 2 OW
[Editorial: "Promises at the Japan-U.S. Summit Meeting and the Government's
Reaponsibilitiea"]
[Excerpts] Almost half the itema mentioned in the ~oinC communique deal
with economic isauea and their ma~or thrust is to eliminate economic fric-
tion between Japan and the United States. This indic~tes how anxious the
United StaCea ia to resolve problems arising from this bilateral economic ~
friction. IC should be noted that Japan has given very concr~te promiaes
on items enumerated in the ~oint com~unique. Japan should give serious
thought to what ahould be done and how ta fulfill Chose promisea. Never-
theleas, the attitude of the prime minister, the governmen+t~ and the
Liberal Democratic Party eeem to be too easygoing in regard to the obliga-
tion to fulfill commitmente made in this ~oint communique.
We, of course, do not believe that Prime Miniater Ohira has promised thaC -
Japan will endeavor to eliminate economic friction between the two coun-
tries merely to end the summit meeting amoothly and in a friendly atmosphere
without having any confidence of eucceas. YeC, it should be emphasized that
painsCaking efforte will be r~quired for Japan to fulfill iCs cmamitments at
the sumniit meeting, including its agreement or resolve, before the upcoming
Tokyo su~mmit talke, the ieaue of opening Japan's Government proCUrements to
forei~n manufacturers. �
'I'o fulCill those commitments, Japan should fundamentally review its "new
' economic and social seven-year plan" even though its basic principles
_ l~ave ulready been formulated. It should also strive to open its markets
widely in industrial, agricultural, and monetary sectors and in the field
of distribution. Furthermore, Japan should endeavor to attain international
homogeneity in its institutional mechanism and implementation of policiea.
At the same time, Japan ie required to provide appropriate economic coopera-
tion to developing nations and fulfill its share in promoting the aecurity
of the West in proportion to its current national strength. By so doing,
.iapnn can be faithful to the commitments it made in the summit meeting and
in tl~e ~oint conrtnunique and to their ideals.
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~ To eliminaCe.economia �riction between Japan and the UniCed States, our -
; paet experience~ repeaCedly indicate Chat Che government ehould seek to
t c~btain popular understanding of and aupport for Japan's diplomatic poai-~
' t:iona. In Chis conr~xt, aucceas in rebuilding friendly relations between
; .~apan and the�United Stiates, with Prime Minister Oh3ra's recent U.S. vieit
' supplying the momentum, very much hinges on his leaderehip.
~
; COPYRTCHT: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha 1979
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I~'OR O~FICTAL [151: ONLY ,
POL~'l'ICAI, AND SOCIOLOCICAL ~
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'ASAHI' COMMENTS ON UPCOMING UNCTAD MEETINf'
Tokyo ASAHI EVENING NEWS in Eng].ish 5 May 79 p 2 OW
[CditoriaL in ASAHI SHINBUN 2 May: "UNCTAD Meeting"]
[Text] The fifth triennia.~, meeting of the United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development opentng in Manila on 7 May forcea us to again cnn-
s:ider the faet that while many countriea suffer from aevere poverty only
a few en~oy the comforta of an advanced, affluent economy.
~ The briefcases carried by Che representatives of the developing countries
of the south will be filled with pleas and demanda to be made to the
advanced countriea of the north. Butthese advanced countriea are still
feeling the oil shock of 1973 and most of the requests of the under-
developed countries will probably not be met in the near future.
What were the results of the~"10 years of United Nations development"
carried out in the 1960s and 1970s? It is true that systems were estab-
lished in the trade and currency fields to work towards solution of the
norCh-south problem. There are countries like South Korea, Singapore ~
- and Brazil where industrializaEion has occurred and which have developed
into "semi-advanced countries" or "new industrial nations." But ths ~
basic etructure of 20 years ago of "prosperity in the norCh and poverty in
the south" has not changed. On top of that according to the prediction of
the World Bank, even if the developing countriea achieve the economic
growth expected of them in the future, some 600 million people will still
be trapped by the distresaing caneequences of povert~ such as hunger,
illiteracy, disease, high infant mortality rates and low average life
expectancy at the end of the 20th Century.
Many despair at the slow pace of improvement but the adv;.nced nations
show little interest in confronting the north-south problem because they
. are tired of giving aid.
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{ Hue �or both'tf~e norCh and Che eouth, the correct choice ia to grapple
wi~h ehe norCh-eoueh problem witih fresh courage, We must aceept the -
fact Chat the economies of individual nationa are dependent on the world's
~ ~ economy. Th~e~mutua].:dependency relationship between the north and tihe
� soutih is deeper Chan ever before. If the advanced countries hesitatse to
� help the.develop3ng countriea and withdraw ineo protactioniaC trade ahells,
~ it wi11 not.Qnly._hurt the counCriea of the south but will eventual~.y '
~ destroy~the countries of the north.
i .
The new development etraCagy of the 1980s must be drafted through the
UNCTAD Manila_meet,ing, the Tokyo Summit in June and the aumn+it meeting
of nonaligned._countxies in the fall, ~
~ Prior~to the Manila m~etin the "
g, ,group of 77 developing countriea met
~ in Arueha,,Tanzania,~i~n.~ebruary and drafted an "Arusha proclamation"
~ conCAining the--demande of- the south. This proclamation ic in fact a plan
i
worked out by.Che devel~ping countries to establish a"new international
I economic order,",but the c~ntents are very diverae. They reflect the fact
~ that the econamia,,gapa-between the oil-producing nationa and the non-oil
; producing natiione--end'between the semi-advanced and developing countriea
~ and the gapa'between,'the countries of Southeast Asia, Africa and Central-
; South America are 'gradually widening and Chat polarization ia becoming
i obvious even-among-the�.countriea of the south. . ~
~ ...r._._._...__._....
; ~ Because the con~ents of.the ~oint fund for primary products, which was
a problem carried over from the fourth UNCTAD meeting in Nairobi, had
been decided,:there appeara to be no focal point for diecussions between .
~ the north and---the-sa~tith at the Manila meeting. But if the advanced coun-
tries take advantiag~e.of the diveraification of the demands of the developing -
~ countries and cope with.them in a perfunctory manner, the backlash from the
~ developing caran~riee'probably will become stronger.
Practically all;of the developing countries were diseatiafied with the
results of.the Tokyo Round Multilateral Trade negotiations and refused to
_ ' initial the agreement. But in the Manila meeting, it is expected that
they will prog6g~''f~'"ie-~start of the "developing countries round" respective
of the position of the south.
Furthermore, the developing countries are expected to demand the extenaion
of the general~special benefits system, promotion of industrial ad~ustments
t~y the advanced ,countries so as to open their markets to the products of
the developing countries and doubling of government development aid by
Japan, the United Statea and Weat Germany in three years. On top of that,
the developinE~"countries will probably demand revising various interna-
tional agencies. They want to establieh a group of government experts to
. strengthen the voice of the south as well as an agency to atudy long-term
credit from Che__north to.-the south.
There is need far the advanced countries to handle each of these demanda
.with sincerity. This is true, not only for the advanced countries of the
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Weat, bu~ aleo for the socialiat countries, particular~.y the 5oviet Union
and the Ease European countriea. It should be noted thgt Che neg~tive
atand of the Soviet Union and the East European countriea on Che north-
south problem has further annoyed the developing countries.~ Al.so, China
and the Soviet Union ahould refrain from engaging in fruitless debaCes at
the Manila meeting. -
~ Japan's role at the Manila meeting ia vexy importanC. This is not only
because an UNCTAD meeting is being held in Southeast Asia and Prime
Minister Masayoshi Ohira is attending as the f irst prime ~niniater of
Japan to do ao, but because he will actually be the representative of
the leaders of the advanced countries. Since the north-south problem
will be a ma~or topic in the Tokyo Summit which will follow the Manila
meeting, Japan's conatructive handling of the north-sout:~ problem at the
Manila meeting, together with the discussiona at Che U.S.-Japan Summit in
Washington, will affect the succese or failure of the Tokyo Su~niC.
Together with the queation of how much Japan can reply to the demands of
the south, there is the queation of how active Japan can be as a bridge '
between the north and the south. '
Providing cooper8~ion and aid to help cultivate human resources in the
~ developing countriea, which Ohira will etresa in his speech at the Manila
meeting, is one way to reply to the demands of the south.
COPYRIGHT: Asahi Evening Newa 1979 ~ . }
CSO: 4120 ~
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POLZTICAI. AND SOCIOLOGICAL
~
COMMUl~12ST PARTY ISSUES MAY DAY SLOGANS
TaKyo JPS in Englieh 0~54 GMT 1 May 79 OW
(Text~ Tokyo~ 1 May (JPS)--Following are the May Day siogaae of the
Japaneee Communiet Perty~ isaued on April 27:
1. Oppoee Liberal Democratxc Party politica of reaction. bribery and
corruption~ which ie eerving big bueinees and workiag in subordination
to the United Statee. Open the wa;~ for progress and r~form in the 1980'e
by eetabliehing a broad united front baaed oa the three progreseive
objectivee. M antiprogreee coalitioa of the Liberal Democratic, Komei~
aad Democratic Socialiet partiea ie the way of the LDP to carry Chrovgh
ite reactionary policy. To reform iche natioaal administration, orgaaiza
a big movemeat to eeek a natioaal cow anaue oa progrees and reform.
2. Stop ma~or compaaies from arbitrarily "reducing maupower~" aad make
them r~tura their racord high profite to the workers aad the people.
ttebuild the Japaneee economy democratically, by changing the industrial
aad ecoaomic policy in favor of the people's intereete and by raisiag
the purchasiag pos+er of the people and iacreasiag public investments ia
the interest of the people's living.
3. Stabilize pricee, block hikee in public prices~ ~uch as nationsl
railway faree and tobacco pricee~ and the ua~uetifiable raieing of pricee .
by ma~or compaaiee, including ma~or oil companies~ which are loc+king for
the opportwaity to raiee oil pricea. Substaatially reduce the flotation
of national boade to control inflation. Oppose the plaaned geaeral
coneumer tax~ the aorst people-axploiting tax. Reform the national
budget adminietration democratically.
4. Raise workere' wegee and estsblieh a natioaal, uniform minimum wage
system. Increase employment by restricting overtime and ehortening work-
houre. Expaad public employment pro~ects in the inter~ets of the local
- people, aad guaraatee livelibood and vork to the uaemployed.
5. Oppoes malrevision of the LaboY Staadards Act. For genuine equality
betweea mea aad women, and for improvemeat of the status of s~romea. Expaad
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and subetantiiaee protectiion of moeherhood, gnd astiablieh tihe rigt~t of
women to work.
Cive ~obs Co youth euited to each one'a ability and vocational apeiCude.
Abolish discriminarion in ~amployment, and eetiabiieh a fgir employm~nti
oyae~m. Giv~ su�frage to aii 18-year-olde.
6. Establieh a aecure price syatem for ma~or egriculturai products ae
the reaponsibility of the n~tion. For muitifaceted development of agri-
culture, providi~ag conditione for a voluntary change-ov~r of farm produc-
tion. Curb liberalization and axpaasioa of agricultiural impor~s~ and ~
rai~e the eelf-sufficiency rate in foods. To meet the 200-nautical-mile
water sone era~ develop multitype fieheries centering on coaeCal and off-
ehore fieherie� and aetablieh democrstic contrn?!.
7~ Oppoee the plan for fuadamentai malrevieion af the health insurance
. syeCem. For a democratic change in the medical care syetem. Fo~ draetic
~ imprnveme~st ~,n the peneioa eyetem~ and for draetic Cax cuCe for worki~g
people and emall and mediwn anterpriaee. Oppoee ws?~ustifiable raieing
of rent~ for pubiic ho~seing. ~emand large numbere of cheap-renti~ good
quality public houeing.
8. Don't allow the legieletion of Che Imperial Era aame to paes the Diet
which wouid lead to malr~vieion of the conetiturioa. Oppoae political
reactioa and the revival of militariem ae shown in the appraisal of the
imparial inetructione for military mea~ and [oppoeej makiag Kimigaya
(May the Imperial Era Laet FArever) the natioaal anthem. Oppoee the
plan for mairevieion of the Criminal Court Procedure Act aimed at intro-
ducing "court triale withouC defenee council." Stop the intrigue of
introduction of a small-constituency syetem. Unconditionally ratify the
internatioaal coveaant on human rights. For complete implementation of
the peaceful aad democratic claueea of the constitution.
9. Oppose bueinese-ridden electioneering, which violates the coastitu-
tion. Sweep away all diecrimination based on thoughte, beliefs or sex.
For freedom and democracy at every workahop. Oppose designated dis-
miesale, as at Oki Electric Co~ and develop actione of solidarity in
workehops aad localitiee. For complete recovery of fundamental rights
of employeee for government aud public workers, including their right
to etrike.
10. For sound development of childrea in mind and body, and a fruitful
International Childrea's Year. Oppose reappraieal of the "Imperial
Rescript on Education," making Kimigayo (May the ImgeriEl Era Last P'or-
e~ar) the national anthem, aad all biaeed, discrimiaative and selective
educatioa. For educational reform to raise vital, intelligenti and broad-
minded childrea. Elementary, ~uaior and eeaior high echool classes to be
limited Co 40 pupils, constructioa of more high schools, eliminatioa of
differencea of inerit among universitiee, easing of hellieh difficulties
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in entrenc~ examinatione. Expand the indapsndeut people's mov~mant to
defend cultiure from corruption~ oppoae ~ex mer~h~ndi~ing~ violence and
murder. For conetrucrion of pub~.ic aportie fe~tlitiee~ and expansion of
. the people's righC to engage in aportie antivtCiee.
- 11. Oppoea Liberal Democratic Parry local politice eerving big bueinese
channellzed to (ae r~ceiv~d~ the ceneral governmenC~ on the eCrengCh of
the achievemente of progreeeive farceo in the eimultaaeoue local elec-
tiione~ and continue to defend and expand progreseiv~ ioc~l governmenCs~
to eafeguard xhe people'e living and rights.
For reetoring and etrengthening local adminietratione. Re~enti tranefer
of financial difficulties cauAed by LDP politica onto local governmenCe.
Sweep out violence and profiCeering by the Asada-Matsui factioa of the
_ League for the Liberaeion of the Diecrimineted "Buraku" (occupationally
diecriminated people). For fair and de~cratic ipCagration of tihe
~ adminieCration.
12. The McDounel-Douglas. Grumman ead Lockheed payoff ecandale are
products of dirty relations between big bueine88 and the political world.
RooC out corrupt politice by banning donatione from enrerpriees. Keep
out maneuverg of Che InteznaCioaal Federation for Victory Over Communiem~
the plotting organization of the South Korean C~ntral Intelligence Agency
(KCIA).
13. Oppoee the etrengtheuing of Japan-U.S. ~oint operatione. ~Stop the
plot to formulate wartime (emergency) legielation. Oppoae reinforcement
" of the SDF's war power. For abrogatioa of the U.S.-Japan security treaty ~
and for nonaligned neutral Japan.
Negotiate with the Soviet Union on the reCurn of Habomai and Shikotan
islands, part of Hokkaid~, to Japaa. Abrogate the Chishima Islanda
renouncing clause of the San Franciaco "peace" treaty, and abrogate the
U.S.-Japan eecurity treaty, to open the way for the reversion of ~11 the
Chiehima Islande.
14. (?For eigning an iaternatioaal agreement for) baaning of nuclear
weapone and their use, for removing nuclear basea, for legislation of
the "three aonnuclear principlee," attd building the national unitq of
the aatinucleap weapone movemeat.
15. Demand Chiaa'e immediate~ unconditioaal aad complete withdra~tal of
its troopa from Vietnam, and an immediate end to ite armed provocation
and violation of the sover~ign righCs of Cambodie and Laos. For soli-
daritq wi~h the Kampuchean people who have liberated themselvee from
the yoke of the Pol Pot regime and are pureuiag a policy of peace aad
friendship for democratic, neutral aad nonaligned Itampuchea. ~
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For solidartty with all peoplee in the world etiruggling againat impe~ial-
iem and reactinn~ and for soctal pro~ress~ peace and the right tio national
self-determination,
~ 16. The formation of a progree~ive united fronti 18 ehe oniy way tQ
edvance the trade union movement. For "independence �rom capital" and
"independence from politiaal parCy" for trade unione. For genuine unitiy
of tihe labor fronti~ noC baeed oa anticommun~em, and oppoaed to exploitia- '
tion and oppreeeion~ and eo defend living end righte.
17. Terroriem againsti leadere and~ activieCe of the Japanese CommunieC
Party and the progreeaiva forcee pavee the way for another dark age in
Japan. Thn goverament mueti etirictiy supprees violenC terroriets. Every
violent organizeCion that triee to ~ustify terrorism muet be dieeolved.
18. Long live the big advance made by th~ Japaaese Comnunist Party in
the recenti eimultaneous local electione. Respect and thanks to all
people vho gave eupporti to the Japaneae Communiet Party and progreeeive
local governmente. '
19. Open the way to a progreeeive fuCure for Japan wiCh a big advance
of the Japaneee Communist Partq, which maintains a progreseive stand at
all times and everywhere~ the party which ia the motive force of the
progressive united front~
20. Long live the SOth May Day. All workere and oppressed peoples ia
the world, unite.
CSO: 4120
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POLiTZCAL ANU SOCIOLOGICAL
OPPOSITION PARTIES I5SUE STATEMENTS ON JAPAN'S CON5TITUTION DAY
Tokyo ASAHI SHINBUN in Japanese 3 May 79 morning edition p 2 OW
~"5ummaries of 2 May statements by Japanea~ Opposition Parties Marking
the 32d ConatituCion Day on 3 May"]
(Text) Statement by the Japan Socialist Party: While manifesCing their -
deCermination not to allow Japan Co repeat its past mistake, the people
have strived to build a democratic, peaceful nation under their pre~ent
constitution. However, successive Liberal Demor.raCic Party [LDP] Govern-
- ments have continuously sought to threaten the current constituCion by
perverting its spiriC and even by not holding any commemorative funcCions
for Constitution Day. Due to the expedited efforts by the Fukuda and
Ohira cabinets in particular, Japan is nof~ about to return to a statua
similar to that which existed under the old imperial constitution. This
is apparent when we notice the current maneuvers to enact "emergency"
legislation, institutionalize a prime min~$ter's visit to Yasukuni Shrine,
legalize the use of an era name, change the judiciary system in a reac-
tionary way, and step up "self-defense" capabilities. Our party hereby
reaffirms its dedication to the current constitution, based on the spirit
underlining the formation of the pgrty, and declares that it will make an
all-out effort to protect the constitution and pursue the ideal of the
constitution in our daily life and rise up to take the lead in rebuilding
the reformist force and create a new political tide in preparation for the
21sC Century.
The statement by Komeito: With the ideal of the current constituCion in
mind, we can notice the following features in the past year's political
and social activities. The first is the distinct ~rowth in popular
support to for the middle-of-the-road politics as revealed by the recent
local elections, which were conducted under the slogan "Let us realize the
age of local autonomy." The second feature is a strong pop~~lac feeling
for the need to shift from case by case welfare steps to overF~ll, syste-
matic welfare measures. The thiYd is the LDP's increased antipeace
posture, which is obvious in its successive mdves--taken in th~ grip of
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g revival mood--~uch ag Che pureuance of il].egal aime ChYOUgh defense
argumente, psseage of a biLl on the Yasukuni Shrine~ and Che connivanca
~?t ~nehrining tihe "souls" of C1ase A wati criminal~ at Yaeukuni. Shrine.
bur parCy firmly b~lipve~ that stYOng eocial eupport can be won when it
endeavors to make etep by seep tieforms with confidence and through a
realietic approach. Our party ia detet~mined to make every pAaeible
effort to protect the current conetitution and real~.ze its ideale.
The etatemenC by Wada, chairman of the National Movement Commietee o�
the Democratic Socialist Party [DSP]: It is gratifying Chat a growing
number of people in Japan now understand the epirit of the constitution;
yet, we ehould not overlook the fact that both the conaervative, reac-
tionary force and the communiaC force are now atepping up their maneuvere
to deatroy the current constitutional order. We ehould especially be '
aware that the communist force talke about the protection of the constiitu-
tion for merely tactiical purpoaes and it hae nothing to do with tirue
freedom and democracy. On the other hand, the corrupt plutocracy ae
symbolically revealed in the airctiaft ecandals is incapacitaCing parlia-
menCary democracy and making people feel Che futility of politics.
rurthermore, it is extremely regrettable that illep~al strikea are being
~ repeaCedly staged. Looking at thie reality aquarelyy our party will wage
a courageous struggle Co protect Che constitution and make all efforts to
build an ideal nation.
The statemenC by Kaneko, director of the United Front Department of the
Japan Communist Party: We are greeCing Conatitution Day amid increaeing `
reactionary challenges againat the conaCitution by the government and the
i.nP. During the paet year, there have been successive maaeuvers to destroy
the peace and democracy articlea in our current constituCion through
"emergency" legislation, admiration for the i~perial rescript on educa-
tion and glorification of the imperial mandate ~or military servicemen.
The rightist, reactionary promotera of "era name" legislation say that,
when enacted~ the "era name" bill will mark a mileatone roward the
rewriting of the constitution. Thus~ thie bill directly conflicts with
the doctrine that eovereignty reata with the people. Anticommuniet
middle of the road parties such ae Komeito and the DSP are following and
cooperating with these maneuvers. While aeverely criticizing those maneuvers
by the Ohira GovernmenC and the LDP, our party will struggle to implement
the p~ace and democracy articles in our current conatitution. An urgent
national task is to crush reactionary challenges against our c~nstitution.
Our party calls on the democratic force and the people to develop the
struggle for thia national task into a broad, joint reformist campaign.
The statement by the United Socialist Party: We are comwemorating the
32d Constitution Day since our present constitution was put into force,
proclaiming Japan's renouncement of war and pur~uance of peace. On this
occnsion, our party is resolved to renew its efforts to r_xeate a society
in which citizens can fully enjoy peace and their freedom and rights as
guaranteed by this constitution. As political ruler of this country, in
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conElict with the tide of the times, the conservat3ve I.DP government hae
long mxneuvered to change this conetitution. The Ohira government hae now
been attempring Co pro].ong the current Diet seseion to enact "era name"
legielation. It connived at enahrining the "soula" of 14 Claea A war
criminals at Yasukuni Shrine last fall. All this conflicCs with the tide
of hisCory. Our parCy wi11 bitter].y oppose rhesa maneuvers~ hoping that
through rhe ciCizeng' own e�forts the spiriC of the consCitution will be
embodied in our daily life.
COPYRIGHT: Asahi Shinbun Tokyo Konaha 1979
CSO: 4105
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
JCP'S MIYAMOTO TO VISIT HAN02 BEFORE AUTUI~1 ~
Tokyo MAINYCHI SHINBUN in Jmpanese 30 Apr ~9 Morning Edition p+ OW
~ [Text] According to a Japan Communiet Party [JCP] aource~ JCP Chairman
Miyamoto appeara to have firmed up his plan to viait Vietnem sometime
before the fa11. If rhe viait materializes, complying with a recent VCP
invitiation extended to "the JCP'e higheat-level leader eo vieit Hanoi,"
it w~.ll be the firat visit by the JCP chairman to the Indochinese coun-
try eince ite unificaCion. The JCP recently reconciled with the CPSU
for the firet time in 15 yeara and Chaircnan Miyamoto is expected to visit
Moacow before the end of thia year for talks with General Secretary ~
Brezhnev. The JCP's movea to strengthen tiea with the Soviet and Viet-
namese communist parCiea are expected to have a subtle effect on the
Aaian situation which is influenced by the Sino-Soviet confrontation.
The JCP source was cautious about revealing when Miyamoto will viait
Vietnam, saying that Che party wants to avoid unnecessarily irritating
China at a time when China and Vietnam are holding vice foreign miais-
terial talka on the border dispute. The timing of the visit aeems as ~
yet undecided because it conflicta with Miyamoto's visit to Moacow, but
the party seems to be aeudying the possibility of eff~cting the visit ~
before the general elections--expected to be held in autumn--after aeeiag
how the Sino-Vietnamese talka develop.
Although the JCP and the VCP are exchanging delegations to each oCher's
congreesea, Miyamoto's planned visit showa the JCP's desire to strengthen
ties with the Vietnamese party. Miyamoto last visited Vietnam before
the country was unified.
The Japanese and Soviet communiat partiea have been supporting Haaoi in
the Vietnam-Cambodia dispute and the Sino-Vietnamese conflict and
' severely denouncing Beijing for its "hagemonist actions." If and when
Miyamoto viaite Hanoi and holds a suc~nit meeting with General Secretary
Le Duan, the two party leaders are likely to exchange views not only on
party-level queations such as promoting friendship between the two
parties, but aleo on the Sino-Vietnamese conflict, the relationahip
between Indochinese countries and the Association of Southeast Asian
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Nationg (ASEAN)~ other Aeian situatione ae we~~. as on tihe intiernaCional
~ communiet movement. AC ~he end ot their tialke, the two leaders are
expected to iesue a~o3nti stat;emenC.
~ The JCP source eaid: "It ie natural to ca11 for respect for each;orher'e
_ independence and sovereignty, noninterference in each other's internal
affaire and a negotiatied setiClement of disputes ae mattera of principle
agreed upon by communiet parties of otiher natiions." Thus, a~o3nt etate-
' ment is likely to make a denunciation of China as ita keynote.
In China's eyes~ th3s atrengthening of relatiions between the Japanese and
Vietnameae parties following the recent JCP-CPSU rapprochement w311 cer-
eainly be mirrored as "an alliance againet China by the three partiea"
and ie moat likely to invite Bei~ing's atrong oppoeition.
COPYRIGHT: Mainichi Shinbunaha 1979
CSO; 4105
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UPGRADED AIR DEFENSE FORCE PLANNED IN NEXT FISCAL YEAR
Takyo ASAHI EVENING NEWS in English 1 May 79 p 3 OW
(Text] Defense Agency Directior-General Ganri Yamaehita outlinad Saturday
the next fiscal year'e defenae buildup program which features plane for
upgrading the nation'e air defenea cepabilities. _
The draft program servea ae the basis for the agency's budgeti requeste
for the next fiacal year. Yamaehitia showed it tio aelf-defense force
chiefe of staff the eame day.
The most imporCant feature of the nation's defenae buildup program for
: fiscal 1980 (April 1980-Mareh 1981) will be the initial preparatione
for the introduction of Che new bese air defease ground environmeat
- syatem (BADGE) and miseiles to replace the preaent Nike and Hawk misaile
- syetem.
' The preaent BADGE, inetalled in 1968, combinea 28 radar siCee and f~ur
~ air-defense co~m?and poete to enaure early warninga of unidentified eir-
craft invading Japan's air epace and enables authoritiea to dec:?de which
airbaee's interceptore ehould be aent to meet the invadera,~through the
halp of computer in BADGE aetup.
However, with the appearance of the latest milltary sircraft erluipped
with more powerful airborne computera~ the presen~ BADGE hae oecome
obeolete due to the limitaCiona of the computer memory capar,ity. Con-
sequently, the Defense Agency hae decided to replace the p~:eeent BADGE
with a new one over the period between fiecal 1983 aad 19P5.
The replacement is eatimated to cost more than $100 billion. In fiacal
1980, the agency plans to atart the preparatory work such as designing
the new B~ADGE setup. This will cost a few hundred million yen.
The program for the introduction of new air-defense miasile syatem is
to counter an improvement of the air-to-ground miesile capacity of
Soviet Far Eaetern forcea.
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O,ther propoeale outlined for fiecal 1980 ~.nc~,uded equipping maritime ~
seif-de�enee force deetroyere and eubmarines witih torpedoea even in time
of peace and keeping ehe ehipe prepared tio uee m~.~nes.
The dra~~ p~ogram for renovat~,ng tihe nation'e @efenea syetem also
includes a propoeal for deploying an axmored division in the nation's
northernmoati isiand of Hokkaido 3n an effort to atrengthen ite enti-tiank
combat capabilitiee.
, COPYRIGHT: Aeahi Evening Naws 1979
CSO: 4120 '
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FOREIGN EXCHANGE DECONTROL EYED FOR FALL
,
Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIt1RI in Englieh 30 Apr 79 p 4 OW
, ;
[ExcerpteJ, Japan'e ti.ght~ complex foreign exchange controle, the target
of much harah criticiem abroad~ are due to be dropped for Che moet part
thie fa11 if the government'e plane go through as scheduled.
~ New legislation to replace the preaeat foreign exchange, trade and ,
inveatment lawa hae been drawn up by an advieory committee to the
� Finance Ministry and the International Trade and Induetry Miniatry.
The government plane to submit Che bill to the Diet in early May, ~ust
after the Golden Week [from 28 April to 6 May] holidays, and hopes to ,
have it enacted in time for the Tokyo economic aummit in late June.
Since numerous ordinancea and adminietrative regulations m~ust be reviaed, -
. application of the law would not come into effect until thia fall at the -
earliest. ~
,
The new bill would merely bring formal legialation more into line with
current realitiea and practice, eliminate a good deal of needleas red
~tape and paperwork and help bring Japan into a more tolerable alignmeaC
with the reat of the world, particularly the Weat, on financial mattera
as well as trade.
In concrete terma, what will the new legislation do? It lays down the
~eneral principle thaC there will be no controls on foreign exchange,
. providing for restrictions only in emergencies and apecial casea.
Emergency Situatione
The emergencies in which controle may be applied are tahen there are:
--Extreme fluctuations in exchange rates. .
--Huge deficits or eurpluaes in Che payments balance. ,
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~--Such an inflow or outflow of �unds tihat credit policy may be negated.
These emergenciee have baen epecified in Che bill iCaelf so as to avoid
chargea from abroad of poeeible abusee of admix?iatrative discretiion in ,
the application of Che new ~.aw. -
In capital tr~neactione, bueiness firme in Japan will be able to borrow
and ~.end abroad freely. Medium- and ~ong-term loans will require on~.y ;
prior notice to the authorities. ~
Thie will also apply to directi ovarseas investmenC and aleo to incoming '
foreign iaves~ment except in four sectors auch as primary industry.
The purchaee and eale of secur3ties will be decontrolled, and the floaCing
of fore3gn securitiea in Japan will not require of�icial clegrance except '
in epecial casea.
In trade, the standard aettlement ayatem, usually requiring a letter of
credit~ in export traneactions will be dropped as will be that of prior
notificatioae and official clearance of axport shipments.
Thie raquirement, however, will be kept for small-acale exportere dealing
in textiles and light aundry gooda.
Export of Credit ,
On exporC of credit, the limit now of aix montha, over which official
approval is required, will be raiaed to more than one year. This alone
will reduce Che administrative case load of such deals from 15,000
annually to 600. ~
Deals of more than 1 million yen each between a firm in Japan and ita
branch or subsidiary abroad now require tranefer of funds through a bank
in~Cead of a eimple bookkeeping settlement. Thia ceiling will be raised
gradually.
There are numeroua other aimilar measurea which will be taken toward
decontrol.
For example, Che maximum which an individual Japanese can hol.: in a bank
depoeit overseas ia 3 million yen. This ceiling will be abo~.iahed.
The new legielation ia aimed largely at appeasing critical opinion abroad.
The banka, larger business firms and wealthy individuals with interesta
abroad also chafe at the preaenC reetrictiona, red tape and paperwork
and the coats and delay involved.
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~ If mattere go as the bill declaree in its etatementi of pr~.nciples, Japan
i' will be moving in~o a new era in which there will be a freer flow in and
~ out of money, ae well ae goode and services, that wi11 aerve ~o braak
i down furCher the closed aepecte of its aconomy. ~
' ~ Poaeible Barrier
j How'�aet and far developmenta go dependa, ae a~.ways in the case of Jap~n~
' on how the authorities adminie~er the law.
~
~
; Thare is, however, a basic conflicti beeweeU the new legielation and the
tightly controlled domestic financial syetie~, and whether foreign exchange
dacontrol will help to bring about liberalizati:Lon ae well in domestic
finance rem~ains to be eeen.
COPYRIGHT: DAILY YOMIURI, 1979 ~
cso: 4120 ~
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ECONOMIC ~
MITI TO THROW WEICKT tNTO (fENERAL AVIATION INDUSTRY
T'okyo NtKKAN KOGYO SHINBUN in Japaaese 2~eb 79 p 2
;
(Editorial: "Ieeue of Smali Aircraft Induetry Promotion") ~
~7'extj Th~ Minietry of International Trade and Iaduetry (MITI) has dec3ded to
actively promote the emall aircraft induatry. Developmeet of small aircrafts
capeble of carrying few (upwarde of e dozen) passeegers--charter crafts ahich ~
do not belong to regular ma~or airlines~ privete planes belonging to bueinee-
ses aed individuals, eight-seeing~ inepection and agricultural uae aircrafts
- and so on~-and the developmant of related industr.iea are the main targer� of
thie MITI undertaking. Thue~ after the new year and if possible, during
April, MITI ie planning ~o establish a Small Aircraft Reaearch end Development
Committee (temporary deaignatiou) within the Society of Japaneee Aircraft and
5pace Induetry Contrectors and to vork out a policy direction with both
the state and the civilian aectore cooperating.
The aircrgft industry ia a valuable and neceeeary tool for maintaining and
edvancing our couetry; and yet, in reality, it ie dominated by defeaee re-
quireaient. In the civilian aircraft eector~ the development plan for a~et
passenger craft YX--a Japan-U.S.-Italy cooperative venture is about to renilq
get underway. In addition, the development/encouragement of small aircraft .
industry would expaad the basis of the general aircraft industry and contrib-
ute to ita growth.
Behind the MITI's decision to emphasize promotion of small aircraft induetry
is the ise~ae of reduction of cuatoms duties on aircrafts resultiag from the
"Tokyo Round" (Multifaceted Trade Negotiation). Already, there is a basic
agreement between Japaa and the United Statea to vork toy?ard complete removal
of customs duties on aircrafts and the only remaining agenda item is a nego-
tiation with the EC (European Community). With the implementPtion of mutual
reduction of customs dutiee, the Japaneae small aircraft industr,y ia deliber- ;
ating waya to ~trengthen ita international competitive pover. Another agpect '
of this situation is future opportunity for exportation--esy to the United ~
States.
It is said that in the United States there are 185,000 smail aircrafts of the
above noted deecription. Air time p~r year for such aircrafts is approxi-
mately 2,000 hours and ite "operation ratio" ia quite high. The U.S. aircraft
~
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induAtry ~a a whole haa ~uet ebout conquer~d buAinees atagnati.on reauleing
from th~ Peerol~um Cri~i~. The general aviation caeegory--smaii ai.rcrafee re-
laeed induatry--in parEiculer~ hae bean doing vatiy weil. RecenCiy, ir haa
grown into ~ i7,000 aircraft per yaar, 1.5 biilion dollar market utature. The
arC~riA1 rout~~ b~tween big cieies ere dominaead by air buee~ which enable low
coAe, large volumca eransportation. gut rhere ~a a view .?at with the ri~e in
inCOme lev~i and maturgtion of eocisey~ air trnnaportation needg wiil become
divQreified aed ehe popularity of amaii aircrafte--to be used much in th~ ~gm~
way as taxicaba aed prtvate care--aiil tatce hoid.
Japsn'e eCar iaduatries--autoQ?obile and television--~rare lete-comars oa the
inCernational ecene. They achiaved their auccees in emali model secrore and
firmiy eetabliahad their poeition eherefrom. A amail aircraft promotion
policy which vould lead to full utilization of applied technology--a Japaneee
�p~ciality--and mailufacture of efficiene smail aircrafes ought to be coneider- ~
ed. We do have tha technology to do it. Whethar or aor thie fieid can
dev~lop fully in Japan is rathar depeadent on factorg relatiag to actual
oper8tion. The firet order of busiaese is to accurately grasp the overcrowd-
ing of the sky situaCion. It is eesentiai for the Minisery of Transportation~ ~
Ministry of Construction and other related government agencies to cooperate in
thornughiy ex,amining euch topic8 ae air traffic regulation, coneolidation of
airporte and noiae control policies.
_ COPYRICHT: Nikkan Kogyo Shinbuaaha 1979
11460
CSO: 4105
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,
ECONOMIC ~
,
;
PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY TO SCRAP AND REBUILD PLANTS
Tokyo NIKKAN KOGYO SEtINBUN in Japane~e 31 Jan ~9 p 8
(Text~ Japa~'s petrochemical plants ere beginning to be
_ auperannuated. According to s eurvey conducted by the
Mieiatry of IaternaCional Trade and tnduetry (MITI? ie ~
reference Co il itieme to be discuased at the Petirochemical
Concilia~tory Coaference~ tihe average age of plants was 9.3
yeare. Taking 15 yeare as the life epan of a peCrochemical ;
plant, the ma~oritiy of facilities are cloae to the end of
their existence. The average age of ethylene plants wae 8 '
years. Though this category regietered below the total
average, the plants producing the leading producCs--high
pressure polyethylene, polystyrene--were 11 years old. It
is estimated that theae plants will be the focua of "scrap
and build (rebuild~" activities in the future.
A~ a reeult of draetic decline in demaad for p~trochemical products following
the Petroleum Crieis ("Oil Shock") of October 1973, there has been almost no
near construction or expansion of peCroch~emical plants. Conaequently, plants _
belonging to varioua firms have gradually become superannuated, and they are
begianing to ahow their age. The depreciation rate for most of them is now
over 50 perceat.
The tendency toward superannuation vae clearly revealed in the MITI aurvey,
alao. SBR (styrene butadiene rubber) plants headed the list with an average
age of 13 years. High preasure polyethylene, polyethyleae and BR (butadiene
rubbery plante were 11 yeare old; acrqlonitrile, aceto-aldehyde plants were 10
years old. Mid/low pressure polyethylene plgnts Were 9 yeare uld; and
polypropyrene, etyrene awnomer and ethylene oxide plants were 8 yeare old.
~ That is to say, ~11 the plants have reached middle age.
The reason that the ethylene plants (average age--8 yeare) are eo youthful in .
comparison to others is due to the fact that Ukishima Petrochemical's Second
- Plant (annual production--400,000 tons) and Showa Petrochemical's Tsurusaki
Plant (annual production--3~0,000 tons) have been completed since year before -
last. The reat are believed to be quite old. ~
~
i
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, Againat the backdrop of euperannuatiion of petrochemical plante and reaovery of
demand for pRerochemica], produces, the vatiioue manufacturers are now beginning
ro focud Cheir atCention on ecrap and rebuild acCivities. 3howa Petirochemicel
- acrapped 3te mid/law polyethylene piant in Kawaeaki and repiaced it with a new
faciltty in Teurusaki. Following rhie lead, Sumitomo Chemical ie exami.ning a
proposal to move its high preseure polysthylene facility from Niimahama to
Chiba in an effort Co concenrratie its operaeion. Miteui Petirochemical, too,
i~ hurrying Coward euepeneion of ite Irakuni Otake Ethylene Plant. Starting
. thie year, the petrochemical industry is expected to become bueily engaged in
the gcrap and rebuild activieiee.
Table: Average Age of PeCrochemical Planta
Depreciation Rate Average Age
Ethylen~ 68X g yeare
High Pressure Polyethylene 70 11
Mid/low PreesuYe Polyethylene 64 g
Polypropyrene ~ 69 8
Polystyrene 60 ll
Styreae monomer ~ 60 g
EO 62 8
AcrylOniCrile 7'2 10
Acetoaldehyde 76 10 �
SB~ 67 13
BR 75 11
IR 43 6
Note: MITI Survey of 1 Auguet 1978. Figures have been compiled from capacity
weight.
COPYRIGHT: Nikkan Kogyo Shinbunsha 1979
11460 -
CSO: 4105
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CRITICISM AGAINST EXCESSIVE PROTECTION OF AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY INCRENSES
Exceesively High Prices
Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN in Japanese 4 Feb 79 p 3
~Text] Agricultural Adminietration at Turning Point
Criticism AgaineC "Exceseive Protaction" Becoming Loud in Bueiness and Labor
Circles, With Pear of Inflation in the Background
l~ood pricee remain far above tlie international level. Ien't it natural that
they ehouid go down? Ien't the agricultural administration spending too much
money? Recently~ there ie growing ~riticism against agricultural administra-
tion in busineee circlee and among labor unions. The agricultuYal administra- :
tion, Which has been inclined to protect the producers, is now confronted with
the necessity o~ undergoing an important about-face. ~
Consumers' Voice Ignored '
US Senator Hayalcawa, who came to Japan in November last year, said, with an
amazed look, as follows: "Why muat Japan restrict food imports, until food
pricea at home become so high ae at present? In Japan, consumers' voicea are '
not reflected in politics. Labor unions are demanding an increase in wages.
They do not, however, argue for an increase in the purchasing pover of their
wages."
True, the demande of Japaneee labor unione have been centered on wage in-
creases. Confrontation between labor unione and producera' or~anizations over
the prices of agricultural products hae not been conceivable. Oae instaace is
the problem of the rice price. Labor uniona and producer organizations 'right
together, for the common purpose of "raieing the producer price and kp~ping
the conewner price at the preeeat level." Tocigy, howeve:, "~oint struggles
- between workera and farmers" have begun to disintegrate.
Deputy Secretary General Masao Uenishi of Domei (Japanese Confederation of
Labor) says as follows: "Agriculture has been protected excessively. The
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rice price ehould go down, in the lighe of the principles of the marketi econ-
omy." According to him, "The wege problem must be etiudied in connectiion wi.th
the levei og prices, and 3t ie ueeleee to discues thie problem separaeely from
other problems." "
Bueineee circlee, too~ are becoming more and more irr3tated aC the exceaeive
protection of agricul,ture. A].1 euch bueiness organ3zations ae Keidanren
(~edereCion of Economic Organizationa)~ Doyukai (Japan Committee for 8conomic
bevelopmenC) and Nikkeiren (Japan FedergCion of Employers Aaeociatione) have
begun to make rigid demande on agricultural adminietration sin~~e last year.
"It hae become neceseary eo carry out a fundamental reform of the pr3ce
etructure, which has been aeparated from the 3nternational 1eve1 by protec-
~ive measuree" ("Tb,e Present State and Medium-Term Proapecta of rhe_Japaaese
Economy," publiehed by Keidanren on January 23). .
"The policy of protecting agriculture has now become a heavy burden to be
borne by the naeional economy. The government ehould make a one-step advance
toward eolution of thie probimn" (The New Year etatement of viewe~ issued
by Doyukai on January 10).
"We want to request etrongly that the government foster Japanese agriculture
as an induatry which can gain international competitive power by ite own ef-
forCs" (report made by Nikkeiren's Committee on Wage Problema on becember 14~
laet year).
Excesaively High Prices of Agricultural Products
, Particularly enthusiaetic ie Doyukai. It is said that this orgaaization vill
. form a study group, including labor unioniata and economisCe, in the near fu-
ture, to draw up a propoeal about this autumn. This is the sixth propoeal to
be made by Doyukai concerning agricultural problems, since the first proposal
of this kind waa made in April, 1960 (in the form of a statement of views on
Japanese agriculture). Also it was seven yeara ago, or in November, 1971,
that the previous, or fifth, propoeal was made (under the title of "Posture
To Establiah a Green Plan for the 21at Century").
Background 1: Thie is the feeling of anxiety over inflation. Attention will
. be �ocused hereafter on whether the trend of business recovery will make prog-
resa autonomously. It ie the trend of prices which holda a key to auch prog-
resa. If inflation occure, the tempo of increase in conaumption will slow
down.
There are not a few factors to worry about. For in'stance, land prices are
rising steadily, the amount of currency in circulation is increasing, and
public utility chergee are being raised. Becauae of such a situation, many
people are seeking a reduction in food prices. .
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"For boCh employere arid labor unione, iti is imporCanC to etab~ize wagas. If
inflation occure, howev~r, 3t will become impoeeible to do so. In tihe period
of rapid groweh, iti would be pos~ible for ua eo make up for the ihcrease in
coete by the~improvemenC of productiv3tiy. Ati pre~enti, pr~.vate enterprises
are moee �earful o� inflation. Of the prices at preeent, the price of agri-
cultural producte are noticeably high" (Deputy Repreeeneative Secreeary Seiichi.
Yamaehita of Doyukai). ~ -
Sackground 2: Thie is the cont~oversy over real wages. Criticism againet
agricultural adm~,nietration among labor unione was touch~~l of� by the rise in
the yen rate. In epite of the rieing yen rate, food prices at home did not
go do~tn. Niklceiren contended that "Japanpse wages have ieached tihe higheae .
1eve1 in the world." Ae a matter of fact, however, the people did not feal
so at all. Such a eituation~ which gave rise eo the view Chat "~'he yen is
etrong abroad but weak ax home~" is aetributed to the excesaive proCection of ~
agric~lture and rhe maintenance of tracie restrictiions. ;
~
Also it may be true that the criticism againati agricultural admini.stratiion is '
sonnected with thie year's apring labor etrugglea. Some people think that
"'Labor unione have been taken for a ride on the employere' argument for curb- ~
ing aage increaees." Furthertaore, criticism against agricultural adminietra- i
Cion in labor circles ia led by the 1$lbor unions under the influence of Domei, '
and not a few members of Domei are the labor unions of thoae enterprises which '
` are dependent on euch exports ae autom~bilea. It may be true, therefore, ,
thae theae Iabor uniona think that "We are euffering from the riae iri the yen j
raCe~ becauee the governmenC is not willing to 1!'~~Yglize agricultural importa."
i
"The real purchasing power of the yen is becoming emaller and smaller than ,
that of the currenciea of oCher advanced nationa. In Japan, the decline in ~
the real value of the currency has became all the more rapid, due to the ab- ~
normally high level of the pricea of agricultural and live-stock products and ~
housing. All restrictions on agricultural importe, with the exception of }
rice, ahould be aboliahed as early as posaible, for complete liberalization ~
of such imporCa" (Domei's "On Wage and Policy Struggles in Fiscal 1979"). i
i
Economical Character Deaired of Food Cvntrol System i
i
Background 3: Thie is a financial admi.niatration crisis. Agricultural ad- ~
ministration ie expensive in character. A typical inatance is the money which ~
the government must spend on rice. Every year, the government ia spending ~
~F700 billion or ~F800 billion, to make up for the lossea incurred by its sale ~
and purchase of rice. For the settlement of the oversupply or rice, too, it ~
must pay a eum of ~F900 billion. Furthermore, the government offices in the ~
field of agricultural adminiatration are overetaffed. JPpan today cannot ~
afford to provide funds to be Waeted.
"In Japan, the price of rice ie five times as high as that in Thailand, and ;
the price of beef, too, is five times as high as that in Auatralia. Under- ~
lying such a aituation, we think, is the excessive policy of protecting '
, ~
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agricu].ture. Ie the exietence of 600~000 officials in charge of agricultural
adminietiration very helpful to the improvement of product3vity~in ehe field of
agr3cu].ture~ where there are 600~000 houeeholde engaged solely in agricultur-
a1 pureuite?" (reporr made by Nikkeiren'e Committge on Wage Problems).
"Iti ie neceseary to supporti the pricee of agr3cultural producte. The sup-
port ehould be given~ however~ from tihe national economic s~andpoint and in
eccordance wi,th the principle of rationa~.ity. It ehould be etud3ed, 3n ac-
' cordance with Che new direction to be followed by agricu~ture~ how to intro-
duce economi,cal e�ficiency intio the food control eyetem."
Thie argument, which ie like].y to be accepted, w3thout modification, as a de-
mand on agricultural adminiaeration~ ie included in the firet propoeai made
by Doyukai ~ln 1960. Thie propoeal wae drawn up by Tadashi. Sasaki, who at
that time wae seated on the Board of Directiore of the Banlc of Japan and alao
eerving ae Repreaentative Secretary and Chairman of the Agricultural Policy
CommitCee of Doyukai. Tk~e year i96o eaw the occurrence of a controverey over
the enactment of an Agriculture Baeic Law (enacted in June, 1961) and the
resultant development of diecuse~3one on what agricultural adminietration
should be. Wi~h the lapse of 19 yeare eince that eime, the agricultural
problem ie again attracting popular attention. Sasaki saye that "Agricul-
ture aC that time etill had a more romantic viaion than at preeent." What
has agricultural adminietration been doing during thie period?
Sasaki Holda Prices Kept Too High, and Argues for Relaxation of Import Re-
strictiona; Amaike Givea Top Priority To Improve,m~mnent of Productivity, and
Urges Re�orm of Food Control Syatem
Keizai Doyukai (Japan Committee for Economic Development) has decided to
tackle agricultural probleme. It says it wante to draw up a proposal this
autumn~ at the latest. On the other hand, Domei (Japanese Confederation of
Labor), which is a labor organization, is ehowing a poeture to make demands on
agricultural administration. For inetance, it has included the liberalization
of agricultural importa in the goals for ita atrugglea in fiscal 1979. On
thia occasion, we sought the opinione of Tadashi Sasaki, representative sec-
reCary of Doyukai, and Sei~i Amaike, chairman of Domei, on auch problema
as what agricultural administration ahould be. -
Sasaki
Future Vision Not Yet Found
Question: First of all, why is Doyukai going to tackle agricultural problems?
Answer: Agricultural problems are important because of their connectiona
with such other problema as pricea and employment as well. Recently, Doyukai
was becoming inclined to atudy agricultural probleme. As a result, it has
decided to tackle these problems. It may be said that Doyukai is going to
search for a way to the rationalization and modernization of Japaaese agri-
culture. We want to make a propoeal, upon unificatioa of opinions within
our organization.
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Questiion: Doyukai ie going to make a proposal concerning agricultural admin- ,
ietration for a aixth time~ since iti preeenCed itis firet proposal (g etate-
mene of viewe on Japanese agriculture) in 1960. What ie your view on tihe
present eitiuaCion, ae compared with ehat at tihe time when the firet propoeal
wae mada?
Answer: At that time~ Japanese agriculture was not yet in such an extireme
~tate ae aC pYe~enC. IC etill reCained itie flexibil~.ty. 50, ie wae pos-
aible for poyukai to clarify a future vieion in its propoeal.
Now, however, Japanese agriculture has come Co the wall, and it ie difficulti
for us eo find a eolution ro the problema con�ronting it. The eituaeion has
. already reached a point, where rather drastic meaaures muae be taken, even
for the eolution of Che problem of rice alone. It~is uselese to argue about
what iC ie impoeaible to do in practice. Yet we feel that eomething muet be
done.
Question: Does the biggest problem lie in the high pricea of food? .
Anawer: Yes. Thie problem hae primary imporCance. Food prices in Japan are
higher than thoee in other countriea. Eggs are perhapa the only item whiah
islower-priced than in other countriea. It is because of the high prices of
food that the agricultural problema are now attracting the attention of var-
ious circlea. Wages do not increase, becauae the profits of enterprisea
have fallen. On the other hand, living expenaes are high. I think ehat
auch a situation is not endurable for the labor uniona.
Question: The rice price~ too, has riaen, while there is an overaupply of _
rice.
Answer: Such a strange situation occurs, because the government continues
forcible measures, without touching upon the root of the existing system.
It is neceesary to eupport prices at a certain level. Farmers' income must
be kept at a certain level, like that of the workera. In running the national
economy, it ia important to maintain the purchasing power of these people.
However, it will rather give rise to difficulC problems, to keep prices at
an unnecessarily high level. For instance, food prices in Japan have be-
come extraordinarily hizh, in comparieon with the international level. We
do not think that it is ob~ectionable in itself to support prices. The
problem liea in the fact that prices are kept at a high level.
Labor Force Can Be Absorbed
Question: Will the liberalization of ugricultural imuortR become unavoid-
' able, if food prices are to be lowered?
Mawer: Yes, it wi11 become unavoidable, ae far as food prices alone are
concerned. An advisable direction to be followed hereafter ia to relax the
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import restrictiions. It is difficulti, howaver~ to make a good plan to follow
this directii~on~ while maintiaining the Parmers' income at the p~esent level.
Manufacturing industr~.es have gained inCernationa~. competitive power by the
development of technology. Agr3culCure, howaver~ cannoC do likewise, because
ite pxoduction depende on nature. Thie ie a d3f�icu],t point of tihe agricul-
tural problema. However, iC ie too nervoue to think that dire coneequencea
will follow, if liberal3zation ie carried out.
Queation: Will it not become a problem, however, that an overeupply of man-
power, which ie noC Co be absorbed into any fie].d, wi11 occur in the agricul-
tural areas~ if~a re�orm of agricultural administration ie carried our?
Anawer: The so-call~d tertiary induetriea vary widely in characeer. Of these
indusCries, ~ho~e connected wi.th cu].tural work and the collection of informa-
~ tion are destined to develop hereafter. Such induetriea are called the
"quaCernary industries." The leiaure induatries are called the "quinary
induatriea." In these industr3al fielde, Che number of ~oba is increaeing,
as a maCeer of fact. It ia poesible, to a certain ex~ent, to have the in-
creasing supply of manpower (from agricultural villages) abaorbed mainly in-
to the field of Che quaternary ~nd quinary industries.
Amaike
ParC of Efforta for Maintenance of Present Real Wagea
Question: There ia the impression that the labor uniona, too, are becoming
more and more crirical of agricultural adminiatration recently....
Answer: One problem ie the rise in the yen rate. Nikkeiren (Japan Federa-
tion uf Employera Aseociations) contenda that "Japanese wages have reached
the highest level in the world.'' However, the purchasing power of the yen
within the country has not increased at all. In auch a situation, the pricea
of agricultural producta and the distribution structure are neceasar~:ly taken
up for discuseion. The high yen rate will produce greater effects, if agri-
cultural imports are liberalized further.
Question: Why has Domei taken up agricultural problems in its apring strug-
gle plan?
Anewer: It cannot be said that auch problems as foreign trade and agricul-
ture have nothing to do with labor unions. We cannoC remain silent indefin-
itely toward the high pricea of food. Thia is a problem which cannot be
separated from our demanda concerning the policies of the government. For
the maintenance of real wages at the preaent level, too, it is necessarily
argued that "Food ehould L�e imported from abroad at lower prices." This
cannot be done in a ahort time. Yet it is etill necessary to carry out a
fundamental reforin of the preaent agricultural administration.
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Questions What concreta meaeures ehould be ~aken7
Anewer: Japan's ptiimary induetries are p~,aced in a more or less disadvan(+
_ tageoue poeition~ in comparieon with thoee of otiher countries. So iti ~.s `
neceesary to grant,protiecti.on to them to a certa3n extent. It ie not per-
miseible, however, for the primary industries to rely solely on protection -
and neglec~ efforte to improve Cheir productiviCy. In the case of beef,
- too, we do not ~hink that coneideration for the future of Japan's 1:~ve-stock
industry ia not neceseary. We should probe the possibility of importing
cheap bee� from abroad and grantiing the profits accruing From such importe
_ Co the farmers, ae a eubeidy for the iaaprovement of the product~.v3ty at home.
QuesC3on What ie the biggesC problem?
Anawer: It is perhapa the food control ayatem. Without thia syetem, the
rice price ehould go down further. Friction will occur, if eome ex~reme
meaeures are Caken at once. Ae long ae thie system remaine as iti is, how-
ever, we mueti "wait one hundred yeare for the watere in the Ye11ow River to
clear." I think thati a drae~ic reform of ~he food control syatem muat be
carried out.
Question: In what way ehould the syetem be changed?
Answer: It ehould be changed in a way to increase the amounC of rice~on free
eale. It wi11 cause trouble, however, to permit the price of rice on free
sale to fluctuate violently. It is advisable for the government to control
auch fluctuationa.
No Enmity Harbored
Queation: What kind of movemente doea Domei intend to etart hereafter?
Answer: Aa a labor organization, Domei wante to make demands also on agri-
cultural administration, which has bearing on the people's livelihood. Of ,
course, we must coneider the poaition of the farmera. We have no intention
_ of treating the farmera ae our enemy. Talks must be held among the con- ~
sumers, producera and the government, on the basis of mutual understaiiding,
on how to increase the productivity of agriculture. It is not the farmers
alone who must be blamed for such problems ae the method of rice production
and the food control syatem. It ia rather correct to eay that the $overn-
mente to daCe maintained their power with the support of agricultural vil-
lages, and neglected efforta to eatablieh progreseive policies.
Question: The labor~movement, which was centered on struggles for higher
wages, has undergone a coneiderable change.
Auswer: It ie important for labor uniona to step up their movements from
a broad point of view covering the whole of eociety. To date, labor movements
baeed on auch a viewpoint have made little progress. Consumers, too, must
make earneat efforts to aiake their movementa more powerful than at preaent.
COPYRTGHT: Nihon Keizai Shinbuaeha 1979
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~ 1
Ie the Far~er e Vote That Important
, Tokyo SHUKAN SITYNCHO in Japanese 1 Mar 79 p 26
[Text] "J'apan's overprotected agricultural adminietration ia an interna-
~ tional anachroniam."
,
;
It is diff~cult Co underetand why Japan's congumere remain eilent even when ~
~ Chey are forced to eae rice pr3ced five or six ti,mea hi.gher than the world
, price.
The United Stat~s attacked Japan, mak~ng the abnarmality of Japan's agricul- ~
ture Che ob~ect of ite aseault ~n ~he U.S.-Japan negotiatione on agricultural
producta, which had continued uneaeilq for more t;han a year until the end of
lae~ year.
Whather eyee were opened by euch U.S. agitation c?r not, t'nere 3s a feeling
that cri.tiiciem againet agriculture hae inCenaifie~d recently ~hroughout the '
coun~ry.
Questiona were raised succeseively on trade and Mgricultural products' pricing
from groupe in the bueiness world~ euch as the Kaidanren (Federation of Eco-
nomic Organizatione) and the Nikkeiren (Japan Fec~eration of Employers' As-
~ sociation). And labor uniona, which have been aympathetic to the farmers
until now, began to 1oudly attack agriculture by saying: "Agriculture has
been protected too much."
Moreover, even among the government agenciee, officials began to.gang up on
the agricultural adminietration with the Adminiatrative Management Agency
advising a clean-up of the Ministry of Agriculture, Foreatry and Fisheries'
feed and soybean reserve syatem and adviaing work on improving the syatem.
Finally, a eituation, altogether unthinkable until now, has appeared where
agricultural cooperativea, which are preesure groupa peraonifying "bull-
dozer," are beginning to talk of an intensification in rice acreage reduc-
tion.
However, deepite euch fierce criticiem, a poaitive move to change over the
agricultural adminietration cannot be eeen from any of the political parties,
including the LDP, or from the all-important Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fiaheries.
We don't need to be told by the U.S. that Japan's agricultural policy is the
most dishoneet in the world in that ridiculously high agricultural products,
compared to international prices, are being forced on the conaumer, a re-
sult of the fact that piling on protectiona for pioducers ahuts out any
mechanism for a free economy. ~
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~'or example, leti'e takQ a look at oranges, which we have to eay are ~ypical
of the "not allowed" adminietration, the eame as with rice and beef. AC the
end of 1.ast year, the biggeat question at the end of Che U.S.-Japan agricul~
tural produc~s' negotiations was a liberalizaC~.on of orartge importg, which
the United Staties etrongly requesCed. It wou~d have been good newa for the
conaumer 3f ~he import of America's inexpenaive, good-tasting or~es were
to be 1lberalixed, bur the oFficiale of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fieheries, ~.nclud~.~ng Ichiro Nakagawa, min3ater at that time, reddened and
reaiated. They were able tio have their own way toward the U.S. in exchange
for allowing a slight increase in the amount of orange ~.m~.ort.
They would eay, "To make maxtier~ worse, if good-~aetiing oraa~ges were to be
imported ~t a time when we are experiencing difficul~y in dealing with the
surplus production of Unshu or~ea and growere are having to make them into
~uice, the growera wouldn'ti be able to aurvive at all." But the point is,
if Japaneae can produce or~ges delicious enough not to lose out to American
or~,ngea, they ehould not fear something like the 1~beralization of importa.
If orange growera fails to improve their product without making any effort,
and orange production is geared to making quick profita--with no consideration
given to conewnere--and if~ ~he gover~aent inaiste on protecting the growera,
then Japanase agricultural industry will only become corrupt.
As it ie eaid that two-thirde of the LDP Diet members are members from rural
areae, recent auccessive prime miniaters all held their aeats from a base in
Che agricultural communities. Thus, for Che sake of the farmers, who are
20 percent of the population, the other 80 percent of Che population is in
the predicament of having to eat "expensive and tastelees food."
Prime Minieter Olzira, alao from an agricultural community, was pleased to
eay in his speech on administration policy that "Che economy-centered era
has ended; now it is the era of aulture." However, forcing this kind of
poor dietary life on the people, there will not be any "culture."
COPYRIGHT: Shinchosha, Tokyo, 1979
Hasten a Change in Agricultural Administration
Tokyo ASAHI SHINBUN in Japanese 5 Mar 79 p 3
[Interview with Sei~i Amaike, preaident of the Japan Confederation of Labor
(Domei), who was born in Tokyo and graduated from Higher Elemei?tary School.
He began a labor union movement at a town factory in Kawasaki; entered the
Japan Confederation of Labor (Domei) in 1929; was matnly active in the
ironworkers' union in Kanagawa Prefecture. Af ter the war, he returned as
a full~time activ~e member of the Domei, which had been rebuilt, and, in
1959, became general manager. In 1964, he became aecretary-general of the
Japan Confederation.of Labor at the time of its formation. He has held his
present post eince 1972. He is 64 years of age.] ,
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[Text~ ~Que~~ion] Domei is inaisting on a change in the agricultural ad-
ministration, in connacti~n w3th thi~ year's wage increase demands. There
hae been criticiem of the agricultural administration before the busineae
world and con~umer groupa, but Y thought i~ unusual for tihe labor unions
to make demands on the agriculCural adminietration.
[Anewer] Beginning from ite view on price controls, the Domei actually has
seressed even until now an "anti-monopoliatic pricea" posi~ion and an "anti-
opportunietic price increase" poeition, ae we11 as having emphaeized the
"Haetetting of the modarnization o� agricu].eure and ite distribution system."
This (lack af modernization) ia Che biggesr reason for the obetruction of
coneumer price controls. The fact that lately we have paid attention to the
w~y tihe agricultural adminiatration ehould be is but one part o� the sub~ect
of price control. Besides that, we are making demande for po~.icies on public
utility feea and on the land and houeing problems. Domei has not simed sole-
ly at bringing down prices on agriculCural products.
Low Purchaeing Power
[Queaticm] In Chie year's labor battle plans, decided at the convention
Dome3 urged "the quick and complete liberalization of agricultural products
excepC rice." I have heard thie is the firet time euch a thing has happened.
[Anewer] Yes, thie is the firet time it was atipulated. What we in Domei
have diecuseed for a long time until now came out into the open and became a
atrong demand. To give the giet of the detaile, at the time of high level
growCh, the manufacturing industry's productivity increase wae remarkable;
the people's lives improved on the whole, while compensating for the archaiam
of agriculture and its diatribution. BuL, with a change to an era of low
growth, the ateepneas of food pricea, hidden until now, is pulling dowa the
citizens' $tandard of living. I think thia has atarted to attract the labor-
era' attention as an urgent topic.
An international comparison of wagea and prices has been discussed much late-
ly. With the yen's recent, sudden increase, Japan's wage standard has reached
the world's highest level, surpassing France and the UK and ranking alongside
the U.S. and Weet Germany. However, this ia the result of expresaing in `
dollars wagee that are paid in yen; this is only a nominal level. Nominal
wages are high, but what about real wages, looked at from their purchasing
power? Varioue figures are given on how to take the exch~nge rate. But,
based on the results of the Japan Federation of Employers' Aesociation's
(Nikkeiren) aurvey, they are limited in actual power to only half that of '
the U.S. and West Germany. They still have not equalled that of France and
the UK. If one aeka why this ia so, one reason is because, compared to Europe
and the U.S., Japan's agricultural and livestock prices are extremely high.
According to a curvey from October of the year before last, Japan's beef
prices are about five times thoae of the U.S.; pork, 2.5 times; fiah, four
times; cabbage, double the price.
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_ [Question~ Th~ Nikkeiren eaid th~ foliowin$ in ite report on the wage prob-
igm. "Before~ the General Council o� Trade Unions of Japan (Sohyo) dis-
~ pieyed ae tte epring ].abor bartle elogan: 'Oiva ue the etandard ~uropean
wagel' That demand hee now been met compietely."
~Answer) That ie the nominal wage calculated from the exchange rate. But
that ie meaninglee~ to the laborer~ unlese~ when he uses h~.e money~ the renl
value hes rieen. Why is the national purchaeing power of tihe yen so weak?
I think thAt~ from the actuai experience of life~ people are acquiring sharper
eyes to obeprve egricuitural product pricee.
[Queetion) Now the Sohyo ie saying: "Give us a xeal waga equal to Europe's."
(Msw~rJ nomei hae been demanding an increaee in real vagee. Of course,
the deroand for "real wages the eame ae Europe" is a great thing. Howaver,
we have to work hard in our own wgy. It will be difficult to reali~e thoee
"real wagee the eame ae Europe" if ~?e are egainst increaeed productivity, ae
ie the, Sohyo .
~Queationj One view of the reason vhy Domei hae begun to say "reduce agri-
culeural product pricee through liberalization" is beceuse there are many
export industriee and depressed induatries in some of the labor unione belong-
ing to Domei.
From the managere' viewpoint, there is little margin for giving even the
nominal wage because vage cosCs have already risen in international competi-
tion. From the labor union~' viewpoint~ there ie a sense of actueness that
"the coet of living ie higher even though wages have goae up onlq a little."
_ A18o, import reetrictiona oa agricultural productB is intensifying interna-
tional economic friction. Moreover, doee that aot result in bringing about
a riee in the yen? Ien't that aleo a concern of the union membere?
[Anawer) The Domei hae coneistently emphasized free trade. The basis is
eliminating a protectionism and building up a structure for international
_ cooperation. If ve rep~eatedly have one country refusing to import agricui-
tural products and, to couateract that, the other couatry refusing the import
of manufactured goode, protectionism will come about. Japaa's economy cannot
- m~?terialize in such a eituatia~.
For all that, we are not saying~ "Let's sacrifice the farmer of agricul,ture
in order to increaee exports of manufactured goods." Tt~e problem is the
abnormally high prtce of agricultural products. They were extremely high
before the sudden r~ee in the qen. It cannot be denied that this was based
on a policy of exceseive protection of agriculture, aad that it resulted from
the fact that th~ overprotected agricultural admiaietration delayed the
modernization of agriculture. Chenging this kind of agricultural administre-
tion, let'a plan for the acceleration of agricultural�modernizati~n. We want
the reform of ~verious kinds of sid syatems to advance modernizatioa. If that
heppene~ they i+ill eecure a aelf-eupporting system for their agriculture,
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gnd offer lot,r-priced ngricuitural ~nd livestock products to the citizene on e
etable b~eie. Thie ie the coze of our demand~ We ere not eimpiy eaying:
"LiberalSzal"
Capital ~rom Teriff~
~Queetionj Bu~:, e"quick and complQCe liberalization of agriculturai prod-
uct~ except for rice" eeeme to be a bold propoeition. There murt ba etrong
reeistanc~ from the farmers wt~o ~ay: "if there ie liberalization~ livestock
raisers and orange grower~ wil]. be destroyed."
(Answer~ There may be some mieuaderetanding because the presentation of our
- pelicy demande were eomewhat e.i,mple and brief. 8ut, in no way are we think-
ing about import liberalization eo ~s to deatroy egriculture. For example~ I
think the following ie a mathod of doing it. Firet of all, we abolish limita-
tione on the amount of imporCe of agricultural products excapt for rice. At
praeene, we levy tariffe eo high that agriculturel product prices do not come
down in thie country. If we apply that tariff income as capital �or moderniza-
tion, we grow to Che point where we can have an inCernational compeCitive
power. Keeping pace with this, we reduce the tariff rate little by little
until ir ie zero in 10 to 20 years. In ehort, deciding a courae to take and
then ncting this way~ there ahould be a policy for liberalizing [agriculture]
in a rational manner. The farmere' independent effort ie aleo necessary; but
modernization won't come about if there ie no appropriate policy.
(Question~ A rebuttal has come from the agricultural adminietration authori-
tiea. "Ien't the high price of agricultural producta only a problem of the
producer's price? Seventy percent of the price of agricultural food products
cnmee from the cost of proceeaing and disCribution."
(Answer] Naturally that ie the problem. The producer also suffers when the
diatributor "pada fieh and b3ef prices." Also, we have continued to poinC out
the fact that the late etarC in moderuization of the diatribution syetem has ~
prevented the return of a marginal profit for the cone~er.
(Questionj It is eaid that "the rate food coste occupy in Japan's cost of
liviag, that i$ to say, Engel's coefficient, ie near the average for Euro-
pean countries." The rebuttal ie "Ien't it alright to have a Japanese atyle
price syatem in Japan"? and "Are Japan's food pricee really high"?
[Answerj Perhapa thaC is becauee there is a diffe~ence in the food content.
The rate of animal protein in the caloric intak amount for the Japaneae is
14 percent, against 38 percent for Americans and Europeana. The amouat of
~tarch ia 52 percent for the Japanese, agaiast 20 percent for A~oericans and
Europeans. This is said to be the Japaneae atyle of ea~ing, but another rea-
son for it ie that in receat yeara, Japanese beef conaumption hae been arti-
ficially checked by abnormally high prices.
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[Question] And tihen, I have heard the opinion that: "If we appreciably
low~ar tihe price of agricultural food producte~ it wtll be neceseary to aleo
liberalize rica."
[MewerJ Conc~rning rice~ Chere ie a queetion of eneuring food eecurity.
There ie a naturai condition which cannot be eaeily changed. We canaot
liberalize rice because the etatue of rice ie different rhan other agri-
cultural producte. However, what kind of effort are the agricultural
adminietration aurhorities making toward developing a better raeting rice,
toward a plan for expanding coneumption and for improvins production, etc?
- No Hoatility
[Queetionj Until now, labor uaions have been eaying: "Raiee the price of
rice for the producere. Lower the price of rice for consumere." "Labor
and agriculCure united" and "labor and agriculture fighting cooperatively"
were the principles of the labor union movemeaC.'Have these principlas been
deetroyed now?
[Answer~ From etart to finish. we have thought "increaae the famer's income
by modernizing agricultur~ and raising productivity." On this point of view,
we think that henceforth we will cooperate with all the farmere and together
criticize the irrational agricultural administration. As I have been saying,
we are not trying to tread on the farmers in our battle plana thia year. We
are not saying one word about the farmers being~responsible for the high price
of agricultural producta. Juet the complete oppoeite, what we are saying is
linked to the farmer's profit and increase in etandard of living. Conse-
quently, the Domei ie not negating the labor-agriculture cooperation. We
. don't intend any hostility toward the farmers. However, if the labor-agri-
culture cooperation is something that works in the direction of maintaining
today's irrational structure, we won't take that!
Push for Dialog
[Queation] Actually, it is aoC esey to change the agricultural administration.
What will the Domei do to continue iCe movement? Do you have a good plan?
[Answerj We don't have a good idea yet, but the governing body of the agri-
cultural cooperative aeeme to have moved over to voluntarily reducing rice
acreage. They have clearly chauged from the past agricultural cooperations,
who resisted the gover~ent's acreage reduction policy. When tii~y try to
raise taxes becauee of a financial crisis, they are put under the preasure
of bearing the burden of 900 billion yen for disposing of old rice. In these
circumstances, it ie natural that the agricultural cooperative begin to rhink
rationally. It ie true that agricultural administration reform is difficult,
but it is not imposeible.
The Domei, holding constructive dialog with varioua agricultural groups, con-
s~er groups and, when aeceseary, business groups, would like to start with
aecertaining the status of euch problems as the distribution structure.
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, Finally, ir will become a political problem. It ia our reflection that the
labor unione~ demande on the agricultural administrat3on are belatied. Bue
' I think it ia too bad that Japan's poliCical parties, whether the ruling ~
party or oppos3tion partiee have been evading the problem.
COPYRIGHT: Aeahi Shinbun Tokyo Honeha~ Tokyo, 1979
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a
ECONOMIC
JAPAN TO PROPOSE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF COAL-OIL.MIXTURE
Tokyo ASAHI EVENYNG NEWS in Engliah 3 May 79 p 1 OW
[TextJ Japan will propoae the international ~oint development of Coal-011
Mixture (COM) at the minieterial conference of the InCernational Energy
Agency in Parie 21-22 May, Che ministry of international trade and industry
hae diecloaed.
COM is made by mixing powdered coal with heavy oil at the ratio of one to
one. Energy experta of the world are paying increasing attention to COM
as the most important alternative to oil.
Compared with other energy sources, coal has varioua disadvantagea: It
is difficulC to tranaport and atore and it pollutea the air when it is
burned. COM is deaigned to overcome these disadvantages. The MITI ex-
pects it will become a reliable alternative to oil in the early 1980s.
Research into COM firat started in the United States after the 1973 energy
crieis. In Japan, the Electric Power Development Co. (EPDC) started full-
scale research and development in late 1977 and built at a cost of some
400 million yen a teat plant in Mitsubiehi Heavy Induetries' Nagasaki
Shipyard. The plant produces one ton of COM per hour.
The key to the commercial use of COM is the development of a chemical
additive which prevente the powdered coal from aeparating from the oil and
settling, a condition which makes it difficult to transport the mixture by
tanker. The EPDC and Mitsubishi group have developed such a chemical
additive. An additive ia still under development in the United States and
the Japaneee succesa has been praised by experts of other councries.
The EPDC plana to build a pilot plant from next year. Although t~?e MITI
hae earmarked in the Fiscal-1979 budget about 140 million yen for the
development of COM, the pilot plant is expected to cost at least between
2 and 3 billion yen, and the EPDC hopea to invite other electric power
campanies to partici~ate in the pro~ect.
COPYRIGHT: Aeahi Evening Newa 1979
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SCIENCE AND TEC1~iNOLOGY
STEPS TAKEN TO PROMOTE ECONOMICAL USE OF ENERGY
Tokyo NIKKAN KOGYO SHINBUN in Japanese 1 Feb '79 p 2
[Text] According to the dieclo~ure made by the Miniatry of Intemational
Trade and Industry (MITI) on 31 January~ the Economical Energy Use Center
(Chairman: Takezaemon Shinto) will expand and strengthen the traveling
diagnoetic and guidance program directed toward middle and amall aize buaines-
ses as one aepect of a policy to promote economical use of energy. The
diagnoatic analyeie and guidance will be made available to 500 bueinesa
officea etarting in 1979 (350 officee in 1978).
The eaid diagnostic/guidance program has been in effect aince 1975. It dis-
patches heat managemenC personnel and/or electrical management specialists to
middle and amall size business establishments and instrucCs them regarding
energy saving improvementa and methode to maximize energy utilizaCion. In the
course of implementing this program, it was discovered that wasteful energy
use in middle and small aize business offices was a common phenomenon and the
traveling diagnostic/guidance program has been very effective in curtailing
the waste. The MITI and the Agency of Natural Resources and Energy have al-
. ready decided on a~oinC budget of 26 million yen for 1979 (19 million in
1978) to finance this program.
In response to the increasingly strained political situation in Iran, the
Administration announced a Basic Plan for Promoting Economical Use of Energy
on 22 January; and February is the "Economical Energy Use Month." Amidst
these occurrences, the need to instruct the middle and small size businesses
in effective energy uae is increasing. The MITI and the Agency of Natural
Resourcea and Energy have concluded that the application of the eaid travel-
~ ing diagnoatic/guidance program to the middle and small size buainesaes has
had conaiderable effect; and in the future, they intend to encourage its use
by increasing the number of apecial inatructora and eo oa.
COPYRIGHT:. Nikkan Kogyo Shinbunaha 1979
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3CIENCE AND T~CHNOLOGY
MITI, NONFERROUS INDUSTRY TO PROMOTE AUTOMATEU MrNING
Tokya NIKKAN KOGYO SHINBUN in Japanese 31 Jan 79 p 1
[Text] The M~'ni~try of ?nternational Trade and Industry ,.IITI) and ehe non-
ferrous metal industry have decided on a policy to promote the development of
new mining Cechniquea auch as automaCed mining, impresa rcaching (automated
solveat mining technique) and so forth and to establieh a"CommitCee to
Reaearch New Mining Techniques" within the Japan Mining Yndustry Asaociation.
The said committee ie headed by Profesaor (Sukune) Takeuch of Tokyo University
and ia made up of 14 representatives from the government, induatry and
academia. The nonferrous metal induaCry is represented by the participation
of Miteui Mining and MelCing Co., Ltd.; Nippon Mining Company, Ltd.; the Dowa
Mining Co., Ltd.; Tanaka Mir?ing Company and eo on.
The said committee receivea financial aid from MITI and is conducting a re-
search inveatigation on new mining techniques with a view to compleCing a
report by the end of March.
If the committee ia able to focus on a single technological development theme
at the reaearch investigation stage, the plan is to aecure the approval of the `
Industrial Technology Agency and make it the major pro~ect for 1980 and to
proceed onto actual development on a national scale.
Among the new mining techniques under conaideration, the leading contender--in
terms of practicality and effectivenesa--is automated mining technique (mining
with micro-computer equipped robots), using impxess reaching and remote con-
trol. Impresa reaching, in particular, is already in use at Tanaka Mining's
Tohata Mine, and ie achieving excellent reaults. Therefore, it is in leading
contention.
- Impreas reaching ia a method whereby ueable metals (copper, nickel and zinc)
contained in ore deposits are melted and extracted by acid solution (dilute
aulphuric acid). With regard to its effectiveness, the following can be
cited: (1) Low grade ores (0.3-0.4 percent) heretofore not mined can be made
productive. (2) It can be applied to such closed mines as Bekko (Ehime Pre-
fecture), Ashio (Tochigi Prefecture) and Osaruzawa (Akita Prefecture) and it
would enable waste-free utilization of resources. (31 It would enable auto-
mated mining.
It is said that if this technology is applied to all the mines in the country,
domestic ore production will increase ten-fold from the present 70,000 tons
to 700,000 tone (in the case of copper).
COPYRIGHT: Nikkan K~ogyo Shinbunsha 1979 -
11460 F~ND
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