JPRS ID: 8599 USSR REPORT RESOURCES THERMAL METHODS OF DEVELOPING PETROLEUM DEPOSITS

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~
. THERMAL METHODS~OF DEVELOPINQ PETROLEUM OEPO~ITS~

3i JULY i9T9 CFOUO 28l79) i OF 2
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JPRS L/8599
31 July 1979
USSR R~ ort
p
RESOURCES
CFOUO 20/79)
, Thermal Methods of Developing
Petroleum Deposits
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JPRS L/8599
31 July 1979
~ USSR REPORT
RESOURCES
' (FOUO 20/79)
THERMAL METWODS OF DEVELOPING
PETROLEUM DEPOSITS
Moscow TEPLOVYYE METODY RAZRAB~TKZ NEFTYANYKH MES',COROZHDENIY in
Russian 1977 signed to press 5 5ep 77 pp 1.3-27, 70-72, 83-126,
135-1.38, 193-230
[Part 1, Chapter 1, exc8rpt �rom Chapter 5, Chap~er 7, Chapter 9; ~
P~rt 2, Chapter 7 and Chapter 4 from book by N. K. Baybakov and
A. R Garushev, Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 2000 copies 238 pages]
CONTEMTS PAGE
PART 1. Developing Petroleum DeposiCs With the Use of Heat
Carriers 1
CHAPTER 1. SCages in the Development and Prospects for the
Use of the Thermal Method to Increase Oil Yield....... 1
CHAPTE'.. 5. The Use of Thermal Methods of Development in the
Zybza Deposit of High-Viscosity Oil 19
, CHAPTER 7. Experimental Industrial Pro3ects and the Results of
Using Different Technological Processes for Steam
Action on a Bed 23
CHAPTER 9. Results af Experimental Industrial Work on Steam
Actia::r:�n a Bed 70
PART 2. Development of a Depasit Using InCrabed Combustion.......... 82
- a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUO)
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CONTENTS (Continued) Pgge
CHAPT~R 1. ~eature~ of Intrabed Combustion as a Thermo- ~
ChemicAl Method of Development 82
CHAPTER 4. Experimental Industrial Pro~ecCa for the Intro-
duction of the Intrabed CombueCion Method of
Developing DepoaiCs 97
CONCLUSION 137
- b -
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FUELS AND ItELATEb ~qUIpMENT
,
THERMAL METHODS OF DEVELOPING PETROLEUM DEPOSITS
Moscow TEPLOVYYE METODY RA2RABOTKI N~FTYANYKH MESTOROZHDENIY in Ruasian 1977
signed to press 5 Sep 77 pp 13-27, 70-72, 83-126, 135-138, 193-230
(ParC 1, Chapeer 1, excerpC from Chapter S, Chapter 7, Chapter 9; Part 2,
Chapter 7 and Chapter 4 from book by~N. K. Baybakov and A. R. Garushev,
Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 2000 copies, 238 pagea]
CText ] PART 1. D~;VELOPING PETROLEUM DEP0.S ITS WITH THE USE OF
HEAT CARRIERS
CHAPTER 1. STAQES IN THE DEYELOPMENT AND PR03PECTS FOR THE USE
OF THE THERMAL METHOD TO INCREA3E OIL YIELD
For all their huge economic effectiveness and rgpid recovery of
capital investments, modern methods for developing petroleum
deposits possess an essentiel flaw that consists of the fact
that even under the most favorable conditions, as a rule the -
degree of bed output (oil yield) does not eaceed 50 percent of
the geological reserves. For many deposits the final oil yileld
' ranges from 1 to 10 percent. Consequentlq~ the struggle to in-
crease petroleum recovery from beds is a~ost important nation-
al economic goal that should be solved by further improving the
ezisting methods for act3.ng on a bed (transcontour and contour
flooding and others) and using fundamentally new methods based
on both the study and utilization of a bed's natural peculiari-
tfes and the possibility of abruptly'chang3ng some of its prop-
erties (rock permeability~ oil viscosity~ phase composition of
tho hydro~arbons, and others) and working conditions.
A number of inethods for increasing a bed's oil yield are known,
but the most prevalent of all still reaains the method of in-
tensifying oil extraction by flooding the beds ~transcontour,
contour~ focal, and so on).
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_ The seale of ~he u~e of bed-flooding has ~rown from year to
year. F or example the use of this method is related to the
extraction of abou~ 7~ pei~cent of all the o3,1, produced in this
country. A further expansion of the volume of work done wit~.h
flooding has been planned. Simultianeously with this, 3.n order
to increase the flushing capabilities of the water in the bed~
thicken and increase the density of the displacing agent and so
f orth, measures have been worked out for the i.mprovement of
this method througYi the addition of d3fferent chemical reagents
(PAV's [.surface-active substance]~ carbon dioxide and others).
- However~ this still does not solve the problem of the rational
use of the natural resources of petrolewn depos3ts. This ap-
plies particularl.y to ~hose deposits characterized by poor res-
_ ervoir properties or heavq and viscous oil~ where oil extrac-
tion efficiencq is extremely low (10-20 percent). It is well
known~ for example~ that in a number of fields in Krasnodarskiy
Kray and the Ukrainian and Azerbaydzhan SSR's among other
places~ oil extraction with the help of flood~ng has not yield-
ed positive results in many cases.
When a cooled agent is in~ected into an oil-bearing bed con-
taining paraffin-based oil, part of the bed's pores become
clogged because of precipitation of the paraff in out of the oil.
When this is done in oil pools containir?g highly viscous or
tarry oil~ there is an inrush of the in~ected agent and rapid
inundation of the yield because of the mixture's high viscosity
ratio. This situation is sharply aggravated in beds with a
~ high degree of heterogeneitq, as represented by fractured- -
pocket and porous reservoirs~ where th~ effective use of flood-
- ing cannot be carried out successfully~ for al1 praCti.cal pur-
poses.
According to preliminary estimates deposits of highly viscous
oil are regarded as primary potent~.al ob~ects for the utiliza-
tion of new development methods. These deposits include: Ar-
lanskoye in Pashkiria, Usinskoye and Yaregoskoye in the Komi
ASSR, Kenkiyak in Kazakhstan~ Okha and Katangli on Sakhalin
Island, and the Zybza-Glubokiy Yar in Krasnodarskiy Kray as
well as a number of others in that area that are confinec~ to
Miocene deposits.
Thus, increasing the oil yield factor by using new methods of
acting on the bed has the same effect as discovering new fields.
The deposits mentioned are located in built-up regions where _
there are in~dustrial and power-producing organizations~ as well
as water resources~ housing and trained personnel. Therefore~ .
work on increasing the oil yield of beds is most urgent in
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these areas. ~'articular a~tention should be g~.ven to the fact
tha~ add~.tional, oil can be obtalned without the expenditures
needed for the settler,.ent and development of new oil regions.
Kesearch performed primarily in the last ~.5-20 years has estab-
lished that the final. oil yield from the bed of most deposits
that do not lend themselves to development by known methods de- =
pends on the bed's reservoir properties and the physicochemical
character~.stics of the oil itself. It has been de~ermined that
the artificial creation of thermohydrodynamic proc~sses in a
bed can have a significant effect on the mobility of the oil in
an oil-bearing reservo3r~ and when the appropriate processes
for thermal action on a bed are chosen~ it is possibl.e to
= achieve a substantial increase in the effectiveness ot' oil de-
posit development.
The idea of using a thermal factor for incrsasing the oil yield
of beds and the development of fscilities for this purpose be-
loiig to Soviet scienee. This is no accident~ either. Views
expressed by such leading figures of Sovi.et petroleum science
as D.V. Golubyatn3kov~ I.M. Gubkin and A.D. Arkhangel'skiy
should be regarded as the basis for the formulation of thls
idea.
In his study of the natural conditions governing the migration ~
of petroleum and discussion of questions relating to the forma-
tion of accwnulations of petroleum I.M. Gubkin wrote: "The
natural conditions for the movemen~ (migration) of petroleum
with respect to a bed create conditions analogous to the sttua-
tion created by artificial heating.
"As tlne depth and (consequently) the temperature increase~ the ~
liquid can change into the vaporous and gaseous state, as a re-
sult of which there is a significant increase in the pressure `
- in the bed~ which forces the gas and oil to move along the l.ine
of le~ist resistance." [18]
_ In these statements there is much that suggests the n~ecessitp
of in~ecting heat carriers into a bed or using the natural
thermal sources in the bowels of the earth in order to increase
the effectiveness of the petroleum extraction process.
In evaluating the role and value of the geothermal observations
first made by him in Surakhany and on Bibi-Fybat in 1916, D,V.
Golubyatnikov noted the following: "In addition to the purely
scientific interest~ the measurement of temperatures in a bore-
hole has another purpose~ which is to elucidate questions of a
practica:~ nature ~ such as : the source of the influx of oil in-
t;o the bottoms of wells and the role of fractures in this pro-
cess~ the use of temperature measurements in rock that does not
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contain oil and the temperatuxe of oil. flowing into well bot-
toms in order to study the geolog3ca~. prnfile of a deposit as
well as the relative positions of water- and oil-bearing s~rata
and s o forth:" ~ i6 ]
It is compl.etely natural that� these ~houghts were further de- �
veloped under those conditions created by S oviet science and
technology in searching for more rational ways of working oil
depositg.
In this respect we should point out that not only the general
idea, of using the thermal method to affect a bed~ but also the
de~ermination of the separate technical spheres belong to the
great Russian scientist D.I. Mendeleyev~ the diatinguished -
Soviet geologist I~M. Gubkin~ L.3. Leybenzon, and others. As
long ago as 1888~ Mendeleyev considered that ..that epoch
in coal extrac~ion is beginning when coal will be transformed
in the beds into gaseous fuel and this gas will be sent to
- consumers to be used as fuel.';
The concept of the underground gasification of coal~ as ex-
pressed by D.I. Mendeleyev and supported by N.I. Lenin~ has
been reflected and continued in the solution of the question of
tr~e eff ect of heat on oil-bearing beds for the thermal intensi-
fication of oil extraction~ part3cularly in the intrabed burn-
_ ing (VG) method.
The technological processes for the underground gasification of
coal and the thermal in~ensification of oil extraction by the
VG method have many common aspects. This underlines the con-
tinuity and definite trend in the development of ideas in this =
- f ield by our native (Russian and Soviet) science. -
Workers at the State Scientific Research Institute of Petroleum
(GINI), in Moscow~ were the first in world practice to co~e up
with specific and substantiated proposals for t~~ting and using
the thermal method of acting on an oil-bearing bed. In the
years 1931 and 1932, A.B. Sheynman~ a worker at the institute~
suggested that oil-bearing beds be sub~ected to a thermal ef-
fect and that different specific methods be tested for this
purpose: igniting an oil-bearing bed and creating a moving
focus of combustion inside it; the in~ection of hot gasses into
a bed; the in~ection of a mixture of heated gasses and (atmos-
pheric and reaction) water vapor into a bed; the creation at
the well bottom of a permanent thermal source, and so on.
These methods were intended to cause a maximum increase in the
oil yield of the beds in fields being exploited by primary
methods and in depleted fields (that is~ fields undergoing sec-
ondary development).
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In 1932, a group of scientific workers at CIN7 (A.~3. Sheynman~ -
K.K. Dubrovay~ N.A. Sorokin~ M.M. Charygin~ and S.L. Gaks) con- _
dueted extens~.ve ~.abora~ory investigations 3n~o the cre~tian of
a moving focus of combus~ion i.n an oil-bearing bed~ the testing -
- of var ious methods for igniting a bed, the effect of heatod
a~en~s on a bed, and so on. Speci.al experimental instal~ntions
were built in order to do this research. Bed models were made ~
= in metal pipes With a volume of 5 m3 that were fiJ.led with a
packed sand m3xture.
ModQls were built tha~ simulated ignition and in~ection bore-
holes, operating wells, and combustion chambers under pressure,
and mon3toring instrumen~s and other equipment were developed.
These experiments~ which were the first of the3r kind in the
world and the results of which were observed by Academicians
I.M. Gubkin and L.S. Leybenzon, M.V. Barinov, and G.I, Lomov~
produced the first confirmation of the followin~ facts:
1) an oil-bearing bed can be ignited;
- 7_) combustion can be maintained in a bed by fee~ding air into _
it, while combustion in a bed is accompanied by a rtse in the
f:emperature in the bed to very h~.gh ].imits;
3) the focus of combustion can move along a bed from an igni-
tior. boreho].e to operating well~ ~ -
4) an immobile focus of combustiun can also be maintained at -
. the bottom of the ignition borehole; _
5) a bed sub~ected to thermal treatment yields the maximum (al-
most all of its ) oil.
A.B. Sheynman and K.K. Dubrovayl described these experiments.
It should be mentioned that they were the first to introduce
the term "thermal methods of extracting oil."
In the foreword to their book~ Academician I.M. Gubkin w~r.te:
"The proposed book discusses a question of extraordinary i.mpax-
t~nce, the positive r~solut ion of which can cause a comp~ete
revolution in the development of petroleum deposits."
~ The success of the experiments at GINI enabled tY~e institute to
propose the testing of the ideas under production conditions.
Consent for this was given in an order from the USSR People's
Commissariat of Heavy Industry that was signed by Comrade
Ordzhonikidze.
1Sheynman ~ A. B. and Dubrovay K. K. PODZEMNAYA GAZ IF IKATS IYA
NEFTYANYKH PLAS~OV I TERMICHES~KIY S~'OSOB DOBYCHI NEFTI (Under-
ground Gasification of Oil-Bearin Beds and the Thermal Method
of Extracting Oil) Moscow~ ONTI ~Department of Scientific and
Tecr,nical Informat~.on] ~ US R NKTP [Pe~pxe's Commissariat of the
Fuel Industry], 1934, 96 pp.
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.
For the performance o2' this critical experiment~ I.M. Gubkin
suggested a section in the southern branch of the Nef~ogorsk~.y
field (iCrahnWasrre~.atiedato thetd3scovery~of1the~Maykopskiyi il
work, whic
deposits.
On the basi.s of ~h~.s fu1.1-scale researeh~ the results of ~hese
experiments mad~ it possible to reach the gollowing conclu~ions:
a) oi1-bearing beds can be ignited~ the bed will burn~ and com-
bustion can be maintained in it; _
b) there are a number df inethods for igniting a bed, the ef-
fectlveness of which has been tested;
c) gas and o~.l can be extracted from a depleted bed as the re-
sult of a thermal effect.
The extraction of the o3.1 conf irmed the preliminarily ~dvanced
hypothesis of the possibility of a thermal eatraction method. ,
Academician I.M. Gubkin~ who was present at Maqneft' during the
ex~eriments~ wrot~: "We have found the solution to a problem
of the greatest practical importance."
The following are the evaluations the work of the Soviet scien-
tists on thexmal methods o~ extract3ng oil received in the for-
~ eign press.
In CRACKING ART~ one of the reviert collections systematical-
ly published in the United States, the well-known American
chemist and technologist Dr. Egloff gave his views on the ques-
tion of the development of the oxidation cracking process in
the Soviet Union. He �~hinks that~ from the chemical-
technological viewpoint, the intrabed burning process is a spe-
cif ic modification of oxidation cracking carried out under sub-
terranean conditions. Dr. Egloff presents the "underground ox-
idation cracking" results obtained by the S~viet investigators
and in connection with this (and not without good grounds for
doing so) makes no reference to any American work~ proposals,
or patents in this field. He ob~ectivelq mentions that the
thermal method with an intrabed combustion focus is a variant
of the ~xidation cracking process suggested by Soviet scien-
tists.
Thus~ according to Egloff both oxidation cracking and the
intrabed combustion focus are achievements of Soviet science.
In 1938-1939, the PETROLEUM ENGINEERS' JOURNAL printed a trans-
lation of an article from the magazine NEFTYANOYE KHOZYAYSTVO
(Petroleum Man.agement) on the work being done by Mayneft'. In
connection with this there were also no indications that simi-
lar experiments had been or were being perform~d in the United
- S tates .
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I
roE~ o~~ r r.r, rn~, ~rsL ocv~,i~
Tn i952, Dr. Walter (Ryu].'), discussing in chronolo~ical ordox '
the h~story of secondttry mothods of extraeting o31 from x929 to
1938, mentioned that in 1934 the in~ection into a bed of a
heated inixture of gasses and air (at a~emperature on ~he order
of 500-600~C) was carr3ed out in the S oviet Union, in ~ho May- -
kopskiy oil fields, for the first time in the history o~ the
= devel.opment of secondary methods. Dr. Ryul' gave a de~ailed
description of all the work done in th3s field in the Soviet
Un3on and also 1lsted the results that were obtained.
~istorical references and further publications in the i'oreign
technical 1lterature confirm the un~rguable pxiority of Sovie~
sc3ence in the field of the thermal, method of extracting oil.
In the discussion of the problems of the thermal intensifica-
tion of oi1 extraction, questions relating to understandir~g the
- rules governing the propagation of heat in a bed and in par-
ticular trle area near the borehole's bottom ure of great im-
portance.
- From their research~ B.S. Grinenko, Ye.Ye. Krushel' and T.A. -
Charnyy propose solution~ to the problem of the propagation of
t,he thermal flow durino the heating of the bottom zone of w~lls.
Charnyy l~id the foundatfon for analytical solutions of the
prob?.em of propagation of the heated zone in an oil -bearing b~d
during movement of the heat carrier. In connection w~th this
. he showed that the convectiv~e transf~r of heat by a heat car-
rier takes place considerably more rapidly than heat propaga-
tion (by thermal conductivity) from a deep-lying stationary
heat source.
Fxperiments in using steam for a thermal effect on a b~d were
_ conducted in 1953-195~ in oil fields in the Ukrainian SSR by
E,B. Chekalyuk~ A.N. Snarskiy and K.A. Oganov. They showed ~
= that steam at hi~h pressures and hot water (the condensate ~f
some part of the steam) have real industrial possibilities foY�
intensii'ying oil extraction.
S ubsequently~ there was an increase ~.n the amount of work done
in the field of thermal method~ of affecting a bed by Sovlet
inves~igators. N,A. Avdonin~ G~Ye. Malofeyev M.A. Bagirov~
G.V. Vechkhayzer, Ya.A~ Mustayev~ I.M. Dzhama~ov, and others
continued to experiment, as a result of which the thermal. me~h-
od began to be introduced into practice.
Our proposed method for classifying thermal me~hods makes it
possible to predict the development of this method with due
consideration for the appearance of new achievements in the
field o~ thermal engineering and physics. It is possible to .
conclude that the thermal method is a~,i.ndamentally new method
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r
for intensifying the exl~raction of oil that is dist3nguished by
the fr~ct that its operating principle is not only hydrodynamic,
but a1.s o thermodynamic. Wh i1e an isome~ric eff ect on the bed ~
_ is used in the first case~ in the second there arise such comp- -
licated conditions for a:ffe cting the bed that ~;hey effeet not .
only a ~hange in pressurP, but also a change in temperature. -
Another fact that should be taken into consideration is that it `
is poss ible ~o produce deep phase or physicochemical changes in
the mixturo contained in the bed. '
When a bed is ac~ed upon by hot water heated by gasses or steam,
conditions are crea~ed for phase changes of these componen~s, _
as well as for changes in several of their physi.cal and physico-
chemical properties~ In coxuz~ction with this we see distilla-
~ tion, evaporation, a lowering of viscosity the~mal expan~ion,
a reduct3on in surface tension~ degasifica~ion~ and so forth.
Even more radical transformations appear in connection with an
intrabed ~ocus of combustion, Cracking~ py'~colysis~ gasifica-
tiony and finally high-temperature oxidation (burning)
cause such profound changes in the state of the m~xture in the
bed that this method is unique among the other methods that
have a thermal effect on a bed.
The methods of intrabed burning and acting on a bed with steam
saturated with water have recently begun to be studied in for-
eign countries. In d3fferen~ areas of the United States, ex-
periments have been performed to create VG and to use water va-
_ por for practical purposes in areas with differsaturation~coil
features: bed depth, th3.ckness~ permeability~ ~
quality. During the implementation of VG~ various methods of
igniting the bed were used (air~ oxygen electric combustion
chambers, coal packets). A summary of ~hese methods is of con- -
siderable interest (see the classif3cation of thermal m~thods _
on the page after next).
The clearest picture of the significance and prospects of VG as
a method for completely exploiting o31-bearing deposits is
shown in the works of Soviet investigators.
The use of VG to explo3t a deposit completely was first done in
- the Pav lova Gora field (Krasnodarskiy Kray).
. The gradual oxidation ("natural self-ignition") of the oil, un-
der bed conditions, for 60-~0 days afte~ the beginning of air
in~ection into the bed provided a thermal effect.
The process created in the bed of this field is ~haracterized
by three basic types of disturbances:
1) thermal (as the result of a supported intrabe3 oxidation
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1~Uk c1}~"r'l.t:IAI. U51: UN1,1'
~ process), characterized by an incre$se in tsmperatures for a
series o~ well.s from 2~ to 20n-400�C;
2) hydrodynamic (as the result of heat and mass ~xchange),
which is coupled wi~h an increase in pressure in the porous
s pace of the bed;
, 3) operational~ which abruptily increases the well flow rate and -
total 031 output, in ~ sectl.on by a factor of approximately 5.
The steam method of thermal action on e bed has been t~sted and
is undergoing industrial development in ano~ther f ield in Kras-
~todarskiy Kray (in the 'Lybza area). This method was introduced
into practice by the ~oint efforts of rhe Krasnodar~neftegaz and''
Kr~snodarNIplneft' associations and tihe NaDU [0~1 end Gas Pro-
duction Adm~anistration] ~f Chernomorneft' [Association of ~he
~lack Sea ~tegion Petroleum Industry].
Thus, the petrolewn workers along the Kuban' River were some of
the first in the Sovieti Union to study and then introduce yet
another variety of the thermal method of extracting oi1. Their
large,-scale experiments (involving different rrays of in~roduc-
ing the steam into the bed)~ observations of the effect of the
process under different well state conditi~ns and the use of
difi'erent monitoring methods produced materia~s that can be
used in the further development of thermal steam methods of ex-
tracting oil.
- At the present time, the thermal method in all its varieties
has a~quired independent importance in the technology for in-
tensifying oil extraction. Some of its variants have been in-
troduced into industrial production.
Let us present some technical and economic data that illustrate
the effectiveness of the introduction of thermal methods in the
oil extraction industry in the USSR.
For the period 196~-1976~ about 6 million tons of oil w~re ad-
ditiona]ly produced because of the use of thermal treatments of
wells and thermal actions on beds.
The prospects for the development of the thermal method, as a
new direction in the technology of oil field development, are
determined by the following criteria.
1. Imperfection of the existing methods for developing and ex-
ploiting wells.
2. The advantages of the thermal (thermodynamic) factor in com-
parison with the hydrodynamic factor and the proven effective-
ness of some already developed methods for thermal action on a
bed and the bottom zone in comparison with the usual methods.
9
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[Key on following page]
11
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i
_ I~'Ok dC~'tC1At US}~: dNi,Y ~
Key to f igure on proceding pagea :
1. Thermal action method 29. Because of energy and fu~1
2. On the zone near the bot- �rom underground gources
to~m 30. Cr~ation of Va by partial
3. With heaters a~ the we1.1's combus~ion of o31 in bed
mouth 3l� BY a cour~terflow method
4. Hot water and oi1 32. In an air f~.ow
5. Water vapor 33� BY g direat flow method
6. Hot gasses 34. In an air flow
With deep-lying heat~rs 35. In a curren~ of air with
8. Hot agents (water~ gas) gas added
9. Thermochemical treatment 36. Use of heat from deep zones
10. Electrothermal, treatment in the Earth's crust
ll. periodic 3?. Heating of agentis in~ec~ed
l2. Steady ~nto the oil bed
13, Combined with other meth- 38. Intrabed combustion of coal
ods of action 39. P~ssage of gasification -
l4. Acid treatment products into oil beds
15. With hydraulic rupturing 40. On nxtracted "pe~rol.eum
i6. W ith addition of PAV s and ore
solvents 41. In equipment supplied with
17. On the bed hot agents
18. Because of energy and fuel 42. In equipment with moving
from surface sources focus of com~ust~.on and
19. with in~ection of heated burning of oil alone
agents 43. In equipment with moving
20. Heated in well-mount units focus of combustion and
21. Heated in deep-lying units burning of oil with added
22. By elpctro~hermal method coal and hot gas
23. With high-frequency cur- 44. In well shaft
rents ~+5. Deparaffinization
24. With high-voltage currents 46. Action against hydrate
25. Atomic energy locks
26. Underground eaplosions 4~. Increasing responsiveness
2. Thermal wastes from AES's of in~ection wells
2~. Heat from controlled ntic- 48. Mastering wells after
lear reactions drilling by the water
_ evaporat~on method
3. The discrepancy betxeen the accumulated (geological) re-
serves and the total amount of eatracted oil (because of the
existing low extraction factor) as well as the comparatively
slow rate of increase in the ex~raction factor (coefficient of
oil yield). As a result~ as the surveyed reserves increase and
as oil is extracted with due consideration for even increased
oil yfeld coefficients~ the amount of uneztracted oil (residual
reserves) increases from year to year. This creates an ever-
growing stock for the use of improved methods for developing
oil deposits. -
12
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}~OCt ~)1~I~ICIAL U5I's UNLY
4. The diversi~y of the geography af the oi1-producin~ r~g~.ons~
wh3eh is related to cllmatic condition~~ the pos~ibil.ities of
ob~aining water resources~ the presence of permafro~t~ and so
forth.
5. mhe var~.ety and change i.n ~he s~Cratigraphic distribution of
productive hor3zons~ depth of oecurrence of the horizons lith-
o~ogical. charac~eristics~ thermal conditions~ and so for~h.
The necesaity of insuring optimum thermal, condit~.ons during de-
- velopmen~ has arisen. Previously this matter was not g3ven the
attention it deserved.
6. The change in the quallty o� the oi1. as new fields are dis-
covered and developed. The reserves of heavy tarry~ paraffin-
based and asphalt-based oils are increasing.
7. The grow~h~ development and radical improvement of equipment
and methods for obtaining heat.
8. The technology of the thermal method.
The timely compilation of zoned product3on maps for the devel-
opment of deposits (fields) by thermal methods~ with an indica-
tion of the technically and economically substantiated spacific
and total energy consumption to insure the maximum oil extrac-
tion, will make it possible to plan the structures and sources
nee~ed to supply heat to fields marked for development by the
thermal method.
9. The fundamental superiority of the mechanism of ex~racting
oil by the thermal method over the hydrodynamic method ("cold"
flooding).
Tn recent years there have been numerous meetings and seminars
in which the workers of scientific research and planning and
design organizations have participated~ along with production
workers~ where work experiences and the results of scientific
- research and industrial experiments have been eachanged.
At the present time~ thermal methods of acting on a bed are re-
garded as one of the basic directions for intensifying the ex-
traction of oil and increasin~ the oil yield of beds for oil
fields with different geological and technical characteristics
at all stages of development. Considering the present state of
- the scientific research and in particular experimental
industrial work to be still at the basic level~ the Ministry of
the Petroleum Industry~ the USSR Council of Ministers' State
Committee on S~ience and Technology~ and the USSR Academy of
Sciences have recommended th~t scientific research and eaperi-
mental industrial work be done in the following areas.
13
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FOR 0~'~ICYAL US~ ONLY
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14
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~OEt O~~ICIAL US~ ONLY
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[Key on following page]
15
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? i~'Olt (ll~ I~ tC I AL 1i51. dNLY
Key to figure on pr~ceding pages:
Z. Experimental and physical 20. Development of special
research heat�resistant pwnp for
~ 2. De~ermination of oil yiela raising viscous oil
in reservoirs as a funa- 21. Developm~nt and stand test-
tion of permeability ~.ng of PGU..1 por~able steam
- 3. Determing~ion of effect� generator
- iveness of cyclic pTOS on 22. Industrial tes~ing of p(}U�1
bed models 23. Development and stand test-
4. Displacement of oil from a ing of PSP portable scrub-
porous mediwn by heat car- ber steam generator
riers 24. Industrial testi.ng of PSP
5. Air 25. Experimen~al industri~l
6. Hot water pro~ects to test d3,ffer~ent
S~eBm processes
8. Determination of oi1 yield 26. Effectiveness of one-time
of macroporous-type reser- steam treatments
voir 27. Investigation of PTOS ef-
9. Determination of PTOS ef- fectiveness in abandoned
fectiveness under varqing wells
flooding conditions 28. Investigation of effective-
10. Determination of basic ness of multiple PTOS
" factors of the oil yield 29. H~,gh-volume PTOS
mechanism under dissolved 30. Investigation of effective-
gas conditions ness of advancement of heat
11. Investigation of reservoir front with cold water
structure and formulation 31. Areal steam action on a bed
of physical model of the 32. Cyclic-block steam action
bed on a bed
12. Determination of oil yield 33. Monitoring and control of
in different porous medi- steam processes for acting
ums as a f`unction of the on a bed and the bottom
gas factor zone bq methods from deep
13. Investigation of effect- thermohydrodynamic research
iveness of residual oil and electric modeling
displacement by steam af- 34. Planning and scientific
ter primary extract~.on pro~ects
14. Design pro~ects for the 35. Production processes for
building and testing of development of the Zybza~
equipment; Industrial Yuzhno-Karskaya and Kipya-
testing chapa sections using PTV
15. Development of design and 36. Pro~ect for se~ting up oil
selection of heat- field development using
resistant elements of the stationarq and portable
packer PGU's
16. Industrial tests of heat- 37. Publication of initial data
resistant packer during for compilation of develop-
PT OS ment plans us ing PTV
[Key continued on neat page]
16
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~ rnK c~~~l~'CCiAi., L15is UNIaY
Con~inuat~,on of key:
l7. Development and s~and 38. Complex and detail.ed geo-
test~ng of well-mouth ar- loglcal study of deposi~s
ticulated temperature com- 39. Note: PTOS steam treat~
pensator men~ of wells� PaU rr
18. Industrial tes~in~ of ar- steam-generat~.ng unit;
. ticulated temperature com- PSP rr portable scrubber
pensstor steam generator; PTV
i9. Devel.opment and building steam action
of thermally insulated~
dismantleable steam feed
13ne
la To consider the basic goa1, in the area of industrial, intro-
duction of thermal methods of developing oil fields 3n the nex~
few years to be the introduction of the method of displaci.ng
oil with steam (in combination with flooding or without it) in
depos~ts of heavy o31. lying at shallow depths (up to 1~200 m)
with primary emphasis on the following deposits: Ka~angl3 an~
Okha on Sakhalin Island, the Buzachi Peninsula and Kenkiyak in
Kazakhstan Yarega in the Komi ASSR~ Zybza in Krasnodarskiy
Kray~ and c~eposits in Azerbaydzhan.
2. To achieve a signlficant expansion in the indus~r3a1 testing
of new combined methods for developing oil deposits by combin-
ing flood3ng and intrabed burning.
3. To expand the research work in the area of improving exist-
ing and creating new me~hods and production processes for de-
veloping oil fields~ us3ng thermal action on a bsd~ that will
provide an improvement in the technical and economic indicators
of the development process.
4. To achieve a significant expansion in work done to improve
the technology of thermal action on a bed and the bottom zone.
The foll~wing must be done in order to achieve these goals: -
the dev~lopment of the technology and equipment for stationary
heating;
the development of the technology for cyclic steam action under
the conditions encountered in different reservoirs;
industrial testing of the effect of steam aetion in a fractured
porous reservoir;
the development of technology to assimilate operating xeZls
from the stock of inactive and test wells where no nil flow has
been obtained by use of existing methods;
the creation of new and highly efficient methods (technological
processes) of thermal action and the improvement of existing
ones by combinir~g them with other methods;
the development of a standard technique Por determin3ng the
17
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1?pCt O1~T'CClAL (I5is nNLY
economic effec~iveness of differen~ methods of act3ng on the
zonQ near ~he bot~om of a wel].;
substan~~.ation of ~he necessity of changing the whol.esale price
- of gas and oil used as fuel for the production of ateam (for
in~ec~ian into a bed);
the or~aniza~~.on o3' the produc~ion of ateam-g~nerating units
opera~ing on gaseous fue1. and nuclear reactors, which are more
produc~ive and promising and are needed for the devel.opment of
large fields;
- the devel.opment and suppnrt of the series production of the
equipment~, needed to imp].emen~ thermal action on a bed and ~he
bottom zone of a wel1. (self-compensating fittings~ hea~-~
resistan~ packers~ pipes wi~h thermal.ly 3nsulated surfaces~ and
- so on)� ~
the bu~.l.ding of 3nstruments and equipment to determine parame- .
~ers and control produc~ion processes during thermal action on `
a bed and a bottom zone.
After the first steam treatments 3n our country were carried
ou~ in f3elds in Krasnodarskiy Kray (in 1965) and positive re-
sults were obtained, the initiatine of the Krasnodarneftegaz
- association was approved. For the further development of thls
fl~ndamentally new method of increasing oil yield~ the Zybza
f ield was assigned to an experimental organization for the con-
duct of experimental industrial work on steam effects on a bed
on a broader scale. The investigationa that have been carried
out and the correlation of the results obtained will make it
poss3bl.e to use this work in other oil regions in this country.
In the period from 1965 to 1975~ different technological vari-
ants of the steam effect were tested and laboratory research on
the displacement of oil by various heat carriers was performed
(see diagram on preceding pages). Portable steam-generating
units that proved to be economical~ transportable and easy to
use were developed and built in collaboration with the Nal'chik
Machine Building Plant and tested at the Zybza depo~it. In ad- -
_ dition to this special well-bottom and well-mouth devices~
without which ~he high-temperature process could not be imple-
~ mented, were developed and manufactured directly in workshops
in the field.
The first plan for the industr3al development of the steam ef-
fect on a broad scale~ using~stationary steam-generating equip-
ment~ was prepared and went into effect at the end of 1969.
i8
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t~'U[t Ul~i'~C1'At, USI's ONLY
CHAPTER 5. THE USE OF THERMAL METHODS OF DEVELOPMENT TN THE -
ZYBZA DEPOSIT OF HI(}H-VISCOSITY OTL
[~xcerpts] Oi1 Yield of Deposits With Micro- and Macroporoue Reservoirs
Against a background of �3ltration characteristics and the
mechanism of the oi1 yield of viscoelastic systems~ one matter
of both seientif~.e and praet3cal interest is a stud~r of the c~e-
velopment of specific deposits~ with an analysis of the effect-
iveness of the use ~f different methods for acting on the bed
and geological engineering measures ins~ituted for the pkrpose
of increasing the bed's oii y3eld.
k'rom th.3.s viewpoint~ many fields and deposits are of interest.
However~ in view of the experimental industrial work done on
the effect of steam on a bed and intrabed burning at the Zybza
deposit~ 1et us briefly discuss the previous history of the de-
- velopment of this field before the use of thermal methods, al-
lowing for the fact that this field is a typical analog of many
depos its of high-viscosity oil.
As the result of the presence of two types of reservoirs and
different compositions of the rock within the limits of the
horizons where the Type II (macroporous) reservoirs are located~
it is possible to distinguish highly productive zones that are
the basic source (more than 90 percent) for the eatraction of
the high-viscosity oil. In the horizons where the Type I
(microporous) reservoirs are located there are only slightly
product3ve zones where the well yields are low.
Investigations have established that the oil in this deposit
has viscoelastic properties. In connection with the latent en-
ergy of a viscoelastic system, the presence of a highly permea-
able Type II reservoir saturated with this oil made a definite _
impression on the nature of the field's development.
The development of the viscoelastic o31 deposit in the Zybza
section began in 1947. During the entire period of development
19
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the total, o~.i y~.~ia was 9.3 million tons. Drilling was done
in a triangular netwark w3th a distance of 100 m between the
we].ls~ al~hough in the central part the distance between wells
was 50 m. About 300 we].l.s were drilled from 194~ to 195~. ~ a1.- �
though no mare than 230 we11s were in operation at any one
time~ even in the first years of expl.oitation~ sinee many of
them were complete~y fl.ooded in their first months of operation
and were abandoned.
The development of this Miocene deposit of high-viscos3ty oil
can be divided into four period
Period T(from the beginning of 19~+7 to September 1950) was
characteriz,ed by an i.ntensive increase in the rate of oil ex-
traction because a large nwnber of wells went into operat3on.
The oi]. production rate increased from 50 to 4,920 tons p~r
day ~ with the nwnber of opera~ing exploitation wells reaching
288. The total oil y3eld was 2.814 million tons. The output's
water content did not exceed 8.8 percent and the rate at wh3ch
it increased was insignificant (3.5 percent per year~ at most).
Limiting the removal of liquid from the wells was an effective
measure for reduc3ng the water content of their output and pro-
long3ng their service life.
Period II (September 1950-October i95i) was characterized by
relative stabilization of the oi1 extraction~ with an insignif-
icant reduction in it toward the end of the period. The drill-
ing of we11s continued~ primarily in the thickening network in
the central part of the section. The total nwnber of operating
wells ranged from 212 to 220. The total liquid yield was 1.875
million tons, which included 1.704 million tons of oil. At
this stage the water content of the output d3d not exceed 12
percent~ although it kept increasing gradually toward the end -
of the period.
Period III (October 1951-December 1957) was characterized by a
rapid drop in average daily oil production from 4 200 to 200
tons, a further reduction in formation pressure (~down to ~.5
kg/cm2), intensive flooding of the deposit (up to 76 percent)~
and a reduction in the number of operating wells from 228 to
132 .
Measures Z.istituted to regulate the development of this Miocene ~
deposit (limitation of the removal of oil by the existing net-
work of wells and drilling in the Sarmatian deposits in the
central and more productive area) did not stabilize the rate of
the drop in formation pressure.
- 20
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i~o~t c~rt~ 1:CTAla ~151~. o~ri.Y
In order to mainta3n the format~.on pressure~ air in~ec~ion was
begun in Aug~~st 1951, followed by gas in~~etion ~.nto the e:l.e-
vated (head) part of the deposit. When the gas was ~.n~ected~ _
i~ rapidly broke through to the battoms of ~he apera~~.ng we11s.
Since gas 3n~ection d3d not change ~he ra~e of formation pres~-
sure d~erease and did not result 3n an 3ncrease in the ni1 ex-
traetion rate it began ~o be lim3ted in Se~~embex 1951 and was
, then comple~e~.y hQlted.
Water ~egan to be ~.n~ected in~o the deposit~ through eight 3n~
~ection we11s located around its periphery in 1952. A~ first
the total amount of wa~er ~.n~ectgd was up ~0 3~100 m3/day~ al-
though it later dropped to 800 m�~/day. In connect3on w~.th
. this the presenco of a maeroporous reservo~r e1~,m;lna~ed front~, -
al d~.splacement of the oil in the bed.
In order to ~'urther study the effec~ of in~ected water on the
oi1 yield of a deposit~ the in~ection of the ag~nt was tempor-
arily stopped several times~ for periods of 1 to 6 mont~.hs.
Dur3ng these cessations flooding stopped in mAS~ of the wells,
the tota], oil y3eld was stabilized and o31 again began to be
obtained from a nwnber of complete~y flooded we11s.
Despite the faet tha~ the water in~ection period was character-
ized by a slower decrease in formation pressure in comparison
with the prein~ection period~ there was no equalizing of forma-
tion pressure or intens3fication of oil extraction.
The total yield for the 6 years of this period wasa oi1
3.8 million tons; liquid ~.151 mi111on tons.
Period N(January 1958-August 1965) continued to the beginning
of the eaperimental industr3al work on the effect of steam on
the bed.
During this period years) oil extraction from the depos it
continued to drop~ from 200 ~0 86 tons per day~ although the
rate of decrease was much less than during the third period.
The amoun~ of water in~ected into the bed was gradually reduced
(to 160 m/day), and at the end of 1960 the 3n~ection of water
into the bed was halted. In connection with the reduction in
the oil flow rate~ the water content of the output increased~
reaching 86-88 percent at the end of the period as opposed to
the ~6 percent content seen at the end of 1957. The total vol-
ume of water pumped into the deposit was about 2.5 mi113on m3.
Because of the continuing flooding of the output, the number of
operating wells was reduced to 98. Draining of the deposit
during the last stage of its development cont3nues to be car-
ried out extremely unevenly, which is indicated by the current
21
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I
1~O1~ O1~ r IC:iAL U5}? ONLY
average da1.].y oi1 and water yields~ as differen~ia~ed by hori-
zons.
By the end of ~he period of depogit development that is being
discussed~ the current oil y3e1d rates from ~he operating we1.J.~
ranged from 60 kg per d~y (we1~.s 56~ 30 and othera) to ~-9 tons
per day (well 373).
The graph in ~'igure 3(not shown] shows the change in l~.quid
and oil extrac~ion during the development of ~he Zybza field.
As ia obvious ~rom the data that have been presented~ during a
br3ef per3od (1.5-2 years) there was a rapid increase in oil
extraction followed by a decrease in the yield at the same
rate, despite the con~inuing increase in the number of wells
drilled and pu~ into operat3on. The abru.pt rise and drop in
oil extraction are reminiscent of a"splash~" which is primari-
ly related to the draining of the highly permeable macroporous
. reservoir, which had as was determined by 1.aboratory and
_ field research a high oil yield rate that reached 60-75 per-
cent. Thus~ during the per3od when work was done on the ther- -
ma1 intensification of oil ea~raction~ almost all ~he oil was
obtained because of the energy of the gas dissolved in it. The -
microporous-type reservoir remai.ned almost undeveloped and~ by
analogy with deposits confined entirely to porous-type reser-
voirs~ its oi3. yield apparently did not exceed 5 percent.
22
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t~Ult Ul~I'ICiAt, ttgl; UN1,Y
- C}GIPTER 7. EXPERIMENTAL INDUB~RIAL PROJECT3 AND THE RESUL25 OF'
USiNa DIFFERENT TECHNOLOaICAL PROCE33E9 FOR STEAM
ACT ION ON A BED
[TexeJ Se~g~g in the bevel~pmpne e~f St~~m Action nn ~ B~d
More than 10 years havQ passed since ~he ~'irst steam treatment
of a well in the Soviet Union which was performed in the Zybxa
field [2~,31]. During thts t~.me, much complicated work has
been done to determine the most effeetive technological pro-
cesses that provide the highegt final oil yield from 8 bed.
The work done in th3s field ean be divided into the following
s tages .
Stage 1. Research work to determine the effectiveness of steam
action (PTV) on e bed, using stationary industrial end portable
boiler-type PPU_3;~ steam generating unlts and other equipment
installed inside the we11 and on the surface as steam sources.
As the result of several PTOS's [steam treatment of a well]
that were pErformed during this period~ the effectiveness of
the method was proven convincingly. There arose a need for the
creation of special equipment that was easy to operate and~ at
the same time~ met the requirements for conducting a PTOS.
Stage 2. Research and development of special steam generators
and other equipment ~heat-resistant packers~ aell-mouth temper-
ature elongatlon compensators recording instrwnents, and so
on) made it possible to expand~ the scale of the work and sharp-
ly increase the effectiveness of PTOS.
In this period~ the Nal'chik Machine Building Plant cooperated
in manufacturing and testing the PGU-1 and P(~U-2 portable steam
gener~iting units with the follo~ring parameters : p= 100
kg/cm~; N= 3_3.~ tons/hr of steam; t= 200~C. Following this~
there was the development, manufacturing and testing under in-
dustrial conditions of the more productive PS P(portable
23
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serubber-type stie~m gener~tor) which has the f~~lowin~ parame-
terss p= 60 k~/cm~; N= 5.5-~ tons/hr of s~eam; 220~C.
A�ter thnt, the collectine deneloped a normal ser3es of steam
~~ner~tors th~ti produce from 5 to 25 tons/hr of steam.
In con~unct~.on with SevKavNIPI and then with the K~zar" branah
of A~inmash [A~erbaydzhan 8cientiif3c Researcti Institute o~ Pe-
troleucn Machinerya~ heat�resistant packers were deneloped end
used. At the same time~ ar~iculated tempera~ure elongat3on
compensators and dismantleable (quick-change) surface ste$m
lines with hlgh-quality thermal insulation were developed and
tested under f3e1d conditions.
The use of heat-res istant packers and temperature compensators
created the possibillty of protecting the operating strin~ from
- destruction because of high temperatures and~ along with this~
contrtbuted to a r~duction in ~he heat losses along the weil's
shaft through the cr~ation of an air screen in the annular
space. On the whole, the introduc~ion of the complex of equip-
ment mentioned above increased the reliability of the work be-
ing done and also made it possible to carry out PT03 with
greater effectiveness.
The first s~,eam generators and equipment for steam action on a
bed were presented in a monograph published in 1971 [31].
Stage 3. This stage was characterized by an improvement in
PTOS materiel and technology and an expnnsion of the goals of
the thermal intensification of oil extraction, allowing for the
transition from local treatment oP wells to the treatment of
large sections (blocks) of a field for the purpose of sharply
increasing the bed's f inal oil yield.
The following questions were discussed and sub~ected to practi-
cal investigation:
1) criteria for selecting wells for steam treatment;
2) the effect on the degree of flooding on the effectiveness of
PTOS;
3) optimum amounts of agent to be fed into the bed and the de-
gree of heating of the area of the bed near the well bottom;
4) the effectiveness of repeated PTOS's;
5) the effectiveness of PTOS when used on wells a'~andoned be-
cause of low productivity or the absence of an oil flow;
6) the possibility of carrying out continuous, areal steam
treatment of a bed under conditions of increased geological
heterogeneity in the bed;
the possibility of moving the edge of the column of steam
with cold water.
24
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1~Uk c1l~i'f(:1A1. 11;~1. UNLY -
nuring tihis period more then 200 we11. trea~men~s wer~ per~'ormed
under varyin~ peoln~ical conditions~ w3th more than 100~b00
~ons ot' oil bein~ recovered from the we11s tha~ were tireated.
Good resul.ts werp obtained from abandoned wells~ which yielded
an additional 40,000 tons of oil. During the use of PT05, the
average yield per w~ll trea~ment was 850 tons of addl~ional
oi1.~ whil~ the yield f'rom abandoned we11s was more than 1,y000
tons. In determining ~he effectiveness of PTOS as a rule all
th~ wells w~re taken into consideration, 3nclud~ng ~he so-
- called "unaffected" ones from whi~h~ for various reasons not
related to the PZ'OS method~ negattve results were obtiained.
Althou~h additional oil ~~as not obtained from a cert~in number
of w~iis (on the order ~~f ~0) that were then assigned to the
ranks of unaffected on~:s the results obta3ned nevertheless
gave us va~uable materta~ that made it possible not only to im-
prove the teehnology of and equipment for steam treatments and
determine the fur~her prospects of the proaess of steam ac~ion
on a bed~ but also raised new problems. These problems werP
primarily related to the study of the geolo~ical structure of a
deposit and the lithological character3stics of the reservoir.
S~age 4. This stage was characterized by f~rther develop~nent
of the process of steam treatment of a bed~ on the basis o1' the
powerful group of steam generating units that had been created.
At 'Lybza~ the stationary boiler unit that was built~ with three
boilers of the KDVR-10-39 type and the necessary system of
steam lines, made it possible to switch the supply of heat car-
rier from the boiler unit to any well in the area.
General views of the boiler unit and the layout of the steam
supply lines are shown in Figure 21.
In addition to this, assembly work was completed on two semi-
stationary steam generators built by the firm Takuma Boiler
(Japan), which were used to in~ect steam in zones with low bed
permeabxlity and high formation pressures. The installed capa-
city of these steam generators alone was 45 tons/hr of steam,
which figure reached 50-55 tons/hr when the portable PGU and
~ P units were taken into consideration.
- Together with the provision of productive capacities for steam
in~ection into a bed~ the fourth stage was characterized by an
integrated study of deposits of high-viscosity oil and the se-
lection of pro~ects for thermal action on a bed in different
parts of a deposit. At this stage, along with the creation of
reliable equipment to insure a steady supply of heat carrier~
ob3ects (sections) were prepared not only for the in~ection of
25
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1~Oki t)t~ i~ 1C I ~1L U~L C1NLY
- o
!
~ ~ ~ ~ A ~
~ o ,o '
o~ ~ ~ ~
h o. .J ~ ~4 ~
~ ~ ~ r--. . ~ ~ #
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ #
� ~k ~F ~ ~
~ ~
� ~I ~4 ~k � !
. ~J
~ ~ f . � ._i ~ ~ ~
lo ~
P'igure 21. process flow diagram of the setup for
steam treatment of a bed at the Zybza oil field.
steam~ but also for exploitation of the corresponding wells. ~
However~ in connection with the fact that a large number of
producing wells (about 40 percent of the total number) went out
of commission for various reasons~ there arose difficulties re-
lated to the implementation of one production process or anoth-
er. Although a small number of wel?~ ~�~~re s~~^^~ssfully re-
stored to operation, their spacing was still extremely unsatis-
, factory for the implementation of the production process and
its regulation on the scale of the entire deposit.
Stage 5. The significant factor in this stage is the correla-
tion of the extensive field material on the development of a _
deposit of high-viscosity oil both before and after the use of
PTOS and PTV on the bed. An integrated study of the factual
material is being conducted~ the physicochemical and structural-
_ mechanical properties of oil are being investigated, thermo-
hydrodynamic observations are being made in wells~ and a more
thorough and detailed study is being made of reservoir litholo-
gy~ as a result of which the existence of a new~ anomalously
permeable, void-type reservoir has been established. The
26 ~
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l~0(t UI~I~CC~fAL U;;L ONLI'
d~.scovery of this typ~ of r~servo~.r~ w?i3ch has a cer~~~.n ~mnunt
r~f subs~.diary sign~.~icance apar~ from its poros3ty~ ra3se~ a
number of serious problems~ both Sn the area of search~.ng for
and surveying deposits with reservoirs of th~.s ~ype and in
oppn3ng ~hem up and setting up wElls~ using ~he appropriatie
equl.pment to accompl~.sh this effieiently. F~,na~.~.y~ there has
been a compl.e~ely new solu~ion to the prob~.ems of evaluat~.ng
and calcula~i.ng geol.o~ica~. and ex~ractable r~serves of o31., and
the developm~nt of deposits has been carried out from the very
beg~.nning with the use of one of the PTV method of aeting on
the bed as the ma3n means of increasing the oi~ yield.
The firs~ technological process for develop3ng the Zybxa depos-
it and ac~ing on the bed w~.th the us~ of PTOS and cycl.ic-block
PTV was formulated and in~roduced w3th due considera~ion for
some of the special features mentioned above and a study of oil
field development materials gathered in recent years, as we11
as theoretical research tha~ has been carr~ed out. -
Fffectiveness of S team Treatments as a Fun~~ion of the Output's
Wa~er Content
In view of the fact that beds are represented by both macro-
and microporous reservoira~ a search was made for the final
choice o� a steam method for acting on a bed and for the opti-
mization of the process as a whole. It was necessary to Qnswer
the following questions: what is the effect3veness of periodic ~
(cyclic) steam treatments oF wells; should there be protracted
or continuous in~ection of steam into a bed under different
physical geological conditions; what is the effectiveness of
repeated therwal treatments of wells; is it possible to extract
the remaining oil from a flooded bed~ and so on.
Cyclic steam treatments of wells were performed during the
first stage over a rather protracted period of time. From 1965
to 1969 alone, more than 200 such treatments were carried out.
The technical and economic indicators of the steam treatments
are presented.in Table 14.
As a rule~ the sub~ects chosen for steam treatment were low-
yield or abandoned wells that~ after having been in~ectied with
_ steam (1~000-1~500 tons of steam that increased the bed temper-
ature to 120-150oC), were put back into operation with in-
creased yields. The steam tr~atment method proved to be most
practicable and costs were quickly recovered. Therefore, the
thermal 3ntensification method found widespread support among
_ producers.
Durin~ the performance of this work~ the basic goal was to find
the optimum vari~nt of the method of steam treatment of a bed
that would guarasatee a high final oil yield.
27
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rn~ c~N�~~ctnc, �sr oNUY
T~b1~ 14. ~~chnieal ~nd ~cdnomy IndicaCor~ ~f Sra~m Tr~atm~nC~
~ 1~ ~ 2~ ~ P~c=oA t� e Nv ~~e:oa n~pa u rou
M~ 1Q*1lt11~
rn~ ti nC p~~ ~c,
~ � ~~i~
.
p q ~
. ~ ~ ~ ~
_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
~9t~ 3 2 f 3,f l000 Z 2
f90a 3f 15 ~8 90,? f000 ~b !7
!9t)T 37 24 !3 42,7 lf40 28~9 43,9
~gt~8 40 25 i5 55,4 l880 34~5 78~~
i989 25 f8 9 37,8 f500 l02,4
- fg70 53 35 f8 89~1 !3!0 48 l48~4 -
l97f 40 23 f7 39,b 990 22~9 f7~,3
fg12 28 i9 7 2! f000 !9 f90,3 ' -
K@y!
1. Year il. Additionally extractied oil~
2. Nwnber of all PT4S's tons x 1,000
3. Effective PTOS~s 12. Cumulative additionally ex-
- 4. PTOS~s thet proved to be tracted o31~ tons x 1~000
ineffective for geological 13. Average annual steam-oil
and technical reasons factor~ tons/ton
5. Steam consumed for all 14. Allorring for abandoned un-
PTOS ~ s affected xells
6. Per year, tons x 1,000 15. For affected ae].ls
Per PT06, tons 16. Additionally extraeted oii
8. Steam consumed per year per effective PTOS~ tons
for effective PTOS~s, tons 17. Commercial cost per ton of
x 1,000 oil rubles
9. Per year 18. Cos~ of additionally ez-
= 10. Cwnulative tracted o31~ rubles
On the basis of field research~ the dependence of the effect-
~ iveness of PTOS on the water content of the extracted output
was determined, as well as the water ~ontent of additionally
extracted oil as a function of the increase in the bed's temp-
erature. It xas established that good results can be obtained
from wells with an insignificant r?ater content in the uutput
up to 30 per~:ent providing that the temperature in the area of
the well bo*tom is increased to 120~C. During ~he experimental
period~ ~s~ to 3 tons of steam aere eonsumed per ton of addi-
tionally extrac~ed oil. For vells with a high degree of output
water content, 5-~ tons of steam were n~ed~d ror each ton of -
additionally extractecl oil (about 65 kg of gas were consumed to
produce 1 ton of steam). At this stage~ a steam-oil factor of
up to 5-~ ~ons/ton shauld be considered economically 3ustifia-
ble when hydrocarbon f~iel is used.
28
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~d~ c~rt~~ic; r.l~t~ U5L ()Nt,Y
1~, ~ ~,Z ~ CpetWeroqaxatl nn�
~ poN~'ql~s mA~trop, tz6 ) (i7 ~.8
~ a~ ~ ~
a
_ ~~MMp1 ~ O~N M ~
~ x ~ M
~h ~ ~q ~
~ , ~ o � iO
~ ~t ~ tl ~ ~ ~ ~
o,~ o,a ~z,b ~o ~o~
4~0 4,2 7~7 4,f 450 9-82 ~5~-50
f4,0 i8~4 2,9~ 2,4 750 9-3~ If-39
ZO,~ 38,g x,74 2,! g00 i~-53 4-23
25~5 g4,t t,47 f,8 lgOU 10-94 3-3t
f9~3 93,4 3,58 , t,7 SSO fi-44 4-2U
f3,8 9T,2 2,88 f,C i00 ~3-f4 ~-f0
f9~8 it7~0 2,b f,8 i000 i4-20 4-i5
X,, K~,
Nf Op,flDnr
~e ~ao
I6
1~
10 100
19 Op �~