JPRS ID: 8760 JAPAN REPORT

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200020018-8
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/8760
r
- 13 November 1979
, Ja an Re ort -
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CFOUO 32/79)
~
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JPR5 L/8',50
- 13 November 1979 ~
JAPAN REPORT
(FOUO 32/79)
- CONTENTS PAGE
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
Journal Analyzes Changes in Post-War Japanese Thinking
~ (Yasumasa Tanaka; ASAHI JANARU, 17-24 Aug 79).......... 1 -
Text of JCP Communique on 9th Plenum
(JPS, 18 Oct 79) 14
' Briefs
Attitude Toward PLO ~6
JCP Rejects JSP's Proposal 16
~ ECONOMIC
~ JETRO: Sino-Japan Trade Reaches Record High
(THE JAPAN TIMES, 27 Oct 79) 17 -
Japanese Agency Official on 'Spot Crude Oil' Imparts _
(THE JAPAN TIMES, 25 Oct 79) 19
_ Toyota Chairman Interviewed on Auto Industry Prospects
(i~',asaya Hanai Interview; NIKKEI xUSIN~SS,
10 Sep 79) 20
~ Association Estimates Gross Cost of Sunshine F~�n~ect
! (NIHON KOGYO SHIMBUN, 26 Sep 7~) 28
i
Briefs
Iron Plant to Taiwan 31
Powerplant to Kenya 31 _
Trade Leader. to Kampuchea 31
Oct-Dec Oil Supply 32
_ a _ [III - A5IA - 111 FOUO]
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CONTEN'iS (Continued) Page
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
_ MITI To Start 4-Year Josephson Junction R& D Pro~ect
(NIKKEIN KOGYO SHIMBUN, 13 Aug 79) 33
'High Temperature Station' for Materials R& D Planned
, (NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN, 6 Sep 79).....e 35
Tokyo Firm Promotes Diffusion of U.S. NASA Patents, Know-
how
(NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN, 14 Sep 79) 38
Japan-U.S. Competition in Tire Development Moving Quietly
- (NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMB~UN, 14 Sep 79).....~ 40
~ Hitachi Ge~ts 70 Perr_ent Recovery in Oil-Coal Gasification
(NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBLJN, 31 Aug 79) 44
High Tensile, Boron Alloy Steels To Cut Costs of
' Fasteners
(NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBi1N, 6 Sep 79) 46
Aluminum Titanate Gives Codielite Temperature 4hock -
- Tolerance
(NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBtJN, 3 Aug 79) 47
Briefs
Sunshine Project Acceleration 50 -
Conductive Silicon Nitride 50
Power Shovel Technology 50 -
Solar Desalination Project 51
= Diesel Exhaust Recycler 51 -
_ CBN Grindstone Bonding 51
.
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
r,;
JOURNAL ANALYZES CHANGES IN POST-WAR JAPANESE THINKING _
Tokyo ASAHI JANARU in Japanese 17-24 Aug 79 pp 101-107
[Article by Yasumasa Tanaka, Law Professor at Gakushuin University: "How
Has the Thinking of Post-War Japanese Changed--Flight from the Post-War
Period; Attachment to a Cultural Region--Thought Variations between Genera- -
tiors, Eras"]
[Text] The Homeland--The Resurgence of Tradition, More than a Fad
The results of an unusual poll dealing ra~th "the homeland" were presented
in the 8 Ma~~h edition of YOMIURI SHIMBUN. -
Firstly, to w1~at place indeed does "the homeland" refer. The majority of =
the approximately 2,000 men and women from around the country answered that
j it was "the place where I was born" (88 percent) or "the place where I was
~ mainly raised" (87 percent).
The first thing that comes to mind upon hearing the word "homeland?" In
the first place, most convincingly, is "mountains, rivers, the sea, fields,
' paddies," and in the second place, "parents." Within "parents" there
- were different expressions such as "mother" and "mom," but it is stated
that "the female parent" was overwhelmingly in the ma~ority. Following -
' this in third place was "friends" and in fourth place "nature." Friends
are those of earliest childhood and of the "one of the gang" sort. Within
nature the form of express3.on was of the sort taken over from nursery
tales and e3.ementary school songs such as "Yuyake no Yamanami" [the wave =
; of mountains in the sunset, "Tonbo-tor3" [catching dragonflies], "Suisha-
! goya" [a waterwheel cottage] and "Nano-hana Batake" [a field of rape
=i flowers]. Apart from this there were words of pastoral feeling such as
i "tranquility" and "simplicity" and such as "festival" and "New Years"
referring to the ancient customs and manners of Japan. The location of the _
' homeland, it seems, lies also in the heart w~ich is bound to the nature
~ of the place, to people and to customs and manners. -
It is surely a natural phenomenon to have a feeling of nostalgia for the
- place of one''s birth and upbringir4g. However, not all people intend to
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return there again. Modern young people are called dry, cool and unen-
- thusiastic. Do these young people, like birds with the instinct to ~
- return to their nests, desire again to return to the homeland? We can ;
predict that as a person grows older the feeling for "returning to the 1
homeland" will grow stronger. This is because the reality of old age
becomes that much closer, and the thought of the homeland as a place to -
spend the rest of our days becomes ever stronger. Thus among those in the
latter half of their fifties, the "I want to live [in the homeland]" group
_ comprises 28 percent more than the "I don't want to live" group and =~~r
_ those in the early part of their fifties the difference is 26 percent, as
tt~e difference between "want to live" and "do not want to live" is progres- -
- sively decreased~, This then can be called a natural progression.
However, in the twenties, for those who we should call the most typically _
. modern of the young moderns, the difference opens up again to 22 percent.
= This survey does not clearly state why this is so but the reason may be
that most of those in their twenties are still unmarried students and young
workers in whom the ties to the hcmei3nd are comparatively strong.
At present, after one-third of a century has pas5ed since the end of the _
war, we have made progress in westernizing our society. In both physical
build and ways of thinking about things, it seems that the young people,
compared to those during the pre-war and wartime periods, seem to have
drizted afar from the image of Japa.iese youth. However, in looking at the
strength of this desire to re~urn to the homeland in young men and women _
in their twenties, we are left thinking`that these are, after all, Japanese
- people ra3sed in Japan. The young people of America and Europe as we?1,
- with regard to the importance of the homeland, are in no way inferior to
the youth of Japan. However, once leaving the point of origin, the homeland,
the question is whether they will really have a desire to return sometime
~ to this point of origin.
Even among Asians themselves, probabl_y t~:� Jar.anese are a people who would
, suffer in giving up their homeland. The Chinese have a talent for estab- _
lishing villages in remote corners of the earth and making of them new .
homelands. And at present, large numbers of V3etnamese are risking their
lives to give up their homeland, choosing a wandering journey across the
earth. To these Vietnamese refugees there can be no doubt that there is -
no longer any reason or any desire to return to the homeland. Japanese
who have always been able to have a homeland to go back to appear to be a
unique and fortunate people. .
Before the first third of the century, for the great number of soldiers
' and civilians who faced from overseas the most unfortunate possible situ-
ation of a defeat in the war, there were parents, wives and children waiting -
to greet t~em, and also the rivers an3 ~untains back in the homeland. "To -
be buried in a foreign country'~ is, to a Japanese, an unbearably lonely
and unfortunate thing. In Japan there are foreign cemeteries here and
there, but in foreign countries there are no large Jaganese cemeteries.
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After the war large numbers of Japanese moved overseas with the intention
of settling. However even though they spent their youth in a foreign
country, almost all returned to Japan when they became old. For them,
- Japan in its entirety was the homeland, and that whi~h awaited them in
their old age.
In recent years the National Railroad undertook a nation-wide "discover
Japan" campaign. This campaign probed the historical roots of Japan and
' the Ja~anese, sougfit an identity and succeeded in mobilizing an incredible
number of inen and women, young and old, in pil~rimages of Japanese tradition ~
and culture. These journeys of traditional culture pilgrimage are still
with us, having apparently succeeded to the quieter, solitary ~ourneys -
beloved by the genEration of p~st-An An and nonno era.* The reason this
cannot be set aside as a simple fad is because if at first there were not -
a strong concern for searching out roots, a nostalgia for the beauty of
Japanese tradition and more than anything else a sensitive spirit f:illed
with a powerful feeling in the bones for the soil on which their ancestors
lived, then no such movement or boom would have appeared. Is it not simply
that the National Railroad, An An and Nonno and the new travel journalism
_ of the post-An An and Nonno era has in the process brought to awareness an
old ethnocentric impulse which was slumbering in young Japanese.
Fig. 1 shows the results of a portion of the survey on "Ways of Regarding
Society" undertaken by the Prime Minister's Office in December 1978,
- directed at 10,000 men and women over 20 years of age. Among answers to
"things you are most proud about Japan or the Japanese people" the most
frequent was "long history and tradition" (35 percent), next was "beautiful
nature" (29 percent), "the diligence and talent of the people" (?8 percent),
"superior culture and arts" (19 percent), etc. Looking at this again by
age divisions, "long history and tradition" was more frequent the older
the age level (30 percent for those in their 20s, 40 percent for those in
their 60s) and "superior culture and arts" was most common among those of
middie age (31 percent for those in their 30s, 29 percent for those in their
_ 40s). "The beauty of nature" was frequent irrespective of age. These
trends showed practically no deviation during the past 7 years.
That most Japanese value and are proud of "history and tradition" and -
, "beautiful nature" apparently leads quite naturally into a longing for the
homeland.
Recently through the newspapers the enshrining at Yasukuni Shrine of former
Prime Minister Tojo and other Class A war criminals was brought to light,
and together with the problem of instituting an Era name this was noted ~s -
a dangerous trend showing a move to the r3ght. However, is th~.s really a -
dangerous phenomenon indicating ideologically a shift to the right? I
~ust cannot think that this is so. Rather than considering the essence of
, *After the normalization of Japan-China relationship in 1972.
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- the 'Era' problem to be the right or wrong of the emperor system, this has,
I believe, derived from traditional custom. And the enshrinement of Class-A
war criminals in Yasukuni Shrine takes root in a unique Japanese natural- _
istic religious belief that is surprisingly tolerant of all souls of the
deceased returning to the "soil" regardless uf the good or e~�il deeds done -
during their life time. I may be mistaken. However, consid~.ring the
especially strong Japanese feeling pointing towards the homeland, it is
not altogether without reason. -
Conceptions of the Emperor: Composition of Public Opinion Unchanged from
Survey of Thirty Years Ago
Over 20 years ago, in the 1 July 1957 issue of SHUKAN ASAHI an extremely _
interesting article by psychologist Otoya M3.yagi entitled "What Do You
Think of the Emperor--A Lie Detector Analysis" was published. This article
begins with the following account. -
"You would likely cower if you came face to face with the emperor." A ~
� man with a reputation as a progress3ve and cultured man, Shimizu Ikutaro,
~ replied this way. ~'When a student referred to Her Highness Princess
Takamatsu as 'Mrs' it gave me a bad feeling. As a man raised during the
Meiji Era, I feel a resistance against calling Her Highness Princess
Takamatsu 'Mrs.~" Hideyoshi Aono, who has long been a sociologist and known
- for his liberalism answered in this way. It may be said that for the
great majority of Japanese the emperor calls forth strong emotions. Because
of feelings of awe and respect people have toward the emperor, I wonder
if it is possible, merely upon hearing the word "emperor," not to be deeply
_ moved.
Then professor Miyag3 showed photographs of ordinary people, politicians,
a stripper, etc., mixed these with a photo of the emperor, to male students
at Tokyo Institute of Technology and female students from Ochanomizu
University, outstanding progressive men of culture such as historian Goro
Hani and chairman of the Japan Teachers Union Kobayashi and proceede~i with
the experiment with the lie detector, which registered a startled response
and the slightest fluctuation in emotion. Firstly, taking in the whole
group the one which received the strongest response was "the emperor's
_ respected image," and the one receiving the next strongest response, with
the exception of the female students, was the photo of the stripper. After-
- wards it appeared that the response of professor Hani, author of "Urban
Theory" and other books, who had become the idol of the new left student
group during the anti-Security Treaty demonstrations in 1970, was no '
exception in professor Miyasgi~s ob3ective experiment.
It is not necessary to reiterate, but although the lie detector can detect
objectively fluctuations of ernotion to the most minute degree, iC cannot
tell the nature of the emotion (for example love or hate). At that point,
with respect to the nature of the emotion, an analysis by other methods _
such as, among others, public opinion surveys becomes necessary.
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According to the NHK "Survey of Japanese Th3nking" taken in June 1974
throughout the country for all men and women over 7.6 years of age, we know
that countrywide, three sorts of persons coexist with regard to emotions
held towards the emperor; there are "respect" (33 percent), "fondness"
(20 percent) and "no feeling" (43 percent). Those showi.ng "animosity"
- were not absent but were very few (2 percent). However, as shown in Fig. 2, -
in looking at this by age group we see that "respect" increases the older
the age (9 percent for those in their teens, 81 percent for those above 70)
- and in contrast "no feeling" increases the lower the age group (73 percent
for teens, 9 percent for those above 70). Furthermore for "fondness" the -
- peak of the curve is reached in the first half of the 40s. In this way
feeling towards the emperor is divided into "respect," "fondness" and "no
feeling," but we may recognize a great difference between the feeling towards
- the emperor depending on the generation, the older age level showing
"respect," the middle age level "fondness" and the young age level "no
feeling." -
A survey using the same sort of selection as in the NHK survey was carried
out by the Cabinet Publicity Office in 1970. As the sample of those
replying was not uniform in a strict sense there can be no comparison,
but for reference the following is a comparison with the 1974 NHK survey.
Table 1 Cont3nuation - Abolition of the Emperor System _
1946 Survey 1975 Survey
Abolition of Emperor System 11% Abolition of Symbolical Emperor
System IO%
' Continuation of Emperor System 86% Continuation of Symbolical
Emperor System . 80%
Increase Authority of Emperor
System 7%
MAINICHI SHTMBUN Survey ~
Regarding "respect," which increases slightly in the younger age groups,
there is no difference against the wfiol~: ~omposite, and against this every
j age group shows a reduction in "fondness" and an increase in "no feeling."
' Since the birth of the "symbolic emperor system" a third of a century has
passed, but it may now be sa3d that those having a special feeling of
j reverence are limited almost entirely to the elderly. However, it may not
be said that for this reason consequently those with a feeling of
"animosity" are especially on the increase. In a word it appears that the
compos3tion of public opinion concerning today~s emperor can be expressed
=i in a diagram with just the slightest amount of "animosity," a firtn approxi-
mately one out of three people with so13d "respect" and then "fondness,
j ~ appearing about to be absorbed by "no feeling."
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Needless to say, the lifting of the ban on free dialogue with the emperor
or imperial household has come about since the end of the war. Throughout
the pre-war and war years, and moreover looking back over Japanese history,
there was no instance of any question in the thinking of the people with
regard to the emperor. As could be expected, the May, 1946 nationwide
public opinion survey of inen and women over 20 years of age conducted by
MAINICHI SHIMBUN on the "emperor system" was a heretofore unprecedented
attempt which broke the core of the deified emperor system. ~aenty-nine
, years later in October 1975 MAINICHI SHIMBUN, generally using the same
' questions used in the first public opinion survey on the "emperor system,"
held another poll.
In considering the various changes in Japanese society which have occurred
in the past more than 30 years, and particularly the changes in the
composition of the population, it is extremely natural to expect a sub-
- stantial difference in thESe two polls which were carried out over an
interval of 29 years. For example, already one in two belongs to the
"young people" born after the war and having no experieTi::e with war. -
Of this group those over 16 years old born after the war number 28 million
or a quarter of the overall population. .
Accordingly, with the prior NHK survey undertaken nation-wide of those over
16 and the 1975 MAINICHI SHTMBUN survey, the percentage held of a11
respondents with no experience of war lies at the extremely large figure
of one out of three. In the matter of response to the "Emperor System" a
~ difference may naturally be expected. Consequently a large dif.ference
~ must appear from the figures of these two surveys. If it does not appear,
something is wrong.
The results of Table 1--our hopes for "change"--show c].early that apparently
this con~ecture is completely mistaken. "Abolition" rather decreases.from
_ 11 percent in 1946 to 10 percent in 1975, and "continuation" incraases
~ increases from 86 percent in 1946 to 87 percent for "Continuation of the
3ymbolic Emperor System" and "A More Authoritative System."
- To put it another way, public opinion on the abolition or continuation of
the emperor system shows a practically unchanged composition of "a great .
majority of nearly 90 percent ~upporting the emperor system."
- As in the NHK survey, here as well we may certainly observe a difference _
in generations. For example "support of the emperor" becomes greater
with increasing age, with 75 percent for teenagers, 80 percent for those
in their 20s and 96 percent for those over 60. On the other hand "Abolition
of the.Emperor System is more prevalent the younger the age group, 25
percent for those in their teens, 17 percent for those in their 20s and
1 percent for those over 60. However, this sort of trend did not newly
develop; in the survey of 29 years ago as well, 20 percent of the univer-
sity students were "abolitionists." That is, if those "abolitionists" of _
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the time tiad continued on to the present without changing their ideas we
must expect that the vertical and horizontal spread of "abolitionists wauld
be far above the 1975 figure of 10 percent. Notwithstanding the overall
high increase in those having experience with war, the ract that the
- percentage of "abolitionists" ir. the overall populace has remained practi-
cally stable during the last 20 years can not be explained except by the -
supposition that those who were once "abolitionists" for some reason later
changed their position to " successionists." _
Several years ago in a magazine I read an interesting piece of reporting
by Kamimae Junichiro called "I Chiya, Chiyoda Ward," (i.e., the imperial
household). In this article, which was subtitled "Positive Research on
the Concep*ion of the Emperor in the Japanese Nation," Professor Kamimae -
' presented the views of a number of post-war youths whose "original home"
is "I Chiyoda, Chiyoda Ward.
"The emperor is like a navel. You can't gzt along without it." (company
' employee, 30 years).
"You see, the emperor is the spiritual homeland of the Japanese. We can
rest assured that our original home is there." (company employee, 30 years).
"His Majesty, the Emperor? When I was young, before getting married, I
thought it was unnecessary, a waste of taxes. But recently, while watching
television, I felt closer to him. We11, I've come to think that we should
have it. Perhaps this just means I've become an adult." (housewife,
27 years).
These people are all young people of the time of the anti-Security Treaty
demonstrations. This young housewife, approaching 30 years of age, thinking
"Does this mean I've come to maturity?" is probably expressing her honest ~
feelings. The perspective may be d3fferent from that of Ikutaro Shimizu, -
who said he would feel small coming before the emperor, or Hideyoshi Aono,
who was displeased by the student calling Her Highness Princess Takamatsu
"Mrs," but it must mean there is something (a force) working strongly in
~ the Japanese cultural climate which makes people feel one has reached
adulthood when he begins to have a warm feeling for the emperor.
' Thoughts on Nuclear Power--Support for Nuclear Power Plants Increases;
Attenuation of the Bomb Experience
; In October of last year "The Nuclear Power and Peace" edited by Professor -
j Naomi~s Shono group from Hiroshima Joshi Gakuin University was published.
; This book is a large-scale report on "A Survey on the State of Thought �
on Nuclear Power which was conducted with 11,000 middle school and high
~ school students and their mothers from 1976 to 1978 in the four cities of
Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Okayama and Kanazawa. The results of this research ~
present clearly a n~ber of unexpected facts.
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Firstly this survey makes it clear that the experience of a nuclear
explosion at Hiroshima and Nagasaki has no direct correlation with issues _
related to the degree of concern over the nuclear problem and with the -
evaluation of nuclear power. Of more direct bearing in the evaluation of
nurlear power is the "political party." For example the lean towards "the
Sc,cialist Party is against nuclear power,'~ and conversely, "the Liberal
Democratic Party supports nuclear power" is strong.
Table 2 Attitudes Regarding Nuclear Testing ~
(from The Nuclear Power and Peace by Shono)
Hiroshima Nagasaki Okayama Nagasaki
Should be completely
prohibited 73.3% 68.8% 63.6% 61.5% _
Should be allowed for
underground test 2.8 3.4 4�2 7�1 -
Should be allowed for
peaceful purposes 23.9 27.7 32.2 31.4
As shown in Table 2, it is natural that those supporting a"ban on all
nuclear testing" should be ninnerous in Hiroshima and Nagasaki but it is none-
theless surprising that even ~n Hiroshima and Nagasa~ci 20-30 percent, and
in other cities over 30 percent, support "nuclear testing for peaceful
purposes."
' "PNE--Peaceful Nuclear Explosions" utilize nuclear detonations to blast
away mountains, excavate waterways, etc., but no matter what the use,
or whether the word "peaceful" is applied or not, beyond any doubt nuclear
detonations, upon the fact of the explosion's success, are the equivalent
of a successful nuclear experiment. From the ~time of the PNE success in
India in 1974, the various nations of the world have come tfl recognize
the newly created threat of nuclear proliferatian. The most zealous
proponent of nuclear nonproliferation is the American Government and if
they were to learn that "one out of four" to one out of three citizens and
n
children of Hiroshima and Nagasaki support peaceful uses of nuclear energy,
not only would they be astounded they would "misunderstand" that the
probability is that now Japan like India would begin to set out on the
path of nuclear proliferation, leading to the fostering of a great sense
of danger.
On the other hand, on March 29 at the Three Mile Island nuclear power station
outside of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in America the largest scale accident
to date in a private nuclear reactor occurred, with radiation leaked into
- the atmosphere. Taking th3s accident as an opportunity, in various places
in the world the anti-nuclear power station movement is becoming active,
and on July 4 ASAHI SHIMBUN presented the results of the first public
- opinion survey held throughout Japan since the Three Mile Island accident.
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l~ir~t:ly, "impression of nuelear pow~r'~ is "frightening" for 57 percent,
_ "not so" for 39 percent, and ~verall there is certainly a strong feeling
of unease and caution with regard to nuclear power. However, this feeling
differs notab'ly with regard to sex and age group, with women in their
= young twenties being divided roughly in two on "frightening" or "~not so,"
_ and we recognize a tendency for this uneasiness to become stronger with
age. On the other hand for ~r~en from their twenties through early thirties
the percentage holding "not so" is high, and this is roughly the same
percentage as for those in their fifties. Viewed in this way, those feeling
most un~asy about nuclear power are primarily women, but for those women _
- above 25, and for those men under 30, those with a feeling of ui~easiness
is small.
Secondly, with regard to "the push towards the nuclear power plant as a
future energy source," 50 percent were in support and opposition was held
to 39 percent. Here as well there are differences in age and sex groups. .
For men in their twenties 70 percent are in support and for men in their
thirties and forties 60 percent in support. In other age groups those
opposed increase.
_ Thirdly, with regard to "construction nearby of a nuclear power station,"
compared to the results on the same question asked in December 1978, those -
in support have increased from 5 percent to 18 percent and those conversely _
against have dropped from 7 percent to 69 percent. Here for the first time
we seem to be able to view the direct effect the Three Mile Island accident -
. had on the thinking of the Japanese people. That is, though feeling "not
so" with regard to any unease and supporting the drive for nuclear power -
as an energy~source, if a nuclear power plant were to come to a nearby
- locality the opposition increases. This must be an example of "in support
of the general, in opposition to the specific."
However, these results show the influence of the results of the Three Mile _
Island accident are less than expected. Rather we may say that on the
- whole they hint at a gradual lessening in the re~ection and uneasiness -
directed at nuclear power. And as we saw in the differences in dispersion
among the respondents by age and sex, the younger the age group the
weaker the sense of uneasiness about nuclear power, and the greater the
number of those supporting the nuclear. power push.
~ Next, Table 3, shows the results of a survey taken directly after the Three
- Mile Island accident (May, 1979) among 180 leaders of various groups =
(political, bureaucratic, economic, industrial, academic, research agency,
critics, mass communications, commercial groups, consiuner g:~oups, unions).
These leaders of various groups far transcended the 50 percent in the public
opinion survey in ASAHI SHIMBUN, with 86 percent supporting "pushin~ forward
with nuclear energy" and 75 percent opposed to "should postpone nuclear
power plant as safety is insuff~cient." _Probably those who supported
the latter, but thought they could now say so because of the enerl~v
9
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situation, really did not onnose it. These resp4ndents who took the -
~ middle ground are the approximately 10 percent of the whole who supported _
nuclear power plants.
In any event, as the spread of answers shown in Table 3 clearly shows, among ~
those responding, support for nuclear power plants, enriched and reprocessed ~
uranium and internationalization of enrichment and reprocessing is over-
whelmingly in support of the nuclear power push. However, we may see on
the other hand a tendency among a section of these leaders--and in the case
of politicians, because of the political party to which a locality lays
claim--for opinions to differ greatly. The strongest tendency to take
a consistent stand against all development of nuclear power, nuclear -
power generation, enrichment and reprocessing, by group division, is among
- the leaders of consumer groups and labor unions and, within political
parties, the representatives in the Diet of the Japan Socialist Party and -
the Democratic Socialist Party. We saw that in Professor Shono's survey F
of the four cities of Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Okayama and Kanazawa that there
was no cerrelation between experiencing an atomic air raid and the assessment
of nuclear power and that the cause most directly bearing on an evaluation
= of nuclear power is the "political party supported." Now, in terms of the _
_ survey of the thinking of leaders in various groups, in the same manner we -
have discovered that the strongest correlation in the overall assessment
of nuclear energy is with the political party. This probably shows that
the af tereffects of th~e incident long ago referred to as "the atomic air =
raid experience" have attenuated to a degree and no longer exert such an
influence on our thinking, but that in place of this we have become able
_ to define even more implicitly the he~rt of our t~inking on nuclear power, _
th~~ sense of political worth and the impact of political parties which from
th~ past to the present has been at the center in our cultivating of -
re~.ations with modern society.
In looking at question No 9 in Table 3, in the survey on the thinking of
- ttie leaders, we see that only 57 percent support the view that "as the
emotions of a people who have been bombed act as a brake in Japan there
is no danger of proliferation." Here, if we take support as optimism and =
opposition as pessimism, by group division again, in viewing the cross
' section of political parties the section most pessimistic with regard to -
- "the emotional brake of the people in a country which has been bombed"
are the consumer groups~and unions and within politi.cal parties, the Socialist
and Social Democratic League Diet representatives. Conversely we see that -
. the most optimistic are the Liberal Democratic Party and Democratic
Socialist Party Diet representative~. That is, those in reform parties
and people in divisions close to them do not believe in the efficacy of
the brake of the "Atomic bombing experience" and conversely those believing
this are members of the conservative parties.
The framework of our mind is not easily explained. Of late the words
"conservatism" and "shift to the right" are being used with frequency but -
~ it may be considered that to express our complicated world of thought -
with these words is much too simple. That which we are thinking about
10 . ~
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is attached to a cultural climate, waves of thought moves from left to
- right by the laws of nature such as age or difference in sex and yet
anoth~r is influenced by some coincidental occurrence. This article -
= attempts to shed some light on how just a few of these fact~rs work and
to illustrate those things which have undergone continuation or transition
in posCwar Japanese thin~Cing.
Table 3 Ideas of Leaders of various groups on nuclear power
i~E3 ~'~~#a-~"~~`i~.ti ~i' 3J.$~;7~=~f
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I IZ
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Key:
(1) Item
(2) Oppose
~ (3) Support
(4) Cannot Say
(5) To relieve Japan of an over-dependence on oil imports we should
increase nuclear power plant.
(6) As safety is not yet sufficier~L, Japan should postpone building
nuclear power plants for awhile.
(7) Technology to handle nuclear radioactive waste is not yet
sufficient and Japan should postpone bu3lding nuclear power
plants for awhile.
f8) As there is danger of nuclear proliferation, Japan should postpone
~ building nuclear power plants for awhile.
(9) As there is danger of proliferation, the reprocessing of spent
fuel should not be undertaken in Japan.
(10) As there is danger of proliferation, uranium enrichment should
not be undertaken in Japan.
- (11) Japan should itself participate with other countries or inter-
nationally to work towards the establishment of an enriched uxanium
- industry.
- (12) Japan should itself participate with other countries or inter-
nationally to work towards the establishment of a reprncessing
industry for spent nuclear fuel.
(13) As the emotions of a people who have been bombed act as a brake
in Japan there is no danger of proliferation even if enriched
uranium and reprocessing is undertaken.
(14) Nuclear proliferation is a reflection of nationalism in the nuclear
age, and it is impossible to check it in the long run. _
(15) That in Japan there are at present 25 nuclear power reactors
operating and this is a correct understanding based on the facts.
(m 1)Q7~~~~'~&1~71.~7~~JI;~~~~.~(~~[l4ffn .
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Key: -
1. (Samples at 400�C were dropped into 0�C water, subsequently samples
~ at 1000�C were dropped similarly)
I 2. Synthetic codielite, nuthing added--left
~ 3. Synthetic codielite with 20 percent of aluminum titanate--right
~ COPYRIGHT :
~
i .
~ 8940
~ CSO: 4105
~ 49
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BRIEFS
SUNSHINE PROJECT ACCELERATION--The Ministry of International Trade and
Industry and its subordinate Agency of Industrial Science and Technology have
decided to accelerate the Sunshine Project and have raised the goal for new
energy sources from 1.6 to 5.5 percent of totial energy supplies by 1990.
The JFY 1980-1990 budget has been revised to 1.6 trillion yen, and to
expedite development and application the past practice of contracting out
R&D pro~er_ts via the Electric Power Development Corp will be discontinued
~ in favor of direct contracting to firms or groups capable of effective inte-
grated development, provision, and utilization of new technology. The number
of firms involved in contract R&D is expected to drop drastically: well
over 100 firms are now engaged in such work, but MITI called in only around
60 firms for a briefing on the new orientation. LSummar~/ /~okyo NIKKAN
- KOGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 2 Oct 79 p 1/ -
CONDUCTIVE SILICON NITRIDE--Professor Hirai of Tohoku University has
utilized the chemical vapor.deposition (CVD) method to create a carbon-
containing amorphous silicon nitride material. With carbon content 5
percent by weight, the material has a resistance of 32 ohms/cm at 200�C
and 20 ohms/cm at 900�C. Output can be in the form of a thin film or in
blocks. The material has a micro-Vickers hardness of 2,700 to 3,000. Use
- as a cladding material or heat radiating body in applications requiring
high-temperature and high hardness such as 1) conductive cladding for non-
conductive parts, 2) anti-static electricity cladding, 3) chemical plant
use in high temperature or highlY corrosive environments, 4) rocke~ nozzle
- lining, and such is e~ected. /Su~ar~/ /Tokyo NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN in
Japanese 4 Oct 79 p 1/
POWER SHOVEL TECHNOLOGY--Eight of Japan's 11 manufacturers of power shovels
established technology tie-ups with foreign firms during 1961-1968, but all
have now developed their own technology and are seeking to abrogate or--when _
this is impossible--modify the agreements. Royalties are described as a
heavy burden, but provisions placing the European, Middle East and American
markets off limits to them are the greatest source of Japanese aissatisfaction.
The technology tie-uQs are with three U.S., two Swiss, two French, and one
West German firm. LSummar~/ /Tokyo NIHON KOGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 3 Oct 79
p 6/
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SOLAR DESALINATION PROJECT--The government will dispatch an expert team
to three Gulf states around this year-end to study the feasibility of a
~oint sea water desalination plant using the solar energy. The Ministry
of International Trade and Industry (MITI) said that the planned plants
= in Kuwait, Iraq and the United Arab Emirates will be part of various tech-
nical cooperation schemes with the oil rich nations. Proven technologies
to utilize solar heat, now a pet program among MITI's long-term innovative
- energy sources pro~ects, will be available for the plants' construction,
it said. Present blueprints show that the first desalination plant will
~ be tested for operational capabilities next year in one of the three
- nations. Full commercialization will start five years later to produce _
200 tons of fresh water per day. MITI expects that such technical aid
by Japan to the Middle East is a plus factor in deepening mutual relations,
and consequently may favorably affect future bargaining for oil. [TextJ -
[~?okyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 20 Oct 79 p 5J
DIESEL EXHAUST RECYCLER--An efficient system of recycling the exhaust gas
of diesel engines of ships for pre4eating fuel and other uses aboard
vessels has been developed by Takuma Co. of Osaka, it was announced Tueaday.
The company, a leading Japanese boiler maker, said it plans to market the
device, called the ~r~rine diesel engine emission gae heat recycler, in the
near future. The company said exhaust gas recycled with the aystem could
be used for heating cabins and other purposes besides preheating fuel oil.
It will make it possible to use the lowest grade and cheapest-priced "Class
C" fuel to operate ships's diesel engines, it said. It will minimize the
need for costly and cumbersome systems for preheating auch oil before burn-
ing in enginea. The company said thaC the device would be cheap and inex-
! penai.ve to install. Should the recycler be applied to a ship of the 500- -
i ton class, there would be no need at all for a preheating system and there -
; would be a saving of an estimated 17 million yen in annual fuel cost through -
i . the use of "C1ass C" fuel instead of the far more expensive "Claes A" type
now usually required for operating diesel engines. Besides, in the case of
~ such small ships, the total cost of buying and inatalling the recycler will -
i be only around 15 million yen, an investment that could be easily recouped
in one year, Takuma aaid. The recycler absorbs heat of between 300 and 350
degrees centigrade emitted by the exhaust gas of a diesel engine through
- tw~ heat exchangers, one of air and the other of oil type. [OW290421
- iokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in Engliah 25 Oct 79 p 5 OWJ _
, CBN GR~NDSTONE BQNDING---N~;~pon Tak~. has developed a vitrifide (?"Bito rifaido)
~ bonding that can replace the resin bonding presently used in manufacture
- of CBN grindstone s. The�..lifespan is described as three times that and the -
totul service life cost one-third that for resin-bonded CBN grindstones,, ~
j thanks to the longer service life. LSummary/ /Tok~o NTKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN
in Japanese 1 Oct 79 p 1/ - ~
i
i ~ CSO: 4165 END
i ~
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