JPRS ID: 8530 FRANCE: NUCLEAR, MISSILE, AND SPACE DEVELOPMENTS

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000100060041-9
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• Document Page Count: 59
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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,~rns ~/a53o
21 ~7une 19'19
~
~(~P,NC~; NUCLEAR, MISSILE, AND SPACF nEVELOPM~P~T
FOUO No, 461
U. S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS RESEARCH SERVICE
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rrorc
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'I'he ~contents of thi$ publ ic~tion in no wa~+ t'epregent thr pol i-
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COPYRICFiT IAWS AND RECIJI~ITIONS COV�ItNINC OS~TNERSNIp 0~
MAT~RIALS It~pRODUCED HEREIN R~QUIR~ THAT DISSEMIMTIOti
0~ TFII5 pUBLICATION BE RBSTRICT~D FOR OFFICIAL U5B OM.Y. _
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~
rok c~i~rrr,rnt. ust: c~tvt.Y
N07'IC~
~ff~~~ive 2 July 1979 this serial public~~ion
will bc discdntiinued. Ma~erial ~res~n~ly
~pp~a~ing in ~hi~ r~por~ ~n nuclear develop-
menr~ will now b~ ~ublish~d in a new WOTtLpWIDL
n~~C~F~'I': NUCL~AR n~V~LOPM~NT ANd F~ROLICLit117'ION.
Som~ mili~~ry and space related articles will _
be publisher~ in tihe regular seri~l: ~;S~ST
~UROp~ I2~p0I2T.
mhe new repnrt will consist of press and ~
radio cover~g~ of nuclear research programs;
techniC~l indic~tbrs of nuclear capabilities;
produc~fon capabi].ity; construction ~~nd pur-
Chase of nuc~lear facilitiies; st~tus nf uranium
and thorium supplies; level of technology in
high explosivcs and advanced munitions; govern-
ment and nongovernment attitudes on nucle~r-
related tiopics; intern~tinnal agr~~ments for
nuclear cooperation; transfer of technology;
personalities, organi2ations, equipment and ~
facilities.
If you receive your JPRS publications througi~
NTIS you may wish ~o contact them concerning
this new report. A regular and FOUO series
- will be published.
If you receive your JPR5 publications through
a distrib~tion control center, please contact
them directly concerning this change.
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JI'RS L/8530
21 Juna L979
FRANCEs NUCLEAR, MISSILE, AND SPACE DEVELOPMENTS
FOUO No. 46l -
CONTENTS PAGE
N~tional pnrticipnCion in S~TI, CETI biscu~sed
(Albert Ducrocc~; AIR & COSMOS, 28 Apr 79) 1
S~udy of. Pogo Effect on Ariane ~tocket Presented
(Hrisafovic, Catoueig; L'A~RONAUTIQU~ ~T L'ASTRONAU7'IQUi:,
No 7y, L979) 6
Ariane Mtty Put Space 5huttle InCo OrbiC in 1990
(Maurice Arvonny; LE ~tONDE, 19 May 79) 2()
ESA Council's LnCest Decisions Described
(Pierre Langereux; ATR & COSMOS, 14 Apr 79) 22
E'rencti Astronaut, OCher 5pace Devela;~ments Projected
(Pierre Langereux; AIR & COSMOS, 7 Apr 79) 1.~i
Delegation Negotiates Space Agreement With PRC
(Alain JACOb; LE MONDE, 6-7 May 79) 28
IniCial Test of Viking-3 Motor Reported -
(Pierre Langereux; AIR & COSMOS, 24 Mar 79) 30
Miiitary Observgtion Satellite To Be Constructed ~
(Pierre Langereux; AIR & COSMOS, 12 May 79) 31
Crctale Missile Froter:cs Nation's Military Airfielde
(DEFENSE INTERARMEES, May 79) 32
Euromissile Orders Now Worth 9.5 Billion Francs
(Pierre Langereux; AIR & COSMOS, 5 May 79) ~i3
_ Night Combat With Milan, HOT Missiles Discussed
(AIR ~ COSMOS, S May 79) 48
Briefs
Military Observatior Satellite 54
- a [III - WE - 151 FOUOj
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NATIONAL PARTICIPAT~ION IN SETI, C~TI DI5CU55~p
a
Paris AIR ~ COSMOS in ~rench 28 Apr 79 pp 38-39
� [Cnlumn by Albert ~u~rocq: "The Blue Chain"]
CText] WitZi the anniversary of Yuri GargArin's flight, unfortunutel~ marked
this year by the aborting of the Soyuz 33 mission, April is t~aditionully an
_ occasion for the 5oviets to lift some corner of tlie veil that coverc ti~eir
space projects.
_ Thus, just this month the Russians outlined one of the objectives set for their
future space stations: creation of an orbital collector whose usable surface
would be measured at the least in dozens of square km, for a monitoring stution
for extraterrestrial civilizations.
That subject seems to us to merit the greatest attention.
For several reasons, the first being a reversal of the situation thut for a
- long time had been expressed by an ever-increasing probable distance from the
nearest axtraterrestrial civilization, hence increasingly uncertain contact.
There w~s once a time--this was in the great period, in thc euphoria following
upon the use of the first telescopes--when the existence of inl~abitants on the =
, moon was believed in. They had been called Selenites, in advance. While no
one was aware of the limits that would be imposed by the undulatory nature of
light, it was announced that sufficiently powerful optical instruments would _
- make it possible to see the Selenites �rom the earth.
Alas, the dream slowly vanished. Although the Americans, with an e,;~ra pru-
dence for which no one could blame them, thought they ought to build a"Lunar
_ Receiving Laboratory" in which to quarantine their crew returning from moon
missions, it was practically certain even before man set foot on the moon that
, he would find no activity of a biologic type there.
Does some form of life exist elsewhere than on the earth, somewhere in thc
solar system? Today it is still impossible to say. Mars, the Jupiter and
r
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5~turn sy~tams aro guarding their mystery, On thc other hand, to thc 5Gicn- -
tist:~, thero is nnttting more to udd; ~lone i.n our system, the c~~rth is thc
be~re~r of intclligence,
5o tho neighboring 5tars ~r~ looked at. :t seems togical to preswnc thut
many of them ar~ surrounded by plcuiots, like tl~e sun.
U~~t this consider~tion is tampered by a reflection: the events that allowed
earth its prodigious odyssey require a combination of circwnstanc~s thut,
all th~ngs considerod, must not happen so frequently. It is ackriowledged
first thut around nne star out of 1,000, therc might gravitr~te u planet hav-
ing experiencad our destiny, the c~lculation of the probabilities locatiiig
this stxr at severul dozen light years away, that is beyond thc fnmily ~allecl
- tho near stars, in which the astronomers of the 5proul Observatory are espoc~-
ially interested. Then that proportion is further diminished; in t}~e second
- analysis, it is acknowledged that perhaps only on~ star out of 1,000,000 is
found to be surrounded by a system i,n which a civilization could bc born, and
this t;tme the dist~nce from thut civiliz~tion is figured in hundreds of libht
years.
It would not be impossible for that evaluation to be still an optimistic one,
and for tlie nearest civilization to be farther away.
- That is wliere it stood yesterday.
Hut the i~ew reality, in the yettrs following the Second World War, was the
lig}~tning-swift development of radio-astronomy and, stimulated by it, tl~e con-
structiun of ever.more impoxtant radiotelescopes, while electronics recordeci
the progress which is well known, the substitution of semi-conductors for
tubes Ueing expressed by a spectacular lowering of the noise temperaturc of re-
ceivers, hence by an increase in their sensitivity.
Thus performance increased remarkably. As of today the range of the planet's
large radiotelescopes is figured in thousands, inceed in tens of thousands of
light years. We intend that if, somewhere in the galaxy there is a civilization
at that distance, having the methods that are ours at present, we will be cap- -
able of picking up its low-intensity messages. And it could listen to ours.
This is the event beliind the situation reversal we mentioned above. The pro-
gress of scientific knowledge has led us to move the civilizations farther
away. But while that movement was going on another developed, incomparably
more powerful, technological progress having caused to increase much more rap-
idly the range witliin which it may be acknowledged that, t}irougii }iertzian
waves, connections are established, this process giviiig promise of being~spec-
tacularly accelerated with the construction of large orbiting anteiinas.
'That explains the attitude of the Americans and the Soviets, who today havc _
already earmarked some of their radiotelescopes for a permanent station for
monitoring the sky until they have special orbital stations for that purposc.
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FUIt O~F'ICYAI, U5~ ONI~Y
Artd it is not by c}ianCO that this ye~r, 1979, sees an nwukening on tlic I~~rt of
organizations ~s divorse ~s they ~rc: respectablo, beginni.ng with the very pru-
dent Intor~t~tional Astxonomic Uniori, It put this quostion of listCninb posts
for extrutorrnstri~l civiiiz~tions on thc~ ug~nciu of its confcrenca to bc hcld
in August of tl~is your in Montreal.
Not only could l:urope not be uninterested in this subject, but those in cl~urgo
of the sp~co progr~uns--who can only hope to s~e tl~eir undertuking prosper wi.tt~
a powerful movemetit of public opinioii--must very quickly understnnd thut only
this soarch for connections with extraterrestrial civilizations is ca~~ttble,
nspocially among the youTig, nf arousing an enthusiasm compurablc to thnt wc
formerly experienced with the conquest of the moon.
Let us como to an underst~nding.
5hortly ~fter tlie Apollo missions it w~s affirmed th~t a page had been turned
and astronautics was now going to be involved in metliods of ~pplication. Wc
will not underostimate the importance of these applications; even before 19G9
we had emphasized--even though we had to preach in the desert--tlie interest
presented by the satellites for cartography, detection of deposits, cadastral
survey, Agricultural development, hydrology, meteorology, national aevelopmet~t
planning, manufacture of new materials, preveniion of illitcracy and esta!~-
lishment of new communications of all kinds. Tod~y it is an accepted fact
that a utilitarian astronautics is about to become part of t}~e customs, it is ~
~ccepted by those who make the decisions. And we say, so much tlie betterl
But we will add: look out, man does not live by bread alone.
Astronautics is something other than a bringing of new me*hods to conventio~i-
al technologies, however remarkable they may be. The methods, after all, will ~
scarcely be noticed by the young; a person who telephones from one country to
another, from one continent to another, does not much care whether the commun-
ication goes by way of cables or satellites. And if tomorrow's television pro-
_ grams come from the sky, it is not the satellite that will have created the
television.
That is the other side of the coin: psychologically, if space programs were
- limited solely to applications, astronautics would lose its substance, wl~ich
is first of all a discovery of everything that may exist outside the earth.
- Thus, after man's walk on the moon, the connection with an extraterrestrial
divilization r~~.~st represent the objec~tive �or the new generation. Apart rrom
the fact that the undertaking is fascinating--oh, liow fascinatingl.~-, commun-
ication with another civilization, if it occurs, will be an event incomparably
more important in the history of humanity than the moon conquest. -
At the beginning of the space age we witnessed a discouraging spectacle. De-
spite its extraordinary potential for technology and brain power, Iiurope founcl
itself in the background of all the advanced undertakings; it lcft to othcrs
the concern for launching the first satellite, for sending the first man into
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t~~~~K c~rt~ tc rnt, trsL ~tvt,~~
S~UCC~ ~or F1CII~CV~Ilb tillC "mun oi~ thc moo�" oparutioii ancl, practicully without
~uropc's h~lp tihc cl.isc:ovary o.f tiic so.lur system, tvhich is soon to bc: entircly
explorc:a--tvitli tho exc;eptioii of I~luto--W111 IIaVC till~Cll ~~lucc,
Cnii thc Olcl Coittinoi~t ~lo somethltig i� tlic muttr.r of coi�icctlons with t~.hc ii~-
tclli.~`iicuti c~i' ~.lic uiiivurs~?
lt is ~CC~1ll5C we t}iink sn tliat--in a~reem~nt witli the NIlCT1Ca115 wl~o urc ~Ic-
- veloping the 5GTI (5eurch for Lxtra 'Cerrestrial Intelligencc) progra~n a~icl th~
5ovic:ts who are develoE~ing thc CIs'I'I (Communicatinn with Gxtra '1'errestrial In-
telligence) probr~un--we have formed a Ski'1'I (Society for Study 'Coward 'I'eleda-
_ tection cf Intelligencc) , wliose first concern is goitig ~o b~ to launch tlie
"Blue Cl~ain" operation, to serisitize public opinion to the problam.
Why "lilue Chain7"
Quite simply because the earth is thc; blue planet in the solar systcm. Our _
worl.d owes its color to its oxygen, i~s ocea~l, tl~unks to wl~icli superior life
forms have bec;n able to develop. Arid we liave some reason to think tliat elsc-
wlierc iri the universe oxygeti and an ocean havc also appeared--that is w}ierc
other blue pla~iets will be seen--and that is where the:e is the greatest chance
of finding intelligence. Thus it is permissible to think that, whatever thc
distance separating them, the different blue planets of tlie cosmos have sougl~t
to enter into cormnunication wit}i each other.
Ilow are the events going to unfold?
We i.maginc an analogy with the conc~uest of space.
" ii~deed, the latter was long regarded as a chimera. Men wl~o prior to 1957 werc
: talking of launching satellites were not considered serious pcople. Tlie sub-
ject was treated as a joke by industrialists and decision-makers. And be-
cause for a lotig time there was no political desire to launch satellites (if
there }iad been one, the Americans would have been able to laurich satellites
any timc after 1949), it was impossible to say W}1C11 astronautics would makc
~ its appcarance. Thus the years went by and those who wcrc excited by thc sub-
ject were wondering if in their lifetime they would have the chance to see
space experiments. It was largely military considerations that acted to urge
men to build intercontinental missiles; putting satellites into orbit with them
was to become child's play.
And from that moment things changed totally. As astro?iautics }iad formerly been
calm and ignored, so it becomes agitated; the beacon lights of the great re-
ality are turned upon it, while a fantastic course is embarked upon. First,
because the Soviets and the Americans are competing for reasons of prestige,
but also because each of them is discovering an interest in satellites and be-
coming aware of what is at stake. A space industry is created. Not only is
it taken very seriously, but it soon becomes a major economic component.
Well, we are saying that in connection with liaison with extraterrestrial _
divilizations we could revive the same scenario.
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r~on ort~~Yr.r.n~, us~~: c~Nt,Y
At thc~ prescnt time, scientists arc; unable to tcll you when thc contac;t will
txkc p1~C~, the word contact meaning the reception of signals whose i?~tclli-
gent origiri can b~ ostttblislied, but notlting morc; w~ }icar wltliout a~iyoiic bcinb
~ In a position to extruct tlie informatio~i carricd by t}ie si~n~ls.
'The s}iare of t}ie body politic in ttte operation is minimal--in ~ way tliis is
fortun~te--bec~usQ, in contr~st to tlie progress of astronautics, estublis}~-
ing a contact does not require considorable financial cotitributions, t}i~ reul -
problCm being judir.ious use of existing methods, und it is tl~at consideration
th~t makes us t}~ink t}~at a Curopean company can play an important rolc; ~ac
will of course have aai opportunity to return to that point. Un the other hancl,
a major f~ctor of irresolution stems from the fact that at present no one has
the slightest ide~ of the locations in the cosmos w}iere t}ie closest civiliza- -
tions might bo found. Thus in a way ;~e are at the sFUne point: no onc curi ad-
- vance u date for establishing contact.
On the other hand, it must be wagered that when the contact has been establish-
ed, t}ie under~aking will take on, from one day to t}ic next, a delirious di-
- mension, and thAt at that moment a decoding course will be embarked on. At
t}~at stage, it is certain t}i~t the countries having a high tec}ir~ology will l~c
the most favored, because deciphering the message could rec~uire tl~c buildi~lg ~
of installations having nothing in common wit}~ what currently exists.
l~ut it is c}iaracteristic that already it is being thought about in the world
of specialists, as much in the United States as in the Soviet Union. In
fact their creation will be indispensable when contact is established. And
finally, we will tiave every chance to revive the equivalent of a trip to tt~e
moon. BArely 12 years intervened between Sputnik 1 and thc Eagle lanJing--
by Armstrong and Aldrin--on the Sea of Tranquillity. That seems to us to pro-
vide an idea of the size of the time lag that could elapsc between the contact
- and t}ie decodir~g, a time lag that sliould make us live through the most extra-
~ ordinary period in the history of humanity.
Its great adventure is before us.
COPYRIGIiT: Air F, Cosmos, P~ris, 1979.
894G
CSO: 3100
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~'I'UDY OF POGO EFF~CT ON ARIAN~ ROCKET PR~SENT~D
Paris L'AFRONAUTIQU~ rT L't1STRONAUTIQUE in Frpnch No 74 1979-1 pp 21-27
[Article by Iir3safovic, industrial architect in the SNIAS (National Aerospace _
Sndustrial Compan,y), anc~ Estoueig, Rocket Department of the CNES (National
Center for Space Studies)]
[Text] Analysis of the Pogo Fffect on the ARIANE Vehicle
The Pogo effect is encountered with almost a11 liquid-propella.nt
_ vehicles, A,nd intense studies have been underte.ken in m~.n,y
countries with the aim of reducing its amplitude or even
eliminating it completel,y.
In the case of the ARIANE launcher, considerable effort has
been devoted to the Pogo phenomenon since the beginning of
the development program. -
A brief sununary is presented of the work done in Pogo synthesis -
for the purpose of eliminating the Pogo effect as a source of
excitation of the vehicle and its payload.
Foreword
The Pogo effect is encountered with almost all liquid-propellant vehicles,
and intense studies are conducted, in the countries carrying on laucher de-
- velopment, for the purpose of reducing its amplitude or even eliminating it ~
completely.
In France, experience in this field has been acquired in the course of the
DIAMANT A, VESTA, EUROPA, and DIAMANT B programs.
For the ARIANE launcher, considerable effort has been devoted to studies of
the Pogo effect since the beginning of the progrem, previous experience having~
shown that the prediction is a long and delicate process and that the remedies
must be defined very early. �
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- 'I'he CNI~~;; , the prime contrttctor :for the A.R:C1lNI~ pro~rf~rn, hcls l69,ri 1(r,i1CCI ~IlC ; yti-
ti~~sis studies relative i;o ttte Pogo ~ffc:ct to the ~;NIAS, within the f'rcune-
work of the activitiea of the industrir~l architect responsible for the overc~ll
3tudies t'or the launcher.
`Ch~ SI~P [.Luropean Propell~,nt Compan,y] collabnrates on the synthesi~ ~tudies
under subco?itract from th~: SNIAS .
_ As regards the othe.r component~ of the Pogo-effect study:
--the propulsion and tiydraulics studie:s rel~ztive to the Pogo effect have been _
ass~~ned to the SEP, which is responsible for the propulsion for the 1r~uncher's
three stages;
--the structural c~ynamics studies are overall studies, and on this basis, are
handled by the SNIAS.
`.Che ON~RA [National Office for Aerospace Studies and Research] is involved As
it is for all critical developme~it studies, providing direct tecllnical assisi;-
ance to the CNES.
- 'I'he purpose of the present article is to give a brief summary of the I'o~o
synthesis work done and of tlie work ~nd corrective ~.ction planned up to the
end of the development phase.
Philosophy of Proportioning of the i~auncher on Basis of Risk of Appeara~icc
of Pogo Effect
_ Taking Pogo Effect into Account in Launcher Development Plan
As regr~rds the basic conce~~tion of the launcher, it is defined by the imper~-
- tives imposed on the system by the missions to be carried out, by the planni.ng,
and by the cost. Furthermore, theoret ical knowledge of the beh avioi� of non-
stationary elements (the pumps in particular) are insufficient to permit cer-
tain forecasts on plan, and consequently, the Pogo effect could not be taken
into account at this stage of the vehicle's conception.
In its conception, therefore, the launcher does not give any guarantees that
the Pogo effect will not appear in fli ght, and its main structure is not pro- _
portioned to support the supplementary dynamic loads due to instability of the
, Pogo loop. It is therefore imperative to take the necessary measures to keep
this effect from appearing in flight.
_ To counteract the Pogo effect by stabilizing its loop, it is therefore neces-
sary to use means specirilly developed for these purposes: SCP (Pogo Corrector
- System). These devices, designed to be mounted on the supply lines near the
engine's pumps, have the role of loWering the hydraulic frequencies of the
lines, reducing the gain of the Pogo loop, and modifying the phases as neces-
_ sary, so as to make the system st able.
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~
l~'c~r thc~:i r� ty~~e o.f .~'unc~;i.on~.nf*,, p~ssive ver:;ions of i;hese cievJ.ce;; hi.~ve t~een
cho~en. :[n orcler to be ahle t;o der1~. with 3ever~~. mo~i~s ~t oncc, est~tibli~}~m~~~it
o� u sequence b~,sed on the evolution of the modes in Cune~ion oC t;ie r~,te ot'
emptyin~ of the -tanks has been rrovided for,
The active systems, despite their very attractive performance characteristics,
_ were ruled out from the start, mainly foz~ development reasons.
'I'he needs in a corrector system and definition of their specific~tions are de-
Cermi.ned ~n the basis of modellin~ of the whole of the loop, 'i'kies~ mad~13,
whir.}t ut�c tYie:oretict~l ones a~l; the outset, nre updateii as the re~ult; o[' num-
erous tests (dynamic mockup for the structure, partial tests and bencti firings
' for the hydraulics and the propulsion), and the flight prognosis as wel]. ac
the ad,justments of the SCP's are b ased on the most complete data which the
tests on the ground can yield. Nevertheless, the study results should not be
considered to have ~bsolute exactness, and it can happen that the Pogo effect
appears during the first technological firing, albeit with intensity limited
by the SCP's.
Tt is therefore necessary to make sure that the launcher's most sensitive
_ elements can ~uccessfully tolerate the eventual appearance of a limited Po~o
effect during the first technological firing, while at the same time maintnin-
ing a proportioning principle for the main structures which is realistic, -
~ taking into account the low probabilities of risk of instability in opera-
tional firing, and which is compatible with the perform~nce ob3ectives.
`rhus, tw~ basic principles of proportionin~, depending on the type o� struc- _
ture concerned, are determined. -
I'rinciple oi' Proportioning of the Main Structures~
In the basic principles adopted for launcher structure proportioning estab-
, lished ~,t the beginning of the ARIANE program and expressed in the specificr~-
tion of the ennception of th.e structure, it is indicated that the Pogo effect
is not considered as a source of excitation for the m.ain structure.
For i;his reason, the documents established as a result of the st;udies ~zt the
_ system level and defining the mechanical loads on the launcher's structural _
elements:
--general stresses
--dynamic ambience
--special loads
do not involve any case of load actin~ on the main structure because of
_ ~.ppearance of the Pogo effect.
By "main structure" we mean here any structure constituti~~g the outer
casing of the l~.uncher and transmitting general stresses.
8
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, ~oH o~~ictnt, us~ c~NLY
[t, ann thercPare upr~umed, i'or the proportioninp, of thc mc~in ntrurture, ~hEiL
t,hc T~oN~, tvop wu~ atable nnd thc?t the probab:lity ot' itn ber.vmitt~ ur~f~tal~lr
wa~ low enouglt for i.t to be ugelens tn take UCCVUt1t oi' itt~ pdn~ible h~rmi'ul -
congequenGeg nn the ~tru~ture of the launcher.
Uuring th~ prdp~rti~ning ph~.~e prnner, it aag ny~t~m~ti~ally nvofded to t~1tc
even sma11 margins ~n atru~tur~?1 ~tr~.ngth by ~ay of Pogo ~reventidn, cdnsider-
ing that marging taken acCOrding to rule might p~nali~e the nydtem heuvily by
reducing its p~rf~rmance chargeteristic~, While at the same time not ~iving
any guar~nt~e~
Principle of proportioning nf particular Structurel 5ubu~gemblien
'I'he criticn.l elementg s~ith r~~pect to cLyr.amic ~tresses nre:
_ --the tdroidal wnter tank di the fir~t ~tgge
--the toroidal W~t~r tnnk of the geeond stt~ge I
--the launcher'g equipment ce?se, xith the p~ylogd support
--the supports for the heavy ~quipment mounted in the skirt~ of the various
stages or f~gtened to the engine bedplutes,
The supplementary conditions impo~ed on these elements for their proportionic~~
ure:
--the intensity of a limited Pogo effect is arbitrarily chosen u~ + 4.0 g--
a value ahich, though far from negligible, is not among the most ~evere pre.-
ently knos+n. The corresp~nding frequency range is defined by the fir~t Pogo
synthesis, und to cover the eventual effects oP the three stages, it ~xtend~
�rom 10 to 45 ?Iz;
--a minimum frequency of 60 Hz is imposed on the elements cited so as to avoid
frequency coupling betaeen the structural elements listed above and the
er,citation + 4.0 g.
Therefore, in swnmgry, We decided to strengthen (and even mrske ovcrsized, for
the operational firings) a certai.n nurnber of structural elements so thut they
could reasonably support the louds due to the structure-propulsion couplinp
durir.~ the first technologicnl firing. As regards the :olloxing firinp,s, the
SCi" s should do their ~ob IL lly by suppressing the Pogo effert ns a source of
excit~.tion of Lhe vehicle and of the pqyload.
Articul~tion of :itudies - Pogo S;/nLhesis
Development Plan
The plan for development of Pogo activities ~rrrss ests~blished in 1973 und covers
the pnriod from 1973 to 1981--that is, the entire period of development rsnd
te3ting of' the launcher.
S
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t~'O[t tl!~'1~'ICtAL i15G tlNI.Y
'1'hig plun cont~ing ~nd dei'ine~ in ti.me all the ~~tiviti~g connected rrith ec~-
tnbli~hment of the difi'erent b~~nChe~ n�' the Poge lodp, ng We11 gg the up-
cin~in~ ni' th~m in con~equen~e the diffr.rent ~v~ntn Corre~p~ndir,q to thc
atngrt~ ~~t' devclopment of th~ v~htCle. It rvtt~uer~ i.o tuo impCrr~tiven;
--h~vin~ ~ufi'i~i~nt m~~r?~ ~f th~br~tic~l ~nd pxp~rimentnl gturly a.vuilable tn
obtr~in the ~in~n~~ig ~uite ~~rly;
--dcv~l~ping attd int~grgting th~ ~?d,ju~t~b1~ SGp'g inte the vehicle gynt~m i'or
th~ fir~t technolagica]. firing~
'Ifie prin~ipal aetivitie~ are:
- 5tructure Activity, de�inition of the v~?rious m~?~hematic~l m~deis di the
gtructure ~nd upd~ting th~m, on th~ basis of:
--completion di the proporti~ning of the ~tru~tur~1 plements;
--the resultg of the tests of the c~,yrnsrr?i~ mo~ekup of the lsuncher;
--the results of th~ qua].ific$tion tegts of
the gtrurtursl element~;
--the results of the vibration teats of the equipped subas~emblies;
--the results o� the flight tests at the time of the tprhnnlagical firinga.
}iydr~ulic~-Propulsion Activities: definition of the m~themnticnl models oC ~
the Viking und Htfi7 engines, definition of the models of lines, definition of
the models of the Pogo corrector systetns (p~�ototypes ~d flight models).
Updating of the models on the basis of:
--the hydraulic tests of the lines on the test bench;
--the development and qualification firings of the Viking and HM7 engines;
--the development firings of the engines aith the Pogo "trnnsient" test~;
--the tests of speci,''iC pogo turbopumps;
--the hydraulic tests af the SCP's (prototypes c~nd flighL nodel~) on tlie test
bench ;
--the bench :irings of the L1k0, L33 and H8 stages;
--the results of the flight tests on the occasion of the technological tirinp,:.
These activities take place by launcher stage, taking into account the chnruc-
teristics proper to them and taking into account the arrival of nex specific
10
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_ ~dit di~'t~'ICtAL U5~ ONLY
cit~Lu aequired in the are~, oP the c~ifi'eretit brt~nche~ oi' ttte Po~o loo~~ l~or
thin rcndon, the three ~~ctivitie~ ~r~ c~rried out in p~rn11e1;
--the Pogd ac:tivitiep o� the 1nt ~t~ge (Ll~iO)
--the I~o~o ~ctivitieg af the 7nd ~tg~e (I,~3~
-~the h~~o acti+~ities of the ~rd atgge (11~).
Thig on~oir~~ ubrk regultr~ in gyntheres bet'ore key r~ute;~ Written into i,h~
t~velopment t'lnn: the firgt Pogo di~,rnd~i~, taking into ~.ec~unt the knoun
_ ch~r~cterirtic~ o~' the ny~tem; de�initidn of the requirementg to be laid doun
for the SCI' prototypes; definiti~re choi~e of the �light vergionn of th.: SCt~'~;
$d,ju~tment bei'ore the firgt ~:echn~~d~ic~1 firing; corrections r~fter this
firing; ad,~u~tment befdre the gecond firing; etc. _
F'ogo Synthe~i~
- A Pago ~ynthe~i~ is ch~racterized by the folloWing gspect~;
--the principrsl goa~ls to be aChieved;
--the input dbtn td be tgk~h into ~~~ount;
--the carrying-out ot' the wark to be done. .
mhe plnn for develnpment of ~ogo activities is conceived on th~ ~rinciple th~~t, -
a synthC~is gets under We~y ~n1y a�ter tihe outcome of c~rtain c~ctivittes at the
system l~v~l s~hich m~.ke it possible to define th~ elements oi' the Pogo loop
better and thur~ furnish the neceseary input datg.
A synthegig comprisen, by definition, th~ fdlloxing phcw es:
--collection of the input dnt~;
--the preparatory xor};, including, in particular, critique of the input datu
and updQting of the models;
--the aork relative to the synthesis i:self. -
Reviea of the Studies C~rried Out
~'irst Pogo Synthesis (197k)
Ttie 3tunies gnd caleulation~ done in~olved only very ~impiiriea model: , con-
siderinp the state of definition of the equipnent :snd the ~tate of advuncemer~t.
_ o: the theoretical studies and of the various experimental progrgm,.
'!he studies carried out had Lhe purpose of le:~nin~ the :tability conditions
for t}~e ~ogo loop in func~ion of iLs di.�ferent parameters. It proved nece~-
- sary Lo choose a reference parameter. T'nis parar.~eter is Lhe criticnl dr~pinq -
~f ench :,tructural mode calculat~d at dif:erenL inst~nts of flight. The crit-
icc?1 domping is defined as *.he damping of Lhe ls~uncher structure s~hich Lrskes
the system to the limi~ of ~Lability.
11
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t~'tlEt d~t~'tCtAL USF. nNLY
i~'~i~ the t'i.r~t I'ogo sythesin i tlie ret?.l dt~mpin~; ai' the ~tr~cture b~in~ unknoun,
- r~ i'ixed vaiue oC 0,7 ~~~~ent ~t~d ~ho~en, and ~~f1g~t~Uetltly ft W~~ enn~idered
thnt any made having ri critic~.l ~~nping higher than thig vglue pre~ent~ geri-
o~xa ri~k~ hf fn~tnbiit~y ~i` ~he ~dgo 1o~p~
~nnclu~3rmv c~f th~ ~ir~t ~b~o Synth~~i~
`I'hig r~ynth~~i~ ghoWed ri~k~ ef ~ppe~r~.n~e oi' in~t~bility of
tihe poga loop
during the �li~ht of the fir~t tWO st~e~. mhege ri~skn c~n be ei'i'e~tively
countered uith tlie gfd af relgti~~ly $impie deviCe~ ~1~.~~d ofi the supply
line~. Thi~ di~gnosi~ m~de it pe~sib~e tb t~1ce ~n ef'i'e~tive decisidn, Which
- k~~ to ~o ghesd with deveiopm~nt r~f prr~totype corrector ~ystems, and thi~
despit~ th~ ~bsen~e of ~xp~riment~l dntn c~n~'irming the models used.
~ec~nd ~o~e~ Synth~~ts (1~76)
~n the basi~ of the imprnvement in knot+ledge af the different element~
con~tituting the Pogo loop, a 9eCbrid ~y`nthe~is W~s cnrried out, tr;lcing int;o
c~ccount:
--the neW structural model resu~ting frnm cempl~tion of the proportioning ot' -
- the 1r~uncher t3tt'ue~ut'e; -
--the re~ults d� the tests dc~ne on pi�dpulsidn;
--the results of the teat~ done on th~ prototype po~d Corrector System,.
f'or Lhis ~ynthesis, the theor~ti~al model f'or calculgtion of stnbility wus
improved in sev~rn~ resp~ete:
--finer representation of the supply '_ines;
--iICCOUIIL ~aicen, as supplementary sources of excitation, of the h,�rdraulic -
f'orce~ arising in the 3unpl;f lines, as �~ell ~.s in Lhe bottorr.g of the tnnks
; )'r ; ;
--accour~t ~ak~n af the scsttering on the parameterc of the Pogo loop.
~inally, an initial estir~gte of the coefficients of structural dumping of thc
launcher uo~s established.
Tne Metho~l of study adopted for the second synthesis is ns follows:
--*he stabi2ity c~lculation fl~rnishes the critical damping (mean vnlue and
" t;rpics.I c3eviation) for each mode tsken into arcoun~;
-a structural study furnishes the d~.~nping of the structure (menn volue c~nd
Lypical devisition) for each r?ode taken into gccount;
~ 12
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~oK n~~~itcrnt, uy?~; oNt.Y
--the ~tt~bility t~f the ~'egn ].oo~ i~ verit`ied ~'or eaCh mode ~~pur~.te~y by
c?p~1i~~tiofl of the gtc~bility crit~rion e~peCinlly establighed �ar th~ I~agd
~tudi.eg ~dr the A~IAN~ t~uneh~r nnd pregented in plat~~ 1 nnd
~ lf Z17[~tIZI~NI I'/NdAi/SS~NtN? ~Allldtlf ~~t It~O tSl R10ut~t S?A~lt JIEI OitN'1.6itlfl _
OUE lA MAAtt f`~"~CA1~33tr.tki DtnEHAt Cos~i~re,
~ ( ~t~ ~~rt~ ~ tt~ fe~tt w ~NrEp~tuAt ~ 4~ . '
J ~
~tu = ~ /~~eA~~;l~ Pr~AC~O) ~ Q02?
n CZ ) ~ et ~ ~vaC ya
~
t~ CO~IlA'JEMI /'/MQ01JSStMfhl :IAVGIURII 3
~p j(~~~~C~ ~ t~~?tAr~tlE Of ?tMOJ OV Q(,~i [5? I~N!?f r1a
L~~I/CfMGE StlIYIN/C �
(4) a . or~ ~ ~ Ae~~o
~
~ f t~ ( O C+?QAC I dt e~ ~n r--^'a'
~ ~C ~ ruRCt , ~~r+avnssrMrNr ro
et C - rn ? (e~,oer) ~4~
O1 ~
~~I~ A1 e aAL' =,~~(fil � ~~(Sf t~ ?�.~r, a~ae t'~.~.r~~t!. r~ ~C
ll~~l~ fi~ I'I~Ln�rl'~ ~i 0~
e/~}` (rJ h~t'~I~ ~.f~~ft!~ A ..~t� ~s ~~~~N ~ ~ p
CV ~ IAI eC Q 1~ ?wrl~ H1 14f:� / 1 w M~~�'~l. ~ry~'(!,L n~nti'~ n'!.~. .py~ ~O
~6 ) 'er >a ~ ~x~, ~g> ,a..., , ~ -
r~ N.~,, M~~t.,. ,.4..J. �-.~f~'~~. f �"t~>
f~, ~�~r.e
Plate 1--Criterien nf Stnbility of Pl~t~ 2--Criterion of St~bility oi'
F'ogo Loop Pogo Loop
Key : Keyr .
1. befinitidn ~1. Pogv loop considered stable it' p
2. Coefficient of critical damping prob~bility that dampinq mar~in
3. Coefficient of structural damping becomes positive is equal to or
4. in Which less than 2.2 percent.
- 5. Murgin of damring 2. I.e.
. 6. _*or 3. Time interval in Which 0~~0 is
7� the loop is stable limited by folloxfng requirement:
8. the loop is un3table 4. in vrhich
5. beginning of ir?terval in which
6. end of interval in Which
7. pulsation of mode considered \V
8� maximum amplitude tolerc~ted c~t ~
right angle to a part ol
l.auncher considered sensitive
9. presumed amplitude of
background noisP
13
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~tlit tlt~F'ICIAL USL dNI~Y
~tu~y nf L140 I~'irgt 5ta~e `
~ 't!hr, r,v~:lutir~n c,f t;hc drunp:inN I'~r r.n,Ch mc~~r_ ln Ctittr.ttnn r,(' 1,}~r. rnLe c,.f' r.mf~L�,y-
Inp, oC t;hc ~,nnku 1~ rc~preu~nted .ln p1aLe '3, hne nnt;~u Lhut thr onLy urtut~U1.~~
modes nre the i'iret mofl~ (mode fdr the launaher a~ a�~ho~.e) and the third -
mode (mod~ of the UnMlI ~uneymtnetric~l dim~tt~y~.hydr~zin~] te.nk)~
AC ,01 ~ i 1
~I
,os ? 1....~
~ ~
~ ~M00 3
A2 ~ _w.W -
~ ~ -
.o~ _ . . ..S .
/ MOOE 1 ,
j ) INSTABIE
I
0 ~.~IL.tI /.LII.~III~~IUI I~IUU �li"���aLLIIt� -
~ (2) ~ S1ABlE
1 -
~ -
.2 .1 .6 .f 1. .
(3) CONSOMMATION D'ERGOL
Plate 3--Criterion of Stability of L140 without Flight-Version ~CP (2nd synthesi~)
Key : ~
_ 1. Unstable
2. Stable
3. Consumption of propellant
Study oY the effectiveness of the Pogo Corrector Systems leads to conclusions
nearly identical with that of the first synthesis: a bubble-type accumulator
placed on the N 0 line is absolutely necessary. The possibility of in-flip,ht
sWitching of the ~nertia of this system between a 1ow value and a high value
gives increr~sed stability (plate 4). Addition of an accumulaior on the UDMti
line further improves stability at th~: beginning of flight. In the meantime,
the stability of the Pogo loop of the L140 havfng been provided for with a -
single system on the N20~ line, the specifications for the flight-version SCP
were defined as follows:
I.ocation: tibia fors~rard of N20~ pump
- Inflation time: les than 7 seconds
Capacity: C=3.0�10'~ (msec2) under 5 bars
Self-inductance (inertia) variable in flight between the following
two values:
L1 = 6 + 2 (m'1~
L2 = ~+0 + 10 (m )
D6mping reduced: = 0.5 + 0.3 with L1 .
= 2 + 0.5 with L2
14
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FOi~ OI~'~ICIAL US~ ONI,Y
AC ,OI
~ ,03 -
At _ _ ~
.Ot -
INSTABIE
O I~/IIIIIY III4r~I1 II~1I Yt I/II /L1~lI'Y
. `'-.MOOes ,
' OE1
.01
,t .1 ,6 ,t 1.
(2) CONSOMMATION 0'E~GOI.
plete 4--Criterion of S~ability of L140 with ~'light-Version SCP (2nd ~ynthesis)
Key: 1. Unstable 2. Consumption of pxopellant
er o~ ~ r ,o~
.oos ,oos
IHSTABLE ~ 6 INS1~BlE (1)
.O
S1A8lE (2) StABIE (2)
MOOE 1
.OOS .M .OOS - _MOOE1
~ ~
_ ` `~~~.IMOU~~
.Ot _ ~ ~ ~ MooE 2 �.O1 ~
" - ~
~
~
~
� . . -
.2 .1 .6 .d 1. ~t 6 t 1.
~ (3) CONSC~"MATION 0'ERGOL (3) CONSOMMATION 0'ERGOL
Plate S--Criterion of Stability of L33 Plate 6--Criterion of Stability of
w3thout Flight-Version SCP (2nd synthesis) L33 with Flight-Version SCP (2nd
synthesis)
Key :
1. Unstable Key:
2. Stable 1. Unstable
3. Consumption of propellant 2. Stable
- 3. Consumption of prope111nt
1.S
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rot~ o~rzcrnL usc nNi,Y
'Che ayntem ~hnii~.d be ~d,justable on the ~;round t~ttd cherlcnble dn the grdund und
i.r~ t'1i~;ht .
; tuc~y ot' tttc f~33 at~cdnci 5tnge
'nc~ redultn of the ~tudiC~ oi' the second pogo synthesin confirm th~ rec~ultr
oi' the first synth~s3~; only the firat mode ie uns~able, and this is at the
end of f1i~h~ (p~.at~ 5), On the other hand, addi~ion of one ~ccumul~tor on
the N ~~4 line i~ no longer sufficient to st~,bilize this mode totally (plate 6),
~nd i~ is necessary to put a seaond e,cr.umul~~or on ~he UDMII line in order to
regain ~ negative d~mping margin.
7'he following specification are therefore established for the flight-version
Pngo Corrector System of the L33:
--N20~ Line
Location; tibia forward of the N20~ pump
Inflation time; less ~han 7 secorlds 2
Capucity: C= 2.6~10~ + 0.4~10'~' (msec ) under 5 bars
Self-inductance: 6 + 2 (m 1)
Demping: = 0.5 � 0.3
--UDMH Line
Location: tibia forward of the UDMH pump
Inflation time: ess than 7 seconds
Capacity: C= 10'~ + 0.2�10'6 (~sec2) under 5 bars
Self-inductance: L = 12 + 3 (m )
Dfunping : = 0. 7� 0. 3
These systems should be inflatable in flight.
Stuc~y of the H8 Third Stage
'I'he }i8 second synt}lesis brought out the risks which could be presented for the
high-Frequency modes by the isovolume comp.~nsator blower as initially planned.
It has been replaced by a simple blower. Th~ risks are thus eliminated, and
the work on the ground-version prototype corrector system has been continued
only as a protective measure (to cover risks connected with particular sntel-
lite structures).
Conclusions of the Second Synthesis
I~'ar deeper knowledge of the characteristics of the ARIANE launcher has hence-
forth made it possible to evaluate the risks of instability of the Pogo loop
and to fix the characteristics of the SCP devices which will be mounted on
the launcher for the flight. _
16 -
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~nlt OI~'rICIAL USL dNLY
er ,o~
~,~1 HD/e 6et
~1~
i
a,� ~e~rn~~
(t r0lumt
,~~5 ~i:.--~i l"..
. , ~ i_
i `~:I y ` _
. . ~
0 INSTABIE ~2 ` Nl' y y
II~I �e u ~~~yv r f'
S1~BlE ( 9 ) ~ ` _
~
�,OOS MODE3 ~
_ _ _
- - - ~4 ~ ore ~qur(lel : ' ~ ' ~ ~
~rcnp~e -y-�
�,ot ~ `~l: ~ ' ~ .C`.`
- .r.._~
C~mmuleli~n Jt lo S~If , , ~
~2~ ~ t ` `
~3~ Ent~ii pm~t
(5 ) ~ CONSOMMA~'ION6 D'ERGOL ~
Plc~te 7--Criterion of Stability of H8 P1ate a--Constant-Level Gas
without Flight-Version SCP Accumulator ~
Key :
1. With isovolume blower Key:
, 2. Unstable 1. Gas }{p .
3. Stable 2~ Commutation of self
4. With simple blower 3. Pump intake
5. Consumption of propellant
mhird Synthesis (1978)
On1,y the results of the third H8 synthesis are available.
Study of the H8 Third Stage
The third synthesis done with modellings brought up to datP in function of
the tests for the oxygen pump, on the one hand, and the structure (d,yncunic
mockup) on the other hand, confirm the outcome of the preceding synthese~.
'I'he present configuration of the H8 (simple compensator blower on the oxygen
supply line), without corrector system, presents no Pogo risk for the s~t~l-
lites studied: rigid satellites of the LO1 or L02 type, L03 payload: IIPPL~
_ plus METEOSAT.
Work and Corrective Action Planned to End of bevelopment Phase
Interventicn Possibilities
The criteria for choosing corrector systems have been effectiveness, reliabil-
- ity, and also the grestest possible flexibility as regards nd,justments. These
17
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fi'Oii dl~i~'ICIAL USC hNLY
criteria have 1~d, aftier te~~ing ~n types of. 5CI' dif'�erin~ in th~ir prin-
cip1Q (~as ~.n,je.~idn, accumu~.atdr) and the3r t~chnolo~y (blower-type ar
tre~pped-bubb~e accumu~.e,~~r) , to adoptiion of
the congta~nt-vnlume accwnula~c~r
~s the SC~ (p1at~ 8: configura~~.on of ~he NL 14Q accwnulator with v~,rinbl.e
s~1.f ) . '
'i'he nt~ge~ undergoing integration ~omprise~-for the L140;
--an N-type ~ccumulator on e~ch engine, with the pos~ibil.ity df:
--cholce of two sequene~s (two simultaneoua commutatioris of a~1C on the
f.our en~ines);
--ad~ustiment o� capscitiy (which could b~ different nn each di th~ engtnes).
--�or the L~3:
--an P(-type accumulator and a U-type accumulator, with possibilitV of re~{ul~.-
tion of the instant of inflation (simultaneous on the two SCP's) r~nd of the
capacities of each accumulator.
--�or the tt8:
--a soundei� configuration, with elimination of the isovolume compensator, and
and protective measures taking the form especially of an experimental stuc~y
on ~ prototype high-pressure accumulator.
New Ground ~J.ements
'C}~e three syntheses under way for the L140 and the 1,33 will take into nccount
the latest Y~ydraulics rind propulsion test with modulated flow (tests of Vikinp
turbopump, Viking engine and HM7 engine) and the exploitations of the bynrunic
Mockup test,s .
'rhey will determine the definitive flight ad~ustments.
- Ttie ad,justments of LO1, as regards the sequences, were defined in June 1978. _
The capecities of the SCP's will be fixed in May 1979.
2'he fourth syntheses wi11 integrate supplementary data (overall tests) for
the forecasts before the first flight. The fourth H8 synthesis will supple-
- ment the present dia~nosis with a stuc~y of the effect of the satellite's
~ structural characteristics covering the whole range of possibilities for
ARIMJ~'s probable missions.
~xploitation of the Technological Flights
A measurement plan is provided for th~ technological launchings which is suf-
ficient to make possible, if an inst~ibility were to appear. an analysis iden-
.
18
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~nR OI~~ICIAL USL 4NLY
tii'y3ng the oper~~ion~.1. anom~ly nr th~ mnde~.~ing ~rror c~using it and tn �
~v~~.uate the e~dv~.sab~,].i~y of ~ differen~ ad,~u~tment of the corrector system~
for solving the probl.em.
~~267
cso; ~ioo
19
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ARIANC MAY pU'T SPAC~ SHUTTL~ INTO ORBIT IN 1990
Paria L~ htONDls in French 19 May 79 p 17
[Article by Maurice Arvonny]
[TextJ On nexC 8 June, when the firsr visiCors enter the AeronauCics and
Space Sa1on, which is held every second year ae Le Bourget, the f.irsr thing
Chey wi11 see is Che tall silhouette of Che ~uropean launcher, the Ariane
[Ariudnej. No doubt it was for thae reason th~C Chis lau ncher was much
tmlked about in rhe course of the dinner-discussions on Wednesday, 16 May,
to which the ~rench Aeronautic and Space Manufacturer Group (GIFAS) organizer _
of Che Le BourgeC Salon, had invited Hubert Curien, president of Che Natian~nl
Space Studies Center (CNES). ,
'I'he Ariane, the first firing of which is set for the beginnin~ oE the monlh
of November, has an assured commercial future for several years (LL MONDI:,
14 rebru~ry). A decision for an improvement of the launcher, which woul.d
- ~ cr.able it Co place two Celecommunications satellites in orbiC simult~~neously
~t~~rting in 1983, has been practically reached. The decision was not
formally adopted at the meeting of the Eur~pean Space Agency Council on
Wednesday, 16 May. That is solely because two counCries have not yet
obtained financing of their quota parts for the improvement program, esCi-
mated aC 300 million francs over 4 years.
On t}~e 1987 horizon the CNES is studying a new improvement, consisting of
lengthening Che first stage, whose fuel capacity would increase from 140
to 190 tons. Next, for 1990, it is contemplating replacement of the presenC
secnnd and third stages with a single stage fueled by liquid hydrogen and
liquid oxygen. Such is now the case for the third stage whereas the first
two use the combination of nitrogen terroxide and a hydrazine derivative.
These modifications presuppose the Perfection of an entirely new motor.
Ten Tons Into Orbit
At this point the Ariane would puC a payload of 10 tons into low orbit and
would be well adapted to serve manned orbiting stations where vacuum and
weightlessness will be used on the industrial scale for preparation of new
materials. For this mission there wi11 be associated with the Ariane a
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liyper~onic glider, ~he liermcs, which would be c~p~ble of changing ie.; ~
orbit ~~ver.~l times before returning by landing in glidin~; Fl~t~ht, r~s -
Che American sp~ce shutrle now does; buC with Chis diEference frnm thc
1ntCer: Hermeg would h~tve no pilot and irs ~uidance would be complete.ly
auComuCic. It may trdnsporC fiv~ men, or 1,500 kilogr~~ms of c~ir~;o, ~ind h;iv~~
nutonomy of a week. As iC 3s probnble thnt we11 before ].~)y0 sy~trm fc~r
� recovc~ry of the Ariune first seage, will have been develnpcd~ Chere Lhu;;
resulCs u device similar to the Americnn epace shuCtle, witt~ rec~vcry nnd
rcuse of. most oL the equipment, buC more flexiUle. The Ari~-~ne cnn trnnsnort
pt~ylo3ds other than the H~rmes; tor ex~tmple, additional qtn~cs makinf; ir
possiblc ta attttin geostntionary orbits or tra~ectories tow~~rd the p1~~neC~.
It wi11 also be able to place into orbit the orbiting sCations wl~icl~ the
llermes wi11 then serve and supply.
This evolution of the Ariane inCo a system of mu1Ci-purpose transport ts
~nalogous to what the Soviet Union is doing aC this very time; it is a1sc~
working on a recoverable shuCtle. Another similarity which was revealed
by the recent mission of Che CNES and French Manufacturers to China: the
Chinese nre constructing, and should launch in 4 or S years, a rocket whicli `
_ is very similar to the Ariane. The French en~ineers were impressed by the
1eve1 of Cechnical development attained in rhe first two stages of the
- Chinese rockeC. On the other hand the Chinese were clearly bet~ind in ttieir
- thrid stage, which utilizes liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. There is -
one of the points where interesting prospec~s for rrench-Chinese coc~~~er~-
Cion extsl�. 'I'here algo are possibilities Cor coopc~rAtion w.i.th I3razf].
whLch desires to provide itself with a satellite launcher.
These prospects for improvement and for cooperation do not resol.ve a ser~ous
employment problem. Although the industrial teams which are building tt~e
Ariane have work, such is not the case for those who performed rhe studies
and t}ie tests. The SEP [European Propulsion Companyj, which is responsibl.e
for the motors of the three stages and for those of the missiles of the
deterrent forces, employs more than 1,000 persons in the Ariane program. -
But for production fewer than 400 will be needed, which has led the complny
to seek diversification of its activities outside of the field of heavy
propulsion by association ~aith Matra for construction of air-air missiles
and by seeking industrial uses for certain inert materials (carbon, rubber- -
metal composites) developed to meet propulsion requirements.
11706 -
CSO: 3100
1 _
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I
t~'Ult (1l~ i~ I.C 1 ~1L U;+I: UN1,1'
ESA COUNCIL'S LATEST DECISIONS DESCRIBED
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 14 Apr 79 pp 35-36
[Article by Pierre Langereux: "Ariane, a 5ixth Rocket"]
[TexC] The Counc3l of the European Space Agency (ESA), meeting at Paris
3-4 April 1979, has decided to begin construction of a sixth rockee in
the "Ariane".series to put into synchrono~is orbiC an Intelsat 5 Cele-
communicationa satellite. Five of the 11 t~iember countries--Cermany,
Italy, Sweden, Denmark and Belgium--declared themselves ad referendum: Co
think about iC! But considering the contracts ESA has with Intelsat,
construction of this rocket is absolutely neceasary and the CNES (NaCional
Center for Space Studies] has been authorized to begin producCion. It
should be kept in mind that the first five Ariane Series rockets already
in production (in addition to the four experimenCal rockets in flight) are
_ designed to launch five satellites: Exostate, ECS 1, MARECS B, Sirio 2
(twin launch) and Spot. The productian of a second five in the series has
already become necessary, taking into account the satellites either
currently in construction in Europe (ECS 2, MARECS C, and two Telecom 1's)
or in planning (TV-SAT and another Intelsat 5). This new series will not
_ be decided on until January 1980, but long-term component manufacture must
be launched very soon.
Agreement with Eutelsat
The council also has approved the text of the letter mandating the director
general of ESA to sign an agreement with the European organization Eutelsat
Interimaire which will be charged with management of the telecommunication
saCellites ECS (also the MARECS).
- The ECS program comprises a total of five satel.'_ites, four to be launched
- by Arianes beginning in 1981. The total cost of the program is 306.8 mil-
lion accounting units of which 220.6 MUC will be from ESA and 80 MUC only
- from Eutelsat Interimaire. But in order to utilize the ECS satellites,
the member sates of Eutelsat Interimaire must also finance the construction
of 20 to 25, possibly even 30, earth stations, at 6 MUC per staCion, a
supplementiary investment of 120 to 180 MUC.
22
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M'Uk O!~`~'1t, I r1L 11;;1~ t1N1.1'
't'hc cnuncil hg~ a1~n a~prnved the Cnn~trueti~n o� n third maritim~
cr~mrnunic~Cinna ~nt~11iC~ MAit~C5 C, fnr th~e icit~rnati~ndl drgnnizntion
INMARSAT, a~ we11 ~e pr~limingry gCudi~g for f.uture ~urop~~n tel~d~tectian
~gtellite~ LASS and CnM55 (cf., AIR ~ COSMOS no~ 75G ~nd 758). Thi~
pr~parn~ory prn~rgm~ whieh ~ill engt g MUC~ h8~ b~en npprav~d by nine
m~mbpr cduntrie~ ~F which IC~ly ~d refcrpndum, Ireland h~~ ndt mnde n
gt~C~ment, Spain wi11 m~ke its announcpmhn~ ~odn, ~nd C~n~dg ig ulgn
- int~regted.
~SA'g 1979 budgeC hag geill not b~~n ~pprnv~d gnd the arganixntian enn-
tinue~ eo live und~r "pruvi~idngl twelfChg" (ng legt yegr), whil~ tenly
Contegt thc mnneC~ry ~nnver~inn rgtpg di the ag~ncy, nt l~~~t uneil c~
solutinn i~ f~und on the ~urnpean level.
~'in~lly~ Ir~lgnd hng ratified the ~SA ronventit~n. On1y ~ranc~ dmong the
11 memb~r~ hng not ddne en. Thug ~SA continueg tn functic~n ~nder th~ -
congtitution nf the former orgnnizgtion ~5R0 (~urop~an Space Reg~gr~h
OrganizneionJ. -
COPYRTGNT'; AIK 6 CO5M05, Parig 19~9
g860
CSO: 3100
23
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!~'C~k Ui~M'[CrAL 115L r.Nt,Y
~it~NCH A5'TRONAU'r, dTN~tt 5I~AC~ U~V~LOpM~N'~5 pItUJGCT~b
P~rl~ Altt ~ COSht05 in ~r~nr.h 7 Apr 79 pp 43-44
[Article bu picrr.e LangereuxJ
['~ext~ ~runce plang eo g~nd n m~n into sp.�~ce in ttie courge of the n~xt
decude nn the occ~stnn of 3oint sp~Ce mi~sinn with the USSR, Hubert -
Curtcn, preyident nf th~ CNI:S [Nation~l Cettter for Space St~d~eH~ tc~ld uw.
'I'hi.s wtll be thc new l~rench-Sdviet gr.gttd prdject of the end oi` tlie 19HU
decad~~ ufter the Venera 83 pro~ect, now in pr~e~~r~~tien, in wfiieh 5~viCt
probes will luunch Cwo ~rench b~lloong in the Veausian ntmosphere in June
1983.
Un 27 M~rch ehe presidenC o~ Che CN~5 stat~d to the en~ineer~ of the AA1~ -
(i~rench Ae ronauCiCal and Astronnuticnl Assoctation) that the CN1:5 is
pl~innin~ to nencl a~ren~hm~n inta gp~ce on the occasion nf an import~nt
5oviet space missidn intended for preparation of maCeri~ls under wei~ht-
les~~iess.
The projcet, which is being discussed by Che CNES and the Cosmic Research
Institute (IKI) of Moscnw, may be realized in the cours~ oE the 1980 decade
Uy 5ending, into space, a French astronaut who will take with him specimen~s
of rh~terials to be processed in the furnace~--Soviet or ~rench--previously
tnr~tal.led aboard the 5oviet orbiting station, somewhat like what has ,~ust
been ~~~~complisncd by the two ttew 5alyut 6 co~monauts with the T'rench ex-
peri.ments in preparatio~i of materials under micro-gravity of the ELMA
program of the CN~5 (see AIR S CO5M05, No ~59).
11 "msjor project" of I'renCh-Soviet cooperation is involved, Curien told us.
' T1?c CN~5 president believes, as a matter of fact, there will be significant
developments in spnce metallurgy, in the second half of the next decnde,
for f76ric~~tion of new materials (alloys which cannot be made on earth,
and so forth) or of existing mate~ials but with improved properties (more
homn~,eneous silicon single crystals, and so forth).
Thc ~rench and 5oviets have in fact fou~id out that they h~d similar appro~ychr.s
to ti~e sub~ect of spFiCC metallurgy with the view toward developing suct~activity
24 -
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~Ok dt~'CtCtAL U5L tlNLY
~e th~~ indu~eridl ~Cd1~~ Curirn expl,~itted. '~h~ 5dvict~, ~~rYlvinF, in t{i[f~
dit~~tpl.ine 1~ter tlian the Americ~nr~, ~r~ ndw v~ey inuch devoteJ tu npct~c~t t~~r~y
df prcpurtng m~terinl~ under weightl~eg~neg~ whiCh htt~ berdme dn nr~E~niy~d
nCtivity with ~perific db,~ecClveg. In ehe future the USSR plnng tn ar.-
cnmpli~h meCallurgicnl cspcr~eidns in w~ightl~g~n~~~ in nutnm~t~d gy~temw
wliich will b~ regul~rly vi~it~d by ~strnnaut~ bringing the sub~t~nce~ to
be pr~c~~~ed in ~he orbitin~ ~t~tihn ~nd t~king ba~k rn enrth tl~~e Hrc~ci,~l
m~t~rinly ehu~ produG~d.
N'~r lt:~ pr~rt the CNt.5 in M~rCh ,Jugt cdmpl~tcd tl~e trciK[btt[ty ytu~y C~~r -
~~r~~,~e~~t MtNUS (SpeCI7ll~ed Urbltin~; In~luytrinl ModulrK) tlir ~~h.~c~r~ivr uf
wht~~l~ wci4 c~vt~lu:~tinn aC th~ pnxt~ibtlitie:~ ~C r.on~trurttii~, r~ yyyt~m rnnhl i~~a;
n~w mnteriuly Co bc produced nn industri~hl ~Ctl1C in orbtt irt an ~iutmm~trd
~ ~tuCinn whieh wnuld be p~riddicnlly vigited Uy ~rench ngtrnn~yut~ thrnu~h
uye of "mini-~huttle~" ernnxp~rtin~ crewg ~rid prndu~e~ of thc~t ~m:.all rngmi~
� C~cCory.
MINO5: ~'~ctory in Spac~
'1'he MIWU5 ~y~tem, studied by th~ CN~5, in eodper~tidn with the ittdusrry--
A~RO5f~A7'IAL~ (Natinn~l IndusCriul Aernspare Cnmp~ny) nnd M,ntr~~--~.nnd UNF:W1 �
_ ~NaCinnni Officc for Aerospure SCudi~g ~ttd Kege~rChJ (pnr~metrir ~tudy of
_ reentry) wnuld consist of:
perm~hnent nrbieing statinn of sever~l tdns, l~unched by the ~urope,~n
launcher Ari~n~ (AdridneJ, ~nd essentinlly rdmprising n unit for prc~ductt~?n
~~nd ~?rurew~in~ m:~tcrial~ combined wiCh nn eleCtric.~1 pnwer ~upply mndulc~ ~~f
1.0 kiluwhttK (frc~m photnvoltnic ~;enerc~tor) whirh w~uld ~~la;n ~ir~~vid~~
~tc~b[lir.,~tton tn th~~ st~tion enaemble (re;~idunl acceler.7tlon !0'S~), c~nd
tr~n~port module (mini-~huttle) ~lso launched by Arinne rmd c.~pcibl~~. on
the onc h~~nd, of carrying several hundred kilograms of m~terinl to bc~ pr~~-
cessed in the orbiting station with which it would effect an automated _
render.vous and, on tt~e other hand, providing for rcturn of materials ~tind
thelr recovery on earth witl~in and area of limited size (25 kilometers
long) cither off the coast nf Cuiana Space Center (CSG) or in the Gulf of
= Cascony.
The orbiting ens~mble should hnve ~ useful llfe of more than 7 years, whi~t~
- implics feasibility of repairs in orMt by telemanipulation, this techniquc~
also making it possible, with automatesi rendezvous to ussemL~le larg~ structureK
in s~pacc nnd to modify the configuraCion of the station.
Ttie MINOS system concept, by offering facilities totally ~utomaced ~r re-
motely controlled from the ground, in fact opens to ~rance ~n entire spt~ere
of new utilizations of spacc, not ohly for space metallurgy, but ~lso for
other applications such as eartt~ observativn (with automated recovery of
films and instruments).
It al~o appears that "the operation of such an automated system may be
achieved by use of manned flights Eor purposes of inspection or mafnten-
ance," thc CNES sta[es.
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t~'Olt dt~'~tCIAL U:~h ~NLY
GN1~5 :itudyin~. li~uyhblc~ "Shuttl~�"
I l ty fur thc~~ rc!~~r~nn th;~t, ;itc~~~g with cl~c.+ MtNU5 Ktu~ly, tlic~ CN1;5 yln~~r 1 tlyy
I~~iH h~~rn undrrtrlklnE; t'c~i�w;~rd-to~~ktn}; r~tu~lrK c~f thr 1~iui~ri~ii~}; f;i~~l i I~ I~~~+
littt'u~i~~ w 1 I I ~t~i~~l :il~uul 1')~)n.
'1'iie dtudic~:~ cfftet~cl durtng the ln~t 2 y~~rg h~v~ regultcd it~ thc1 cr~nr.~~pt
~f ~"polyv~lent lnunching medng" (Ari~ne 5) derived ~rnm the present
l~uncher ~nd rombined, ~nr ccre~in 1dw-nrbit miggidn~, with ~"reu~~ble
m~mned vehicle" which would be a hypersoniC glider of 10 ton~, with drlt.ti
win~y, 'I'hi~ reu~~~ble ~p~Ce "mini-shuttle" rould thug c~rry Cive a~trnn~yut~,
nr dnly twc~ crew memberg ~nd 1,SOn kiingr~~ms c~f Ct~rgd. It rnuld r~emt~in in
or.bit for ~ week to ~~~omplish the Cr~nsf~er and ag~embly df modul~r en~rmUle:~
nnd prdvicle q~rvice td perm~nen~ nrbiCing gea~iong l~unched by rr~nce.
~'lti.y hyper~onic glider wduld be 1~unched by ~ twd-~~nge Ari~ne S rncket
deHi~ned to pl~tice ~ m~~tgg of 10 tons into ~ circul~r drbit ~t ~dd kilc~meter~
~1ti~uJe inclin~d ~0 degrees eo the equ~tdr (in u firing from Kourou).
'Che ftrst yt~ge of the Ari~ne 5 would be the firgt st~~e of the prr:~ent
rocket witli stored fuels and lengtliened tanks, ~nd with Four :;ol id fucl
boc�tc~r~t tn u~~iet take-o~f. 'The second would be ,7 ~ryogenic :~t.7~e with
4~ tuns of liquid hydrogen nnd liqufd oxygen ~upplying .y motor c~f (~U ton~:
ti~rust [n v~cuum. 'Che new l~7uncher nog~ would hnve ~ us,7ble vulume cif l7O
cubi~~ m~~tcr~ and u:~able diameter of 4.5 meterg
't'~ l~~w~ch the hypersonic glider this new nnse would repl~~ce th.~t o[ thr
~lrianc rockee, not usable in this configurntion. E
it would al~~ be po~sible to add to the two-st~ge launrher a supplimentary
t~ropulsLon system under the nose for high energy missions (geosynchronous
trrinsfers and pl~net~ry flights). This propulsion assembly would compris~~
:i cryogrnic stage (~erived from the Ariane's cryogenic third st.~gc and--
optic~nally--a higher stage either solid fuel or sCOred fuels.
5urh :~n Ariane S rocket would enable Europe to lnunch he~vy r~~ylu:~ds uf
the Sp.icel.7b type into low orbit, to construct manned or vi~ited orbitfn~;
moJular stations, and, more generally, to assemblc large structures in
space, as well as to launch 2.7 ton satellites into Reosynchronou~ orbit
or even to explore the planets of the sol~~r system with autom~~ted proUe:~
(2.5 tons to Venus or 600 kilograms to Jupiter).
"bevelopment oE such a launcher, subject to cert.nin technological noints
who~c feasibility remains to be demonstrated, would take 7 to 8 year:;,"
= the CNES has announced.
2G
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~'0!t Ut~'~ICtAL U~C ONLY
~ fEfldl+t~vous ~aleu~le
, (~~9m~nl eD~linl) yy ~ rpl~ y,'T
t' ~ 10kw ~
~
~ t: ~1 ~ ~ .
~ ~~proi ~ ;
~ 5ole~l ~
~
nevoUe ~5
~ur aWt~ 4' nAVelle un
d~ lanlt~rl ba~eulemenl
�t ennlrbl~
d'atllludo
O tlporollon .
~t ~
~Ieupdrallon
~ I
i
AflArf! t r
. ~
.f r ~~r~
C~~ . ~
' bat~ de loneemonl (CS0) ~ t~qm~nt ~ol :one dA rdeup~ral~n
CSO eu Ga~~ d~ G~fcopn.~~v.
MINOS qySCem with orbiting gCation and shuttle launclied by Arinne
Key: 1. sun 2. energy 3. rendezvous (sp~ce s~~;mcnt) 10 kilow:ittti _
4. relay sntellite 5. shuttle tipped over and altitude cnnernllecf
6. ~ep~ration and recovery 7. shuCCle module in orbit
, 8. l~unch base (C5G) 9. earth segment lb. r~covery zone--
CSC or Culf of C~scony
COPYRIGHT: AIR ~ CO5MOS, Paris, 1979
11706
CSO: 3100
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H'nIt O~rICYAL U~ ONLY
D~LCCA'TION N~GdTIA'T~S SPAC~ AGf~~M~N'r WI~H pRC
_ F'~ri~ L~ MONDL in F'rench 6-7 May 79 p 5
(ArCiale by Alain JaCOb: "A ~rench n~l~gaeion Begins NegnCi~Cions nn u
Sp~ce Agre~rnent Wieh Bei3ing (Peking)"]
(Texe~ A~rench delpgaeion on sp~ce gffairs led by Yves Sillard, direcenr
gen~rgl of CN~S (NaCional Center for 5pace Seudieg) h~~ ~ust spenC 3 weeks -
in Chinn. 7'hey were received by ~ang Yi~ the Chinese vice prime min~sCer
speci~lizing in ~cientific nffairs. The delegaCion's vieie was richly
informc~eive, as the Chinese nuthoriCies had agreed to show some instnlla-
tions never seen until now by foreign observers. Though Che ~rench spe-
cialists l~ad not been able to visit the Chinese l~unch sites, etiey werc:
at le~st able tn see ehe shops where Che launch rockets are ar~sembled.
They were aurprised by China's level of developmenC, which seems much more
advanced than they had supposed.
A Chinese launch vehicle, named "Long March 3," is equivalent to the ~uro-
pean rocket Ariane, now in preparation and expected to be in operation -
about 3 to 5 years from now. A synchronous orbiC satelliCe, the first to
be designed and constructed in People's China, is expected to be lnunched '
in 1982 or 1983.
- In review, the Chinese are clearly still behind in two areas: cryogenic �
propulsion methods (used in Che last stage of Ariane type rockets) and
tniniaturizaCion (the mosC recent Chinese satellites launched and recuper-
ated weighed close to 2 tons).
Global Negotiations
The Franco-Chinese conversaCions dealt with five areas in particular:
telecommunications by satellite; direct "community" television (that is,
allowing retransmission through space of programs originated on Earth by
local staCions); teledetection of terrestrial resources; cryogenic propul-
sion methods and rockets; and lastly, atmospheric balloons and scientific
experiments. ~
28
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~�o~ n~~rzc~nt, usL oN~~Y
At ~lie bcginning rtic ew~ pttre3eg held diffnrin~; poHittnn:~. '1'he Chin~H~
w~r~ i~tt~r~g~~d in C~ledet~c:Cinn meChnds u~~:d in rti~nae ~ncl in t~c}ui~ln~y
trnnsfpr in cryogenic~. I3uC the~~ w~re mntCc~g Ch~ ~'r~nch d~emed "Hengi-
_ tive" (teled~C~CCinn cgn b~ uged for miliCnry obaervneion~ well a~
civilign), nnd they wer~ nnt prep~r~d Cd op~n up nn CIlE9C queytionH exc~pC
~n cnndieinn eh~C ehey hud g~C~~g to nCher ~~cenr~ in which th~ Chin~r~e
liad ulreedy med~ ~gr~~m~nts with aoncurr~nt counCrips: dyst~mg nE tel~-
cammunicaCion wiCh Che United St~tes ~nd dir~~e C~1~visidn wiet? West G~r-
many~ Thig repe~tCe n CI.gHtl~.C n~gntinCiong ~ernt~gy, alregdy ~xpcri~nced
by the ~ren~h prime min~eeer during his 1978 vigie eo Ching, which Cnn-
gi~Cs of eying exchangee nf teehnology nf militgry ~ne~resC eo orlerg fdr
civil~.~n gdodg.
The negnei~tiong hgve, it seems, broughC ehese poinrg nf view ~loser
together; the F'rench, ine3gCing on the "worldwid~" characCer of n~goti~-
tiona degling with space ngreemenes batween the Cwo counCrieg (in nppo~i-
Cion to Chineae acquigiCinn~ s~eming Coo ge].~ctive), hgve persunded the
- Chinege to envie~ge u~e of eh~ ~uropean rocket Ariane rgther th~n American
rockete until their Long M~rch 3 is ready. On the Chines~ side, in thp
domain of direct Celevision, the ~rench will go with the intern~tionul
cooperaCion egreemenCs of the other naeions.
A working progrem has been established prnviding for a H'rench cooper~nCion
pro~ecC Co be ~et up wiChitt a month fnllowed by a visiC to Fr~ncc thi~
fnll of a Chinese space mission. After this an agreement could po~sibly
be concluded.
8860
CSO: 3100
29
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i~dk (1t~ t~ 1:C; I r1L li;~la c1NL1'
INITIAL T~ST 0~ VIKING-3 MOTOIt n~PORT~D
Pnris A7tt & COSMO5 in ~'rench 24 Mar 79 p 49
[Article by Pierre Lnngereux: "First TesC of Viking-3 Motor")
[TexC] LasC 1.9 March Che SEP [expansion unknown] had perfnrmed ~ st~tic
Cest of the Viking-3 version of the~Viking-4, aecond seage of tt~e ~uropean
rocket "Ariane." The test Cook place successfully aC S~P's lnunch eite
_ PF2 ~t Vernon (Eure). The moeor attained g Chruse of 593 knots, uboue
60 tons durittg 180'seconds, mnre Chen nominal flight time--Viking-4 should
d~liver a thrust in vacuum of 713 knoCs during 138 seconds (295.8 seconds
of impulsion). The test w~s conCinued until Che fuel in reservoir wns
exhausted, witt~ simulation of the pressure differences when the fuel pumpg
cuC in, as would occur during flight and also reRulntion of the afterburner
by two servomoCros fed by the gas of pressurizaCion.
'The 19 March trial wgs the second with the eame Viking-3 moror in order
to verify Che possibility of reusing and reigniti~ig the motor: a primary
test of 10 seconds had been performed on 13 March.
~lnother Viking-3 motor will be tested in laCe March under the same condi-
tions as the preceding test, and two tests of the second stage Vikin~-4
motor, wfth simulated altitude, will take place in late April and late ,
Mny on the testing site of DFVLR [expansion unknown] a~ Hardthausen (Germany).
Fin~lly, the first static tests of two Viking-5 moCors (flight test with
a different Viking-2 contour on the first stage) will take place at Vernon
in late May or early June.
COPYR7GHT: AIR & COSMOS, Paris 1979
8A60
CSO: 3100
30
i~Oh Oi~CICTe~,. UtiG t?;;i.Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000100060041-9

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FnR O~~ICiAL US~ ONi,Y
MILITARY nBS~I2VATI0N SAT~LLIT~ TO B~ CONS~ttUCT~D -
Pgris AIit & COSMOS in French 12 M~y 79 p 43
(Article by Pi~rr~ Langereux)
(T~xCJ rrovisidn fnr con~Cruction nf rhe 5AMIt0, Chh firgC ~rcnch milie~ry
obgervation ggCelliCe, i~ made in the ~ifth military progr~m ~uChurixuCion
bi11, which will be in effect starting in 1983, iC hag ~u~t been nnnnunCCd by
Yvon Bourges~ French defense minister.
- 'Chus for the first time it has been dffiriglly confirm~d thge thi~ pro~eCted
satellite, under study fnr n number of yegrg, will be built. 'The preeent
military program nct (1977-1982) in f~ct provided only a modest fin~ncinl
participation by the armed forcee in the develnpmenC nf ttie SYOT civil ob~cr-
vation satellite of Che CNES (NaCional Space Studiee Center], certnin tech-
nical features of whicr? will be utilized in the 5AMR0~ and of the ~uropean
Ariane [Ariadnej ~auncher, which will enable the SPOT to be placed intu orbit
(in 1984), as we as the SAMRO (probably befnre Che end uf rhe 1980 decade.
As a matter of fact the armed forces expect that Che Ariane rocket will liave
passed iCs tests and that the SPOT satellite will have been developed--if
not launched--before making commitments for congtruction of the SM'~t0 sat-
ellite and its reconnaissance equipment (cameras wiCl~ visible range and infra-
- red optics) but also that of control stations nnd equipment for reception nnd
processing of data, can be eatimnted at nbouC 6 billion francsl
To this musC then be added the operaCing expenses of the system, nnd costs oE
renovating und improving the SAMRO satellites, and so f.orth.
Because, once launched, the French satellite reconnaissance system will t~nve to -
provide a"permanent" service, like its American and Soviet predecessors. F'or
France this therefore ~mounts to launching itself into an operation of large
scope.
COPYRIGHT: AIR ET COSMOS Paris 1979
11,706
CSO: 3100
31
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~dtt U~t~'ICrAL US~ t~NLY
CROTAL~ MZSSIL~ I'itOT~CT5 NATION'S MILIT/w1tY ALitFY~LUS
Parie D~F~NS~ IN'TE~~S in Fr~nch May 79 pp 32-37
[TexC~ The developmenC of Che thre~e from eh~ air
and the leaeons learnpd �rom Che 1~eegC conflicCg~
thoe~ in th~ Ne~r EasC, in p~reicul~r, pur~ugded
mogt of eh~ air forcea eo boost the protection of
Cheir ~irfields againet air rgida.
- A group of ineaeures i~ being implemented in ~rance:
H~rdening rhe shelters for comb~t gircrafC;
Camoufinge of ingtallations to make Cheir visual acquisiCion by the
aCtacker more difficulC, using the vegetution in rhe area ge well ag -
painCing of buildings, concrete surfaces, hardstanda, and taxiwayg;
UpgrAding of ground-to-air armament through the poaitioning of "CroCale"
miasilea at certain air bases and further equipment of all bases with
AA guns.
~ Why "Crotale?"
Penetration and air raids conducted aC very low a1CiCudes and great
speed represent an ever growing danger.
The low-level acCion radius of tactical aircraft in service throughout ttie
world has been increased consideraLly in recent years. It presently
amounts to 700 kilometers for the most recent aircrafC, thus placing all
. of our airfields within range of aircraft stationed well beyond France's
land or sea frontiers.
Finally, very lo~r-level and high-speed apprnach makes it possible to ac-
hieve a tactical surprise, or at least to reduce the reaction time avail-
able Co the defense. This type of attack represents a permanent threat
from here on in, a threat which moreover is independent of weather condi-
tions in view of adv~nces in "all-weather" penetration.
32
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~ntt 0~~'ICfAL US~ ONLY
Concerning Ch~ ~rnund-tn-nir d~�~n~~ o~ air Ugs~~ and gen~iti.v~ p~inr~
we musC hav~ mean~ p~rmi~~~.ng u~t
A~ so~n g~ p~~~ibl~ Co dgtiect one nr ~~v~r~1 a~.rcrnft p~ne~ra~~.ng ~C high
- epeada ~nd very 1ow ~1Citudes; in Chi~ ar~a, w~ can pr~sen~~.y encounCpr
epeed~ oE 3U0 me~ers per eecond gnd aleieud~~ of 500 maeerg; _
'~d id~nCi~y Cha~~ gi.rcr~�t nnd rn ~ound ~h~ nlere in minimum eim~;
'~o gu~rant~e Clte CraCking df r.h~ ear~~e, eh~ Cn1Ct11EIt~.Ori oE Ch~ �iring
e1~n?~nCe, the f~.r~.ng ~s euch, and th~ de~rructiion of ~eCgCkin~ ~ircrnfti
befor~ ehey hgve fir~d.
- The develnpment oE CroCale was originally undereaken upon rc~quese af Snuth
Africa, aC Che Cime one of ehe chief cugtomarg for Fr~nch miliCary equip-
ment. The en~ir~ ~ystem w~s developed by Thomson-CSF, ehe gnner~l pro~ecC
manager, while Enging Marrg wg~ eharged wieh d~v~loping eh~ mi~gil~ ag such.
Th~ gpecificaCion~ aC ehe b~ginning nf Che Crotnle progrnm cglled for the
~ollowing ~ix mnin poines:
5imultaneoue engag~ment of multiple ~argetg during severnl rnids;
Rapid ~argeC acqu~,sition;
Immediate firing and re��eng~g~mene [of t~rget];
Maximum eff~cCivenesg; �
lligh nCCrition prior to employmenC of attacker's weapons;
Air transportnhiliCy.
= The developmene work was begun at the end of 1964 and was completed in
March 1970; it was aimed aC the adoption of six characterisCics permitCing
the sueisfaction of all of the specifications. Crotal~ used automgrion
~ extensively, Co such a po~.nt that the gunner is more of a waCchman ratt~er
than an operator.
The functions of acquisition, coordination, and [CargeC] designation ure
enCirely automaCic. Besides, the fire power (at least 12 miasiles ready
to Fire), Che possibility of achieving the first inrercepC at a longer
range, the high destruction probubility and the separation between thc:
firing unit and the acquisition unit permit the system to meet all of
these urgent requirements. -
- Crotale is the ~nly coordinated low-level air defense system in service,
capable of responding to saturation air raids.
33
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~'OR n1~1~ICIAL USC ONLY
It i~ de~i~,n~d ~s n re~1. ~ir d~~enge "n~nti~r" ~ttp~bl.e nf cnnrdinc~r~.ng Cl~~
f~.r~ o~ 88V3x6~. unita wi~h Ch~ h~1p of a c~n~ral nnqui~~.eion un~.t whinh
auComatically eva~.u~tes ~he ChrenC and gi.ve~ ehe order for eh~ uniCg ro
fire so as Co prev~nt ov~rk~.Ll~.ng, that ig tio say, tihe noncenCtiarion of
more tihan abundane f ir~.
Thi~ a sltort r~ncCinn-L�ime systipm, using ~ high-p~rEormance nnd highly
m~neuverable migg~.l~, wieh greati in~t~nranenu~ Fire power, making it pos-~
~ibl~ very quickly eo �i.re upon tihe mose dangerous CgrgeCs.
Tlie f irs~ miegil~ ~s g maCeer of facti c~n be �ired ge a egrgee only 6 gec-
onds nf tier iniCi~l deCecCion (�irgt radar echo); ~usti 2 seconde ~.neer, a
second miasile can be fired by the same firing unit. -
Al1-Weather Op~raeiongl CapabiliCy
'~h~ Crneale systiem presenCg very inC~resting general �eatures. ~t hus nn
- all-wegther, day-eime and nighti-eime operational capabiliCy (which, for
example, is noti tirue o� ehe Roland 1 of the Ground ~orces); it hag a more
nonvenient developmenti poeen~ial, as shown furthermore by the new SA 10
missile developed by Thomson-C5F; ie can be dep~.oyed rapidly and does ttot
present ~ny problem in Cexms of size and weight; Crotale can aLso be easily
~dapted to rhe terrnin in which it is deployed. Finally, it can be air
Cranaported by C~136 Hercules, C-141, and C-160 Transall aircraft.
Whi1e the general feaCures of Croeale are such that they permiC high per-
formance, iC ia indispensable for us to have a high processing capacity
in terms of real ~ime and a perfecC reaction capacity. That is to say~
the system musC have retrieval units and computers with a high processing
capacity, working in terms of real time. -
. .
,
.
.
;
~
�
~ ~
_ 'o? ~:t~
~ 1~
.
~',~~11 ~'j~ ~e .j'wy t. - _ .
. y~t,.:. .d~ ~y~ r . . ii'1.,
~ ~F.+ y ~ - .,ro~
Firing a Crotale Missile; on the righC, we can see the acquisition unit
and, in rhe bnckground, there fs a second firing uniC.
34
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rott nt~~tcr~~t, trsl: atvi,Y -
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