JPRS ID: 8531 TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY PHYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

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TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
PNYSICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
CFOUO 34/79)
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JPRS L/8531
~ 1. ~'uno 19 79 ~
TRANSLATIONS ON USSR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -
~ PHY ~ I CAL SC I ENCES ANll. TECHNO~.OGY ~
~ (FOUO 34/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
CYB~RN~TICS, COMPUTER3 AND AUTOMATIQN T~CHNOLOGY
AbsCracts From the Journal 'Programm9ng', Sep-OcC 78
- (PROGRAMM2ROVANIYE, Sep-Oce 18) 1
AbstracCs From the Journal ~Programming', Nov-Dec 78
(PROGRAMriIROVANIYE, Nov-Dec 78) 4
GEOPHYSICS, ASTFtONOMY AND SPACE '
'AIR & COSMOS' Reports on 'Soyuz-33' Failure
(AIR ET COSMOS, 19 May 79) 8
Principles of Control Systems for Spacecraft
(G.G. Bebenin, et al.; SISTL'MY UPRAVLENIYA POLETOM
IiOSMICHESKIKH APPARATOV, 1978) 10
Space Vet~icle F~.~ght Control
(G.~. Bebenin, et al. ; SI5TFr`~IY UPRAVLEI3IYA POLETOM
KOSMICHESKIKH APPARATOV, 1978) 21
DisCribu~iocy of Control Between Ground and Spaceborne
Complexes ~
(G.G. Debenin, et al.; SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA POLETOM
KOSMICHESitIKH APPARATOV, 1978) 52
PUBLICATIONS
Oceanic Research From Space
(B.V. Novogrodskiy; ISSLEDOVANIYE OKEANA IZ KOSMOSA,
1978) 72 `
. Infrared Tecrnology and Outer Space
(Yu. P. Safronov, Yu. G. Andrianov; INFRAKRASNAYA
TEKHNIKA I KOSMOS, 1978) 7G
-a- (III -USSR-23S &TFOUO~ .
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CON'i'ENTS (Continued) ~'n~~
Thenry of Automaeic Cdcicrn~ of ttocker Engines
(Alek~~y Andreyev:tnh Shevynkov, et ~1.; T~OItIYA
AVTOMATICH~SKOGO UPItAVLENZYA RA[C~TNYMI DVIGAT~LYAMI,
1978) 7G
O~signing Pilotleas Aircraft
(Dmitriy Nikol~vevich Shcheverov; PROY~KTIRUVANIY~
13~SPILOTAIYKH L~TAZ'EL'tIYK~I APPARATOV, 1978) . . . . ~ . . . 78
Y
- Me:hanics of Flight in ehe Venusian Atmosphere
(Grigoriy M~~karovich Moskalenko; MEKHANJ.KA POLYETA V
ATMCSFEItr". V~NER:, 1.978) 81
~
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CYBERNETICS, COMi'UTCn5 AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
ADSTRACTS FROM THE JOURNAL 'PROGRAMMING', 5~P-OCT 78 -
Moscow PROGRAMMIROVANIYE in Rusaian No 5, Sep-Oct 78 pp 95-96 ~
UDC 681.3.06
COMPOSITION OF PROGRAMS AND COMPOSITIONAL PROGRAMMING
(Abstract of artiicle by Red'ko, V.N.)
(Text~ Marhematical models adequately reflecting methoda of presen-
tation of complex programs via simple ones are described. A complete
overview of these models is given in terms of compositfona. Conae-
quently the chief classes oE composit~nn are specified: connotative
and denotative. A method of compositional programming is developed
on their basis.
UDC 681.142
ON FORMALIZATION OF LANGUAGE
(Abstract of article by Tuzov, V.A.)
(Textj The probl.em of precise description of a language with the aid
of two grammars which generate external and internal languages is con-
sidered. c:eneral questions arising from this method of description
are discussed, The problem of correspondence between these languageg
~ is solved.
UDC 681.322.06
ON THE TECHNOLOGY OF CREATION OF TRANSLATORS
[Abstract of article by Kaufman, V. Sh.]
[Text) 2`he probl~em of rationalization of the process of translator
creation is considered. It is proposed to specify it in twc~ stages:
elaboration of a projection from input language fnto output and re-
alization of the projection by specific algorithms. This description _
is cons.idered as assiynment for translator in automated systematic
programming of translators system.
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UDC 681.3.323 ;
PROBLEM OF' CORRECT,NESS OF GI2APH FLOWCHARTS Ok' PATtALL~L ALGORITHMS
(Abatract o� article by Korablin~ Yu. P.J
(Text~ Formal conditions of correctness o� graph flowcharta of parallel
algorithms are introduced in the article. These are adequate conditions of
meaningful correctness (functionality) of graph flowcharts Qf parallel
algorithms. The solvability of the problem of aorrectness of graph
flowcharts of parallel algor.ithms is proven and a method of detRrmining
correctness for them is cited.
UDC 681.3.323 ~
ON THE PROBLEM OF DEPARALLELIZATION OF ALGORITHMS
(Abstract of article by Belousov, A.I.)
(TextJ An attempt is made to stu8y certain aspects of the procesa of
deparallelization of algorithms based on the theor7 or normal algorithms. ,
The task of deparallelizatior~ is treated as s problem of expansion of
normal algorithms into a parallel composition (association). Basic
principles of this appzoach to the problem ace formuZated and certain
conditions of expansion are derived.
UDC 681.31:681.326:b81.142 ~
ALGORITHMS OF OPERATIVE PLANNING OF WORK OF A DISTRIBUTED COMPCJTING SYSTEM ~
IN INTERACTIVE COMPUTATIUN MODE
(Abstract of article by Gavrilov, A.V. and Zhiratkov, V.I.J
(Text) The problem of control of a distributed comp~.:ing system (RVS) ~
functioning in interactive computing m~de i~ considered. FeaturPS of
solution of this problem for RVC are considered; a series of heutistic
algorithms of planning are proposed; a study is made nf the chacacteristics
~ of the proposed algorithm; ~nd pr.ac!:ical recommendations are mas3e for
their use. ~
UD~: 681.3 _
PROGRESSIVE-~CATENARY ORGANIZATION OF OVERFLOW ENTRIES IN R~NDOMIZED FILES
- (Abstract of article by Litvinov, V.A. and Kokorin, A.A.]
[Text] Algorithms for proces~ing synonyms fn randomized files are
considered which combine the ba~sic merits of inethods of progresQive `
- overflow and catenary connections. Results of statistical simulation are
given.
2 [
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~ UpC 519.95
KIMDS--COMPLEX Or PROCEDURES OF IMYTATIVE SIMULATION OF GENERALIZED -
DISCRETE SYSTEMS l
(Abstract of article by Mitrofanov, Yu.T. and Tvanov, A.N.)
(Text) Principles of constructiun o� KiMDS complex of procec7ures of
imitative simulation of generalized discrete systems using Algol-60 are
examined. Complex KIMDS expands Algol-60 into a language o� time simulation
of diacrete systems with processes evolving along parallel time lines.
UDC 681.3.06
' ONE ALGORITHM OF TABULAR CRGANI2ATION USING HASHING
(Abstract of article by Akchurin, R.M.)
(TextJ Methoc3s are given for organizing tables, the shortcomings of
current methods, and an algorithm is proposed for tabular hashing of
identifiers to permit significa~~t rec3uction of retrieval time. Methods -
presented are of practical use for hashing based on author's standard
module employing assembly language.
UDC 681.3.06:51
J NEATPL--MEANS OF F.ACILITATING DEBUGGING OF PROGRAMS IN PL/1 '
' (Abstract of a~:ticle by Bezrukov, N.N.]
(TextJ Ari:icle describes service program designed for structural opening
of program text in PL/2 and other actions (automatic replacmecnt of
identifiers, list printing process control, translation of diagnostic
messages of compiler, etc.), facilitating process of program debugging.
' UDC 658.021.011.56:681.3.06
MODULE OF TEXTUAL INFORMATION P.~ACEMENT -
[Abstract of article by Khannanov, R.G.J
(Text] Article reports on zamily of programming modules f~r placement
of textual information in graphs of required dimensions, observing ru~~s
of grammatical transfer.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Programmirovaniya", 1978 -
8617 ~
CSO: 1870
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CY~EItI~ETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATxON TECHNOLOGX
. ' i
ABSTRACT5 FROM TH~ JOURNAL 'PROGRAMMING', NOV-DEC 78
Moscow F'ROGRAMMIROVANIYE in Rusaian No 6, Nov-Dec 78 pp 95-96
UDC 681.142.2
[Text]
- Methods of Defining the Semantics of Programming Languages. ,
Lavrov S.S.,PROGRAMMTROVANTYE, 1978, No 6.
Primary
A bzief survey of the semaneics of programmtng languages is given.
at~ention ~.s devoted to denotative (mathematical) semantics, which is es-
sentially thnce tsrandf re~ultsof~denotative~semanticsgare presentedeorsome
The basic co p
. 23 bibliographic citations.
unc bl:bal.3:o6 _
Logic and Termwise Equivalent Transformations of Yanov Schemes
Sin L.I., PROGRAMMIROVANIYE, 197~, No 6.
Yanov schemes are studied in this paper in terms of the informaCional influ-
ence of operators on the logic variables and operators, as well as their
equivalence. A complete system of logic and termwise equivalent transform-
ations of sevivel Yanovaschemes.scSomeg8ifigures,u7tbibliograuhictcitations.
tuxed (iterat )
UDC 681.142.2
Automatic Machines which kecognize Latiguages Generated by ~recedence -
Grammars ~
Babichev A.V., PROGRAMMIROVANIYE, 1978, No 6. ~
Precedence relationships far contextual grammars are defined in a new way.
A class of machines is ascertained which identify languages generated by
precedence grammars. Some 3 bibliographic citations.
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UDC 681.3.06
A MeChod of ConstirucC~.ng CommutaCive Mappings o� Da~~ Models when LnCe-
- gra~i.ng Tnhomogeneous Da~a Basea
Kallnichenko L.A. ~ I'ItOGRAl~1IROVANIY~, ~.978, No 6.
~ The problems of ~rane�orming data models in syatems for ~.ntegrating inhomo- `
geneous da~a bases are considered. A general me~hod is propoaed for mapping
one data model. inro anoCher, based on an axiomatic expansion of ~he target
- data madel, which provides for commuta~ivity of the mapping diagrams of the
data base sch anea and ehe operators of the data manipulation ].anguages.
One figure, 11 bibliographic ci~aCions.
~ UDC 519.95
On One Approach tio the Economy of AcCionE in Program Modeling
Manerko Yu.F., Eligulashvili B.G.,PROGRAI~'IMTROVANIYE, 1978, No 6.
An algorithm ~.s ~iven which permits reducing the modeling time for complex
systems by virtue ot increasing the efficiency of executing a tlme lisC of
~ events.
UDC 681.3.06
Experiments with Hierarchical Substitution Algorithms
Broytman M.G., Kogan Ya.A., Peterson E.Ya., PROGRA1~iTROVANTYE, 1978, No 6.
Hierarchical substitution algorithms based on a simulation model for the -
program processing in a computer system with a page organization of the
memory are investigated. The influence of the parameCers o~ the hierarchical
algoriehms on the page call raCe from the peripheral memory is analyzed. The
resul.ts uf the modeling demonstrate that hierarchical substiCution algorithms
require fewer ~a~e callups than the LRU and FTFO algorithms which are the
most widespread at the present time. Some 3 tables, 5 bibliographic cita-
tions.
UDC 681e3.06
The Static Identification of Procedures in ALGOL-like Language Compilers
- Abramovich S.M., PROGRAM~2IRGVANIYE, 1978, No 6
A solution is proposed for the ~e~sl~ �ro eduresningcompilerseforCALGOLclike
fications for the formal parame p
languages.
The solution considered here does not require the repeaCed running of the
input program. Algorithms are given which are written in TNSTR languages,
as well as examples which illustrate their application. Some 4 figures,
9 bj.bliographic citations.
S
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UDC 519.95
The Urilization of Logic Gd~e Language in the De~ign of Matrix Mu1Cip9.ier
Circui~s
Avdeyeva G.T., Kossovakiy V.G., PROGRAMMTROVANTYE, 1978, No 6.
An analysis is made of a matrix mulCiplication circui~ using the language
o~ ~he 1,ogic gaCes. A practical. algoriCtun is g~.ven for the study of a
matrix multiplier where the original multipliers are broken down into parts. .
Est:LmaCes are given for ~he equipinent and the operAtional speed of ~he
circuit. One figure, 5 bibliographic citntiona. ~
UAC 51:519.681,519.683 -
On the Application of a Formalized Technical Aasignment Procedure to Che
Design oE Processing Programs for Data Structures
Glushkov V.M., Kipitonova Yu.V., Letichevskiy A.A.,PROGRAMMIROVANTYE, 1978,
No 6.
A method is presented for the formalized technical assignmenta o� program
planning, and an example is given of a program set up using thi.s method
~or processing data strucCure~ of a complex nature. Some 2 figures, 18
bibliographic c~~aCions. �
UDC 681.3.058
Increasing the Eff iciency of Ordering with the Method of Trian;1es
Vilenkin S.Ya., Charnaya I.S., PROGRAMMTROVANTYE, 1978, No 6.
Increasing the eff iciency of th~ method of ordering a data array based on
associative parallel processors is treated. For this, the elements of the
data array being ordered are treated as ordered staCistics and the maximal
and minimal elements of the subarrays being ordered are compared. A trans-
formati.on of the mpthod of triangles is given, taking the results obtained
into account. Some 2 tables, 5 bibliographic citations.
UDC 681.3.06.51
A Virtual Operational System for Small and Medium Computers
Soko1 Yan, Navratil Vladimir, PROGRAI~IIROVANIYE, 1978, No 6.
~ ~he organizational principle of a virtual operational system for small and
" medium cm~4Puters are described. Many of the drawbacks of third generation
sma11 and med~um computer operational systems are taken ~nto account and
overcome in the proposed operational system. ~
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UDC 681.3,oi -
The Organ~.zttCion of ~ Controlled Memoxy when Progra+Tmiing in FO1tTRAN f or
the "Minsk-32'~ Computer
Konevskiy B. T. , PROGR.ArIlrtxROVANTXE, 1978, No 6.
The article contains a description of the means which can be employed in �
deve~.oping FORTRAN programs on ~he "Min~k--32" compuCer for Clie org~n~za-
C3.on of a contro7,led memory, i.e., a memory, ehe distribuCion og which is
speciEied during ~he program and is realized in ~he process oE running
Che program on ~he crnnpu~er. The advantages of such a method are discussed
ns compared to the static procedure ~dopted in aCandard FORTRAN language.
Some 2~abLes, 3 bibliographic ciCations.
COPXRIGHT; Tzdateltstvo "Nauka", "Programmirovan~ye", 1978
.
8225
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- ~OIt O~~ICIAI. U5~ tlNLY -
_i
l",~OpHY5tC5, ASTttONOMY ANU SpA~~
'AI~t ~ COSMOS' tiEP0ItT5 ON '5bYUZ-3~' ~AtLUit~
~~ri~ AIR ~T COSMdS in ~reneh Nd 766 (19 M~y 79) pp 49,56
~
(Ungigned article: "itevelgtidns on ehe 'Soyuz-33' ~ai~ur~") ' ~
[T~xt~ The Soviet pregs has prdvided verioug det~il~ on the miseion fgilure
of th~ "S~yuz-33" Cr~nspore ghip, which did not dock with th~ "Salyut-6"
orbieal station. Th~ "5oyuz-33" ineernatidnal crea of Nikol~y ttukaviehnikov
and Georgiy ivenov (Bul~~ria) Pafely goftland~d on 12 April. Up to the
approach phase~ everything had be~n going nnrm~lly. There �aere to be
fiv~ burns of the "Soyuz-33" main engine. The ftrge laeted 61 seconda
without cauge for aorry: the engine burned st~adily and provided a bnrely
perceptible acceleretion.
But during the appronch the er~gine burned for only 3-4 geronde in~tead of
the prescribed 61 geconds, and Nikolay Rukavighnikov--according ~o hie
conunents after his retu~n--ndted that the thrust was irregular: "I got
the impression the "Soyuz" was beginning to vibrate, but by extending my
grn? towards the control panel, I was ~ble ta make this phenomenon d~sappear;
I did not exacCly undergtend ahat was hnppening," eaid Rukavigheikov~ "but
� I realized that r.i~e rendezvous might be abandoned." At that pr~cise mo-
, ment, "Soyuz-33" was tl~r~e kilometzrs from the "5alyut-6" orbital stetion.
The "5oyuz-33" crew then fired the main engin~ three more timea, but it
was clear thst the pressure in the combustion chamber was loWer than ptre-
~ scribed; gtill, there was some doubt on the part of the cosmonauts ae to
the origin of the difficuley. It was not altogether impossible Chat the
pressure gauti;es were providing false information.
It was then thai Flight Director Aleksey Yeliseyev gave the order to aban-
- don the mission as planned and [o suit up... In the meantime~ it Wae de-
cided to continue flight in the automatic mode and to let the coemonauta
sleep. During this tioe, the ground crewg made Cheir diegnosis: there
was a malfunction in the main engine. This Was the first tim~ in the his-
tory of Soviet spaceflight that such a malfunction had ever occurred.
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'~h~ onLy golution wg~ to u~~ th~ beck-up ~ngin~ ~nd, ~e wor~t, eh~ ori~n- _
~grion ~ngines. ~here wa~ gan~ qu~~rion gg to wh~th~r eh~r~ would be guf-
ficient fue]. reAervc�d �or the~e ~ngin~e to deorbit the tiraneport ehip in
order to en~ur~ proper rerntry Chrough the deeAa layera of the gtmosphore.
~ On the mor~ning of 12 April~ thr~~ po~aible varieeione baepd on the aeeump-
tion ehat ehe back-up engine would function wprp given to the cogmonAate=
--if it burned fdr iegg th~an 90 seconde~ "Soyuz" would remain in
orbit gnd enother m~n~uver would h~v~ to be worked one;
--if thc engin~s burned for more thgn 90 eeconda~but l~es thaa
the nominal 188 seconds, without any oth~r maneuvere for four revolutione~
"Soyuz" would reenter the atmo~pher~ but would riek landing anywhere on
earth. it would~ th~refore, b~ neceesary to correct the tra~ectory viLh
a manual maneuv~r;
--finally~ if the burn last~d the nominal (188,aeconde], reentry
would go well.
Fortun~t~ly~ Chis ie what occurred. (5~
COFYRICHT: Air b Cosmos~ Pgris, 1979
CSO: 3100
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Fo~ o~~ic~nt. us~ oNLY
.
G~OPNYSIC3~ ABTItONOMY AND 3PAC~
pEtINCIPLL3 0~ CONrttOL SY3~LM5 ~Uit 3PACLCEtA~T
Moecow SIST~MY UPItAVLL~NIYA POL~TOM K03MICHESKIKH ApPARATOV in ~tussian 1978
- pp 5-14
~Chapt~r 1 by G. B~b~nin, 8. S. Skrebuah~vskiy and G. A. Snkolav from
the book "3iatemy Upravl~niya poletom Koemich~8kikh App~rgtov" edited by
G. G. Beb~nin, Maehinoetroyeniye~
[Texej Tesks gnd Principles in the Conetruction of ~light Control Syateme
for Sp~c~cr~ft
1.1 Control Syetea T~ske
Controlling the fl~ght of a KA [epacecraftJ ia a complex pYOCess which
depende on the taske being reeoived by Che apparatue during ite flight.
- In this book baeically the taeke of controlling KA in near earth opace
will bu examined; however, many of them may be ueed also for KA Which are
performing a controll~d flight in the vicinity of other planete.
' Under the controlled flight of a KA we shall include the dixected change
of ita position in apace. The procesa of contralling KA under normal cir-
cumstances includes determination and forecaeting of its trajectory ca4tion
and the procesein~ of control commande for ita movement.
Determination of the law for controlling the flight of a KA demande an
examinatfon of a number of ancillary questions. Thue, for example~ vhen
plannfng research work in the area of earth aurface photography in the
viaib;: spectrus~ for geologic fnveatigations ft is neceeaary to eatiefy
a large number of conditione: the aurface of the earth being inveatigated
ehould be illuminated by the aun; the leneee of the aameras should not be
exposed to the aun; the a~on's crescent ehould not fall within th~ equip-
ment's field of viea'and so forth.
Already from this far from complete listing of conditions it is apparent
that for flight control it is necessary not only to forecast the movement
of the KA, but also calculate the coordinatee of the sun and the moon at
any moment in time, estimate the relative position of th~ KA and the region
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~
~OR OF~ICIAL U5~ ONLY .
b~ing inv~ae,$at~d~ c~nnid~r th~ egp~biiiei~~ for c~mmunie~eion~ with ehp
contrnl pdine und tha dae~ clump, ~~c. ~rom ehe ex~mplp ~xamin~d ~,t i~
apper~nt that a1on~ wieh th~ rln~eieal egakr of contrdis
e~neralling th~ mov~ment of the KA c~nt~r of m~Ae;
control ~bout the KA c~nt~r ~f ma~8; and
~aerimating th~a preai~ion th~ controi prnce~o,
it i~ n~e~a~gry en ~x~nine ~ 1~rg~ ~ia~s of anci.ll~ry task~t
b~lli~tic eoeernl suppdrt (d~t~rmining orbiti�il ~l~mantr a~d their fore-
c~etin~ aitih~r by dig~t~1 or aa~lyti~~1 m~thoda);
: ~stimating the aarro-bgl,lie~ic flight ~.onditione (c~lculatfng the co- _
ordinat~~ nf th~ sun And moon~ thp Candiefnn~ of r~lativ~ vieibilit~r of
th~ Kt1 and th~ contrnl pointi, ~r.c.). �
Control is madp eignificantly more compl8x when examining KA syeteme which
ere jofntly fulfilling either a ap8cific eask aY a~roup of taske. Wh~n
an~lyzing rh~ char~ce~riaciea of KA eon~rol eyat~mg thpre arie~� ~ number
of ~seentially n~w problec~e, fdr exampl~:
aelectfon of th~ i~ftial orbftal conetruction for ehe KA $yatem; �
~etimacion of ~he d~formation of Che r~latfve pneition of the KA under
the influenc~ of varioue typee of peYturbations (the moon~ the eun aed
nth~erg);
e~timgtiing preaent rela~ive positinn and the conditions of relntive
vieibili~y; nnd
det~rmining the control etrat~gy for each piere of nquipment aithin the
gyst~m, tgking ineo eccount their interrelationehip.
Naturally, the golution of labor-conguming tA8k8 in the computer senee can-
not be accompliehed only by on board EVM [computers). Ae e rule, the bulk
of these is accompiiahed on the computfng devices nf the ground control
point~, and therefare the queation concerning the rational dietribution of
control functions amongst the ground and on board control aomplexes is very
fmportant. In so doing it is necessary to take into eccount the fact that
the interrelationship amongst these complexea hae characteristic pesuliari-
tics When controlling automatfc and manned KA. In the first case, the ex-
change of informetion flo~s only betWeen the technical control devices of
the ground and on board complex, and in 8o doir?g the informatioa is trans-
mitted in a formalfzed form. In the second case, the exchange of informa-
tion atso takes place ~aith the utilization of communicatioas facilities be-
tWeen the pereonnel of the gtound complex (control group) and the crew. In
this manner, there arise tao parallel control profilea. MoreoWer, in the
aecond profile the information is not always tranamitted in a formalized
format. Thia circumetance. ae well ae the preaence of a"manaed area" in
the control loop, eignificantly complicatea ite thporeticai investigation.
We ahall examine ia a 8omeahat formalized format the definition and aolu-
tion of, the �light control task for a KA. In the general case the condi-
tion for the successful solution of a KA flight coatrol task is a combina-
tion of certain parameters, the valuea of Which ehould be monitored and
maintained With precise accuracy. There may be aeveral of eheae parameters
q~~, ~s, q~j, Ne shall arrange to deecribe their control functiona.
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. ,
FOR O~~IC~AL US~ C7NLY
'Ph~ ~ctu~1 vglue~ ~f ~onerd1. p~r~mdtera diff~r from ehos~ e~1cul~C~d~ Th~
r~~~on~ inducin~ tih~e~ vgriations ~r~ ~1so ceuged by ingCCUrae~ knowl~dge
or calcul~tions of dir~crly obaerv~d phyeical laws. It ie cuseomgry ro
c~?11 eh~a~ p~reurb~~ion~ ~nd diseurb~ncae~ W~ eh~li d~finp a eeri~o ef
p~rturb~tfon~ ~a t Qi, Q~, C~i,
~h~ conerol ~yeCem moniCors ~ieh~r directly or indireetly th~ valu~s of
th~ conrrol p~ram~e~rs ~nd er~n~mits eh~m to th~ object under conCrol~ in
ehis e~8~ rh~ KA, whieh conrrole th~ actione r,, G~, Gr, G�� which etriv~
to ~liminat~ eh~ contral per~mati~r vari~riong which aris~. Th~ control r
geCiong gr~ formulae~d by the control eyetpm according Cn Chp equeCion
Q~''~y 1)r ~ I .1 ~
wh~r~ ~y is eh~ control oparaeor which fs ~ccompliehing a tr~n~formation
of n-m~~~ur~d vacCor~ ~p,~'' and tfine t in m-meaeur~d vectoti G of the con-
erol gcefon~;rf" i~ the veeeor whfch d~C~rmfne~ eh~ raquir~d values of the
control parametere.
Under the influence of controlling and perCurbfng actiona there reault8 a
change in control parameCera. 7'his change may be writC~n in the form of
an equatfon
~ ~'o~ ~ ) -~''?'o: (Q~ t C 1. 2 )
Hare Q ie the k-measured vector of perturbing influances which are deter-
mined by the equation
Q~d'e~~~ t~� ~ 1.3~
A cambined solution of the equations (f.l), (1.2) and (1.3) allows one to
atudy the mechaniam for changing control parametere, ae well ae to determine
the accuracy of control withfn a given operator ~y~ which is characterized
by the vector _
e~ Io~~? a~1,. . n~~},
where Ap~:~vl ~epl.
' This task is knotan in the theory of automatic control as an analyais taek.
In addition~ the equatione (1.1), (1.2) and (1.3) a11oW one to eolve the
taek of synthesie which lead~ to the selection the operator ~y. For an
unambiguoue solution to thie task it ie neceesary to supplement the deeig-
nated eyetem with a condition which flowe out from the accepted criterion
of optimization.
We shall examine the mo3t charactetistic featurea of KA flight control
syetems. Primarily it ia their multiplicity and multi-connectednee~. The -
appearance of the operatora ~I?o,~ cUoz and cU� in the flight procesa changee
with respect to the change in physical conditions at each stage. Moreover,
the control parametera and control actione are also being changed.
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~o~ r~r~~crnt, us~ c~N~,Y
Thug~ upon pl~cing ~ tt~1 inen nrbit the rnntral p~rgm~t~re gr~ the coordf-
n~~e~ ~nd ~ompon~ne vnlnGiGi~~ d~ moeinn �or ~he eenter oE m~~~~ ge wa11
ng nngul~r coordinate~ which det~rn~in~ Lh~ epaCial ori~ne~tion of ~h~ ~p~c~-
crgrt budy; con~rol ac~ion~ nrd the forc~~ ~nd momente whfah gre �eing cre- ~
~t~d by the ~ngine of the c~crier ro~k~t and th~s etaering deviees. Uuring
- tnotfon in o.~bit for ~ non-menpuverabl~ KA ehe argl~ae which detetmin~ th~
orientr~tion of th~ spgcr~ft'~ body b~long to th~ coneYO1 paramet~re, ~nd
rh~ cnntrol aceiona ar~ the mnment~ wl~ich are created by ehe conCrol devines.
~rnm th~r sCgCBd db~ve it is app~rent thae gt ~~ch ~tggp it ia necnesary to
npply diff~r~nt op~rator~ in yo dning th~ v~ry e~m~ contrnlling actione
~re cre~C~d by eh~ d~vices ~ihich ard bae~d on the urilizaCion of various
phyaical prfnciplns. MQniCOring th~ conrrol perameCers at separaCe eCagee
is alea accompli~hed by apeciffc mee~guri.ng ~tevicee. Cnnsequ~ntly~ the di-
ver~ity in Ch~ phyafc~l naeure o� the plemgnee befng uaed and ~he �requent '
chgng~~ td ~he r,omposition and etruc~ure nf tihe eyetem, as well ae the di-
versiCy af the gtructures should be noted as characterisCic feaCUr~a of
control 8ygt~Ill9.
When solving syntheaixing taske for a aontrol system a large numb~r of
criterig are praeent, ~or example, max,imum accuracy, minia~am root-mean-
square of error, minimum en~rgy expendiCureg, minimum fuel consumpCion~
maximum high-speed response, maximum amount of data which is received fur-
in~ the flighr~ etc. Similar multi-dimensionalfty~ as well as the multi-
plicity of atructurea noted above determine the multi-emoothnees of ecien-
tific research into the quesCione of control.
1.2 General Principles in the Conatruction of a Ground Control Complex
- A ground KA flight control complex includes a receive-transmiCting track-
ing station (PPS) and a conttol center (TeU). In figure 1.1 there is pze-
aented a basic diagram for the control of spacecraft.
- A network of receiver-transmi~ting stations performa the trajectory mea-
surements, the reception of scientific and telemetry information in real
eime or from the recording of atorage devicea~ as well as the :ransmisaion
of commands to the spacecraft.
The control center performs the following basic Casks: planning the experi-
ments which are being performed during the flight of the spacecraft; con-
trolling the operation of the PPS; processing the measuremrnt and telemetry
information; farecasting the control co~ands for transmissfon to the space-
craft; monitoring and evaluating the functioning of the on board systems
and the scientific instruments; evaluating the results of the experimenta, .
etc.
The control centers are normally equippe,d with computer complexes consiating
of either one or several EVM with progr~imable algorithmic ayatema (PAS).
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~dR O~~IC~AL US~ ONLY
Schemaeir~lly Chc functionin~ o� tihe eyet~m may be pr~gent~d in Che fol-
lowing mgnner. Th~ ground PpS neCwork m~asure~ Ch~ parameC~re nf moCfon
�or the e~rth AgC8113~Cd in eirher an gceive or paseive mode. Information
of ~ dif�erene type ~ppe~rs for proceseing at epecialized ~AS through the
progrgm-~lgorithmic control syetem for dgCa pru~pseing whfch is noYmally -
accompliehed at the control compurer complex.
f~ f~ , f~ .
, r- - __.r .
_ c
N~~ vR ~ ~ ~ l'mH
~u~ ~ . . . . ~ ~~Nyu~ ( ~ )
- - - - - - - ~nnc~~)_ ~ _
n~c e~preom v n~c o~po~.~,~
ep~rmen?NO~ mrReMeM~t~te~ev
uMpopNdyUY uM~opMe�a4
~ /IAC t'N QbRlMGA ~
( CutMtM4 O ~
1QA?Ytl Odr~tt0 ~ ~ n~r~ro~Q ,~~N~ OM~Qbtt,N~nY~
I Na~im~tHU,e nrt !'opnr KA
I ~ ~ ~I~Z~
~ JaJevu .loBrtvu ~
ynpa0~ti~uR ynpol~rMV~
( neirtmeM C/ItJrlNYII ~
f(trrmp ynpolstNr~ ~ ~ 3 ~
Figure 1.1. Schematic of a Ground ConCrol Complex
Key:
1. Station No 1 8. General purpoae taske
2. Station No 2 9. Command tranemfesion to the KA
3. StaCion No n 10. D~ta display system
4. PAS orbital data processing I1. Flight control taska
5. PPS 12. Tracking control tasks
~ 6. PAS telemetry data proceesing 13. Control center
_ 7. PAS control
- The program-algorithmic system for processing orbital information performe
the transformation and initial processing of the tracking data. From this
data the orbit of the KA is determined, refined and predicted as ie the
accuracy of its elements.
The program-algorithmic telemetry data procesaing aystem monitors the
engineering status of the satellite's on board equipment and the correct-
ness of its processing of commands and experiment programs; during the
flight it performs error diagnosis, and in the event the latter does ariae -
it worka out the commanda to eliminate these errora and determinea the
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I
~dlt 0~~'~CLAL US~ ONLY ' _
regsone for Ch~ mgl~uncCinn in ~he KA elpmantis and cuakeg ehe decision con-
cer.ning the switchover tio r~s~rve unite or tha t~rniin~Cion af the cot,ducti _
of tha ~xpeYimenes. ~
� A bxoud r~nge of eask~ is reso~.ved by the control peS~eBke88~~~lighCgc ne
btiok~n down intio g number of grnupet gen~ra1 purpos ~
trol t~akg; tg8k8 �grgcecY~ft;~andCtasks~contira1'ling~the pr~es ofatrack-
mieafons to the KA p ;
ing the ep~cecraft. :
Tt?e taska of Che first group mgy include, for example, ~ s~lecCion of the ~
I
date for launching the KA, planning the experimenCa and planning the woYk ,
of the pPS which parforms the communfcations wiCh th~ spacecrefC.
a of the aecond group gre intendad to work out the flight control
The task
~ coflnnands auch gg+ ~0r tiLOnaledfrectingCtha~reaearchi~quipmentVtowarde~any
~ compliahment ot correc ,
type of object, etc�
Nonethe-
7'he tasks of the third group are o� baeically a technical naCure.
less, the selection of a number of devices taking into gccount their tech-
nic$1 capabiliCiea and status, determination o� Che common communicaCions -
frequencies and the adoption of ineasures during the anomalous receprion of
scienCific and tel~merric data concerning the aCaCus of the KA also falle
under the competence of thia group of tasks.
The taske of the fourCh group are more time conguming. In thia caee, there
is organized a procesa for tracking the orbite which preceded, for example~
a changQ in the orbital elements as a reault of a correction and the order
for collecting the orbital data is determined. In addition, the Cypes of
observations devices are aelected, as well as the volume and qualitative
compoaition of the measurements depending on the tasks being solved and
taking into account the technical capabilities of the equipment. Within
their competence there also f~lls the calculation of ephemeridea for the
KA, the aun, the moon, their accompanying polynomials, etc.
~.3 Principles in the Planning of Experiments On Board KA
When conducting reaearch or performing specific tasks by one or several KA
there arisPa the problem of planning the experimenta and aelecting the KA
momenta which will provide favorable con~etelnswe~shall examine aeveralex-
perimenta. To define thie question conc y
tasks which are being reaolved by automatic research KA in near earth space:
the investigation of the earth's natural resources; astror.omical obaerva-
tions (for example, studying the spectra of stara in the absence of the
earth's atmospheric interference, etc.); investigation of the sun (photo-
graphy of the solar corona in white light, spectrography, studying aolar
flares, etc.); measuring radiation in near earth space; determining the
frequency of colliaions with meteorite particlee, etc.
~ 15
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~Oit O~~ICTAL US~ dNLY
The glready bri~f cYOae BeCC~Ot1 0� @riUp18~gCed t8P~8 aCtiesti ro eh~ fact th~t
certain of theee tiequire ehe pre~ance of epecific condieiona~ Thus~ Chg -
~ ~tudy of the e~rth's n~eural resourcee ie tied in with photographing por-
rione of rhe earth'e aiurface in the vieible specerum. This ia poeaible
under condirione where ehese portions are illuminaCed, and the lunar disk
ie eliminated from falling wiehin the camer's field of view. Astironomical
obaerv~~iona of separaCe portiona of the atellar sky are glso impoaeible
when solxr illuminaCfon �all~ within ehe equipmene's zone. In addition~
Chere are frequenCly significant limitatiiong of a Gemporary nature durfng -
the operation of a KA which may have an affecC on the communic~tiona cnn-
ditions beCween Che apacecraft and the grouc~d control point or communica-
Ciona with fta KA relay craft. IC is apparent thae a fat?orable operating
conditfon for a KA system to g aignificant degree depends on Che time of
day and aeasonal variatione (winter or sprfng), ae well as the relative _
disposition of the KA and Che ground control point. These factora result
fn the need for planning ehe experimenes which are to be performed by the
KA. We should immedigtely separaCe out Cwo types of taske. In ~he fireC
case, one may examine the problem of selecting the momene of launch for
' the KA which eatiefies the opCimum, in whaterver sense, conditions for the
conducC of the experiemCne~ and in tha eecond caee a refinement of the con-
diCions for conducting the experiments for the KA which has been inserted
into its operaCional orbiC. The taks of Che second type, ae a rule, lead
to the uaual calculationa oE the aperating conditions for the research
equipment of the KA and dif�icultiea do not presenC themaelves. In the
very, firat case, the task of selecting the moment of launch offers specific
difficultiea and is asaociated with ~ime-coneuming calculationa. L~t us
examine several of Ch~ more detailed posaible methode for solving the firat
task.
Depending on the reaearch program the conditions for conducting the experi-
ments may be divided into two classea. To the firat clasa we may assign
the deciaive conditions, and to the second the secondary conditione.
The infringement of conditions of the first clasa over any type of time
intervals (for example, the aun's falling within the equipment's field of
view, etc.) makea Che conduct of a number of experiments imposaible. The
infringemenr of condiCions for the ae~ond claea may somewhat worsen the
conditions for conducting Che experimente, but doea not disrupt them com-
pletely. We shall adopt the following deaignations: tet is the deaired
instant of launch for the KA; [t8,tb) is the time interval for the poseible
launch containing the mament t$ti; [ts,td] ie the asaigned time interval
for performing the experiment (te>tb); jJ-(ni, n~,; IT;, Il:) 18 the vec-
tor of the parameters which apecify the breakdown of the large number of
experigent conditions into two classes;
- (1 if the condition relates to the first class;
j~"r (0 if the condition relates to the second class;
~'~~(l)is the total time loeaea as the reault of the nonfulfillment of con-
ditions of the first clasa;
Fii(~) is the total time losses as the reault of the nonfulfillment of con-
ditions of the ~econd class;
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,
~nK orrzci~, us~ oNt,Y .
1~'-� {1,~'} a regulgCed large broup oE i.ntierva~.e on whiah Ch~ condieion
is not performed (Che~~ inrervale belong eo (tefC~]), We ehell de~cfve
~ ~i~W~~?~_'ti~t+ (1.4) -
where ft`'~ tn` ie the baginning and end of Ch~ i.ntervals; and X i.a Che number
of the intierval. ~
The tot~L time x0genti of~conditionstofVthe ffraCeand~~econddclasees~which
of the nonfulfillm
are equal to
~n~t~.~r I ~i I ~ (1�5)
i
F'n(~)==~~ ~i~. (1.b) '
~
We ehall examine ehe apecific eask of planning experiments when it is
necessary eo fulfill the conditions
~t~ (t; mtn t C [f~, ta~~
In this case there exista an extireme unidimensional task, the SPebefdeter-
nature of which conaiste of the fact that the function F~t(t) may
mined algorithmically. Let ua assume that over large eime intervals thOne
function F~(t) ia polyextremal, and over amall intervals is unimodal.
may break down the interval [tg,tbl into a seriea of subintervals {tgp,tbp},
the duration of which t�rzi ~rou>0 of the parfgaea ar~a shifted in the direction of eatel-
liCe motion, th~n when !�pi