JPRS ID: 8700 USSR REPORT RESOURCES

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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4 QCTOKR 1979 (FOUO 24l79) i OF i
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JPRS L/8700
4 October 1979
USSR Report
RESOURCES
(FOUO 24/79)
FB~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/8700
4 October 1979 `
r
USSR REPORT
RESOURCES
(FOUO 24/79)
CONTENTS
PAGE
ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUI~TT
Development of Nuclear Electric Power Stations
(F. Ya. Ovchinnikov; TEPLOENERGETIKA, Jul 79)
1
Power Reactor Development Plans
-
(G. V. Yermakov; TEPLOIlMGETIKA, Jul 79)
9
Fuels for Magnet ahydrodynamic Electric Power Stations
(N. A. Kruzhilin, et al.; TEPLOENERGETIKA, Jul 79) ,
19
Buildin Fa;;ilities for Power Engineering Reviewed
t
p. P. Falaleyev; ENERGETICHESKOYE STROI~.CEL'STVO
,
Jun 79)
34
� Plannin~ 500-Megawatt Units for Reftinskaya GRES Outlined
B. M. Tsymkin; ENEtGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO
,
Jun 79)
48
P. P. Falaleyev Honored for Power Engineering Work
(ENEftGETICHESKOYE STROITEI'STVO, Jun 79)
55

FUELS AND RELATED DQUIPMENT
~
Conference Held on Siberian Petroleum, Gas
(A. A. Bakirov, et al.; GEOLOGIYA NEPTI I GAZA
,
Jun 79)
57
' a - [III - U5SR - 37
FOUO]
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ELEC1'RIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMEI"1T
UDC 621.039
DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR ELECTRIC POWER STATIONS
Moscow TEPLOENERGETIKA in Russian No 7, Jul 79 pp 2-5
/Arti.cle by USSR Deputy irii.nister of Power and Electrification F. Ya. Ovchin-
nikov: "Nuclear Power Engineering Is a Quarter Century Old"/
/Text/ The middle of our century was marked by outstanding achievements in
nuclear science and technulogy.
During the postwar years, which were difficult for the country, research
was conducted in the area of the peaceful use of atomic energy. And the
problem of building a nuclear electric power station was successfully -
_ solved: on 27 June 1954 the first AES in the world in the city of ObiLinsk
_ with an electric capacity of 5,000 kW yielded an industrial current. The
building of the Obninskaya AES was the result of a large amount of labor
of collectives of Soviet physicists, designers, workers and ezgineers.
The start-up of the Obninskaya AES became a historical event and showed
the way by which world power engineering should be developed in order to
Is provide mankir.d in the future with a sufficient amount of electric power.
The very first years of operation of the Obninskaya AES showed that a heter-
ogenous graphite-moderated fast reactor with apressurized water coolant
is a reliable "atomic furnace" which generates heat as a result of the
_ nuclear reactions of the fission of slightly enriched uranium. It was -
first necessary to become accustomed to new standards in the consumption
of fuel: just as much energy is released in the fission of 1 ton of
U-235 as in the combustion of 2 million tons of coal.
The experience of the long-term operation of the Obninskaya AES made it
possible to draw the conclusions that a nuclear power plant based on the
chosen type of reactor and traditional steam power equipment is reliable,
safe and promising.
Since the very beginning the work with the reactor of the AES nas been a
good school for power engineers who are working in the field of nuclear
science and technology. It is not by chance that the Physico-Energetics
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, Institute, which is solving important problems of domestic nuclear power
engineering, was organized in Obn3.nsk.
The experience of operating the Obninskaya AES made it pos:3ible riot only
to check and confirm the correctness of the initial physical and technical
premises, ideas and design solutions, but also to begin the implementation
o= the plans of industrial AES's.
Following the Obninskaya AES the first sections of the Sibirskaya and Belo-
yarskaya AES's with an electric capacity of 100,000 kW, the Novovoronezh-
skaya AES with a capacity o.f 210,000 kW and the Dmitrovgradskaya AES with
a capacity of 50,000 kW wet.. built and successfully started up.
This was the first decade of nuclear power engineering. During this period
reactors mainly of two types: channel uranium-graphite and water-moderated
water-cooled (under pressure), underwent development and were tested in _
practice at industrial AES's. It was necessary to gain experience in operat-
ing first generation reactors and to identify their positive and negative
features during operation in the power system, in order to prepare a new
qualitative jump in nuclear reactor building for the construction of more
powerful AES's.
. i
From the moment Lenin`s plan for the electrification of Russia (the plan of ~
the State Commission for the Electrification of Russia) was adopted until
our times power engineering of the Soviet Union has traversed a gigantic
path. Today up to 4 billion kWh of electric power are generated in a day
in the country, which is half the annual output according to the plan of
the State Commission for the Electrification of Russia. Nuclear power en-
gineering, which traces its history from that memorable June day a quarter
o� a century ago, when the attention of the entire world scientific and
technical community and the simple people of the planet was attracted to
a small city in Kaluzhskaya Oblast, is beginning to play a more and more -
noticeable role in the implementation of the far-reaching plans on the de-
velopment of the power-worker ratio of the country.
The 25th CPSU Congress specified the need Co make radical changes during
the current five-year plan in the further development of elec�ric power ~
engineering in order to reduce significantly the consumption of organic
types of fuel, above all petroleum and gas. The preferential development
of nuclear power engineering in the European part of the country, the ac-
celerated development of water power, the construction of large thermal
_ clectric power stations in the eastern regions of the Soviet Union, which
- ise the inexpensive coal of the Ekibastiuz, Kansk-Achinsk and other deposits,
is well as the construction of superlong superhigh-voltage electric power
transmission lines for transmitting'the inexpensive electric power from the
eastern to the central regiors of the Soviet Union are called for,
Today about 50 percent of all the organic types of fuel extracted in the r
country (coal, petroleum, gas, peat, shale) are consumed for the generation
of electric and thennal power.
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Nucletar power er.gineering already occupies a secure place in the national
economy of many countries, the rate of placement of new AES's into opera-
tion and the amount of electric power being generated by them are constant-
ly increasing.
At present about 250 power reactors are in operation in the world, at them
about 10 percent of the electric power is generated.
According to available predictions, the total capacity of .AES's in the
world by 1990 might reach 1.2-1.4 billion kW, and the number of operating
power� reactors will exceed 1,500.
In the USSR 20 AES's with a total rated capacity of more than 60 million kW
are in operation and at various stages of construction.
The construction has been launched anew or the expansion is being continued
at the largest nuclear electric power stations in the world with a capacity
of 2.5 to 6.0 million kW each, such as the Leningradskaya, Ignalinskaya,
Kurskaya, Chernobyl'skaya, Smolenskaya, Novovoronezhskaya, Yuzhno-
Ukrainskaya, Kalininskaya, Rovenskaya and other AES's with reactors having
a unit capacity of 1.0 and 1.5 million kW.
The four power blocks of the Novovoronezhskaya AES with a total capacity of
1,455 MW, the two 440-MW power blocks of the Kol'skaya AES, the 440-MW power
block of the Armyanskaya AES, the two 1,000-MW gower blocks each at the
Leningradskaya, Kurskaya and Chernobyl'skaya AES's and the power blocks of
the Beloyarskaya AES are in the system of operating AES's. The Shevchenkov-
skaya AES with a 350-MW fast reactor is operating successfully. The ex-
perience of o.perating the 43-MW Bilibinskaya ATETs /nuclear heat and electric
power station/ with water-graphite reactors and central heating turbines
is interesting. Thus, the installed capacity of the operat:Lng AES's has
reached about 10 million kW, which is 4 percent of the capacity of all -
USSR electric power stations. By 1980 the proportion of AES's will increase
to 6 percent, and foz the European part of the country will be 10 percent.
The many years of experience of operating AES's in the Soviet Union have
' confirmed their high operating indicators from the point of view of relia-
bility, safety and degree of ecenomy. This can be demonstrated using the
~ example of the Novovoronezhskaya AES (see the table).
Many other nuclear electric power stations also have such high indicators
of operation. Thus, for example, the Kol'skaya AES with an installed capac-
ity of 880 MW (two 440-�MW water-moderated water-cooled reactor blocks) in
1978 generated 6,404,000,000 kWh of electric power. The utilization ratio
of the installed capacity reached 83.1 percent, while the production cost
of the electric power is 0.72 kopeck/kWh.
The 2 million kW Leningradskaya AES-with boiling-water water-graphite re- actors like the RBMK also has high indicators in reliability and the degree .
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of ec:onomy. The output of electric power at this station in 1978 was
12.7 billion kWh, while the production cost of electric power was lower
than at the therrial electric power stations of the same region. T.he process
of reloading the fuel without shutting down the reactor has been adopted
at the Leningradskaya AES, as well as at the Chernobyl'skaya and Kurskaya
AES's, which will further increase their economic indicators.
Technical and Economic Characteristics af +;ne Operation of
the Novovoronezhskaya AES in 1971-1978
Years
Indicators
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
Nominal electric
capacity, MW.
1015
1455
11;55
1455
1455
1455
1455
1455 _
Generation of
power., millicns
of kWh.
2027
5413
3674
9664
9138.
9750
10080
10516
Utilization ratio
of installed
capacity, percent
42
61
68
76
71.6
76
79
82
Production cost
of electric power,
kopecks/kWh
0.948
0.81
0.75
0.644
0.642
0.63
0.63
0.617
During the current five-year plan (1.976-1980) nuclear power engi-
neering will make considerable progress in its development. With the total
placement of 67 million kW of new capacities into operation more than
13 million kW fall to AES's.
The fulfillment of the far-reaching program of development of nuclear power
engineering for the next few decades is raising important questions for de-
signers, builders, installers, power machine builders and operators:
the development of a standardized design using the most efficient layout
derisions, for example, the monoblock, the "reactor - turbine" for the
WER-1000 /1,000-MW water-moderated water-cooled power reactor/ with the _
use of uniform series-produced equipment (this is already being incorporated
in'the building o� the Zaporozhskaya, Khmel'nitskaya, Volgodonskaya, Bala-
kovskaya and other AES's); i
the development and use in the plans of automatic control systems of techno-
l)gical processes for increasing the reliability and safety of AES's;
the assurance by the supply ministries and manufacturing plants of the com-
plete supply of equipment, which is specified by standard doctunents;
the direction of the efforts of the equipment supply ministries toward the
development of new types of equipment for AES's being built in seismic
regions;
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the development and adoption of the flow method of buildinp nucle:ar pawer
block.s ;
the introduction of inechanization plans which mak:e it possible ta carry out
the installation of assembled elements and machine systems in a strict se-
quence according to the installation technology;
the constant increase of the level of operation of AES's, the quality of
train.ing of the personnel with the use of special simulators.
In the USSR two types of industrial fast reactors are being built--vessel '
reactors with water under pressure (WER's) and channel water-graphite reac-
tors (RBMK's /high-power boiling-water reactors/). The use of the two types
of re.actors makes it possi'ale, on the one hand, to identify the technical
and economic advantages and drawbacks of each type; on the other, the design
differences of these reactors make it possible to enlarge the group of ma-
chine building plants which are being enlisted to manufacture the equipment.
The main directio`:i of the technical improvement of AES's is the increase of
the unit capacity and the decrease of the number of types of equipment.
Thus, in place of the series of reactors like the WER-440 with a capacity
of 440 MW the building of reactors of this type of the next generation with
a capacity of 1,000 MW has begun.
In the USSR the construction of AES's with blocks of RBMK's with a capacity
of 1,000 MW each is also being carried out, at the same time the engineering
plan of the Ignalinskaya ATS in the Lithuanian SSR with RBMK-1500 reactors
with a capacity of 1.5 million kW has been drafted and the construction has
begun.
At present much is being said and written about the influence of AES's on
the environment. The many years of experience of operating Soviet nuclear
electric power stations vividly and convincingly attest that radioactive
contamination on the grounds of AES's and the surrounding area is not oc-
curring. Moreover, the air basin and area, where nuclear power stations
operate, are cleaner than in the region of the location of thermal electric
power stations, which discharge ash and sulfur dioxide into the air, in
` spite of the incorporation of the most modern means of purification. The
point is that the fission products remain within the fuel elements during
the entire operating life of the reactor. The casettes with fuel elements,
which have exhausted their life, are removed by remote control from the
reactor and are stored in a holding tank under a'deep layer of water until
thPy "cool," and then are sent to a special plant for processing.
Thus, the main condition for ensuring safety is for the uranium fuel ele-
ments in c4settes not to lose their airtightness under any circumstances.
For this the necessary cooling of the casettes with water (or by other means
stipulated by the plan) must be provided reliably. In the plans of our
nucl.ear power station5 the necessary means are used for cooling the
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uranium casettes not only during the normal operation of the reactor, but
, also i.n various emergency situations.
At the same time the extensive development of nuclear power engiileering is
.raising new tasks and, above all, the further increase of the rea.iability
 and safz operation of nuclear electric power stations.:-`~ The accident which
occurred at the nuclear power plant in the Uni-ted States in the area of
Harrisburg (Pennsylvania) reminds us that the problem of safe operation re-
quires constant attention.
The most perfect design decisions, high-quality manufacturing, the reliabil-
ity of operation of the equipment plus the high skill and stri:t technologi-
cal discipline of the operating personnel, their constant observance of the
regulations of technical operation and the norms of radiation ana nuclear
safety are a guarantee that the protectio-i of the envi.ronment around nu-
clear electric power stations will henceforth be ensured. r
With the increase of the proportion af. AES's in the power systems the prob-
lem of regulating the capacity of individual stations arises. Probably it
is possible to use AES's for selective operation under variable loads with
allowance for the degree of economy of the use of nuclear fuel and on the
basis of the condition of the exclusion of premature failure of the fuel
elements. Moreover, it is planned to use hydroelectric power stations ex-
tensively in combination with AES's to cover the peak part of the load
curve, including pumped storage electric power stations. The construc-
tion of such an electric power station is called for, fur example, at the
power complex of the Yuzhno-Ukrainskaya AES. It is also necessary to per-
form work on discovering for AES's electric power consumers during the
night dip in the load.
As is evident from what has been stated,'the basis of modern nuclear power
engineering in the USSR is thermal nuclear reactors, which will determine
its structure in the next few decades.
However, the extensive development of nuclear power engineering is possible
o�.ily on the basis of the use of fast nuclear reactors, in which the expanded
reproduction of the nuclear fuel is ensured and the effir.iency of the use of
natural uranium is increased several tens of times. It is intended that by
that time an economically feasible technology of processing.all the irradi-
ated nuclear fuel on an industrial scale should be entirely worked out and
the questions of storing the highly radioactive wastes formed during the
processing of this fuel should be solved. In the USSR much attention is
5eing devoted to the'development of fast reactors.
Industrial fast reactors will be built using a sodium coolant. The gaining
of experience in operating an AES with a BN-350 reactor in the city of Shev-
chenko is of great importance. This station was built on the shore.of the
Caspian Sea, where there are no sources of fresh water. Some of the gener-
ated steam is used foi desalinating the salt water at a rate of ,
120,000 m3/day. Thus, this AES has a threefold purpose: the generation
4 ~i
"~f
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of el.ectric power, the desalination of sea water and the reproduction of
nucle:ar fue.1.
The c:onstruction of a station with a 600-MW BN-600 reactor at the Beloyar-
aktiyri AES ie coming to an end.
Ici the future plans for the construction of AES's with reactors of an even
greater capacity--the BN-800 and BN-1600 with a capacity of 800 and
1,600 MW respectively--will be carried out.
The work being performed at the Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering of
rhA ;,elorussian SSR Academy of Sciences on using the dissociating coolant
Nitrina for fast reactors is of considerable interest.
Thus, the development of power engineering on the basis of fast reactors is
the most important long-range task.
Along with the extensive development of large condensarion AES's in our
country the construction of nuclear heat and electric power stations
(ATETs's) and nuclear heat supply stations (AST's) is being planned. The
use of sources of central heat supply an the basis of nuclear fuel requires
the assurance of additional reliability, radiation and nuclear safety. Some
experience of operating such plants exists in the USSR. For example, at the
Bilibinskaya AES, which is located on the Chukotka Peninsula, some of_the
steam is drawn from the four turbines and fed to the boiler plants. Thus,
at the same time as the generation of electrir power the heating of the
settlement of Bilibino is ensured.
Right now at most of the operating AES's the heat from the nuclear reactors
goes for the heating of the industrial areas of the AES's and the adjacent
settlements. The task. is being set of using this heat even more extensively
for supplying heat to nearby population centers and heating hothouses.
~ The technical and economic substantiation of the nuclear heat and electric
power station has been worked out. The VVER-1000 with two 500-MW central
heating turbines has been taken as the basis. It is planned to bui.ld the
first such heat and electric power station for supplying heat to the city
of. Odessa.
Plans are being drawn up for nuclear heat supply stations (AST's), the con-
struction of which wi11 begin near the cities of Gor'kiy and Voronezh.
The engineering plan of ATETs's with VK-500 boiling-water reactors in a re-
inforced concrete vessel merits attention.
~ The Soviet Union is giving fraternal assistance to tihe socialist countries `
in developing nuclear power engineering. Just two years after the start-up
of the first WER-210 industrial block in the USSR an AES was put into
operacion in the city of Reinsberg in the GDR. At present AES's are being
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successfully operated and continue to be expanded in Bulgaria, the GDR and
the GSSR. 't'he construction of AES's in Poland, Romania and the Republic of
Cuba is being planned.
This year CEMA is marking its 30th anniversary. The implernentation of the
long-term goal programs of cooperation in meeting the needs for power, fuel
and raw materials, as weil as in the area of machine building will make it
possible to increase the consumption of electric power in the European CEMA
countries approximately 1.5-fold. As a result of the cooperation of the
CEMA counCries the building of nuclear electric power stations with a capac-
ity of about 37 million kW in these states, as well as the joint construc-
tion of two 4 million kW AES's on the territory of the USSR, the power of
which will b e supplied to the European CEMA countries, will be completed by
1990. An agreement on the joint construction of the Khmel'nitskaya AES by
the CEMA countries has already been signed and is being implemented.
In the long-term goal program of cooperation in tt!e area of machine building
Che measures on increasing the output of equipment for nuclear electric
power stations by the efforts of the CEMA countries are primary.
The construction of AES's with WER-440 and WER-1000 reactors, as well as
nuclear heat and electric power stations and nuclear heat supply stations
is planned in the CEMA countries by 1990.
Such, in brief, is the path which was begun by USSR power engineering 25
years ago and is being continued today. The successes along this path are
significant, the prospects are tremendous. The persistent labor of Soviet
sc3entists, engineers and workers on implementing the outlined program of
development of nuclear power engineering in the USSR lies ahead. The exten-
sive clevelopment of nuclear power engineering, which began with the con-
struction of the first AES in the world, wi11 be an important contribution
to the creation of the material and technical base of communism.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Teploenergetika", 1979
7807
CSO: 1822
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ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
UDC 621.039
POWER REACTOR DEVELOPMENT PS,ANS
Moscow TEPLUENERGETIKA in Russian No 7, Jul 79 pp 5-9
/Article by G. V. Yermakov: "The Scientific and Technical Problems of the
Development of USSR Nuclear Power Engineerina"/
/Text/ Nuclear power engineering of the Soviet Union is being formed into
a major sector of power generation, its development is based on the use of
vessel water-moderated water-cooled reactors like the WER /water-moderated
water-cooled power reactor/ and boiling-water channel reactors like the RBMK
/high-power boiling-water reactor/ of various capacities.
The installed capacity of nuclear electric power stations (AES's) in 1980
should be 18 millioa kW.
The fast rate of introduction of atomic power in the national economy of `
the country is governed by the status and development of scientific research
and experimental design work, which ensures the development.;of AES equip-
ment which is highly efficient, technologically feasible and reliable in
operation.
The development of nuclear power engineering, like any new technology in the
next 15-20 years, should be based on the already determined scientific and
technical trends, the directions of technical progress, which have already
passed through the stages of inquiry and technical research.
The economic efficiency and the degree of development of the technology of
producing AES equipment with reactors like the WER 3nd the RBMK make it
possible to believe that in thE next few decades the development of nuclear
power engineering in the Soviet Union will be based on the further improve-
ment of the reactor plants of these types.
The continuous process of improving the reactor plants is aimed mainly at
the introduction of advanced design solutions of the equipment, the achieve-
ment of high parameters and the increase of the economic efficiency, relia-
bility and safety. The evolution of the WER and RBMK reactors is connected
first of all with the increase of their unit eapacity and that of the main
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companent equiPment, which will make it possible to reduce the expendj.tures
on canstruction and operation, as well as to simplify the system of control
of the technological processes of AES's.
Main power blocks with a WER-1000 reactor with an electric capar.ity of
1,000 MW and an RBMK-1500 with an electric capacity of 1,500 MW are being
built respectively at the Novovox4nezhskaya and Ignalinskaya AES's / 1/.
The performed research has confirmed the possibility of building WER-2000
reactor plants with an electric capacity of 2,000 MtaI with K-2000-70/1500
turbines, as well as plants with RBMK-2400 reactors with a capacity of
2,400 r1W with K-1200-65/3000 turbines, which operate on slightly heated
steam / 27.
The potential duration of operation of the fuel elements is of decisive
importance in the operation of AES's.
The determination of tlie optimum life of fuel elements belongs to the area
of technical and econ.omic research. The increase of the term of their
operation reduces the consumption of uranium, the amount of processing of
- spent fuel elements at a chPtnical plant, the size of the works and volumes
of the storage pits and increases the utilization ratio of the capacity of
AES's as a result of the increase of the period between the refueling of
the fuel elements. At the same time an increase of the percentage of en-
richment, the development of new fuel compositions and so on will be re- ~
quired, which leads to an increase of the cost of the fuel elements.
The AES's in operation and under construction are designed mainly for
oper3tion during the base part of the load curve. Sciertific research and
planning and design work lie ahead on the development of equipment and fuel
elements which meet the requirements of operation in variable modes, namely:
a load range of 30-100 percent of the nominal capacity; the daily reduction
of the ?oad to r_he level of internal needs or to a"hot" condition for ,
5-8 hr; the weekly reduction of the load to the level of internal needs or
- *_u a"hot" condition for 24-32 hr or 40-55 hr; the rate of increase or re-
duction of the load is less than for large power blocks operating on organic
~ue1; participation in the regulation of the current frequency in the
systems.
The jackets of the fuel elements are one of the most important barriers
wnich prevent the escape and spread of radioactive contamination.
"he specific nature of the operation of the components in nuclear power Pn-
,ineering does not make it possible to fully utilize the available data
which have been obtained in other sectors of the national economy. The cal-
culations for strength, which are used in conventional power engineering,
do not reflect such specific questions for nuclear power engineering as the
effect of neutron irradiation on the properties of construction materials,
the high level of cyclical temperatures and pressures, the rapid velocities
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and flow rates of the coolant and the use of new materials which are not
employed in power machine building.
In the process of operation the components and subassemblies of reactor
plant:s are exposed to the influence of the disturbing dynamic forces which
arise as a result of the transmission of vibrations from rotating machinery
or the effect of the stream of coolant. These disturbing forces lead to
_ the appearance in the system of oscillations which are accompanied by the ~
build-up of fatigue damage in the construction materials.
Radiolytic hydrogen, which i.eads to a reduction of the plasticity (hydrogen
embrittlement), has a harmf.ul effect on the properties of materials. NeuCron
irradiation increases significantly the appearance of hydrogen embrittlement.
The study of these influences will make it possible to combine in the best
way t.he reliability of reactor designs with their technological feasibility
and c:ost. The increase of the unit czpacity of reactors cannot be completely resolved
by increasing the heaC-transfer surface of the fuel elements. It is neces-
sary to intensify the heat exchange, which is being solved by developing
various types of intensifiers on the surface of the fuel elements or'chan-
nels, as well as by increasing the flow rate and velocity of the coolant.
The lack of hydrodynamic theories, which make it possible to predict con-
fidently the efficiencies of variaus heat-transfer intensifiers, requires
a large number of experiments, on the basis of which a hydrodynamic theory
of intensifiers should be developed. The increased velocities increase the
viliration, wear and probability of the breakdown of the structural compon-
ents of the plant from exposure to the hydrodynamic forces which arise in
the stream of the coolant, which must be taken into account during designing.
When studying the hydrodynamic structure of the stream of water 3.n a trans-
parent model of the vessel of a WER reactor a very complex structure of
the stream was detected, which consists of vortex and jet forms of motion,
dead zones, vortex twists with reciprocation around the vertical axis. It
is evident that the structure of the stream of water in the reactor vessel,
which is requirpd by the design, can be obtained only as a result of many
experiments.
The aspiration to increase the energy intensity of the fuel elements re-
quires further research in the area of the thermohydraulics of two-phase
mixtures and the critical thermal fluxes in bundles of fuel elements under
different operating conditions of reactors.
Improvement of the Main Equipment of AES's
The improvement of the equipment for reactors like the WER is being carried
out especially in the area of developing steam generators. Vertical steam
generators are being used in the practice of foreign firms.
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The g,reat metal-output ratio of horizontal steam generators as compared with
vertical sCeam generators is explained mainly by the fact that a gravjta- `
tional system of separation of the steam is used in them, rahich tas a low
steam load of about 35 tons/m2�hr as against 80-120 tons/m2�hr in vertical
' steam generators, in which inertial (centrifugal) separators wyth the
axial-flow feed of the steam, which are backed by baffle steam dryers, are
installed. The use of this layout for horizontal steam generators requires
a significant increase of the volume of the vessel, which makes the steam
generators nontransportable.
When analyzing the trends of development of the design layouts of horizontal
steam generators it may be thought that their maximum possible heat capacity
will be about 750 MW in accordance with the conditions of manufacturing and
transportation. To reduce the weight and dimensions of steam generators it
is necessary to shift to vertical steam generators in series-produced
WER-1000 reactor plants and later for more powerful plants of this type.
In the technological diagrams of AES's with reactors of the boiling-water
type, particularly the RBMK, the steam separators are one of the main com-
ponents. Boiling-water reactors operate on a"direct" cycle. The steam
generated in the reactor is fed directly to the turbine, wtiich requires a
high degree of removal of the moisture from it.
In the power blocks with RBMK-1000 reactors four horizontal drum separators
_ with an inside diameter of 2.3 m and a length of 32 m have been installed.
The following basic demands are made on the separation plants of boiling-water
reactors: a low moisture content of the dried steam, which should not exceed
0.1-0.2 percent, the small capture of the steam by water (an increase of
the proportion of the steam phase in the reactor core can lead to a decrease
of the reserve with respect to the critical heat load of the fuel elements,
as well as can cause the cavitation of the circulating pumps); high unit
steam loads for the decrease of the dimensions of the separation system
(the unit steam load in the promising separators of foreign firms reaches
209 tons/m2�hr); a small value of the hydraulic resistance, which makes it
possible to decrease the pressure losses for the pumping of the coolant.
The improvement of the technical and economic characteristics of the separa-
tors of plants like the RBMK obviously is connected with the use of vertical
drums, which will require new layout decisions and research work.
Standardization of the Power Blocks of AES's
''he use of a standard design of the power block at several AES's, which in-
cludes not only the equipment, but also the main buildings and structures,
such as the main vessel, the special vessel, the storage pits, as well
as the plans for the performance of construction and installation work tnakes
it possible to simplify the drawing up of permits for construction and
operation and to decrease the construction period and the cost of building
AES's.
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'I'he flow-liiie production of identical equipment wi11 ensure the flexibility
of the construction schedu'Le and the possibility of transfnrring equipment
and material.s from one AES to another. The standardization of ecluipment is
conducive to the increase. of its quality during production, as well as of
the quality of the insta;iLlation work and to the supply of 3pare parts dur-
ing operation.
At present the All-Union State Institute for the Planning of Electric Equip-
ment for Heat Engineering Structures has drawn up a standardized engineering
plan of the main vessel of AES's with a modernized WER-1000 reactor and
K-1000-60/1500 turbines, which will be used at several AES's under con-
struction.
Similar drafting of a standardized plan of AES's with a RBMK-1500 reactor
and two K�-750-65/3000 turbines lies ahead.
Central Heating
The increasing influence of social conditions on the selection of the fuel
for heat and electric power stations (TETs's) and boiler houses, which are
located in centers with a considerable concentration of the population, and
the requirements of environmental protection dictate the use for them of
gaseous or nuclear fuel.
The enlistment of nuclear fuel for providing heat to cities and industrial
enterprises is the inunediate task of nuclear power engineering, the sol.ution
of cahich will make it possible to reduce substantially the consumption of
the petroleum and gas products burnt at TETs's and boiler houses.
The Main Directions of USSR National Economic Development for 1976-1980
pro�vides for the beginning of preliminary work on the use of atomic energy
for the purposes of central heating.
An.analysis of the performed research shows that under the conditions when
the heat loads can be covered both from nuclear heat and electric power
stations (ATETs`s) and AST's (nuclear heat supply stations), preference
should be given to the use of the ATETs, which is more efficient according
to all the indicators. The construction of several ATETs's with the instal-
lation at them of reactors like the WER-1000 with a capacity of 1,000 MW and
turbines of the condensation-central heating type with the drawing off of
steam in the amount of 900 gigacalories/hr from each block is called
The complete conversion to the construction of ATETs's in the European part
of the USSR for the purpose o� replacing the petroleum and gas products
used at TETs's is limited by the possibility of producing at special.ized
plants reactor vessels, steam generators, main circulating pumps and other
special equipment, which op2rates at a pressure of 16.0 MPa.
The reactor plants for AST's are substantially simpler since the pressure in
them is a factor of 10 lower and unique plant equipment is not required to
manufacture them.
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The ;_~.bsence of discharges of ash, sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide, which
is eEpecial:ly significaut for the surrounding population, as wel:l. as the
riegli.gible iieed for water and space for siting are merits of the AST's.
The conditions of supplying cities with heat require the location of AST's
near or directly in urban residential tracts, since the transmission of the
heat carrier over considerable distances requires the additional retire-
ment of suburban and urban land for the laying of steam and hot water pipes
and a great expenditure of inetal for heating systems (1,000 tons of inetal
are required per kilometer for the transfer of 1,000 gigacalories/hour).
At AST's, as a rule, a three-loop system is used. The heat given off in
the core is fed into the intermediate loop, from which it passes through a
heat exchanger into the network look, from which hot water is sent to the
consumers.
A stat-ion produces hot water with a temperature of 1500 C, it returns from
the consumer with a temperature of 700 C.
Estimated experimental research and the design development of versions of
integrated watex-moderated water-cooled reactors for AST's, the design of
which is distinguished from traditional reactors by the fact that the core,
the steam generator and the pressurizer are located in a single high-
strength vessel, have already been performed.
With such a design especially favorable conditione are created for the
natural circulation of the heat carrier, that is, without circulating pumps
of the primary loop.
It is planned to use reactors of this type above all in the area of small-
scale stationary nuclear power engineering, which is called upon to ensure
the supply of heat to isolated regions.
Integrated reactors with the natural circulation of the heat carrier suc-
cessfully combine the advantages of reactors like the WER (a two-loop lay-
out of the heat take-off) and one-loop boiling-water vessel reactors (the
lack of a circulation loop of the primary l4op) and can faciliate the solu-
tion of the following questions:
the localization of accidents in the case of the depressurization of the
primary loop (the absence of large-diameter mains, the small degree of
branching of the systems of the primary loop and so forth);
rhe achievement of the maximum unitization of the equipment delivered to the
:onstruction site, that is, the decrease of the amount and period of the
installation work;
the assurance of the reliable heat removal from the core in case of the
emergency, including the complete halt of power supply to consumers for
their own needs.
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The advantages of reactors like the AST are augmented by the fact that such -
reactors to 3 considerable extent can be built by using components, subas-
semblies and parts, which have been devel.oped and are series produced for
reactc,rs like the WER.
The link of consumers with the AST through the main water urgent].y raises
the question of ensuring radiation safety. The main safety requirements
are: the complete elimination of the possibility of radioactive water enter-
ing the water mains; the preclusion of harmful gaseous discharges of radio-
activity; the guarantee of safety in emergency situations; the reliability
of the cooling of the reactor core under all operating conditions. '
Assurance of the integrity of the equipment under external influences is
achieved by the use of a reinforced concrete containment vessel or the
undei�ground location of the reactor.
The i.ndicated circumstances, particularly the completeness and relatively
small scale of a possible accident with the discharge of t?1e heat carrier.
of the primary loop, malce it possible to use the reactor of the AST as one
of L-l:e promising types of nuclear reactors for the purpose of supplying
heat.
Here relatively small parameters of the heat carrier of the primary loop
are required (a pressure of 1.6-2.5 MPa for heating and industrial heat-
ing AST's respectively) which facilitates the task of manufacturing the
vessel. The promising nature of AST's increases particularly after the
placement into production of vessels which are made from prestressed re-
inforced concrete.
In principle a reactor of any type can be used for an ATETs. In domestic
practice reactors like the WER and RBMK have been well assimilated and
have shown excellent operating results, therefore the decision also to use
them at ATETs's is natural. As a result of comparing these reactors from
the point of view of better meeting the requirements of operation in the
heat supply system the WER-1000 reactor with two TK-500-60/3000 central
heating condensation turbines was used for priority ATETs's.
Much planning and design work is being performed to provide the reactor
plants of ATETs's with the technical means for complete safety, which will
make it possible to bring the sources of heat as close as possible to the
consumers.
One of the directions of this work is the production of the reactor vessel
~ from prestressed reinforced concrete with the placement in it of the steam
generator, the separator and the pressurizer, as well as the use of the
natural c:trculation of the heat carrier.
It is believed that the impossibility of an instantaneous rupture of the
. reinforced concrete reactor vessel, the absence of a ramified system of
large-diameter mains and the location of the main radioactive equipment in
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a sinple vessel guarantee complete safety. An experimental pilot tioiling-
wateY� reactor i.n a vessel made of prestressel reinforced concrete with an
electric capacity of 500 MW is being developed.
a'
If it is possible in the near future Co solve the problem of building reac-
tor vesseLs made of prestressed reinforced concrete to make the safety re-
quirements compatible with the economic characteristics, this dir.ection
, will be very promising.
In the near future atomic energy will make a significant contribution to
the generation and consumption of other types of power. In this respect
four cases of the use of nuclear thermal energy are of particular interest:
for obtaining hydrogen, which is needed by the steel smelting and chemical
sectors of industry, for the production of fertilizers and synthetic fuel
and as a fuel for engines; for the desalination of war.er; for generating
technological steam, which is used for industrial pu:�poses and 1-,)r *he
central heating of cities.
On an industrial scale hydrogen at present is produced by the conversion of
natural gas or petroleum and at times by the electrolysis of water. For
obtaining hydrogen by the standard conversion of gas or petroleum or by a
series of thermochemical reactions, which lead to the heat decomposition oi
water, a high potential heat (850-1,2000 C) is necessary, which can be cib-
tained only in high temperature gas-cooled reactors. The importance of fresh water in the life of man does not require explana-
tion. In spite of its apparent abundance, the reserves of fresh water are
not unlimited. Some regions of the Soviet Union are experiencing an acute
shortage of it. A BN-350 pilot industrial fast reactor, which produces
electric power and desalinated sea water for the domestic needs of the city,
has been in operation at the Shevchenkovskaya AES since 1973. It is pos-
sibl.e to enlist for these purposes high temperature gas-cooled reactors, in
which steam with high parameters is used in a turbine with counterpressure
far generating electric power, while the steam with a pressure of
0.3-0.4 MPa, which has been spent in the turbine, is used in the evapora-
tors for obtaining fresh water.
High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors
There is no doubt that in the near future in domestic pract:ice AES's with
high temperature helium-cooled reactors (VTGR's) will begin to operate
~ rlongside water-cooled reactors. Only about 25 percent of the power fuel
resources of the country are being used for the generation of electric power.
.'herefore, the er.largement of the areas of the use of atomic energy for the
more complete replacement of scarce organic fuel involves its introduction
ln other.sectors of the national economy. A reactor like the WER is capa-
ble of ineeting the needs of industry for both electric power and technologi-
cal steam. The experience of operating foreign experimental high temperature
helium-cooled reactors has confirmed their basic advantages as compared
with other types of reactors: ttie high temperature level of the helium when
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it lEaves the reactor (9500 C for four years in an AVR reactor of the FRG);
a hiF-,her efa:iciency of the generation of electric power antj therefore less
}ieat pollut:Con of the environment; the better use of resou:rces oi nucl.ear
fuel; the possibility of further increasing tine temperature of the gas for
technological purposes.
- For the industrial introduction of nuclear technological power plants it is
necessary to ensure a high level of safeCy of the entire system, including
the n-roduction and use of "atomic" technological heat and the economic ef-
ficiency of the plant.
The possible directions of the use of the heat generated by a high tempera-
ture helium-cooled reactor and the approximate temperature ranges required
for various processes are cited in the table / 3/.
Possible Areas of Use of High Temperature Helium-Cooled Reactors
Process Reaction tem- Temperature of the
perature, �C helium on entering
the intermediate heat
exchanger, �C
Hydrocracking of petroleum
600-750
900-950
Petroleum refining
750-850
1000
Hydrogasification of lignite
700-800
950-1000
Steam conversion of inethane
750-850
1000
Gasification of coal with steam
800-900
950-1050
Direct reduction of iron ore
800-900
950-1050
Obtaining synthetic fuel and
chemical raw materials (amnonia,
methanol and others)
800-900
950-1050
Thermochemical decomposition of
water
800-900
1050
Note: A high pressure is also required for the successful occurrence of most
of the reactions.
Practically all the directions of the use of "atomic" heat have as their
goal the production of hydrogen as a high quality fuel and a valuable chemi-
cal raw material.
The heat of high temperature helium-cooled reactors is capable of transform-
ing types of organic fuel, which are low grade, but available in large
quantity (coal and others), into high quality, conveniently transported and
stored, ecologically clean synthetic fuel (H2, CH4 and others) and chemical
raw materials--ammonia, methanol, ethylene and others.
In connection with the fact that in accordance with the conditions of nu-
~ cle.ar safety AES's cannot be located in the immediate vicinity of the con-
suzieLs of the power, the possibilitles of the thermochemical transmission
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of power over long distances, which is based on the reversibility of the
rPact.ion of the steam conversion of inethane (CH4 + H20 = CO + 3H2), are being
studjed extensively. This method consists in the fact that the c:ooling mix--
ture of gases (H2 + CO), which was obtained from methane by using the heat
of the high temperature helium-cooled reactor, is transported by pipelines
to the consumer, wrere, by using catalyzers, they carry out the process of
methanization, which is accompanied by the drawing off of the heat which
can be used for the generation of steam and electric power and for house-
hold consumption.
At present in the USSR and several foreign industrially developed countries
scientific research work and experimental designing are being carried our,
which are aimed at developing high temperature helium-cooled reactors for
obtaining technological heat. Programs for building high temperature
helitim-cooled reactors which a gas temperature when it leaves the reactor
of 950-1,0000 C have been elaborated in the FRG and Japan.
The anticipated scale of fuel consumption in the USSR by 2000 requires the
extensive enlistment of nuclear power resources which are not only capable
of ineeting the demand for various types of power, but, which is no less
important, will be harmless to the habitat of man.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. G. V. Yermakov, "Nuclear Electric Power Stations of the Soviet Union,"
TEPLOENERGETIKA", No 11, 1978.
2. B. B. Baturov, G. A. Zvereva, Yu. I. Mityayev, V. I. Mikhan, "The Nu-
clear Superheating of Steam, Results and Prospects at the Present Stage,"
ATOMIvAYA ENERGIYA, Vol 44, No 2, 1978.
3. V. V. Klimov, "Vysokotemperaturnyye gazookhlazhdayemyye reaktory za
rubezhom" /High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors Abroad/, Moscow, 'I'si1Ilatominform, 1978, No 6.
70 pErcent contain a large amount of organic ballast (24-37 percent)
and are characterized by a low heat of combustion QH = 21.4 - 27.2 MJ/kg
(5,100-6,500 kcal) and a hydrocarbon ratio C/H = 7.5 - 8.5. Such types of
fuel are not promising for obtaining plasma with a tempe'rature and electric
conductivi.*.y, which are sufficiently high for MHD electric power stations,
even when using pulverization systems with closed drying. Therefore, they
are not examined in this work.
The technology.of semicoking of brown coals provides for them complete dry�-
ing and subsequent thermal decomposition without the presence of air. The
transportation and storage of semicoke, preferable in a resinified staCe,
wi11 not promote appreciable moistening. Therefore, the working moisture
content of this product of the heat conversion of brown coal will be close
to zero, which is a very favorable attribute of the semicoke o� brown coal.
Ash Content
It is typical of solid fuels to contain mineral ballast. The ash content
of coals of practically all the brands fluctuates over a very wide range.
This pertains above all to the coals of various deposits wi;:hin one brand,
as well as to a specific coal with different characteristics of its vein
and mining technology. On the whole a higher ash content is typical of the
coals of the European part of the USSR, as lower ash content is typical of
the coals of Siberia.
The presence in the fuel of a mineral component can affect the electric
conductivity of the plasma being obtained as a result of the reduction of
thz temperature and the bounding with it of compounds of the additive. The
latter factor has already been examined above.
An increase of the ash content of coals leads to the progressive decrease
of the temperature of the products of their combustion and the obtai.ned
plasma Tnjj. Given the parameters of LMiD electric power stations an increase
of the ash content of dry coal from zero (the conventional ashless mass) to
10 percent leads to a decrease of Tnn by approximately 200 K, from 10 to
20 percent--250 K, from 20 to 30 percent--350 K, from 30 to 40 percent--
another 450 K.
The best coals are characterized by an ash content (by dry weight) of about
10 percent. However, their use in USSR power engineering is very limited.
The use of coals with AC= 20 percent entails a decrease of the temperature
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poteiitial of the plasma as compared with coals with Ac = 10 percent by
QT = 250 K, which can still be regarded as acceptable. Hcwever, a fui�ther
increase of the ash content of coal, for example, to 40 percent, would
lead Co a loss of the temperature poCential of the plasma of 100-1100 K,
whictt is now unacceptable.
S m 1
0
Figure 2. Dependence of 0' on
the Ash Content o� Coal SS ggiven
rhe condj.tions indicated in
Figure 1)
~
A ;
r3,7n i
~ ~nn ~
I, nn I I I

D A9
Figure 3. Dependence of the Neces-
sary,,Air Temperature for Combustion
on the Ash Content of Coal SS for
Ensuring 0'0 _10 S m 1. ot = 1.0;
p= 0.8 MPa; Q= 5 percent.
The decrease of the specific electric conductivity of the plasma given
invariable parameters of the oxidizer and the combustion chamber, which is
connected with the indicated increase of the ash content of coal SS and the
attendant decrease of the temperature of 'the plasma, is shown in Figure 2.
It is evident that an increase of Ac from 10 to 20 percent leads to a de-
crease of Cr'o from 17.7 to 16 S m 1, that is, 10 percent (relative). A
fl:rther increase of Ac frorn 20 to 40 percent would lead (even on the assump-
tion of the lack of interaction of the additive with the clinker) to an ad-
ditional decrease of A'o from 16 to 11.7 S m'1, that is, another 27 percent.
The dependences of the necessary air temperature for ensurin an invari�ble
:;pecific electric conductivity of the plasma of 0'0 = 10 S m-1 with a change
:in-the ash content of coal SS from 0 to 40 percent are presented in
Figure 3. From the graph it follows that with an ash content Ac = 10 percent
uir with a temperature of 1,5900 K should be fed into the c;ombustio!n chamber
with a total heat loss of 5 percent. With an increase of the ash content to
Ac= 20 percent it is necessary to increase the air temperature to 1,6700 K,
that is, by 800 K. If the ash content of the coal increases to 40 percent,
it will be necessary to increase the air temperature to 1,8900 K, that is,
another 1200 K(200� in all). It is well known that such a significant
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increase of the aa.r temperature greatly complicates and inc:reases the cost
of the heaC exchailgers. Therefore, it is always difficult to offset a con-
siderable decrease of the Cemperature of the plasma as a rf;asult of a rise
in the aeh content of the fuel by the corresponding increa::;e of the tempera-
ture af the oxidizer. This is one of the main factors whic:h are responsible
for the infeasibility of using high-ash coals at MHD electric power stations.
The second reason is the complication of the equipment arrangements and
the measures aimed at preventing the loss of the additive in the clinker.
The processes of the drying and heat conversion of coal dur.ing its semicok-
ing take place due to the heat which is released during the partial combus-
tion of the fuel itself. As a result the ash content of the semicoke is
always higher than the ash content of the initial coal. In order to limit
the coal content of the semicoke it is necessary for the initial coal to
have as low an ash content as possible. The coals of the Kansk-Achinsk
Basin meet this requirement to the greatest extent.. All things being equal,
- the ashing of the semicoke increases as the temperature of the semicoking
and accordingly the extent of the heat conversion increase. At the same
time the dischar_ge of light ash and the reactivity of the semicoke decrease.
Therefore, for the needs of MHD electric power stations it is desirable to
carry out the semicoking 3t a moderate temperature within the range of
TnK = 720 - 870� K. For the above-noted conditions it is possible to obtain
from the coal of the Irsha-Borodino deposit with an initiaJ. ash content of
Acle'.,10 percent semicoke with an ash content of 17-20 percent, and from the
relat.ively less ashy Berezovka coal with Acl'$7 percent semicoke with an
ash cuntent of 12-14 percent.
Hydrocarbon Ratio
The total influence of the composition of the organic component of the fuel
on the indicators of the plasma is most completely defined by the hydrocarbon
number, which is equal to the ratio of the contents in this fuel of carbon
and hydrogen (with allowance for the content of the latter in the moisture
of the fuel). The typical values of C/H for the main types of fuel are
cited in Table 1. The values of C/H for the specific fuels used in this
work are cited in Table 2.
The dependence of the specific electric conductivity of the plasma on the
~ hydrocarbon�ratio and the ash content for the examined types of power fuel
is depicted in Figure 4. The values of. O'o were determined for identical
~ initial conditions (the parameters of the combustion chamber and the oxi-
- dizer), therefore the obtained dependences reflect the influence of the
characteristics of the fuel in pure form. Curve 1 corresponds to ashless
fuels--gas and fuel oil. The value of Q'o, which wou.1d be obtained with
the burning of an ashless mass of coal SS, is cited there �or comparison.
Curve 2 corresponds to coals and semicoke with an ash content Ac= 10 - 15
percent. With an increase of the value of C/H the electric conductivity of
the plasma initially increases rapidly, then the curves become flatter.
This nature of the dependence is explained mainly by the fact that with low
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values of C/H the plasma contains many water molecules which have a large
diameter of the e:lastic scattering of electrons. Moreover, the dissocia-
tion of the water leads to the appearance of the radical OH, which bonds
potassium at:oms into molecules of KOH and decreases thereby the number of
free electrons in the plasma. The decrease of the total amount of hydrogen
in the plasma sharply alleviates these negative effects. `i'herefore, with
an increase of the value of C/H the dependeiice on it becomes wealc, while
the values of t?'o increase more slowly. The location of curve 2 below
curve 1 is explained by the above-described negative influence of the ash
content o� the fuel on the temperature of the plasma, and accordingly on
the value of Q'o.
Figure 4. Dependence of do on the Hydrocarbon Ratio and the Ash Content
1--Ac= 0; 2--Ac= 10- 15 percent; W= WrH; the other conditions follow Figure 1.
cw/M (a)
24
2i
z~
ir
~t
I4
12
ro
Key;
' a. S m 1
b. Semicoke of brown coal
c. SS
60
M
y
2
'c
c)
Maaym~
Me
) �
/
~oJ
f)
c/y
d. Fuel oil
e. B
f. Gas
F'rom the graph it follows that among the plasma of "clean" fuels the plasma
obtained with the burning of natural gas (0'0 = 9 S m 1) has a relatively
lower specific electric conductivity. With the use of fuel oil o'o in-
creases to 15 S m 1, which is explained by the simultanFOUS increase of
C/H and the temperatLre of the plasma from 2,8550 K(for gas) to 2,9101 K.
The plasma would have an even higher electric conductivity with the burn-
,ng of an ashless mass of coal SS, for which C/H = 15 ( 0'0 = 19 S m 1) .
4mong the plasma of coals which contain 10-15 percent ash the plasma ob-
tained when burning the 3ust of brown coal has the relatively lowest value
of the specific electric conductivity (0'o N13 S m 1) and the plasma obtain
when burning SS has the relatively highest value (Q'o .18 S m71). The
maximum value of 0'0 = 21-23 S m 1 can be achieved with the burning of the
semicoke of brown coal. High values of (Yo with the burning of coals and
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!0 70 3a y0 50
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r7i
the products of their conversion as compared with gas and fuel oi.l are'
achieved in practice only by means of higher values of C/H,, since the tem-
peratures of the plasma for them differ little (about 150 K for the plasma
of coal B as compared with the plasma of gas and for the plasma of coal SS
and the semicoke of brown coal as compared with the plasma of fuel oil).
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Figure 5. Dependence of.the Temperature of the Plasma (A)
and the Corresponding Necessary Air Temperature (B) on
the Hydrocarbon Ratio C/H
1-- Q"o = 10 S m-1; 2-- cro = 7 S m 1; I-I--anticipated area
of use of tube air heaters; W= WrH; the remaining condi-
tions follow Figure 1.
(a)
K
18D!
210(
1GR
K
l9GC
ilOl
1501
li0!
ltgpp 1(! 20 30 40 .97
Key:
a. Gas
b. Fuel oil
c. B
d. G
e. D
f. SS
g. Semicoke of brown coal
The dependences of the temperature of the plasma, which has an identical
specific electric conductivity for all types of fuels of O'o = 10 S m-1
(curve 1) and 7 S m71 (curve 2), on the hydrocarbon ratio of the correspond-
ing fuels are cited in Figure 5A. It is evident that with an increase of
C/H the temperature of the plasma drops sharply. Thus, for natural gas it
is 231 880-2,7900 K(the larger value is for 0'0 = 10 S m71 and the smaller
value is for (ro = 7 S m-1), for fuel oil 2,800-2,7100 K, for the dust of
coals with Vr >20 percent from 2,770-2,6800 K to 2,740-2,6600 K. For the
semicoke of Berezovka brown coal the temperature of the plasma for the men-
tioned conditions would be about 2,680-2,6000 K.
29
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(b )
,faay
_
/
g
1?
A)-.
TB
'
/
2
I
- -
-
-i1
g '
C/N
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In Figure 5A it iza shown, what air temperature is necessary in order to en-
sure the carresporiding value of the temperature of the plasma. It is a_vi-
dent that ta ensure 0'0 = 10 S m 1 when burning natural gas air with a tem-
perature of 2,1300 K should be fed into the combuation chamber, when burn-
ing fuel oil--1,7300 K, when burning .r,oal dust--from 1,8100 h(coal B) to
1,5900 K(coal SS), when burning the semicoke of brown coa].--from 1,460 to
1,3900 K. To obtain plasma with o= 7 ca m'1 a lower air temperaCure is
needed than when Q''o = 10 S m 1: 3100 K lower when burning gas, 2500 K when
burning fuel oil and 230� K when burning coal dust and the semicoke of
brown coal.
It is well known that different heat exchangers and materials (including
highly refractory) correspond to each level of high temperature of the
oxidizer (air). According to a preliminary evaluation of the available
data, air with a temperature of up to 1,4000 K perhaps will be able to be
obtained in tube heaters made from special alloys, which are heated by the
main steam of the products of combustion, which comes out of the MHD conduit
and ccntains the additive. MHD electric power stations, which burn the
semicoke of brown coal with Q''o 9~10 S m 1 or coals SS and the semicoke of
brown coal with 0''0 X7 S m71, might meet this condition. In contrast, for
the other types of fuel it will be necessary to heat the air more with
"clean" gases without ash and an additive in regenerative heat exchangers
made from refractory ceramics and with independent combustion chambers. '
Such heat exchangers are, as a rule, more expensive, and the cycle diagram
of an MHD electric . power station with the independent heating of the heat
exchangers is less efficient.
The increase of s.he level of air temperature progressively complicates and
increases the cost of heat exchangers, increasing their proportion in the
capital expenditures on the construction of MHD electric pnwer stations.
On the other_ hand, the use of fuel with a lower initial temperature can de-
crease the efficiency of the MHD transformation of energy. Thereforp, the
indicated circumstances should be taken into account when making compara-
tive technical and economic appraisals of versions of NM electric power
stations which run on different types of fuel.
Sulfur Content
One of the anticipated advantages of MHD electric power stations as compared
with traditi.onal thermal electric power stations is the possibility of the
significant removal from the products of combustion of sulfur exides by
i_heir bonding in the gas loop of the steam generator with compounds of the
)otassium additive. The amount of additive, which is normally fed into the
~ombustion chamber (about 1 percent potassium from the weight of the pro-
ducts of combustion), is sufficient for bonding about 4 percent of the sul-
fur contained in the fuel. At MHD electric power stations sulfur compounds
like CS, S02 and others do not significantly influence the electric conduc-
tivity of the plasma. This is caused by the moderate value of the diameter
of the elastic scattering of the electrons on these molecules. The
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influence of the compounds of alkaline metal, which contain sulfur atoms,
at high temperatures is also minor.
What has been said above attests to the possibility in principle of using
sulfur-containing fuels at MiD electric power stations wittiout the threat
of appreciable pollution of the air with sulfur oxides and, probably, with-
out damage to the components of the steam generator and the gas loop as a
result of low temperature sulfur corrosion. In this case the need to de-
velopment special and expensive equipment.to trap the oxides following the
model of traditional thermal electric power stations disappears. In bound
form the sulfur compounds should be removed from the gas loop of the MHD
electric power station through the equipment for trapping the additive,
while the sulfur should be removed in the additive recovery system.
Semicoke of Brown Coals
The semicoke of brown coal for the present is obtained at pilot industrial _
facilities following the plan of the Power Engineering Institute imeni G. M.
Krzhizhanovskiy. Many questions of its large-scale production and long-
distance shipment have to be solved. Of great importance for the practical
accomplishment of this development and subsequent introduction is its tech- nical and economic substantiation. In this respect the long-range signifi-
cance of the semicoke of brown coal for MHD electric power stations is of
interest. Among the general anticipated merits of semicoke is the higher .
heat value of the product as compared with the initial coal and the elimina-
t3on of the tendency for spontaneous combustion.
The thermotechnical advantages of the semicoke of brown coal for MHD elec-
tric power stations consist ia the fact that with a practically zero '
moisture content and a moderate ash content it provides the same high com-
bustion temperature as the best coals like SS and has the same hydrocarbon
ratio as anthracite. However, unlike .the latter the semicoke of brown coal _
has a good reactivity, which makes it possible to burn it efficiently in
_ high temperature combustion chambers. According to all the indicated
properties the semicoke of brown coal is superior to the known natural coals
as a fuel for MHD electric power stations.
Comparative Prospects of the Use of Different Types of Fuel
"Clean" fuels--natural gas and fuel oil--make it possible to significantly
simplify the fuel system of MHD electric power stations, actually the com-
bustion chambers and their fuel supply systems. When burning gas the dangex
of contaminating the heating surfaces of the steam generators with ash de-
posits is eliminated and the system of removing and reclaiming the additive
is simplified. This applies to a somewhat less extent to fuel oil. There-
fore, the use of "clean" fuel in the main MHD power blocks is regarded as
a condition which is capable of facilitating the solution and the industrial
assimilation of the new efficient method of transforming energy.
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For powerfu], condensatian thermal electric power sCations, which operate
primarily on a baae 1oad, coal should be considered the mai.n prottiising fuel.
This is connected with its very great distribution, as well, as with the
planned furt.her use of petroleum and gae primarily in other sectars of the
national economy (the chemical industry, transportation).
Among the anticipated merits of coal-powered MHD e'lectric power stations
are:
rhe protection of the walls of the high temperature components of the sta-
tion with a slag 1ining which is constantly being replaced;
a higher electric conductivity of the products of combuation of moderately
ashy coals and especially the semicoke of brown coal as compared with
"clean" fuels.
The first circumstance significantly facilitates the solution of the problem
of du.rable high temperature refractory materials, the second decreases the
level of the necessary temperature of the oxidizer, simplifies and reduces
the cost of the appropriate heat exchangers.
Along with this when developing coal-powered r1HD electric power stations
the need arises to solve many specific controversial questions, which are
absent or are sol�Qd relatively more simply when using "clean" fuels. Such
questions are the feeding of coal dust into the combustion chamber under
pressure and the removal from it of the trapped clinker, the prevention of
the loss of the additive in the clinker and the development of the appropri-
ate combustion chambers, the electrical insulation of the combustion chambers
along the lines of the feeding of the dust and tYle removal of the trapped
clinker,'the removal of ash deposits with the additive from the heating sur-
faces of the steam generators, the removal and recovery of the additive in
the pxesence of ash, the partial gasification (or heat decomposition) of the
coal for the heating of the regenerated air heaters with "clean" fuel.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. V. A. Kirillin, A. Ye. Sheyndlin, "Some Results of the Research on the
U-25 Pilot Industrial Plant on Bringing It Up to the Designed Parameters,rr
TEPLOENERGETIKA, No 12, 1976.
2 "Teplovoy raschet kotel'nykh agregatov (normativnyy metod)" /Thermal
Analysis of Boiler Units (Standard Method)/, edited by N. V. Kuznetsov,
V. V. Miror et al., Moscow-Leningrad, "Energiya", 1973.
3. V. M. Atrazhev, B. V. Zelener, I. T. Yakubov, "The Electric Conductivity
of the Plasma of the Products of Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuels With an
Alkaline Additive," TVT, Vol 16, No 2, 1978.
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4. N. A. Kruzhil:Ln, Z. T. Yakubov, "On Calculating the Electric Conductiv-
ity of the Froducts of Combustion of Coal With an Alkaline Additi,ve,"
"Diagnosrika nizkotemperaturnoy plazmy" /Diagnostics of Low TempErature
Plasma/, edt.Ced hy Ye. M. Shelkov, Moscow, "Nauka", 1978.
~ 5. S. A. Tager, Ye. V. Samoylov, I. B. Rozhdestvenskiy et al., "The De-
velopment and Study of a High Temperature Combustion Chamber of a Solid-
Fue1 MHD Generator and the Thermodynamic Analysis of'Combustion Conditions,"
"Trudy V mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii po MGD preobrazovaniya energii" /Trans-
action of the Fifth International Conference on the MHD Trarisformation of
Energy/, Munich, 1971.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Teploenergetika", 1979
7807
CSO: 1822
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ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER E~UIPMENT
UDC 621.31,002.2
BUILDTNG FACILITZE5 FOR POWER ENGINEERING REVIEWID
Mosec;i ENERGETICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO 3.n Russian No 6, Ju:n 79 pp 2-6
[Article by P.P. Falaleyev, first deputy minister of power engineering
and electrification of the USSR: "Basic Directions of Increasing the
Effectiveness of Power Engineering Construction"]
[Text] The creation of a reliable base for electrification of the country
is a decisive condition of development of the socialist economy and building
the material and techn:!.cal basis of communism.
In recent years during solution of the problem of increasi.ng the effec-
tiveness of power engineering construction substantial qualitative cha,nges
have been ma,de in the construction of power engineering facilities: a
program of construction of thermal electric power plants with power blocks
with a capacity of 210-300 megawatts was f.i1fi11edi constructioi, of elec-
tric power plants with blocks of 500 and 800 megawatts was developed;
ve --,r large therma,l electric power plants with power blocks of 800 mega-
watts were built; plan~s were developed and construction is under way
on therma,l electric power plants with a capacity of .4,000,000-6,400,000
kilowatts with power blocks of 500 and 800 megawatts and of large nuclear
electric power ..glants with power blocks with a capacity of 1,000 mega-
watts; and a pilot power block is being erected with a capacity of 1200
megawatts at the Kostromska,ya GRES.
The construction of thermal electric power plants ha,s been put on an.
industrial basis. Work is being continued for unificatior,. of" rlanning
decisionss a plan has been created for series-produced TE'rs-ZIGM, according
to which at present more tha,n 14 electric power plants az-e being butlt,
and a plan ha,s been developed for a series-produced TETs ixsing solid''flzel
(ZITT).
Solutions ha,ve been �ound to technical questions of creating pu?erfu'l
hydroelectric power plants with high dams ma,de of local ma.terials ~.nd
poured reinforced concrete under the difficult conditions of Siberia and
in regions with high seismic activity.
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In electric netwark coni3t.ruction developed on a large scale was the
industrial technology of ere;ting electric power lines and subatations
with a voltage of 500 and 750 );:,ilovo lts .
Along with this it is necessary to note serious shortcomings holding back
the increase in. effectiveness of power engineering construction.
In the current year the asaignment for intraluction of energy capacities
was not flulfilled, and the annua,l introduction of capacity was stabilized
at the level of 10-11 million kilowatts, which does not satisfy the needs
of the na,tional economy and will not ensure energy supply reliability.
The volume of operations completed by contracting organizations in 197$
came to 96 percent of the plan quota.
The basic reasons conditioning the non-fulfillment of the volume of
construction and installation operations are: shortcomings in the planning
of contracting jobs; untimely issuing of p"Lanning and estimate documentsi
shortcomings in organization of material and technical supply and the
use of resources; an inadequate level of ut:ilization of construction
engineering; inadequa,te or.ga,nization of la.bor and use of ma,npower.
As is shown by an ana,lysis of .the enumerated reasons, fzlfillment of the
pla,n for contrac�ting jobs Vreatly depends on the style and meth.ods of
ma,nagement of construction.
In 1978 the pla,n assignment for growth in labor productivity with 3B spect
to the 1977 level was fulfilled by 102,9 percent with a plan figure of 105
for the USSR Ministry of Power as a whole.
Duri.ng the years of the 9th Five-Year Plan the actua,l average la.bor
outlays for the sector in terms of 1 kilowatt of introduced caga.city at
heat and nuclear electric power pla,nts were increased by 23.1 percent
(by comparison with 1970) and in 1975 came to 4.77 ma,n-days, including
3.99 in construction. At the same time at the foremost construction pro-
jects the labor outlays came to a total of 2-2.5 ma.n-days. In the lOth
Five-Year Pla.n this indicator actually has not changeds in 1977 the
labor outlays came to 4.86, including in construction 4 man-days.
Red.uction of the construction periods ha,s especial significance yn raising
the effectiveness of capital construction.
Despite the existing; positive experience of ;.reducing the times for con-
struction of electric poWer pla,nts by comparison with the established norms
(the Ladyzhinska,ya and Zaporozhskaya GRES, Rostovskaya TETs-2, and others),
the actua.l duration of construction of the ma,jority of power projects
gut into operation exceeds the standard by 1.5-2-fold, which, na,turally,
leads to an increase in the level of unfinished construction (see table).
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Indicators
1976
1977
1978
Capital investments t %
100
:128
129
Unfinished construction, y6
100
117
128
Volume of construction and installation
jobs, %
loo
113
127
Construction and installation jobs in
unfinished product3on, %
100
103
116
Including with the contractor, %
100
138
317
Notes Indicators cited for the beginning of the year.
In evalua,ting the possibilities of increasing the effectiveness of power _
engineering construction, it should be kept in mind that the overall dura-
tion and cost of construction of pow er facilities depend to a considerable
degree on the technical level of the accepted planning decisions, the
times of development and the qua,lity of the issued planning documentation.
Despite the fact tha,t in the USSR Ministry of Power there are considerable
scientific and engineering forces, the operating system o� pla,nning does
not flxlly meet the modern demands of development of the sACtor. Many power engineering facilities are still being erected according to
individua,l plans. The low level of unification and standardization of
the basic des ign- technological solutions stipulates in turn a low level
of industrializatio:n, an increase in ma,terials-intensiveness and growth
in unproductive outlays of labor in construction. The pla.nning of electric power pla,nts is sometimes drawn out so much tha,t
the plan is "morally out-dated" even before the start of its realization.
Being introduced at extremely slow rates is the method of variant pla,nning
of power facilities, although there are positive examples of its use.
T:,us, during planning of the TETs of the Tobol'sk NKhK [petrochemical complex
by specialists of the Riga department of TEP [Al1-Union State Institute for
Pianning Electrical Equipment for Heat Engineering Installa,tions] improve-
ments were ma.de in the layout and structural decisions adopted in the plan of the Ural'sk department of VNIPTenergoprom [All-Union Scientific Research
and Pla,nning Institute of the Power Engineering Industry]. According to
- prelimina.ry estima,tes, the labor outlays for erection of the heat and
:lectric power plant (TETs) owing to this will be red.uced from 1.67 to
1.3 million ma,n-days, and the specific labor outlays will come to two
na,n-days per lkilowatt of installed capacity.
It is necessary for Glavniiproyekt [ Ma,in Administration of S cientific
Research and Planning Organizations], for the planning institutes more
widely to dissemina,te progressive solutions duxing the planning of other
such projects. However they are hindered by considerations of prestige
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and :;)oor coordination on the part of the head institutes. Being drawn
out :Ls the review of existing norms of pla,nning power facilities, in
which increased dimensions and areas of buildings, and distances between
individua.l assenblies and structures are provided., as a result of which
the lndicators of utilization of the volume of the buildings of the ma,in
wings and the territory of the facilities are aPproximatel.y l.j-fold lower
by compa,rison with the best foreign ones.
Despite the la,rge volumes of work with respect to temporary construction
bases and the significance which they ha,ve for construction, the situa.tion
regarding them leaves much to be desired.. It is enough to say tha,t even
for electric power plants with identical capacity and ana,logous energy
blocks the layout and assembly of temporary facilities of individual
industries are different. The designs of such buildings are very labor-
intensive. Permanent facilities are inadeq.uately used for the needs of
construction, and so on. Such a situation is explained first of all by
the absence of a. sufficient number of sta.ndard plans of temporary buildings
and structures.providing for the use of progressive structural parts.
For these reasons the times for erection of construction bases are being
drawn out.
There are serious complaints against the planning organizations of Glavniipro-
yekt in relation to the qual3.ty and times for giving planning documentation
to the builders.
Thus, as of 1 January 1978 construction orga,nizations of the USSR Ministry
of Power were not provided with planning and estimate documentation worth
170.8 million rubles, including worth 83.2 million rubles for underway
power engineering facilities.
The documentation executed by planning institutes as before ha.s essential
shortcomings. Often altered or additiona,l documentation is issued
alread y in the process of construction, which causes the necessity of
alteration of structural elements and leads to an increase in outla,ys of
manaal labor at the site of the construction.
In addition, it is necessary to consider irregular the practice when large
trusts, carryl.ng out the construction of uniform projects, serve a number
of departments of planning institutes which issue different pla,nning
decisions, and provide for structural pa,rts of different types for identi-
cal projects. Thus, the Dal'energostroy trust is served by five plannirig
organizations: the Khabarovskaya TETs is planned by the Rostov department
of TEP, the Primorska,ya GRES is planned by the Novosibirsk, the Yuzhno-
sakha,linskaya TETs is planned by the Kiev VNIPIenergoprom, and the
Blagoveshchenskaya TETs is planned by the Irkutsk VNIPIenergoprom. For the
Moscow TETs with units with a capacity of 250 megawatts the institutes of
Mosenergoproyekt and Teploelektroprokekt issue different plantiing decisions,
which does not ma,ke it possible to work up the technology of!construction
and installation, and lowEcs the effectiveness of construction.
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The high dema,nds ma,de on the planning documenta,tion stipulate the
necessity of a radical restructuring of the organization of planning
ma.tters in the sector.
Developed in the USSR Miniatry of Power was an expanded pz-ogram of
improvement of ecientific research, the planning and techtiology of eonatruc-
tion, supporting the development of power engineering up t0 1990. Envisaged
in it, in particular, are the following:
To proceed to long-range planning of planning and research coordina,ted
with the plan of development of electric power engineering for the long-
term future;
To concentrate the necessary planning forces and financial means on de-
velopment of series plans of TES [thermal electric power plants], AFS
[nuclear power plants] and GAES [ pumped storage power plants], and stan-
dard pla,ns of electrical network projects and residential settlements;
To insure invariability of series plans, equipment, structural pa,rts ~and
technolopr in the course of 6-7 yeaxs with subsequent replacement of them
with new,more improved plans;
To work out more detailed technical requirements for the creation of new
and the modernization of existing basic and auxiliary technological equip-
ment of electric power plants, having provided here for their sta,ndardiza..�
- tion, and also an increase in the indicators of econoiry, reliability and
repairability, a reduction in the dimensions and use of ma,terials, enlarge-
ment of the unit capacity of power blocks, a rise in the degree of plant
readiness, block construction and completeness of deliveries;
To automate individual processes of planning and to insure a transition to
- an automated system of planning objects of construction (ASPOS; avto-
ma.tizirovanna,ya sistema proye'ktirovaniya ob"yektov stroitel'stva).
The decisions adopted are good., however their realization is still pro-
ceeding at slow rates.
Still not a1l the equipment supplied for electric power plants ha,s reached
with respect to technico-economic indicators the level of the best world
standards, and the scientific research and planning organizations do not
have enough influence on the technical policy in the area of improvement
of existing and creation of new power engineering equipment. The equipment
is not always supplied in fZ11 sets.
A rise in the effectiveness of public praluction is directly connected with
improvement of planning on all levels of administration. However, as is
evidenced by the ana.lysis, there are serious shortcomings in planning.
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When drawing up the title lists of electric power engineering projects
freqttently no account is taken of the norma,tive length of construction,
as a result of which the number of simultaneously erected projects increases
from one year to the nextp and the times for construction are drawn out.
Thus, by 1978 the number of pro'ects being erected. at the same time rose -
to 3146 (1,788 projects in 1976~, which led to scattering of ma,terial
and technical and fina,ncial resources and- to lengthening the times for
construction of power engineering projects. Violation of the normative
length of construction at the stage of compilation of the title lists and
the plans of capital construction is expressed in a reduction of the
volumes of capital investments and construction and installation.jobs
with respect to years of construction by comparison with the volumes
enw_saged by the norms, and in an increa.se in the overa7l length of con~-
struction in comparison with the norma,tive length. -
The results of the work regarding underway projects are affected especially
negatively by the nonflzlfillment of the plan, which became chronic in
preceding years when these projects were carry-over projects. It is
enough to say tha,t in the fourth qua,rter of 1978 it was lanned �to put into
operation 83 pErcent (of the annual lan of introduction~ of the capacities ~
and 49 percent (of the total lengtJ of ove:rhead lines with a voltage of
35 kilovolts and higher.
In some cases the allocation of ineans is performed without taking into
account the actual volumes of construction and installation jobs with
respect to the underway complex, which creates definite difficulties for
timely putting of energ}r capacities into operation.
Fulfillment of the volumes of construction and installation jobs is planned.,
as a rule, without considering the actua.l production capacities of con-
struction organizations, and the construction and installation organizations
do not insure their own development under the increasing volumes of
construction and installation jobs.
In organizations of the USSR Ministry of Power there still exists the
faulty practice of intra-construction scattering of ma,terial and labor
resources. Thus, in 1978 the construction administration of the Smolensk
NZClear Power Plant simultaneously erected 108 projects, which is 22 per-
cent more tha,n in 1977; the construction a,dministration of Dneproka,na,l-
energostroy built 838 projects with the average volume of construction
and installation jobs at 89,500 rubles. .
7he scattering of resources leads to lowering the level of engineering pre-
paration, lowering the la,bor productivity of the workers, ma,kes the
orbanization, of material and technical supply difficult and so on. For
the purpose of eliminating this situa,+.ion it is necessary f or scientific
research and planning institutes to cord uct serious work for creation
of a fzndarnentally new method of drawing up multi-variant pla,ns of capital
investments and contracting jobs with the use of electronic eomputers.
Realization of this metYn.d will insures
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Obaervance of a riorma,tive length of construction;
Putt:ing production capacities and fixed capital`into operation in the
instructed period.s;
Coordination of plan assignments with the actual capacit3.es of contrac-
ting organizations and a17.ocated material and fina,ncial resources and,
on the contrary aoordina,tion of the rates of increase of the capacities of
contracting orga,nizat3.ons with prospective planning tasks;
Fzlfillment of the pla,n with respect to started construction projects.
As is shown by the practice of recent yeaxs, annua,l planning of the volumes
of construction and installa,tion does not meet the dema,nds of intensification
of power engineering construction. In connection with th3.s it is necessary
for the Chief Planning and Economi.c Admtnistration to speed up the pre-
paration for the cha,ngeover to two-year pla,nning in the sector, that 3s
to cha,nge over to new methods of planning beginning in 1981.
Tn addition, the need ha,s arisen to work out measures for reducing the times
of bringing the planning assignments to the executors and for control over
their fzlfillment. Requiring flirther treatment are the questions of
ma,terial and administrative responsibility for the qua,lity of planning
at all �levels of administration.
Scientifically-based norms and standards are an important tool of planning,
which will insure compila,tion of a pla,n meeting�the demands of intensity
and stability, of balance of the different sections and indi.ca,tors.
The presently existing norms and standards according to composition and
structure do not answer flzlly the modern dema,nds of orga,nization and
administration of construction. The basic part of the overall system of
standards is made up of the estima,ted norms and standards. However the
plan standards are still far from ftizlly worked out, and the existing
production norms ha,ve ,become out-dated. Certain of the existing
standards are ina,dequately substantiated and do not correspond to the
foremost level of development of technology and economics.
Improvement of pla,nning on the basis of balance of the plans and increasing
their scientific substantiation can be attained owing to a transition
from working out individual standards to the creation of a system of
normative informa,tion taking into account all the chief flznetions of
admin3stration, including pla,nning. Creation of such a system is possible
only with the participation of all planning and scientific research insti-
tutes of the sector without exception and with broa,d use of the means of
computer technology.
One of the basic factors dete:rani.ning the length of construction of pro-
jects is the level of organization of job performa,nce, on which depends
to a significant degree the fulfillment by construction organizations
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of the plann3.ng assignments with respect to the
indicators of production and economic activity.
results of the activity of organizations of the
in the lOth five-year plan indicates that:there
the technology, organization and administration
struction.
basic technico-economic
A yearly analysis of the
USSR Ministry of Power
are unsolved problems in
of power engineering con-
Recently gaining more and more significance are the questi.ons concerning
the structure of the construction ind.ustry and the administration of
construction. It is necessary to include among these the specialization
of construction and installa,tion organizations,production technology
completion, dispatching, and automa,tion of control processes.
To a considerable degree the effectiveness of the operatinn of t:he sector
depends on the structure of administration of the construction industry.
Operating at the present time in the USSR Ministry of Power is a four-
unit system of ma,na,gement of capital construction. This structure of
ma,na,gement ha,s been improved in the course of a long period and basically
has proven itself. Observed in recent years ha,s been an increase in the
number of organizations operating according to this system. Thus, while
in 1971 included in the fourth unit of administration were 52 construc-
tion admi.nistrations, in 1978 their number increa.sed to 102. Thes
organizations perform about 30 percent of the volume of construction and
installation jobs, while small construction adm3.nistrations annually use
about 10 mi.llion rubles of capital investments.
However it is necessary to note also a number of shortcomings of such a
system, negatively affect3.ng the effectiveness of mana,gement, increasing
the number of AUP [expansion unknown] and leading to duplication of the
functions of the administration. In particula,r with the four-.unit
structure:
The agencies of administration of the middle unit--the ma,in production
administrations--are not flzlly allotted economic r3.ghts; they do not have
the right to formation of fina,ncial and ma,terial reserves, they have
no ma,terial interest in improvement of the economic indicators of subordi-
na.ted organizations;
There is a significant number of small construction and construction and
installation orga,niza.tions, which ha,ve practically las-t their power
engineerin construct3on profile (Tselingidrostroy, Astrakhan'gidrostroy
and others~;
Iarge enterprises of the construction industry axe dispersed among the
construction main ad ministrations.
Taking into account what ha,s been said, it appears necessary to work out
and introduce a general scheme of administration of capital construction
and the building industry. In this case it is necessary to insure:
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A transitian to a two-or three-unit system of administration;
Concentratl.on of building collectives; '
Gz�owth in sectorial and technological specialization;
A rise in the level of management of the sector.
The growth in the volumes of construction and installa,tion and complica,-
tion of the system of intersectorial and intrasectorial communications
dema,nd the broad introd.uction when developing ma,na,gement systems of inethods
of ma,thema,tical economics with the use of electronic computers. Under
malern conditions it is necessary to expand the field of application of
electroni.c computers for the solution of different problems, particularly
optimization problems, providing the greatest effectiveness in the system
of mana,gement of the construction industry,
The technology of construction in ma,ny ways determines the labor intensive-
ness of the construction process and, consequently, also the times for
erecting projects. Unfortunately, it is not meet3ng the level of the
problems raised. Thus, the existing design solutions and tr;e technology
of building earthworks and underground parts of buildings of 'iM require
considerable la,bor outlays for their implementation.
It is necessary more decisively to introd.uce progressive methods cf per-
forming the basic types of construction and installa,tion jobs.
It is necessary for planning institutes to review the lay-out and design
solutions of earthworks and underground parts of buildings for the pur-
pose of extensive introd.uction of progressive technological processes,
of further improvement of the structure and ma,ke-up of the ma,chine fleet
utilized during construction, taking into account the possibilities of
increasing the proportion of high-capacity.self-propelled scrapers,
hydraulic excavators with detacha,ble mounted equipment, r:Lppers for
frazen and rocky soils, pneumatic punches and so on.
In thermal power engineering construction the technology of performing
concrete and reinforced concrete works has a direct effect on the labor
intensiveness and times for construction of thermal electric power plants
(TE5)...However 3mprovement of the techn-ology of concreting iri recent years
has not been done fast enough: still preserved is a high proportion of
ma,nual labor (about 45 percent) and a low output per worker.
For elimina,tion of the existing deficiencies it is advlsable:
To expand the ma,nufacture of reinforced concrete modules at rayon bases
and plants of the construction industry, which will ma,ke it possible to
reduce the losses of reinforcad steel 8-10-fold, to reduce la.bor outlays
for manufacture of structural parts 3-4-fold and to lower the cost by
40-50 percent;
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To ir,sure fZrther introduction of the progressive technology of la,ying
concrete mixture in structural parts of therma,l electric power pla,nts and
nuclear power plants using automa,tic concretepumps with ma,nipulators,
with complex mecha,nization of thepacking and leveling of concrete surfaces,
which will ma,ke it possible in the given type of jobs to reduce labor
outlays and the times of execution 2-3-fold;
To improve the design of stock concrete forms and insure mass ma,nufacture
of them at enterprises of the USSR Ministry of Power, which w3.11 ma,ke it
possible to 'lower labor outlays for their installa,tion and disma,ntling
1.S-2-fold.
Operations for installation of construction parts in therma,l power engineering
construction have reached significant volumest* 4.5-5 miliion tons are
insta,lled every year. The output per one worker in the last tht-ee years
has :risen by 12 percent, however labor outlays for installation of
cons-truct3.on parts are still high.
A red.uction of labor outlays will be furthered bys
Carr,ying out the installa,tion of construction parts using supplied modules
of full plant readiness with joinings`of an increased level of technology
(this will ma,ke it possible to lower labor outlays by 15 percent);
Introduction of non-aligning large-block installation of structural parts
of buildings of therma,l electric power plants, and the utilization of new
high-capacity installation cranes with a load moment of up to 3500
ton-meters (labor outlays in this case will be reduced by 20 percent).
In the period examimed there was no essential reduction in the labor out-
lays for fxlfillment of the most la,bor-intensive finishing, roofing and
hydro-insulation operations.
For the purpose of a significant reduction in the labor intensiveness of
these operatiens it is necessary to ha,ve extensive introduction ofs
Industrial method.s of finishing, including with the use of sheet ma,terials
(for instance, with a clean finished surface), insuring a rise in labor
prod.uctivity by 3-8-fold;
Plastering stations like the "Salyut-29" ma,king it possible to mecha.nize
single-layer pla.stering and to insure reduction of outlays of ma,nual labor
by not less tha,n 2.5-fold;
Apparatus for vacuum spraying of paint mixture, ma,king it possible to re-
duce the expenditure of ma,te iials and labor outla,ys by 25-30 percent;
Method of performing finishing operations under pla,nt conditions;
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Shaped pclyethylene insteatd of glued waterproofing, which will ma,ke it
poasible to reduce labor-outlays 7-fold.
In additionj broad introduction of roofing panels with a lzigh dogree of
plant readiness will ma,ke it possible to reduce labor out'lays at the con-
struct3on site 2-fold.
The results of the contracting activity of the USSR Ministry of Power in
1978 were negatively affected by the inadequa,tely high level of material
' and technical supply and utilization of physical resources. In 1978
not met repeatedly were the deadlines for deliveries of basic construction
ma,terials. In addition, there are gxounds to assume tha,t nonflzlfillment -
of the volumes of deliveries of materials is an important, but not the
determining factor for the breakdown in flzlfillment of plan assignments
with �respect to the volume of construction and insta,llation jobs.
The construction organizations of the USSR Ministry of Power have con-
siderable reserves of prefabricated reinforced concrete and metal
structural pa,rts. Thus, as of 1 October 1978 the rema.inders with respect
to construction metal structural pa,rts came to 178,400 tons or 116 days
worth (a,ccording to the stand.ards--45 days), and with respect to prefabri-
cated reinforced concrete 1,186,000 cubic meters, or 77 days worth
(according to the standards, 34 days).
The main reasons for the presence of above-norm reserves of structural
parts and rolled metal are:
Incomplete delivery, including nonflzlfillment of orders, and interruptions
in the times of delivery of prefabricated reinforced concrete and metal
structural parts (up to 55 percent of the total volume of above-n.orm
reserves);
Nonftiilfillment of the plan for construction and installation jobs (up to
20 percent);
Untimely delivery of structural parts (up to 15 percent);
Cha,nge by the clients in the title lists of construction projects (up to
30 percent) and the delivery of non-liquid items (up to 9 percent);
Deficiencies in the organization of job f~zlfillment (up to 10 percent).
Tn this way, the construction organizations are not utilizing satisfactorily
the availa,ble resources. The trusts are distributing them inefficiently
among the subordina,te organizations and constructi.on sites, tha,t is, without
taking into account the possibilities of their utilization.
In many construction organizations the prod.uction-technical norms of ex-
penditure of materials are not being observed. Mortars and concretes of
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inflated� brands (against the plans) are being used. Thus, required for
the :cna,jority of types of plastering jobs is mortar of brand 25, and
prac-tically at the construction sites mo-rtar of brands not, lower tha,n 50
is being used.. The average overexpenditure per one cubic meter comes to
118 kilograms. The situa,tion is the same with the output of conunercial '
$onc�rete (the output of concrete of brands 50 ard 75 ha,s practically ceased).
A significant overexpenditure of cement is stipula,ted by the use of
unwashed and unfractiona,ted fillers. For the USSR Ministry of Power as
a whole the expenditure of unwashed coa,rse filler came to about 70 percent
of the total expenditure, tha,t of uncla,ssified sand came t;o 30 percent#
and that ef unwashed sand came to 28 percent. Such a situation leads to
an increase in the expenditure of cement by approxima,tely 200,000 tons.
In ma,ny construction organizations and at enterprises of the construction
3nd.ustry they ha,ve not set up norma,tive accounting and reporting about
the expenditure of building ma,terials; there is no effective system of
ma,terial incentive for a s.aving of ma,terials and structural paxts; there
are gross vio lations of the requirements for their warehousing and storage.
A further increase in the effectiveness of power engineering construction ~
is e3.nseparably connected with improvement of the system of material and
technical supply and the supply of f5z11 complexes in the sector. Practice
has shown tha,t the most efficient form of management of the supply of
full complexes at the level of the trust is the UPTK [ upravleniya
proizvodstvenno-tekhnicheskoy komplektatsii; administration of production-
technical supply of complexes]. In the near flzture it is necessary to
provi.de for the creation of UPTK in a11 construction trusts without exception.
Also come to a head is the question of the creation in the system of
the USSR Ministry of Power of a single agency for supply of coirrplexes, while
under the conditions of considerable geographic dispersion of construction
projects it is possible to set up territorial centers of an administration
for t,he supply of complexes. Improvement of the system of supply of com-
plexes is a coircplicated process, connected with considerable organizationa,l
restr.ucturing of the administ-rative bodies, and therefore its development
should proceed in stages, and it is necessary first of all to transfer
to the system of technological supply of complexes the projects in electrical
network construction.
The overall nonflzlfillment of the volume of construction and installation
jobs in 1978 was stipula,ted to a signifi.cant degree by the shortcomings
in the use of construction equipment. The shift factor of the use of
construction equipment is at a low level. In the course of the last three
years the shift factor of individua,l types of construction equipment did
not increase and came to 1.5 for excavators and bulldozers, 1.7 for '
caterpillar cranes, 1.2 for truck cranes and so on.
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Growth in the prcxluctivity of construction ma,chinery is being held bauk
by the great inti^ashift downtimes of thF, equipment, which in recent yoars
ha,ve increased (the annual loss of working time of these ma,chines comes to
more tha,n 1-1.2 million ma,chine-hours). In this connection I wculd like
to recall tha,t reduction of intrash3ft losses just by 1 percent is
equivalent to the release of 800 people and to an increasF in labor
productivity by approxima,tely 0.2 percent.
The 3.ncrease in the productivity of construction equipment is also being
- held back by the low quality and the considerable duration of repa,irs
greater tha,n the norma,tive). Centralized services for tech-
nical ma,intenance of machines and mecha,nisms are being introd.uced slowly
at construction sites. As ha,s been shown by thE experience of
Kuybyshevgidrostroy and Tatenergostroy, the introd.uction of these services
makes it possible to red.uce two-fold the non-pla,n downtimes of construction
equi:pment for repairs and to red.uce by 30 percent the expenditure of spare
parts.
Further improvement of the �utilization of construction euuipment under
the conditions of a shortage of ma,npower 3.s possible owing to the annual
write-off of worn construction eq,uipment and the transfer of the
released ma,chine operators to a productive section of the fleet of inecha,nisms
with a corresponding increase in the sh3.ft factor of its iztiliza,tion.
Also not utilized effectively enough is motor vehicle tra,nsport: at the
_ present time intrashift downtimes of motor vehicles come to.more tha,n 22 bkl
percent. The existing fleet of trailers is poorly used.. The coefficient
of their release on the line comes to 0.49 with the coefficient of release
of motor vehicles at 0.62.

The volume of freight ha,uling on motor-vehicle trailers in the course of
many years has remained at the same level and comes to a'cotal of only 2.5
percent of the total volume of hauling by motor transport.
As ha,s already been rema,rked, one of the causes holding back a flxrther
increase in the effectiveness of power construction is the significant
Fha,re of ma,nual la,bor, which in the la,st four years practically ha,s not `
been reduced and canes to 40.3 percent. -
The greatest volume of manua,l la,bor falls to the performa,nce of such jobs
as concrete work, earthwork, pla,stering, painting, carpentry, roofing
and certain others, in which more than 100,000 people are employed. .
It is necessary to state that the institutes of Gla,vniiprayekt are
giving little attention to questions of inechanization of ma,nual labor.
The overall results of fulfillment of the program of contracting jobs in
1978 were negatively affected by the shortage of workers employed in basic
production, which on the average per year come to 13,400 people. For
this reason alor,e construction and installation jobs worth 150 million
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rubles were nat carried out. The shortage of labor resources is condi-
tioned ba,sically by the intensive construction of power engineering
pro jects in the 1lttle-developed regions of Siberia, the Far Ea,, t, anii
Central Aaia.
Along with this the organizations of the USSR Miniatry of Power ha,ve not
used such an important source of covering the shortage of ma,npower in basic
production as the red.istribution o� the number owing to the personnel
employed in ma,intena,nce and other services.
The number of workers employed in ma,intena,nce and other services of
construction and installation prod.uction, with respect to the number of
workers employed in ba,sic prod.uction, ha,s constantly increased in recent
yea,rs: 37.1 percent in 1970, 46.4 percent in 1975r and in 1978 it reached
51.5 percent which, naturally, is not proper.
Under the conditions of a shortage of ma,npower the questions of organiza-
tion of la,bor and utilization of working time take on especial significance.
However in 1978 the losses of working time by comparison with preceding
years of the lOth Five-Year Plan increased., and the annua,l flxnd of working
time was poorly utilized.. �
One of the important forms of organization of labor is the briga,de
contract. However thescope of its introduction in the USSR Ministry of
Po'wer is st311 on a low level. Covered by this form of la,bor organiza-
tion is approxima,tely 15 percent of the number of workers (about 20 per-
cent of the volume of operations performed while only 1 percent
growth in the volume of operations performed according to the method of
the brigade contract w3uld make it possible to release about 800 people
arui perform an additiona,l volume of construction and installa,tion jobs
worth 6 million rubles).
One of the main causes of the high turnover of personnel (in 1978 it was
29.5 percent) are the unsatisfactory social and everyday living con-
= ditions at the construction sites, since the plans for introd.uction of
- housing and facilities for social, recreational and domes-tic use are not
being fzlfilled..
The peculiarities of the demographic development of the country ha,ve stipu-
lated the necessity of priority solution of the questions connected with
attachment and utilization of la,bor resources. Here especial significance
is taken on by the development and unconditional fSi:Lfillment of complex
s plans of social development of labor collectives.
Thus, it is necessary for enterprises and organizations oi' the USSR Ministry
- of Power to activate -the work in the field af improving the planning, or-
ganization and ma,nagement of construction, to use existing reserves and in-
sure unconditiona,l f~Zlfillment of the quotas of the lOth Five-Year Plan
in the field of power engineering construction.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya"; "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1979
10908
_ CSO: 1822 47
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ELEG'rRSC POWER AND PdWER =IPMENT
trDc 621.31.002.2
_ PLANNING 500-MEGAWATT UNITS FOR REFTINSKAyA GRES OUTLINED
Moscow ENERGETICI-ESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 6, Jun 79 pp 7-9
[Art3.cle by B.M. Tsymkin, engineer: "Experience in Planniiig 500-Megawatt
Power Blocks for the Reftinskaya GRFS"]
[Text] From the editorial boa,rd: Close creative coopera-
tion of planning institutes (Ural department of Teplo-
elektroproyekt, the Novosibirsk department of TsNIlproyekt-
stal'konstruktsii) and of construction and installa,tion
organiLations (Uralenergostroy, Uralenergomontazh,
Ekektrouralmontazh, Uralenergokhimzashchita,, Uralspets-
energomontazh), and the critical ana,lysis of the experience
of construction of the Troitska,ya GRFS, these are the fac-
tors which ha,ve insured fulfillment of the engineering and
organizationa,l preparation of construction and installa,tion
of the power blocks with a capacity of 500 megawatts in'the
second phase of the Refi;inskaya GRES on a high level.
Achieved in the course of erecting the second pha,se ot the
Reftinska,ya GRE5 was a significant reduction in the length
of construction, a reduction of the ma,terials-intensiveness
of structural parts and red.uction of labor outlays. The
positive experience of such cooperation is being realized
today during preparation for construction of a number of
other GRES with high-capa,city power blocks, particula,rly
the electric power plants of the Ekiba,stuz and Kansk-Achinsk
TEK [fuel and power complexes] and the Tyumen' power complex.
Considering the unquestionable importance of wide dissemina,-
tion of this positive experience to the construction of all
large electric power plantsp the editorial board is starting
the publication of ma,terials geneNalizing the experience of
construction of the second phase of the Reftinska,ya GRES.
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The Reftinskaya GRES is located in the valley of the Reft river
(figure 1), northeast of the city of Asbest. Ek ibastuz coal serves as the fzel for the electric power plant. The water-supply system
is a return one with a reservoire Ash-trapping is accomplished using
electrofilters (provided for blocks Nos. 7 and 8 are four-field electro-
filters of the EGZ-4-265 type with electrodes 12 m.eters h3.gh, and for
blocks 9 and 100 five-field filters). Removal of ash and slag (joint)
is hydraulic. Two ash-slag dumps are provided for storing the slag and ash.
For the purpose of creating and working up planning decisions of 500-mega-
watt power blocks operating on Ekibastuz coals, intended for the Reftin-
ska,ya GRES and electric power pla,nts of the Ekibastuz power complex,
in 1974 a pilot power block was introduced at the Troitskaya GRES.
The blueprints of bock No. 7 of the Reftinska,ya GRE5 '(fir.st block
with a capacity of 500 megawatts) were developed taking into acc:ount the
expe:rience in planning, construction, installa,tion and adjustment of the
pilot power block of the Troitska,ya GRFS. Representatives of the planners
and operators were at the construction site during the installation,
assimilation and operation of the pilot power block.
In addition, the technical solution for 500-megawatt blocks were worked
up by the planners and power machine builders in close cooperation (for
instance taking pa,rt in development of the layout of the power block were
representatives of the Ural department of Teploelektroproyekt,
the Zi0 [Podol'sk Ma,chinebuilding Plant imeni Ordzhonikidze], and the
S pecial Desi n Bureau uf the All-Union Institute of Heat Engineering imeni
Dzerzhinskiyl. This ma,de it possible to create a rational layout of the
basic and auxiliary eq,uipment in the ma,in building (figure 2). The
basic technico-economic indicators of the plans are cited in table 1.
The Reftinskaya GRFS will be part of the system of Sverdlovenergo.
Output of capacity in the system is accomplished through fbur lines with a
voltage of 220 kilovolts and three of 500 kilovolts. The basic cha,rac-
teristics of the elec1ric power plant are presented.below:
Total capacity
Including for pha,ses:
I
II
TII
Distance of fuel transport
Area of surface of the reservoir
Volume of the reservoir
NPU [ norma,l ba^kwater level]
3800 megawatts
1200 4 X 300 - 240 megawatts
2100 2 X 300 - 240 megawatts
3 x 500 - 240
500 1 X 500 - 240 megawatts
1450 kilometers
25�3 square kilometers
141.96 million cubic meters
178 meters
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~ .
ii~----
a)
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r
a)
b)
Fi.gure 1. Ma,ster plan (a) and overall view (b) of the Reftinskaya GRFS.
Key: 1. Ma.in building
2. Smokestacks
3. F.iel supply loop
4 . Car dumper
5, pVK [expansion unknown] ]
[continued on following pa,ge
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, . � ~

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Key to figure 1, continueds
6. Ma,zut depaxtment
7. Coa,l storage
8. Ma.terials storage
9. General shop workshops
10. Domestic building
11. Workshops of the electrical shop.
12. Block pumps
13. Open distributing devices
14. Start-up boiler
15. Dquipment repair block
16. Substation construction
17. Head race
18. Reservoir
19. Offtake
20, Unloading site
21. Territory of construction ba,se
The technical plan of pha,se II was worked out by UralTEP in 1970-1971.
Complete3 in 1978 was the single-stage design of expansion of the
GRES (phase III) up to a capacity of 3800 megawatts, envisaged by which
are the times for construction of the blocks (start and completion):
No. 7, 1974 and 1977; No. 8, 1977 and 1978; No. 9, 1978 and 1979; arid
No. 10, 197$ and 1980.
It should be noted tha.t the pla,nning of the 500-megawatt blocks both for
the Troitska,ya and for the Reftinska,ya GRES was carried out in one complex
planning division of Ura1TEP. �In onier to check the adopted design
criteria a mock-up of the block was ma,d.e. By photographing the mock-up
it was possible to reject the working aut of labor-consuming assembly
drawings.
As a result of analysis of the experience in planning 500-megawatt blocks
at the Z`roitska,ya GRFS (specification of loads) during the planning of
ana,logous blocks of the Reftinska,ya GRES the width of the columns of rows
B and D was reduced from 2500 to 2250 millimeters, and tha,nks to this the
expenditure of inetal at each power block was lowered by 1,000 tons. In
addition, used in the plan for the main building of the Reftinska,ya GRES
was a new design of roofing, ma,king it possible to perform block installa-
tion. Installed in the boiler department was a slotted skylight. Air
heaters were installed in the exterior walls of the boiler and ma,chine
departments for heating and ventila,tion of the main building.
Envisaged for power blocks Nos. 8-10 is the installation of a new TVM-500
generator with oil cooling of the stator. Envisaged at block5 Nos. 9 and
10 is a tubular air heater instead of an RVP [ possiblys finned air heater].
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AJ_,
~r `0, 000
~ 4,100 a
H'uK urTlc:lAL U5E UNLY
*76,B95
.F'igure 2. Cross-section of Ma,in Building
Keys 1. Axis of block
I JJO Obb
*
A1
_L
In distinction to the Troitskaya GRFS, where provided for servicing all
. mills of the dust conditioning system is an installation with two venti-
lators for prima,ry blowing of cold air, at the Reftinskaya GRES it was
d.-cided to install on each mill an individual ventilator for prima,ry
blowing of hot air.
Overhead covers are provided for convenience of ma,intaining the pipelines
= in the built-in stack at the points of 16.69, 20.00 and 23.82 meters.
- Provided in the system for control of the block is automation of individual
= working operat'ions of the technological equipment ma,king up the functional
(;roups.
)rganized at the construction site of the Reftinska,ya GRES was a worker
planning group which performed the author's inspection and gave current
technical assistance. The quantitative and qua,litative make-up of the group
changed depending on the state of the construction and installation
operations.
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Table 1.
Indicators
Troitska,ya
Refti~ska,ya
GRES
GRFS
_ Planned capacityt megawatta
1000
2100
Annual distribution of electric power,
m3.llion kilowatt-hours
6280
13025
Expenditure of electric power for in-house
need.s, %
3�49
4�59
Number of hours of use of electric capacity,
_ hours
6500
6500
Specific expenditure of standard fuel for
electric power released, gramsAilowa,'tt-hr
335
335
Annual expenditure of crude fuel, million tons
3.6
7.3
Specific prime cost of released electric
power, kop3cks/kilowatt-hour
0�525
0.552
Specific number of personnel, men/megawatts
Total
0.38
0,41
Includ3ng operations personnel '
0.26
0.18
Specific capital investments in industrial
construction, rubles per kilowatt
134.6
119.3
Notee-].ndicators are cited for pha,se II as a whole taking into
account two blocks of 300 megawatts each, since the indi-
cators have not been calculated for the 500-megawatt blocks
individually.
The -perma,nent composition of the group was 9 people. According to the
degree of unfolding of construction and installa,tion opera.tions the group
was filled out with the corresporuiing specialists (heat engineers,
electricians, adjusters of the control and measuring instruments and
autom atic eq.uipment), who were at the site until the introduction of
� the power block. In the peak period of construction and installation
operations the ma,ke-up of the group was increased to 12-15 people.
The work of the group for worke r planning and author's inspection was
headed by the chief engineer of the project, who was on site in the
cours e of the year preced.ing the yea,r of introd.uction of the block.
_ The labor outlays for conduct of the author's inspection and rendering
technical assistance during erection of block No. 7(by yea,rs of con-
struction) are presented in table 2. 53
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La,bor Outlays
Total man-days
Including by specialtiess
Builders
Technologists
Electricians
Adjusters of control and measuring
instruments and automatic
equipment
Others
1975
1976
1977
311
889
2394
118
378
657
150
476
482

9
416
635
43 26 204
In conclusion it is necessary to stress once more tha,t successfzl
fulfillment of the assignment rega,rding erection of the power blocks with
a capacity of 500 megawatts was fzrthered by the purposeftizl joint work of
the pla,nners and the specialists of the ma,nufacturing plants of the
basic eq,uipment of the GM .
CppYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1979
10908
CSO: 1822
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ELEC'rRIC P(?WER AND POWER BUIPMENT
P.P. FALALEYEV HONORID FOR POWER ENGTNEERING WORK
Moscow ENERGETIGHESKOYE STROITFwL'STVO in Russian No 69 Jun 79 p 77
[Articlet "On the 60th Birthday of Pavel Petrovich Falaleyev"]
[Text] Pavel Petrovich Falaleyev, First
D3puty MLnister of Rower Engineering and
Electrificat3on of the USSR, has cele-
brated his 60th birthday. One of the
most active organizers of power enginee-
ring construction in our countryr he
has been a member of the CPSU since
1957.
-.T.~.
f
~
`s.
P.P. Falaleyev was born on 12 June 1919.
In 1938 after completing evening secon- ~
dary school he began the first course
at Moscow Power Engineering Institute.
In July 1941, tha,t is, in the first days
after the beginning of the Great Patri- r
otic War, together with all the students ~
of the institute he took an active part
in construction of defense facilities
n ea�r the city of Vyaz'ma, and in
August of the same year he joined the ranks of the people's volunteer
corps as a volunteer. In December 1941 P.P. Falaleyev was sent to
continue his training ,at the Moscow Power Engineering Inatitute, which
he completed in 1943�
After graduating from the institute, P.P. Falaleyev worked for more than
20 yea,rs in the system of the Uzbekgidroenergostroy Trust both directly
at the construction site and in the apparatus of the trust, traversing
the difficult road from rank-and-file forema,n to ma,na,ger of the trust.
In .1953 he was sent for training to the Power Engineering Academy, which
he completed successflzlly in 1955�
In 1967 P.P. Falaleyev was appointed Minister of the Construction Ma,terials
Industry of the Uzbek SSR, and in November 1968 1-ie became First 3)eputy
Minister of Power Engineering and Electrification of the USSR.
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The ;Zigh businesslike q,ualities of P.P. Falaleyev, the creative energy,
varisd knowledge, vast love for work, the ability to work with t.he col-
lective and flexibly solve the most complex organizationa,] and technical
engineering problems ha,ve advanced him into the front ranks of the leaders
of domestic power engineering constrizction.
In addition to the organ3zation of power engineering constructian, P.P.
Falaleyev takes an active part in the ,ma,na,gement of the building of
such major nationa,l economic projects as the Volga and Ka,ma, motor
vehicle plants and others. At the present time he is in charge of the
work for construction of projects for the Olympics in the city of Moscow.
P.P. Falaleyev is the editor in-chief of the ma,in publication of the :
Ministry in the field of construction--the symposium ENERGETIi;HESKOYE
STROITEL'STVO. He is the author of many articles published i`n the central
and sectorial press, in which problems of power engineering a:ad electrifi-
cation of the country are treated and concrete ways are deterinined for
increasing the effectiveness and improving the quality of powor engineering
construction.
For great services to power ergineering construction and the development
of power engineering and elec trification of the country, P.P. Falaleyev
ha,s been awarded the Order of the October Revolution, two orders of the
Iabor Red Banner, three orders of the "Badge of Honor," medals, and also
Honorary Certificates of the Presidiums of the Supreme Soviet of the
Uzbek SSRv Tadzhik SSR and Turkmen SSR. The honorary t itle of "Honored,
Builder of the Uzbek SSR" ha,s been con ferred on him.
P.P. Falaleyev successt3xlly combines extensive production activity with
considerable public work. He has been elected a deputy of the Moscow
City Soviet of People's Deputies.
P.P. Fa,laleyev has been awarded the Order of Lenin by uka,z of the
Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet dated 15 June 1979 for great services
to the development of power engineering and electrification of the country
and in connectjon with his 60th birthday.
In congratulating Pavel Petrovich Fa,laleyev on this glorious date, we wish
him with,all our heart good health, prosperity and fzrther creative successes
in his fruitful activity for the good of our great homeland.
' COPYRIGHT: Izdatel`,qtvo "Energiya", "Energeticheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1979
10908
CSO: 1822
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FI.-ELS ANI) RELATED EQUIP'MENT
CONFERENCE HELD ON SI;BERIAN PETROLEUM, GAS
Moscow GEOLOGIYA PTEFTI I GAZA in Russian No. 6, Jun 79, pp 57-59
[Article by A. A. Bakirov, E. A. Bakirov, A. V. Shashin, Yu. V. Samsonov
(Moscow Institute of the Petrochemical and Gas Industry imeni Academician
I. M. Gubkin), and N. P. Dobrynina (NEDRA): "ConferencP on the Geological
Principles of Forecasting the Petroleum and Gas Content of the Siberian
Platform"] [Text] On 21-23 November, 1978, a scientific and technical conference
on the problem of "The Geological Principles of Forecasting the Petroleum
and Gas Content of the Siberian Platform" was held in the city of Shush-
enskoye in Krasnoyarskiy Kray. The conference was called by the Central
Board of the Scientific and Technical Society of the Petroleum an d Gas
In.dustry imeni I. M. Gubkin and the Scientific Council for the Problems
of the Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Gas of the USSR Acaderry
of Sciences jointly with the USSR Ministry of Geology and the RSFSR
Ministry of Geology and with the participation of the "Gorchoye"Scientific
and Technical Society, the Al1-Union Petroleum Scientific Research Insti-
tute of Geological Exploration, the Siberian Scientific Research Institute
of GeoloFff, Geophysics, and Mineral Raw Materials, the All-Union Scientific
Research Institute of the Economics of Mineral Raw Materials and Ceological
- Exploration, the East Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Geology,
Geophysics, and Mineral Raw Materials, the Institute of Geography and the
Russian Hydrological Institute, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute
of Gas, the Moscow Institute of the Petrochemical and Gas Industry imeni
A^ademician I. M. Gubkin and Mbscow State University, the production or-
ganizations of the RSFSR Ministry of Geology, and ot-hers.
Eighty people participated in the conference, including 45 doctors and
candidates of geological and mineralogical sciences, executive workers
from branch ministries and scientific research institutes, and leading
geologists and geophysicists from production organizations.
The conference examined the present state of research on developing the
geological principles for forecasting the petroleum and gas content of
the Siberian platform in order to increase the effectiveness of prospecting
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work for petroleum and gas on this territory.
The introductory words were spoken by the chairman of the Organizational
Comrni.ttee professor A. A. Bakirov who characterized petroleum and gas pras-
pecting work on the Siberia.n platform and considered the basic task of
petrolelam and gas geological science.
The comference participants heard and discussed 7 reports on the important
problems of the region's petroleum and gas geology: "The State of Re-
search and its Future Tasks Regarding the Geological Principles of Fore-
casting the Petroleum and Gas Content of the Siberian Platform" (V. V.
Zabaluyev, Al1-Union Petroleum Scientific Research Institute of Geological
Exploration); "The Basic Features of the Tectonic Structure of the Siberian
Platform in Connection with Petroleum Geological Regionalizing" (V. S.
Starosel'tsev, the Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Geolos}r,
Geophysics, and Mineral Raw Materials); "The Structure of the Sedimentary
Mantle of'the Siberian Platform and the Regional Conditions for'Spreading
Collectors and Impenetrable Complexes in it" (V. N. Kirkinskaya, All-Union
Petroleum Scientific Research Institute of Geological Exploration); "The
Petroleum and Gas Content of the Sedimentary Mantle and the Prospects for
Discovering New Petroleum and Gas Bearing Areas and Zones of Petroleum
anc3 Gas Accumulation on the Siberian Platform" (K. K. Makarov, All-Union
Petroleum Scientific Research Institute of Geological Exploration;:V. V.
Samsonov, VSGU; V. Ye. Bakin, Yakutsk Petroleum and Gas Prospecting; V. D.
Nakaryakov, Krasnc.yarsk Petroleum and Gas Prospecting); "The Scientific
Principles and Criteria for the Individualized Forecasting of the Petroleum
and Gas Content of the Siberian Platform" (A. E. Kontorovich, Siberian
Scientific Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics, and Mineral Raw Materials); "Geophysica'1 Methods of Studying the Geological Structure of
Various Regions of the Siberian Platform" (V. S. Surkov, Siberian Scientific
Research Institute of Geology, Geophysics, and Mineral Raw Materials;
S. L. Arutyunov, East Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Geolopr,
Geophysics, and Mineral Raw Materials); "The Theoretical Criteria for
Searching for Zones of the Concentration of the Largest Stocks of Petroleum
and Gas in Connection with the'Selection of Optimal Directions for Petro-
leum and Gas Prospecting on the Siberian Platform" (A. A. Bakirov, Moscow
Institute of the Petrochemical and Gas Industry imeni academician I. M.
Gubkin).
The conference heard reports by A. I. Gritsenko, and V. F. Gorbacheva
(All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Gas), E. M. Khalimov (Ministry
of Petroleum Industry), V. V.*Semenovich (USSR Ministry of Geology), A. V.
Obcharenko (RSFSR Ministry of Geology), and representatives of the produc-
tion and scientific research organizations which ar:e performing work in
Eastern Siberia~tand Yakutiya.
After a discussion of the reports, the conference adopted a full-scale
decision aimed at increasing the effectiveness of geological surveying
work and at the most rapid preparation of proven stocks of petroleum and
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gv,s for tkie creation of mining centers on the territory of the Siberitin
pl.atform.
In the certifying part of the decision it is noted that in recent year:ti
ttic production organizations of the RSFSR Ministry of Geology and the
Scientific Research Institutes of the USSR Ministry of Geology, the
Siberian Branch of the USSR Acaderqy of Sciences, the USSR Ministry of
Higher Education, and the Ministry of Gas Industry have performed substan-
tial research in studying the geological structure and evaluating the
petroleum and gas content of the Siberian platform. As a,result of this
research, a general study has been made of the geological structure and
history of the development of the pLIatform and of the hydrogeology of
the deposits and the geochemistry of the scattered organic matter and
light has been thrown upon the general conditions of the dissemination
and structure of petroleum and gas bearing complexes and on tlie basic
features of the structure of open petroleum and gas deposits. A solution
has been found for the general problems of forecasting petroleum and gas
content in application to the specific characteristics of the structure
of the Siberian platform, summary maps have been made up of tectonic and
petrogeological regionalizing and of the petroleiun and gas content pros-
pects, a quantitative estimate of petroleum and gas content has been made,
and the directions have been mapped out for individualized forecasts of
petroleum and gas searches.
Geological surveying work on the Siberian platform has established the
industrial productivity of Risey,Vend, and Lower Canbrian deposits (the
Angoro-Lenskaya phase, Nepsko-Botuobinskaya and Baykitskaya anteclises),
Mezozoic and upper Paleozoic deposits (the Vilyuskaya syneclise and the
Yenisey-Khatangskiy regional downwarp), and of Paleozoic deposits (the
Nordvikskiy Rayon of the Leno-Anabarskiy regional downwarp and the
Turukhanskiy Rayon of the Priyeniseyskaya zone of linear dislocations).
Thus, the regional petroleum and gas content of vast territories of the
platform has been proven for a wide stratigraphic range. At the same time, the conference noted that there are definite shortcomings
in the performance of geological and geophysical work on the 5iberian
platform. Thus, to this day, despite the long history of prospecting
work for petroleum and gas (more than 40 years), the level at which geo-
logical and geophysical studies have been carried out on the rggion
remains uneven and very low. The average drilling density on the platform
is .64 meters/square kilometer, which is approximately 17 tiMes less
than the average deep drilling density in the USSR as a whole. The basic
drilling work was concentrated in the Yenisey-Khatangskiy (in its western
_ part), Vilyuiskaya (atrthe Khapchagayskiy megaval) the Nepsko-Botoubinskaya
(in the Prilenskiy and Mirninskiy areas) and the Angara-Lenska,ya petroleum
and gas-bearing areas. In the other areas of the Siberian platform only
individual wells have been drilled and the drilling density comes to
.001-.08 meters/square kilometers. In the central and northern areas of
the Tunusskiy syneclise which are promising in their petroleum and gas
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conterit not a single deep well has been dril.led. ParamPtric and support
dr-illing comes to only 13.8 and 2.6 percent.
2'he basic cirilling work within large zones of petroleum and gas accumula-
tion was concentrated at individual open deposits, which did i7ot ensure
an even study of auspicious territories, inclines, and surrowzding depres-
sions.
More than half of the territory of the platt'orm has not been covered with
_ regional geological and geophysical work. Only 20 percent of its auspi-
cious land has been covered with area seismic surveying. The preparation
by geophysical methods of a fund of structures for prospecting and survey-
ing drilling is retarded.
In the field of scientific research work the basic shortcomings are a lag-
�;ing in the development of the theoretical principles and methodologies
for differentiated evaluation of auspicious and forecasted resources of
pe-troleum and gas with a validat;ion of the zones of tt-ieir max:imum con-
centration an d slowness in develo-ning and introducing new highly e.ffect-
ive methods and methodologies for p,' -ospecting for large zones of petro-
leum and gas accumulations under diverse geological conditions.
The conference called attention to the fact tbat the research of the
institutes of the USSR Ministry of Geology, Ministry of Petroleum Chemical
Industry, Ministry of Gas Industry, USSR Academy of Sciences, and USSR
Ministry of Higher Education are insufficiently coordinated. This is
lowering their overall effectiveness.
The conference addressed a request to the USSR Ministry of Geology to
strengthen the coordination of scientific research work on the geology
and petroleum and gas content of eastern Siberia.
In the concluding part of the decision the conference mapped out a number
oC recommendations aimed at deepening, expanding, and accelerating the
:;olution of important theoretical and methodological problems and, above
all, th.e development of the scientific principles of forecasting and
of selecting optimal directions for prospecting and surveying work for
pei;roleum and gas.
The conference noted that the petroleum-geological regionalizing of the
Siberian platform has to be carried out on a geotectonic basis with re-
gard to the special characteristics of the structure and history of the
geological development and formation of its large structural elements,
and that regional petroleum and gas bearing complexes have to be singled
out with regard to the paleotectonic, paleogeographic, paleochemical,
paleohydrogeological, and paleogeothermal conditions of their formation
and development during the individual stages of their geological develop-
ment in the various parts of the platform.
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It. was recommended that scientific research institutes expand their'
overall theoretical research in studying:
- a cross-section of the seclimentary mantle, the capacity and filtration
properties of collectors, especially carbonate collectors, the condi-
tions for the formation and mutation of their properties, and also the
screening properties of difficult to.penetrate complexes;
the history of the formation and development of large geostructural
elements and the prospects of their containing petroleum and gas on the
basis of summary documents (regional cross-sections, paleotectonic, paleo-
geographic, paleohydrogeological, and other maps, diagrams of the inter-
area correlation of typical cross-sections, and so forth);
the laws of the formation and development of zones of petrolei.un and. gas
accumulation, especia,lly of the maximum concentration of irV [expansion
unknown], and also o.f deposits of gas and petroleum with rega,:rd to the
specific characteristics of the structure of the sedimentary mantle of
the platform.
On.e of our most important tasks is an improvement of the methodolog,y for
a quantitative differentiated evaluation of a petroleum and gas content
forecast, including separate forecasts for petroleum and gas with the
singling out of possible large zones of petroleum and gas accumulation.
The decision also points to the necessity for improving the methods and
methodologies of prospecting and suY'veying petroleum and gas accumula-
tion zones and petroleum and gas deposits, including snares of the
structural and non-structural type, and a complex of geophysical and geo-
chemical methods of prospecting deposits, and also the necessity for
accelerating the development of a complex of seismo-surveying, electro-
surveying, and well apparatus.
In order to increase the results and economic efficiency of p.rospecting
and surveying work ihe conference proposed increasing the amounts of
exploratory, parametric, and prospecting drilling and ensuring the out-
stripping development of regional and prospecting geophysical studies
for the purpose of a reliable geological substantiation of the optimal
directions of prospecting and surveying work and the most rapid elimina-
tion of lagging in the preparation of a fund of structures for deep dril-
ling.
In order to increase geological effectiveness and the result of geophy-
sical work the decision emphasizes the necessity for a wide introduction
of modern methods.of seismo-surveying, electrosurveying, and high-current
gravity surveying, a shift by seismic groups to digital recording, and
other measures.
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'1'he conferenee attributed considerable importanee to the development a.nd
expensive introduction of geophysical field studies which make it possib]:e
to distinguish productive strata in a carbonate cross-section and to deter-
mine their porosity, effective capacity, petroleum content, and other
parameters, to strengthening scientific research and designing work aimed
at improving the equipment and technology of creating wells, c,nd to expan- -
ding scientific research on the economicsof geological survey:ing work of '
all types and at a11 stages, including the development of the principles
and criteria of evaluating economic efficiency.
'I`he conference attributed especial importance to the necessity for creating
an appropriate production, technical b ase which will ensure the planned
growth of geophysical a,iid drilling work as early as the lOth Five-Year
Plan.
The conference called upon the collectives of production and scientific
research organizations and upon the scientific and technical public to
make every effort to caxry out the decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress
regarding an acceleration of the discovery and surveying of new petroleum,
ga.s, and condensate deposits in Eastern Siberia and the Yakutsk ASSR.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra," Geologiya nefti i gaza, 1979�
2959
CSO: 1822
END
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