JPRS ID: 8502 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS

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JPRS L/8502
8 June 1979
~
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 6/79)
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JPR5 L/8502
8 June 1979
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 6/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
METALLUaGY
- Siberian Aluminum Comes F'rom Achinsk
~ (P.F. Lomako; T5VETNYYE METALLY, Jan 79) 1
_ Accomplishments of the Zaporozh'ye Titanium-Magnes~um
Combine
(A.A. Gorodokin; TSVETNYYE METALLY, Jan 79) 23
- a - [III - USSR - 36 FOUOj
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METALLURGY
.
SIBERIAN ALUMINUM COMES FROM ACNINSK
Moscow TSVETNYYE METALLY in Russian No 1, Jan 79 pp 1-14
[Article by P. F. LomakoJ
[Text) Appearing before the members of the Irkutsk Oblast Co~ittee of ttie
CPSU on 2 April 1978, Secretary General of the Central Committee of the ~
CPSU, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR, Comrade
Leonid I1'ich Brezhnev emphasized Chat the expansion of alumin~n production,
especially in the eastern part of the country, is among the largest prc~blems
of industrial development. This attention on the part of Comrade L. I.
Brezhnev to aluminum is not a sign of the times. It is a continuation of
the party line over the entire extent of the growth and developmecit of the
national economy of the USSR.
Czarist Russia did not produce aluminum. The first base for the development
of alumfnum production in Soviet Russia was the plan for electrification of `
the country--GOELRO--developed in 1920 under the direct supervision of V. I. ~
Lenin, in which provision was made for the production of 9,800 tons of
aluminum per year on the basis of the energy capacity that had been created.
- In order to discover the reserves and the possibilities for the development
oE nonferrous metallurgy at the beginning of 1925, the First All-Union
Conference on Nonferrous Metals was held at which the demand of the country
for aluminum was determined, and important decisions were made regarding
the further development of nonferrous metallurgy in the country. At this
meeting it was noted that the demand for world aluminum which was increasing
in the USSR and especially the demand for defense purposes was facing [he
Supreme Council of the Economy with the genuine necessity for immediate
_ organization of inetallurgical aluminum production in rhe USSR. There are
rich reserves of aluminum raw materiaZ, sources of cheap hydroelectric power,
natural raw material for the production of fluoride caapounds and also
carbon electrodes in the L'SSR. In the resolutions of the conference on
aluminum extraction in the USSR, the following necessi[ies were recognized:
in 1925 it was necessary to prepare for the extraction of high-grade bauxite
in the Tikhvinskiy Rayon and simultaneously to con[inue the exploration both
in the Tikhvinskiy Rayon and other rayons of the Soviet Union. The following
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1'v11 Vl'L' ~LVU1.L S.~uIJ V~~1Jl
was rtcognized ~s expedienC: a) org~nization of tl~e r~luminum production
in two stAges, on a small plant scale in the firsr st.tige nnd proceeding
directly also U) with obCaining the corresponding expericnce witl~ respect to
all individu~71 production facilities to organize the industrial production
of inetnllic aluminum.
In April 1925, the problem of the meral industry was specir~lly investigated
at rhe 14th All-Union party Conference.
Uzerzhinskiy, Arriving with a report at this conference, stated rhe
following: "We have the so-called Tikhvinskiy bauxites required for the
production of ~luminum. We know what enormous significance aluminum has.
The problem of setCing up for aluminum production is the next goal.i1
This problem was solved successfully in a short time by the party ~~nd Che
Soviet people. -
The 25th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party of Bol'sheviks held in
~ecember 1927 emphasized that special attenCion had to be given to the
fastest implementation of the electrification plan, the development of
ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, that aluminum production had to be
developed.
By resolution of the Council of Labor and Defense as of 2 August 1929, the
decision was made basically Co reexamine the rates of development of non-
ferrous metallurgy planned by the First Five-Year Plan, sharply to increase
the extraction and the making of f our of the main forms of nonferrous
metals: copper, zinc, lead and alumin~an, including aluminum in an amount
four times the planned assignment for the five-year plan.
Sergey Mironovich Kirov gave a great deal of attention to the creation of
the Soviet aluminum industry. With his personal active participation,
the �irst pro~ect of the aluminum industry was constructed--the Volkhovskiy,
now the Order of the October Revolution Aluminum Plant; he organized the _
aid to construction of the Dneprovskiy Alianinum Plant. These enterprises -
proudly bear th.e name of S. M. Kirov.
The first Soviet aluminum was obtained on an industrial scale at the Volkhov-
skiy Aluminum Plant on 14 May 1932. The 12th of June 1933 was the day of
birth of the Dneprovskiy Alumir.um Plant, and on 5 September 1939, the Urals
Aluminum Plant--UAZ--produced the first aluminum. The construction and _
introduction into operation of otfier enterprises of the al~anin?an industry
began after these plants.
The scientific and technical base for this new branch of production of non-
ferrous metals was also created simultaneously. In accordance with the
resolutions of the Supreme Council of the National Economy by order of the
1. IZVESTIYA TSIK SSSR (News of the CEntral Executive Committee of the ~
USSR), No 98 (2431) as of 1 May 1925.
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Sayuzalyuminiya, on 1 5epCember 1931, two branch instirutes werc fnunded:
tt~e Scientific Research Aluminum Institute NlIalyuminiy nnd the Plnnning
,nnd f)e~ign I'inroalvuminiv Aluminum Institue subsequently combined into t~
un[ted complex brAnch all-union scienCific reaearch and design inetitute
uf rlie c~luminum, mrignesium and electrode industry (VAMI).
nuring the difficult war years, Che develnpment of the SovieC aluminum
industry continued at high rates. In January 1943, the firsC electrolyzers
of the NovokuzneCskiy Aluminum P1anC began to produce aluminum, and on
Victory bay, 9 May 1945, Che Bogoslovskiy Aluminum Plant began production.
~or successful fu1fi11menC of the sssigtueents of Che governmenC with r~spect
ro doubling the aluminum producCion, in the difficult year of 1942 and year
of 1944 brightened by the victory salutes, by orders of the Presidium of
the Supreme Council of the USSR, orders and medals were awarded to large
groups of workers in nonferrous metallurgy, including aluminum production:
Ye. P. 5lavskiy, L. A. Bugarev, A. A. Gaylit, L. N. Bobkov, A. M. Elshteyn,
S. M. Goncharenko, I. K. Strel'chenko, V. Ya. Chuprakov, L. I. Tanenbaum
and many others.
~
The heart remembers the names of those who died and did much for the
aluminum industry, Iustin ivanovich Pertsev, Andrey Nikitovich Prokof'yev,
Nikolay Stepanovich Pavlov, Iosif Isaakovich Pustil'nika, Aleksandr
Iosifovich zheleznov, Aleksey Vasil'yevich Pavlov, and many others.
Whereas in the prewar years the development of the aluminum industry was
realized predomi.nantly in the European part of the Soviet Union, during the
difficult war years, the first al~m?inum plant began to be built in Siberia--
the Novckuznetskiy Plant. Thus, the Soviet aluminwn industry responded to _
the times, grew and matured, and in 1957, celebrating the 25th anniversary
of tt~e creation of this new production, we wrote in our journal (TSVETNYYE
METALLY [Nonferrous MetalsJ, No 3, 1957), that at the present time the
Soviet Union had greatly exceeded the total production of the Federal Republic -
of Germany, France and England with respect to aluminum output.
Uuring the postwar years, in accordance with our Leninist parCy line on the
creation of a large industrial base in the eastern parts of the country,
the U5SR Ministry of Nonferrous Metallury beRan the construction of the
powerful production complexes of the alum.tnum industry using
the electric power from the Siberian energy giants--tfie Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk -
and also Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Plants.
I'lans were made for the construction in Eastern Siberia and Kazakhstan
of enterprises differing significantly from the existing ones with respect -
to their capacity, technological innovation and creative application of the
experience of the Soviet aluminum workers accumulated over a quarter of a
century.
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, ruit ur~r~l~.~w u~~; uivLr
In the ~olukion ot this problem, a apecial role was played by ttie construcrion -
of the enterpri:~es of the aluminum industry in the Krasnoyarsk Kr~y where
it w~s planned Co build the fin~l complex including the firsC enterprige for
- tt~e exernction of new nluminum rnw material in 5iberia, processin, oi it into
~lum.ina, sodn producCS, cement and a plant for aluminum production based on
tl~e powerful Krasnoyarsk NydroelecCric Power Plant.
Accnrdingly, the experience in the planning, design, construction and as-
simil7tiott of the unique complex enterprise in world practice--the Achinsk
Alumina Combine--is of ~ignificant inCerest.
The raw m~terial ba~e--the base of Che altmiinum industry which was developing
.7t liibh rates--has ulways en,joyed rhe fixed artention of the Central Com-
mittee of. our party and the USSR Council of Ministers. In the approach to
providing the necessary raw materials basic differences are felt between Che ~
Soviet Union and the capiCalist counCries. The aluminum companies of the
United States, Canada, Japan, France and other capitalist countries use
only bauxites for aluminum product3on, tbus exp:oiting, as a rule, the
richest deposiCs in the colonial and underdeveloped countries. ~
In ttie Soviet Union, as a result of many years of scientific research and
experimental planl� wo:k, along with the broad use of bauxites, new types
of aluminum raw material were used for the first time in the world to
produce alumina: nepheline and alunites.
The industrial assimilation of the process equipment system for all r~round
pracessing of nephelines to obtain alumina, soda products and cement in the
1950's at the Volkhovskiy Aluminum Plant was a great victory for the aluminum
collecr.tve, the scientists and designers of VAMI and other institutes
participating in the solution of the most important scientific and technical
problem.
Accordingly, the theoretica?. possibility arose for the construction of the
first large--scale alumina combine in Siberia on the b~sis of using this
new rype of aluminum ore raw material in the Krasn~yarsk Kray having
significant nepheline ore deposits available.
The construction in the Krasonyarsk of the complex of enterprises therefore
became the key problem of the development of the al~ninum industry in
~astern Siberia.
The decision was made to build a large al~ninum plant in Krasnc,ya:sk,
alumina and cement planr.s, a limestone mine, and a thermoelectric power
plant in Achinsk, an~? a mine in the Uzhurskiy Rayon, the nepheline ore of
which required significant enrichment.
The Aci~insk Alumina Plant (subsequently renamed as a combine) had to become
the basic supplier of raw material for the Krasnoyarsk Aluminum Plant.
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The selection of ehe location ro build thc a.luminu combine 3 kilomerers
fr~m rlie city of Achinsk was the result of a careful study af all factors
by Che USSR Ministry of Nonferrous Meeallurgy. 'Chese facCors we.re the -
preyencc neur the city of Che Mazul'skoye limesCone dcposiC and noC f~r
away, tl~e deposiCS of nephel.ine ores, good areas for building indu~trir~l
buildings and an essenCially new city, a branched railroad network, good ~
Conditic;ns Eor water supply for the enCerprises from the Chulym River. Negn-
tLve factors were also taken into accounC, the main one of which wns Che
absence of enterprises of the construction industry and power supply ind�s-
try both in Achinsk and ad~acent regions. In c~electing the siee, we knew
that it was necessnry to solve these aerious problems and Also to gather
personnel including builders and highly qualified workers in the future
cvmbine under the severe Siberian cor.ciitione.
The first volume of the Small Soviet Enc}?clopedia (fourth edieion) published
in 1958 stated the following about Achinsk: th3.s is Che center of the
Achinsk Rayon of the Krasnoyarsk Kray of Che RSF5R, on the Chulym River,
it is a railroad ~unction, population 42,400 residents (1956), there is a
milling combine, a meat combine, sewing and furniture plants, a machine
shop and brewery.
I was in Achinsk before the beginning of the construction of the comb.ine. ~
. 'Tl~e narrow streets of this small green city were lined with one and two-
story, wooden buildings, and the small enterprises mentioned in the encyclo-
pedia of the time needed the corresponding conditions which arose later only
' as a result of the construction of the alumina combine for their develapment.
T'he dusty Moscow track ran through the center of town zlong which in 1826
r_he Decembrists were taken to penal servitude. A. P. Chekhov wrote about
the lack of roads in Achinsk in his memoirs on his trip to Sakhalin. And
this half asleep silence was to be broken to give life to Krasnoyarsk
aluminum.
The enormous level site planned for construction, the ehick beds of limestone
near it were convincing evidence of the engineerin~ grounds for selecting the
place of the future giant--the Achinsk Alianina Combine. The certainty of ~
tliis was also confirmed by the enthusiasm with which the city party and -
5oviet organizations headed by S. S. Putintsev and A. F. Vorozhko :+pproached
the future construction site. Even the residents of the town wanted
passionately to convert their qui.et Achinsk into a large industrial center
of Eastern Siberia. Certainty of the correctness of the choice of site
was needed because the group of workers of the USBR Cosplan introduced a
proposll to move the construction of the plant from Achinsk south 50 kilo-
meters ta the vicinity of Nazarov, a~ignificantly worse site with losses
of many important advantages. Almost two years were lost on the fruitless
dispute and it was only after the coffttnission created under the chairmanship
of Academician I. P. Bardin confirmed the correctness of the choicQ of site .
that it was possible to begin construction.
In 1955 a directorate was Set up for the Achinsk Alumina Plant which was
t~ be built. A highly qualified and energetic workerL. L Tanenbaum was named
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.~vi~ va~l~.~~uw uai:, V1VL1 -
- dire~tor. ~c~fore this, he had worked ay the chief inechnnic of Volkhnvsk~y
Aluminum Pl.r~ne and h~d work experience in the alumina~ sodA-pornsh und =
cemenr proJucCion based on the new form of r~w maCerial--nepheline con-
cent-c~~te. 'The AchinskulyuminsCroy Aluminum Construction Trust was orgnnized
simultaneously, elie first director of which was also an experienced specinlisr,
M. Ya. Levshnkov.
Ln 195i, after reorganizarion of the administration of Che national economy,
I was nnmed chairmen of the Krasnoyarsk Sovnarkt~oz. One of the priority
- maCter of the sovnarkhoz was construction in Achinsk. The greatest com- -
- plication was aroused by the face that three different departments were
involved with the erection of five basic enCerprises--alumina and cemene
plants, a powerful Ct~ermoelectric power plant, lfinesCone and nepheline
mines.
In accordatice with the pres~:ntation of the directorate of the alumina plant
to be bui1C, supported by the Krasr,.oyarsk Kray committee of Che party,
the sovnarkhoz made the decision to concentrate the construction administra-
rion in a single directorate. and this essentially became the beginning of
the construction of the Achinsk Production-Territorial Comp].ex. the largest
in Krasnoyarsk Kray. The possibility appeared for the concentration o� all
resources and capaciry of the construcrion organizations for implementation
of an ~fficient construction plan. First of all, the construction of the
enterprises of the building industry and the engineering structures of tt~e
combine in the city were started. Permanent residential quarters and all
of the necessary institutions and enterprises of cultural-domestic
significance--schools and kindergartens, dining rooms and stores, clubs
and movie theaters--were built simultaneously. Then the construction of
limestone and nepheline mines, the experimental alumina shop, cement and
alumina productfon facilities began.
In 195$, vice president of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician I. P.
Bardin arrived in Achinsk. He shared the impressions on this visit with
the readers of the kray newspaper KRASNOYARSKIY RABOCHIY [Krasnoyarsk
Worker) (No 11780, 1958): "I was at the alumina plant site in Achinsk which _
will be constructed on the basis of the uzhurskiye nephelines. The people
thcre know what they are doing. I met with people who were familiar with
Volkhov. These are experienced metallurgists." Now we know how correct
the evaluation of the collective by Academi~ian I. P. Bardin was.
Running somewhat ahead, I should like to note the correctness of the in-
clusion of the experimental alumina shop in the construction plan and the
decision regarding the construction of residential space and the cultural-
domestic and business projects simultaneously with the combine.
The enterprise nanagement took on itself the function of a client of the
city, its master plan for development and the draf: of the detailed plan ~
of the construction areas. The decision made regarding the construction
of the experimental alumina plant was entirely justified (the process for
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rhe f~iture basic produr.tion wns primarily developed here) as wns the
clecision to build Che permanent plant employee housing on municipal ground
wiehout r.equiring demolition, r~ghC next to the old city. The planned
rer.onstructton of the old part of the city was started only afCer completion
of. consrruction of the new part.
_ In Che years that have gone by an essentially new socialist city has been
completely built in Achinsk. It hns about 700,000 square meters of re-
siciential housing, 7 schools for 7,000 children, 19 preschool institutions
.zccepCing 4,500 children, an 800 capacity palace of culture and a stadium
with swimming pool~ hospitals, a polyclinic, a pioneer camp, a high-capacity
b,~kery, stores, dining rooms, enterprises for domestic services and much
_ much more, which promotes a good life for the combine workers and their
families and a solution to the personnel problem.
However, all of this occurred later, and at the end of the 1950's the
preparatory stage came; construction srarted at the site.
The Kray Committee of :l~e CPSU and the Krasnoyarsk Sovnarkhoz, which
systematically investi;~ated and solved many of the problems directly in
~ Achinsk and on site paid significant attention to the construction of the
combine, especially in the initial period.
We are talking about primarily the creation of the necessary conditions
, for realizing large-scale construction of the enterprises with a total
estimated cost of more than one billion rub.les (in the current money values).
In ~z short time two power trains with a capacity of 5,000 kilowaCts were
introduced which insured a stable power supply for the site and the city.
In solving the problems of preparing the construction base to build Che
combine, an important role was played by the construction managers in the
sovnarkhoz M. D. Vorobiyevskiy, construction administration chief B. M.
'Lverev and chief engineer V. P. Abovskiy.
As a result of insufficiency of allocated capital investments, material
_ and technicalresources, construction equipment and transport means, the
preparatory phase of the construction was stretched out.
DiFficulties also arose in the creation of the large construction collective.
The Krasnoyarsk Kraykom [Kray Committee] of the CPSU and the sovnarkhoz
turned to the Central Committee of the CPSU and the USSR Council of Diinisters
for help during this difficult time.
At the end of 1959 the First Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers,
Chairman of the USSR Gosplan, A. N. Kosygin arrived in Krasnoyarsk with a
large group of specialists.
_ From the results of this trip, measures were taken to intensify the construc-
tion of the Achinsk Alumina Combine. The most important of them were the
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run urr.~uyfu, u~~ u1uLs
Eollnwing; the decision Co build Che Kiya-ShalCyrsk3.y Neplieline Mine in
~he h.tgh-grade nepheline ore, erCire, deposits discovered ~zr Chat rime by
geologlsts of the ~Iesrern Siberian Adm~nisCratian A. S. Prusevich us Che
ore b7s~r; entrustment of the construcCion of the power pro~ects Co the
USStt Ministry of ~lecrric Power P1ant Constructton and the transport pro-
j ects Co khe USSR Ministry of Railways and the Min9~try of 'rransporC
Construction of the USSR along with other measures.
A praposal of tt~e Central Committee of Clie All-Union Lenin Young Cnmmunist
Lc~6ue to draft 10,000 young people for the r.onstruction site in the Kras-
noy~~rlc Kray. 'The consCruction o� tiie Achinsk Alumina Plant became a shock
Icomsomol construcCion site!
Now when you basically see the completed constructior~ and operating mines,
plants and shops of the Achinsk Combine, you involuntarially rememher
February days of 1961 when the Krasnoyarsk Sovnarkhoz investigaCed and
confirmed the precisely defined p].an for the combine.
In advance, by request of the Krasnoyarsk Sovnarkhoz, the Pikalevskiy
Alumina Combine, accumulating a great deal of experience at that time in
the matter of complex processing nephelines, investigated ~ combine plan
at its technical council. Not only the specialists of the Pikalevksiy
Combine participaCed in the detailed investigation, but also the specialists
of the Volkhov Aluminum Plant, the central organizations, VAMI and o ther
scientific research and planning and des~.gn institutes.
With a significant number of useful remarks, the basic planning solutions
and choice of equipment of the Achinsk Plant were approved. One comment--
"'l'o consider the open insrallation of the sintering and calcination furnaces
unacceptable--was refuted by the sovnarkhoz. Life has confirmed t}~e cor-
rectness of ehe solution adopted by the sovnarkhoz.~~ ,
An investigaeion of the plan for the Achinsk Combiiie was a greati event in
the life of the Krasnoyarsk Sovnarkhoz, and, in essence, the entire kray. "
The leaders of the kray organizations, the best specialists of the enterprises,
the planning, design and transport organizations and the power engineers
were gathered in the office of the sovnarklioz chairman.
In the combine the following were approved:
TWo mining enterprises--Kiya-Shaltyrskiy Nepheline and Mazul'skiy Limestone
Mines with a total. extraction of the rock mass of 9.6 million cubic meters
per year;
A powerful alumina plant equipped with modern high-output equipment, includ-
ing ten rotating sintering furnaces 5 meters in diameter, 185 meters lon~,
calcination furnaces with boiling layer refrigerators and other equipment
used for the first time in the aluminum industry;
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The 1~rgesC soda p1anC in the counery with soda producCa ouCpuC of ~houC
700,OOQ tons A year;
A cement plant with a capaciCy of more than 4.5 million rons of cement per
year;
A thermal electric power planC wiCh a capacity o� 320,000 kilowatts providing
the needs of the comhine and tihe ciCy with regard to steam and hot water;
The engineering building;
'Phe mect~anical repair base, incluiing the foundry with a capaity of 30,000
tons steel and 16,000 tons cast iron castings per year.
Special attention was given to the development of Che railroad and automotaile
transportation capable of accepCing about 20 million tons of ore, coal and
limestone and unloading 6 million tons of commodities.
In 1963-196G, the limestone mine and the first subphase of the nepheline
mine, the mining preparation work at which was performed economically, -
wPrc, put into operation. �
When constructing thc: mines, we encountered an energetic engineer, quite
young at that time from the Glavkrasnoyarskstroy Main Administration A. A.
Babenko, who later became head of the Achinskaly~nninstroy Trust and who
did much to accelerate construction of the combine.
The enterprises of the Krasnoyarsk Kray, rich with experienced miners. -
assisted the miners of the Achinsk Alumina Plant with their personnel.
Arriving from the Noril'sk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, the Sorskiy
Molybdenum Com6ine and other enterprises of the kray, the excavator drivers
M. F Andronov, N. P. Yelfimov, V. Z. Likhachev, P. V. Arkhipov, G. I.
Ramonov, N, A. Safronov, the operators of the drilling rigs V. S. Skripkin,
V. ~1. Kolchanov, N. T. Alekseyev, the mine foremen A. F. Sorokin, V. A. -
Kaykov, V. A. Saprykin and others became the first Fersonnel around which
the collectives of the two mines of the combine are �ormed. The timely
performance of the m~_ne preparation work and the iminterrupred provision
of the combine with nepheline ore and limeston~: of appropriate quality
became the law of operation of these collectives.
The young engineers M. M. Chikhachev, V. D. Volkov, N. I. Zakharchenko
skillfully directed the operation of the mines and the training of experienced
- miners.
The introduction of the ex~erimental alumina shop in 1964 where the process
equipmenr systems of the combine were worked out promoted the formation of
a pioneer collective of Achinsk alumina workers.
More than 200 young workers and 80 engineers working in the experimental
shop became the backhone of the collective of the future large-scale plant.
9
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� V3~ V~ yVJ~~~i/ Vwu V/I~IL
~
' Ji~ l9fiz a group of ynung engi�eprg, gr~du~tes nf IrkuC~k I'nlyt~chnic
� In~tltute w~re invited to wnrk in th~ e~cp~rim~ntgl ~hop dir~rtpd by -
enYinecc B. A. Polovnikov. Lat~r graduateg of th~ Inetitute o~ Nonferrous
Meta]~ imeni M. I. Kalinin and dther Sib~rian inetitut~s arriv~d.
M,~ny of th~n truveled th~ leng produrtinn pnth ~nd !n thh y~~r.g Chnt h~v~
p;~ssed, thty h~ve b~com~ experienc~d, highly qualified gp~rialigtg wnrking -
, ~lith the manageme~.iC ~ngine~ring duti~a gt th~ rombin~.
~r~~duating in 1962 from th~ institut~~ Y~. t. Mirdnov worked for 7 yegr~
in the exp~rimentgl shop~ tr~veling thc p~th from an ordinnry pngine~r
r.o cliief of the ~xperimental shop, And in 1972 he became chief of dne af
thc~ basic shnpe of the combinc--ehe hydrochemi~try ehop.
C. Metelkin arrived at th~ combine in 1967 after graduating frnm th~
Krasnoyargk Institute of Nonf~rroug Metals. He went thrrugh the good
production ~chool in the experimental nluming shop. Now he worka as chi~f
- ~~f tt~e calcined soda shop.
G. M. Nesteruk came to the co^bine as an operator; in 1968 he graduaCed from `
the Kraanoy grgk Institute of N~nferrous Metals, h~ worked in tt~e experimental
alumina shop, he is now ch:.e