JPRS ID: 8808 WEST EUROPE REPORT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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ii ~ECEMBER i979 CFOUO 4l79) ~ i OF i
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JF'RS L/8808
11 December 1979
W est E u ro e R e o rt =
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- (FOUO 4.%79)
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a va� v~ a d.vya'au v?JL vL~Lt -
JPRS L/8808
11 December 1979
WEST EUROPE REPORT
- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY -
~ (FOUO 4/79)
CONTENTS PAGE
INTERiVATIONAL AFFAIRS
International Organization Supporting Research in
Developing~Countries
(J. Gaill~ard; LE PROGRES SCIEIVTIFIQUE, Mar-Jun 79). 1
- European Spa.ce Agency's Research Plans Outlinzd
(A2R & COSMOS, 20 Oct 79) lg
' a- IIII - WE - 151 S&T FOUO]
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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
INTERNATIONAL ORGANTZATION SUPPORTING RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES '
- Paris LE PROGRES SCIENTIFIQUE in French Nos 199-200 :~1ar-Jun 79 pp 55-67
[Article by J. Gaillard, Projects Secretary]
[Text] Training of research workers in developing
countries is the objective of one of R:he priority
programs of the 7th Plan. However, the very great -
efforts which France has authorized in this regard,
tnrough the activities of univ~rsities and specialized
organizations, are aimed essentially at initial
rraining.
The International Foundation for Science* (IFS) _
presents the original concepts of aiding research
~ workers who already have their dipl~~as and are _
natives of developing countries to put into opera- E
tion, in their oPan countries and within national
structures, research programs whose purposes -
coincide with the priorities of French tropical
_ research. It is principally a question of ex-
ploring natural environments for improvement '
of rural developmento
Through its participatioz~ in financing the IFS and
its administrative bodies the DGRST [General Dele-
gation for Scientific and Technical Research], in
_ association with ORSTOM [Bureau of Overseas
Scientific and Technical ResearchJ, is ready to
show, once again in concrete form, France's interest
in strengthening the research organizations and
scientific policies of developing countries. Such -
strengthening is essential to the success of the
French policy of scientific and technical coopera- -
tion with Third World countries, the principal
*Secretariat of the Foundation: Sibyllegat?on 47,114~F2 Stockholm
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characterist~c of which is to be iiegotiated co-
~ operation in a r.limate of real equality with
partners who are complete masters of their own
scientific policies.
Developing countries have had, and still. have, recourse to existing structures
in develope~3 countries for training and specialization of th~ir research
workers. However, the degree of such dependence varies with ti:e country,
and depends upon whether or not the country has its own research tradition.
_ Young research workers r~turning home after having pursued long studies in a
developed country encounter considerable difficu3.ties when they try to put
their training into the service of their national scientific communities.
Too often they discover that the training they have acquired is not adapted
to the research priorities of their countries and also that the facilities
available for research* are inadequate, sometimes even non-existant. The
feeling of frustration which thus results, strengthened by the acquired
_ culture resulting from a long stay abroad, often leads them to a decision
to establish *hemselves in a developed country** where they will more _
easily find work which is both better adapted to their training and better
paid. Others choose to leave research and accept upper management positions
in a gavernment administrativa or private sector.
Those to whom research positions are offered and who decide to remain must
_ face isolation in addition to a lack of facilities; as a matter of fact the
scientific relations of an institute or university in a developing country
with the outside world are frequently limited to the contacts established ,
by the research workers in the course of their training in developed
countries. Thus it very often happens that ad~acent developing countries -
- or those which are in the same ecological region, and have similar research
programs, have no relations with each other. ~
Particularly on the basis of these considerations there appeared the concept '
- of establishing an international organi~ation for material and moral support
of young research workers of developing countries in their own countries. ~
Thus the International Foundation for Science was founded in 1972 by research ~
academies and councils of 12 countries.
By the end of 1978 the IFS, which comprises 49 member organizations from 44 _
countries had allocated 315 research grants to young researchers working in
51 countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
.*..According to recent estimates the worldwide resources devoted to research
and development are distributed as follows: 62 percent for OECD countries,
34 percent for CEMA countries, and 4 percent for developing countries.
- Moreover, this latter 4 percent is concentrated in a few countries.
**According to a UNESCO investigation performed in 1970 in five developing
countries, 20 to 30 percent of students from those countries do not -
return after having received their training in developed countries. ~
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Historical: From Pugwash to Stockholm*
The concept of such an organization, appearing at the end of the 1960 _
decade, was presented and discussed during two consecutive meetings of
the Pugwash Croup. It is difficult to state with certainty who was its _
father. However, several names may be advanced: Robert Marshak, nuclear
physicist then at Rochester University; Roger Revelle, Director of the
Harvard Demographic Studies Center; Abdus Salam, Director of the Inter-
national Center for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, and Paul Auger of
UNESCO.
Among those it was undoubtedly Robert Marshak who most actively promoted
the concept. He persuaded the National Academy of Sciences and the American -
Academy of Arts and Sciences of Boston to study this project. The president ~
of the Swedish Academy of Technical Sciences (IVA) who then was Pr.of Sven
Brohult, at that very time was in the United States and met Robert Marshak
who acquainted him with "his" project.
Upon his return to Stockholm Prof Brohult undertook to convince the Swedish
academies of the importance of supporting research workers in developing
' countries. With the benefit of a$5,000 grant from UNESCO the two Swedish
academies in July 1970 organized a meeting lasting 3 days in which 32 -
~ representatives of scientific academies and organizations from 16 countries,
six of them developing countries, discussed problems induced by the growth
of science and support for scientific research and research workers in
- developing countries.
General principles which would later serve as reference points for future r
work were enunciated and adopted. Developing countries neeci scientific
research to promote their growth and works to carry out their research. _
To help these countries develop their national research capabilities it is
now necessary to support talented young scientists; later these will be
able to train other young scientists and thus contribute to establishment
of a research tradition in their countries. The modest grants which the
new organization hopes to disburse,if allocated judiciously, would have a
~ multiplied effect. Support is to be granted for research work to be carried
out in the workers' own countries and the areas af research supported would
_ be esta~lished in accordance with'the requirements of the country concerned. -
Another important result expected following allocation of a grant, is recogni-
- tion of the new grantee within the scientific community upon the national, -
regional, and inter.national levels. Such recognition ought to facilitate
relations between the grantee and the other scientists working in similar
domains. Reiations so established will enable him to obtain information
- and advice which will be useful to him in elaborating and carrying out his -
research pr.oject.
.
~ *See "Developing Science" by M.L. Baveryd, an article accepted for publica-
tion in NEW SCIENTIST
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At the conclusion of the Stockholm meeting a committee responsible for
- drawing up plans for establishment of the organization which was going to
be calle~ the International Foundation for Science, was set up, with '
Frof Paul Auger as chairman.
_ During discussions which followed there proved to be profound differences
among the committee members, in particular, as far as the size, structure,
and the method of operation of the new organization were concerned. ~o
groups repr~;ertted two different trains of thought. The first would have
liked the IFS to be associated with UNESCO, The second, comprising
especially the representatives of academies, wanted the IFS to be an in-
_ dependent, n~n-government organization. The views of the second group
prevailed.
In January 1972 a letter was sent to 50 rESearch academies and similar .
institutions, inviting them to join the IFS as founding members and on
25 May 1972, when 14 members had announced that they were joining, the
interi.m committee proclaimed the official existence of the IFS.
The IFS Becames a Reality
In order for the IFS to become a reality it was now necessary to procure
_ the funds necessary for its operation and allocation of the first grants.
The work of instaliing the organization was made possible by several con-
tributions from a Swedish private foundation--the Salen Foundation--and
the World Bank. However, to effectuate a program of allocating grants
larger and more numerous contributions were needed. In the beginning of
the spring of 1973 Prof Brohult succeeded in persuading the Swedish Minister
of Foreign Affairs that the IFS deserved support from Sweden. He thus
obtained the first Swedish contribution. The president~of the Canadian
International Center for Research and Development was also convinced of the
worth of the ends of the IFS and decided to allocate to it a contribution
through the Royal Society of Canada, an organization member of the IFS,
as intermediary. The Canadian contribution was followed some time later
by the French, issuing from the Bureau of Overseas Scientific and Technical
Research which reinforced its support by assuming responsibility, from
, 1976, for th~ salary of a French scientist wor:~:~ng witihin the secretariat
at Stockholm. Since 1976,the French contribution is contained within the
- research envelope .at the instance of the Minister of Foreign Affairs.
By the end of 1978 nine countries were contributing to the IFS budget which
then was 5.5 million French francs: Sweden, Canada, Federal Republic of
~ Germany, Belgium, Franc~, Norway, the Netherlands, Nigeria, and Switzerland.
Elaboration of the initial grants program and in particular, the various
domains of research which were to be adapted also gave rise to empassioned
discussions, the suggestions going.from theoretical physics through biology
to medicine, and their applications. As a result of contacts made by
Prof Brohult with numerous research workers and administrators of research
institutions of developing countries, a program centered about biological
research applied to rural development was elaborated and proposed.
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, I~rom Science t~ Tec}inology, to Serve Rural Development
This program, limited to biological and agronomical sciences, and comprising
six priori*_y domains, was adopted by the interim council in 1974. These
six priority domains, which are agriculture, animal production, plant pro-
duction, mycorrhyae and problems related to reforestation, fermentation,
and natural substances, although sub~ ected to minor changes within each ~
particular domain, are still in effect today. The program was expanded
however, in 1978 with the addition of a seventh domain, technology in the
- rural environment, which reveals the installation of a second branch--
"technological research"--in the IFS grants program.
Four years after adoption of the initial program it is interesting to observe
- what the trends and criteria were at its definition and which today still
constitute the basis for the philosophy of the IFS. The following criteria
may be considered decisive:
within the overall problem of. growth of the developing countries rural de-
velopment has priority and the target group of the programs, that is, the
direct potential users, must be the small growers and breeders;
this first basic criterion adopted, and the social-economic environment of
the small growers and breeders known, it becomes logical to center the
programs upon making operative production systems with low investment levels
in which the aim is to utilize to the maximum extent all l~cally available
resources;
the definition of particular domains must take into account the past an.d
present trends of research in the developing countries. During the colonial -
period the industrial growers for export (coffee, cocoa, oil palms, sugar
cane, cotton, and so forth) had priority to the detriment of foodstuff
cultivation; in the IFS program stress is placed upon the impravement and
growth of the latter. Following the colonial era various international _
organizations for assistance to research and development in the Third World -
countries especially promoted the expansion of large crops, such as the
cereals (maize, rice) as well as of large animals (cattle); within the _
scope of its priority domain, under the heading "animal production," the
IFS, for its part, places emphasis on small domestic animals.
As a general rule it can be said that the research domains adopted as
priority ones by the IFS are those which were neglected in the past and
for which research activity should enable results, applicable in the short
or medium term, to the benefit of the country or region concerned, to be
obtained;
in accordance with its by-laws IFS support is directed to worthy young
research workers coming from developing countries whom it helps to carry
~ out work by making research grants. These grants are made according to
the nature of the projects presented, the prospects which tr.ey are capable
of opening, and the interest they hold for the country or region concerned.
The research activity must mandatorily be performed upon the territory of
a developing country.
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`Che s~~eci.11 feature of the IFS approach resides in the fact that it deals
- with~ 1[1CI supports, the research worker dlrectly and not a research
institution. Later it will be the grantees, as individual research worker~,
who will form the basis of the networks by geographic or ecological sector
or by donain which the IFS is interested in instituting; and
the maximum amount of a research grant is 45,000 francs annually. They are =
intended to coeer costs of equipment and~instrumentation, scientific litera-
ture, transportation, and other important requirements related to a research
- project. Such support is to be added to the resources placed at the research
worker's disposal by local organizations; thus, salaries and general operating
expenses are normally the responsibility of the institute sponsoring the
candidate.
Grants Program
A detailed report* upon the foundation's activities during the 1974-1977
period was prepared by the secretariat in collaboration with various experts
associated with IFS activities and was presented during the'second general ~
assembly held at Stockholm in the month of September 1978. The second
general assembly was the occasion for evaluating the content of the~ varioras
priority domains as well as for proposals and recommendations concerning
future work.
Aq:uiculture: At the present time aquic~slture is providing more than 8 per-
cent of the world's production of fish, crustaceans, and mollusks, and
represents more than 6 million tons annually. Since traditional fisheries
are already fully exploited, if not overexploited, prospective increased
- production of aquatic organisms by aquiculture is essential. Tn fact, it
is possible to define various means by which aquicultural production per
' unit of area can be increased ten-fold, and t~e total area now devoted.to
aquiculture can be considerably increased without, for all that, competing
with other agricultural production sectors.
These considerations led the IFS to select aquiculture as one of its prioxity
domains at the beginning of its grants program. If there be need for another ~
consideration to justify. the selection by the IFS it is that at least 75 per-
cent of the fish, crustacean, and mollusk production serves directly to feed
the producing country's people.
~ In this damain 61 research grants have been made by the IFS during the ~
1974-1978 period. These grants have been allocated for projects of research -
on the physiology of reproduction and artificial techniques for inducing
egg laying, production of fry (young fish), raising techniques, and com-
batting diseases. The principal species represented are: mullet, tilapia,
_ catfish, carp, chano, and shrimp. Nine grants were also made for study of
_ other species,which are p~rt of the local fauna with the view to their
utilization in aquiculture projects, three for uollusk raising, three for
study of seaweed with the view to their cultivation, and one for frog -
breeding.
*International Foundation for Scien6ce Work, 1974-1977, 188 pages
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More than half of these 61 grants were made to research workers from Asia,
in particular, from India, Indonesia, anc~ Malaysia. Such concentration
in this region is easily understood in view of the fact that about 80 ~
percent of t~ie world's production comes from the Indo-Pacific region.
However, in accordance with recommendations accepted during the second
general assembly the IFS will make a special effort in its future program
to continue encouragement of the development of aquiculture in Africas
_ Latin America, and Oceania by instituting new projects and assisting in
the transf~r of technology, acquired in these domains, from Asian countries =
to the other continents.
Animal Production: Experience has demonstrated that the techniques of
animal raising developed in temperate zones are ill adapted to the
_ demands of hot and humid climates; thus, systems whose objectives are
high daily weight gain, large milk production, or early weaning of calves
- have little chance of success, considering the conditions which prevail _
in tropical countries. Moreover, in developing countries the price paid
to the breeder for animal products is low in comparison with other products,
which entails a lack of ineans to buy feed for cattle. Another major problem
is the preservation of these products; thus, because of a lack of refr:igera-
tion systems the evening's milk is often unfit for sale the next morning.
The IFS.has made 57 research grants in this domain during the 1974-1978
period. About half of these grants were made for research projects aimed !
at improved exploitation of sheep and goats. The disciplines involved
include livestock feeding and, in particular, the use of agricultural and ~
industrial by-products in feeding, systems of exploitation and raising,
improvement of the breed and selection,as well as veterinary research.
Among the, recommendations for future work adopted let us cite research on '
the secondary animal species or those not having been the subjects of
studies, and research on high productivity fodder plants. As far as
secondary animal species are concerned, the IFS is already supporting a
proj ect in ivory Coast aimed at domestication of the rodent "Thryonomis
sivinderianus," wtiose flesh is very highly regarded by the inhabitants of
West Africa; relations have also been established wi.th research workers in
the Congo and Nigeria ft~r the purpose of initiating and supporting similar -
projects. As far as high productivity fodder plants are concerned, the
IFS has just made four grants for projects aimed at using banana plants
as fodder once the fruit has been harvested.
Plant Production
With 80 grants out of 315 the plant production domain is the one which has
benefited the most from IFS support. This choice is justified in view of
the fact that more than 75 percent of the calories and proteins in the diet
of the rural population of developing countries comes from vegetable pro-
ducts. .
; Ldhen drawing up the grants p rogram began rarticular attention w~as paid to
support of food crops, such as tubers, ;eed legumes, and market gardening.
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Four years later about 75 percent of projects are centered about programs
. for improvement of, and research on nutrition and improvement of crop
raising techniques as well as preservation of such food crops, in particular,
seed legumes and tubers. As far as tubers are concerned, a special effort
_ has been made to institute a network of relationships among the various
researctiers involved in programs of research on the yam, especially in
western Africa. That~network is composed mainly of seven gran*_ees of the
IFS working on the yam in eastern Africa, as well as researchers working
on the same plant within the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
_ of Ibadan, Nige ria. A project aimed at establishing a similar network for
' another tuber p~ant, the taro (Colocasia esculenta), which has not been
the subject of research in the past, is in the process of being elaborated.
As for research on plant nutrition, a special effort will be made to ~
continue support for research aia~ed at decreasing production costs due
to utilization of chemical fertilizers which, in most cases, must be -
~imported. ~
Mycorrhizal and Reforestation: The importance of mycorrhizal was especiall,y
demonstrated when exot~c species of pine were introduced, particularly into
the developing countries. In most cases such introductions could be
_ successfully executed only when accomplished by introduction of mycorrhizal
mushrooms adopted to the pine species and types of soil as well as the
- climates involved. -
The term "mycorrhiza," which comes from the Greek (mykes = mushroom;
rhiza = root), is employed to designate the symbiosis between certain
mushrooms and the roots of higher order plants. This symbiosis, by which
the mushroom can satisfy its requirements for carbohydrates through the
roots of trees as intermediaries while, in return, it cont�ributes to the
nutrition of higher order plants by making available to them phosphorous,
mainly, but also nitrogen and potassum which occur in forms not directly
assimilable, is of considerable practical importance. .
- Thus, although this domain, Mycorrhizal and Reforestation, has had the
benef.it af only 25 research ~rants, 22 of which were allocated to projects of
research on myco rrhizal, it nonetheless remains that the practical results
wt-~ich can be expected should be of considerable importan~e, especially~
within the scop e of future reforestation projects.
Interesting res ults have already been obtained. In Nigeria an IFS grantee,
Dr Z. Momoh, has successfully introduced a mycorrhizal mushroom, Pisolithus -
tinctorius, resistent to high temperatures, with which, at present, inoculation
tests are being performed on the scale of a reforestation project underway
in the northern part of the country where the climate is hot and dry. Similar
tests have been carried out with other mycorrhizal mushrooms in Ghana and -
other developin g countries.
The limits of this domain were recently widened also to include methods of
reforestation adopted to tropical countries.
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I~crmentation and Other Methods of Food Preparation: When the grants
program began this domain included the traditional fermentation processes -
used for food preparation as well as simple methods for popularizing the
use of agricultural residues as food for man or livestock. Later this
domain was wid~ned to include improvement of harvesting technology and
- economics and processing, storage, and preparation of foods, as well as
design and construction of simple equipment adapted to production of -
~ fermented foods, and of fuels, at the village level.
Of the 29 grants allocated to this domain during the 1974-1978 period, about
half were to research workers from Southeast Asia for projects to study and
improve traditional fermentation processes. The other half was distributed
a~nong projects of research on the proteins of one-celled organisms, techniques
of composting, and the biogases.
For future programs it ~~as recommended that traditional fermentation
processes retain a priority position because of their importance and the
role they play in detoxification, preservation, and flavor improvement of
food. Research on contamination by certain molds resulting in the presence
of mycotoxins in foods will also recpive support from the IFS. _
Natural Substances: In developing countries natural substances of vegetable
origin have traditionally played an imnortant role in the advancement of
medical science (quinine, for example) and of technology (rubber, for
example).
- The 65 grants allocated up to the present were equally distributed between
Asia and Africa with 29 and 28 grants, respectively; the eight remaining
grants having been allocated to research workers in Latin America. The
disciplines involved, in order of decreasing importance denoted by the
number of grants are as follows: phytochemical studies, technical applica-
tions, specific therapeutics, anti-tumor substances, traditional medicine,
- substances of marine origin, elucidation of structures, and biological
- studies.
Among the recommendations adopted for the future program there will be _
noted continued support for research on new sources of chemical products
derived from plants.and increased support for ethnobotanical and pharmaco-
- logical studies as well as for putting into cultivation plants which may ~
prove interesting.
An example which well illustrated the decisive role of. IFS support in this
domain is that of Dr Vichai Reutrakul of Bangkok, Thailand. Following
training in the United States Dr Vichai was appointed assistant in a
_ cemistry department devoid of research equipment. He obtained a first
grant from the IFS in 1974 which enabled him to begin equipping his
laboratory which is today, thanks to his ingenuity and sustained efforts, _
one of the best equipped laboratories of the chemistry of natural substances
. in Southeast Asia. One of his laboratory's latest acquisitions is a
combination gas phase chromatograph/mass spectrophotometer which was partly
financed by an IFS grant.
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- Dr Vichai obtained his first grant to study the action of local fruits used
as a traditional remedy for intestinal worms. The active substance,
diosphyrol, which was extracted from these fruits, is sensitive to oxidation
- by the air. Dr Vichai succeedad in finding derivativec :;i diosphyrol which
are biologically active while being stable against air oxidation. The
results were submitted for the purpose of obtaining a patent.
_ To~lay Dr Vichai,is recognized as one of the most b~illiant natural sub- `
- stances chemist in Southeast Africa and his laboratory is visited by -
numerous students from the other countries of the region. _
- Technology in the Rural Environment: This new research domain which con-
stitutes the technical component of the IFS grants program was added for -
the first time in 1978 under the title "Construction in the Rural Environ- '
ment." Following recommendations madQ during the second general assembly ~
~ this domain was renamed "Technology in lthe Rural Environment." Future
' expansion of this domain should be in two main directions. _
The purpose of the first subsection of thi~ domain is to support technical
research directly related to the initial program of biological and agro- -
nomical research applied to rural devel~pment. �The following examples may
_ be cited for purpo~e of i'llustration: drying installations for fish or plants,
installations for preservation of harvests, and construction of fish raising
pools, irrigation and drainage systems, livestock buildings, and so forth. _
The purpose of the second subsection of this technical research domain will
be support for research on energy in the rural environment. ,
This subprogram "Technology in the B.ural Environment" having been but -
recently adopted, only three ~rants have been allocated, of which two are
, for projects of research on utilization of local construction materials
- and one for production of paper as well as other paper industry products _
from papyrus and banana leaves. -
Working Seminars and Regional Networks: Another goal which the IFS set
for itself is to break the isolation from each other of researchers in
developing countries by helping them to establish relations and to promote
- expansion of south-south cooperation.
Thus, during the early years of activity some study grants were allocated to
- a certain number of grantees, either to establish contacts with other
grantees or research institutes having similar programs or to participate
in conferences organized by other bodies, such as, for example, the Accra -
Confrence on Aquiculture in Africa organized by the FAO in 1975.
The year 1978 was the first during which ~�~orking seminars were organized
by the IFS in close collaboration with grantees and their institutes as
well as member organizations of the IFS.
Four working seminars were thus instituted by the IFS during the year 1978 =
which were the occasions for the meeting of grantees and a varying number
of international experts performing research in the following areas~ _
mycorrizal, aquiculture in Southeas i~ sia, yams, and rabbit breeding. -
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Each of these seminars had a particular profile due to the specific nature _
_ of the needs identified when their organization began.
The Working Seminar on Piycorrhizal in Tropical Countries, held at Kumasi,
, Ghana in September 1978 was the fi.rst meeting on mycorrhizal held in a
developing country and it assumed a largely international character; all
- the IFS grantees, working on mycorrhizal from three continents (Latin
America, Africa, and Asia), as well as a large number of international
" experts, from developed countries as well as from developing countries,
participated. The program comprised ~bath~: presentation of the work per- _
= formed and of the results obtained by each participant as well as demon-
strations of techniques, especially by inoculation, and practical experi-
ments in the field. The obvious success of this seminar is it~ large part
due tc Ur Ofosu Asiedu, an IFS grantee, who was responsible for local
organization. Among the positive results there will be noted the estab-
lishment of a regional collaboration program aimed at instituting comparison ~
tests with different mycorrhizal strains in Togo, Ivory Coast, Ghana, and ~
Senegal.
As we have already seen ~qui~ulture in Southeast Asia is an ancient tradi-
tion. By organizing a Regional Seminar on Aquiculture in this region
where more than half the grantees in that speciality are to be faund, IFS
- intended not only to promote and strengthen relations among the researchers
- in this region but also to determine the status of rFsearch being carried
_ out in that domain and of the practical results oh~ained with a view to
redefinition of priorities and, over a longer te~m, better coordination
= of programs at an inter-regional level. The~success of this seminar,
- held at the end of September in Penang, Malaysia, was also d.ue to the
_ dynamism of an IFS grantee Dr Chua, who also had the opportunity to present
the results of his work in raising Epinephalus tauvina in floating cages.
The International Seminar on the Yam, which took place in October 1978 at
Buea, Cameroon, although attendence had been solicited internationally, .
- was principally, and above all, a regional seminar bringing together the
English speaking and French speaking grantees and researchers working on
in western Africa, the region where the most important edible species of
yam originated. It was the first time that such a meeting was devoted
- entirely to the yam and for many of the participants this was the occasion
to find that some of them resided in adjoining or not very distant countries.
In addition to numerous recommendations which were adopted this seminar also
gave rise to numerous discussions aimed at instituting collaboration networks
among the different institutes in the ccr~ntries represented in various
research projects ranging from physiology of the yam to methods for its _
preservation.
Finally, the last seminar organized by zhe IFS in 1978, on Ra.bbit Raising in
Africa, took place in Morogoro, Tanzania, where one of the IFS grantees,
M. Mgheni, has established a center for rabbit raising by bringing together
the various local strains coming from all areas of Tanzania. Except in some
- 11
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countries, one of which is Ghana, rabbit raising is not widespread in Africa
although it poses no problems of adaptation and it does provide clear ad-
vantages over the other forms of animal production. The goal of th~ seminar,
which was to assemble information on research and practice related to ~
rabbit raising in Africa as well as to propose a set of recommendations
approprlate Cor raUbit raising, was achieved and will be the sub~ect matter
- of a publication which ought to contribute to expanding rabbit raising in _
Africa.
a ~
The presentation, as well as the recommendations adopted, at these various
seminars have been collected and will be contained in a~eries of.provisional
reports published by the IFS in a limited number of copi2s.~ The first two
reports in this series have already been accepted for publication: one by
_ the Oxford University Press and the other by the Journal of Aquiculture.
Steps are underway for publication of the last two.
Although each of these seminars had a special profile they nevertheless had
points in com~on: size, structure, and.purpose. The number of participants
varied from.20 in the case of the rabbit raising seminar to 50 in the case
of the mycorrhizal seminar. The number was deliberately limited in order _
to enable each of the participants to take part in the discussions. Another
common goal was establishment of networks by region or by research domain.
These four experiences having proved that the criteria applied in the organi- -
zation of those seminars were correct, the IFS will henceforth strive to
support more activity of this. kind, which should become an important element
in its Work.
Various topics haue already been chosen for the forthcoming seminars; among
others let us mention research on the camel, utilization of the banaria plant _
(stems and leaves) as fodder, research on the taro .(another secondary tuber),
and techniques ~or inducing egg laying in aquiculture. The IFS grantees,
assisted by member organizations, will play a central role in organization
of t'_iose forthcoming seminars. ~
Future of the IFS
From 1974 to 1978 the number of grants allocated increased from 45 to 315 ~
and the budget grew linearly from 1.2 million to 5.5 million French francs.
This growth, the quality of the reports regularly submitted by ~FS grantees,
and the many contacts established with scientific circles in developed and
developing countries attest the success of the IFS in its first few years.
Although the IFS is a small organization, and the resources at its disposal
_ are still greatly limited, it Has proved that its initial~plan could be
realized. This positive balance sheet after 5 years of satisfactory opera-
_ tion does not mean that all problems relating to its future are resolved.
The answers to the questions now being discussed within the IFS will de- -
cisively determine the structuxe, mode of operation, and quality of IFS
services in the future. These questians may be grouped~about the following
topics:
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five years after allocation of the first grants several projects have been
terminated or are at the point of being terminated. In certain cases the -
results obtained should be the sub3ects of practical applications. As a
- general rule the IFS should not itself undertake the application of these
research results, liowever, but should, in liaison with member organizations,
rely upon other institutions to take its place. It is in far_t a question of
delining a dividing line l~=tween research and application in order that the
IFS does not lose its proper profile and that it continues to concentrate
its efforts on support for research workers while recognizing that such a
dividing line can be varied depending upon the particular case;
the 315 grants allocated since 1974 have been distributed among 51 countries.
, The number of grants for each country varies from one to 28, with some
concentrated in the countries of Southeast Asia. Although the geographic
dispersion has up to the present given the IFS its truly international
dimension and enableci it to establish numerous contacts which will be
valuable in future work it may nevertheless be desirable in the future to
effect a better balanced distribution by fixing quotas for certain countries
and in contrast encouraging the less favored countries;
according to its by-laws the objective of the IFS is to promote and support
scientific and technical research, in the domains of the exact, the natural,
and the social sciences, in developing countries. Up to 1977 the IFS
- limited its support to biology applied to rural development while carefully
laying out a program, starting in 1978, intended to support technoiogical
research in the rural environment, the expansion of which is linked mainly
to the future growth of its budget. As th~e~.budget is increased, other domains
of science and technology can be contemplated. Elaboration af such future
_ programs will have to be based upon the same criteria that prevailed in
_ the definition of the initial program. In particular, it will be necessary,
- ~vithin the scope of those programs, to identify the specific domains which
will continue to ~ive the IFS of tomorrow a unique profile; and
the IFS secretariat in Stockholm, now consisting of eight members, has
sufficient capability to administer the present 315 grants but will rapidly
reach its limits if the total number of grants continues to increase as in
the past. Such growth is inevitable if the IFS wishes to cover domains
other than those of the present program. In that case a substantial in-
crease in the secretariat staff must be contemplated, and then there would
be the danger of no longer being able to provide the same quality of service
which is possible today because of personal contacts established with each -
grantee. Several solutions to minimize the risks of transformation into a
bureaucracy can be envisioned. Among those we shall mention, on the one
hand, decentralization by delegating to member organizations the responsibility
_ for administering the grants allocated in. their countries and, on the other
hand, regionalization, leaving it to member organizations of each region to
- decide on the place where the regional secretariat is to be located. Speciali-
= zation by program can also be envisioned with the establishment of a new
autonomous secretariat whenever the IFS decides to support a new domain.
These solutions will have to be studied, with the administrative costs which
_ 13 ~
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would result from their adoption considered, recognizing that up to the
present the IFS has succeeded in limiting administative costs to less than
25 percent of the total budget.
- In particular, it will devolve upon the new administrative council elected
at the second general assembly to weigh these questions. `
_ fn the w.~ke cif Clic~ lhi[lad Nattons Conf.erence on Science and '['echnolo~y for
Ucvcl.opment it appc~lrs unlikely that the recommendation and resolutions
adopted will result in establishment of a new organization as was the case
with the Conference on the Environment at Stockholm as a result of which -
the United Nations Program for the Environment was established.
It is believed more likely that the concerns identified by.the various member
countries in the course of that conference will result in definition of a -
series of resolutions and of activities to be undertaken, which could be -
distributed among various organizations combined within the same network.
The IFS, because of its international dimension, as well as the many re- _
lations it maintains with scientific and technical organizations working
on development, in developed countries as well as developing countries,
should be able to play an important part in such a network. .
Appendices
Distribution of Grants By Countries
1974-1978 .
Country Grants Country Grants Country Grants
, �
Argentina 2 J~maica 3 Sudan 6
- Afghanistan 4 Kenya 9 Sri Lanka 12 ~
Bangladesh 5 Liberia 1 Swaziland 1
Burundi 3 Madagascar b Tanzania 13
Cameroon 3 Ma.lawi 5 Thailand 17
Chile 2 ' Malaysia 28 Trinidad 1 _
Colombia 8 Mexico 6 Tunisia 1
_ Korea (Republic of) 4 Nicaragua 1 Turkay 1
- Ivory Coast 9 Niger 2 Uruguay 1
Cuba 7 Nigeria 14 Zaire 4
Dominican Republic 2 Uganda 4 Zambia 4
Egypt 8 Pakistan 5
~thiopia 3 Peru 13 _
Ghana 9 Philippines 13 ;
Guatamal.a 2 Rwanda 3 '
Guyana 2 Solomon Islands 1 ,
lipper Vc~lta 2 Western Samoa 1
~ 1 nd i:i 27 Sengal 5 ~
- ~~~cli~ii~~;;in 'L3 Sierra Leone 5
1 r:~n 3 Singapore 1 .
Total: 51 countries - 315 grants
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I~UIi Ul~ f~ I t:l /11, fIS1? ONI,Y
llistribution of Grants by Priority Scientific Domain
and by Geographic Region
1974-1978 '
1'rtority Scientific Westand Eastand South~rn Southest Latin
Domain Central North and Asia � America Total
Africa Africa Western =
Asia
Aquiculture 5 12 13 21 10 61
_ Animal Production 10 13 8 7 13 51
Plant Production 24 13 11 24 g gp
Mycorrhizal 4 3 7 6 5 25
- Fermentation 2 3 2 16 6 29
Natural Substanc.es 10 18 15 14 8 65
, Rural Construction 1 1 1 3
_ Puh] i.c liealtti 1 1
_ Total 56 64 57 88 50 315
_ Key: [ to source p 66 J
1. Growth of budget and allocation of new grants
2. Budget: prospective and actual
3. Millions of French francs
4. Budget (Biology & technology)
S. Biology alone
6. Swedish contribution 7. June ~
8. Definite amounts 9. Estimated amounts
10. New grants (semi annual)
11. Biology 12. Technology
- 13. rirst general assembly
- 14. Second general assembly
15. '1'hird bencral assembly -
15
- I~l)12 c)l~ f~ (C I r~i, lf;;l', IINl,1'
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t~oK or-Ficini. us~ on~LY ~
~ EVOLUfION DU BUDtiET ET ATTRIBUTION DE NOUVELLES 90URSES ~1, ~
/
. � � /
(2) BUDOET: ~
~ R~rsp~ctlws ~t riditis ~
MilUons FF ' ~
! ~3' ~
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~ o ~~q 75 78 77 78 79 80 81 C, .
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~
~ ~ = Chillres estimes ~
NOUVELLES BOURSES: .
50 (semestriel) ~1fl~ -
_ 40 '
^ -f.. ; - i-~. Biologie ~21~ ~
. i
3p --f- fi~ Technolo ie ~
_ 1 ~12) ,
~ 20 ' '
i 1. Ass. G~n. (13~ 2. Ass. G~n. (1 3. Ass. G~n. (15)
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~ juin 75 76 77 78 79 80 juin
i ~q 81
_ , , i6 ~
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I1~S Administrative Council 1979/1981
* Sven Brohult, Sweden, Chairman
* Gorden Butler, Canada, Vice Chairman
* B.D. Nag Chaudhuri, India, Chairman
of the Grants Committee Executive Committee -
* Carl Heinz Schiel, FRG, Chairman
of the Donors Committee .
* Nicolai Herlofson, D3.rector ex-officio
* S. Oluwole, Nigeria
Jacques Diouf, Senegal
* Kodi Husimi, Japan
Dennis Horace Irvine, Guyana
* Aridre Jaumatte, Belgium
- Hosea Yona Kayumbo, Tanzania
* Donald J. Kuenen, Netherlands ;
Thoma.s F. Malone, ICSU
Christian Jochaud du Plessix, France (DGRST) -
_ * Roger Revelle, United States
* Sanga Sabhasri, Thailand
* were m~mbers 1976/1978
nominated by the ICSU, 25 September 1978 -
Member Organizations
Federal Republic of Germany German Research Association
tirgentina National Academy of Exact, Physical, and
� Natural Sciences
National.Council for Scientific and Technical
Research
Belgium Royal Academy of Science, Letters, and Fine
Arts of Belgium
Cameroon National Bureau af Scientific and Technical
, Research (ONAREST) -
Canada The Royal Society of Canada
Chile Academy of Sciences
Colombia Colombian French for Scientific ResearcY~
(COLCIENCIAS)
Congo . General Secretariat for Scientific Research
Costa Rica National Council for Scientific and Techno- -
logical Research
Korea, Republic of National Academy of Sciences
Ivory Coast Scientific Association of Ivory Coast
Denmark Royal Danish Scientific Society
Egypt Academy of Scientific Research and Technology
United States American Academy of Arts and Sciences
National Academy of Sciences
Finland Finnish Scientific Society
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France Bureau of Overseas Scientific and Technical
Research (ORSTOM)
Ghana Council for Scientific and Industrial~Research
- Guyana National Science Research Council
India lndian National Science Academy
- Indonesia Lembaga Limu.Pengetahuan Indonesia
Iran University of Tehran -
Israel The Israel Natianal Academy of Sciences
and Humanities ~
Japan Japanese National Liaison Committee for the
IFS
Kenya Kenya National Academy for Advancement of .
Arts and Sciences ~
Kuwait Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research
Liberia University of Liberia , ~
= Nepal . National Council for Science and Technolc~gy
' Niger University of Niamey (replacing the former
National Council for Scientific and Technical ~
Research). ~
_ Nigeria National Science and Technology Development -
Agency
Norway Norwegian Academy of Sciences '
_ Uganda National Research Council
Pakistan National Science Council
Netherlands Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences =
Peru National Research Council
Philippines Sciences Foundation.of the Philippines ,
United Kingdom The Royal ~ociety '
Senegal . General Delegation for Scientific and
~ Technical Research
Sudan ~ ~ National Council for Research ~ -
Sri Lanka National Science Council of Sri Lanka
_ Sweden Academy of Technical Sciences
Royal Academy of Sciences
Switzerland Swiss National Fund for Scientific Research
- Tanzania Tanzania National Scientific Research Council
Thailand National Council for Scientific Research
COPYRIGHT: D.G.R.S.T., Paris, 1979 ~ .
11,706
CSO: 3102 ,
. ~ 18 ~ '
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INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
P
EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY'S RESEARCH PLANS OUTLINED
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 20,Oct 79 p 52
- [Text] A new European space research program orfented towards knowledge -
- of the earth has just been agreed upon by the Council of the European Space ~
Agency (ESA) meeting in ~aris on 10 and 11 October. Eight ESA member
states: U. K., Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland, Sp~in,
Belgium.and Ireland approved this new program and committed themselves -
_ to its financing; the program will be defined at the next Council of ESA
_ whic~ will take place on 27 and 28 November 1979. ~ao countries abatained
(France and Sweden) and one resigned (Italy). It is in fact an optional
program where each member state is free to participate or not.
This new European space program was launched to "fill a great gap in the ac- ~
tivities of ESA and to allow Europe to play its role in the world orchestra-
tion," which pr~sently ~~a~plements the world research program in climate
(adopted by the Geneva world conference in February 1979), the work of
UNESCO (a follow up on the international symposium in Paris, April 1979),
the work of the European Council (seminar on research on the forecast of -
. earthquakes) and the proposals of EEC (in discussion).
The ob~ective o� the new ESA program is "the understanding of the overall
behavior of the complex formed by solid EarCh, the cryosphere, the atmos-
phere and the ocearts and in particular the interactions between these dif- ~
ferent components." ~
This European program of "understariding of the Earth" is therefore by its
very nature multidiscipli.nary. It equally concerns climatology (radia-
tion balance of earth and clouds, atmosphere, oceans interactions, verti-
cal structure of the troposphere, etc). and glaciology (seismic fore- -
_ casts, structure of the crust and mantle,,tectonic plates etc). But ESA
draws attention to the fact that the ,justification of this program is not
only scientific; the ultimate goal, insis.ts the agency, is the "forecast" `
- whose human and economic benefits ~ustify a European initiative.
The program will. be conducted in two stages comprising a permanent element
and specific projects. ESA proposed to establish first "a permanent an-
nual outlay of about 3 millions of counting units which constitutes the
lg
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permanent element of the program whoae ob~ective will be esaenti-
ally to carry out "the complex of necessary studies and pro~ects to bring
a pro3ect to a state of detailed definition" (result of a competitive indus-
trial phase B). This part of the program will also permit to carry out
certain teehnological developments or critical components or of new aen-
sors and to do terrestrial testa, ~complements~y to space explorations.
ESA plana the start of this preliminary etage for January 1980.
Then, on the basis of studies thus carried out, ESA foresees the possibility
of undertaking one or several specific pro~ects comprising either tests
put on board the oribital laboratory "Spacelab" (orbited by the American _
~ "Space Shuttle") or satellites specializing in.one or several of the dis-
ciplines concerned. The Agency thus considers it "reasonable" to envisage
_ a ccmpetitive phase B for the detailed planning of a satellite pro~ect
every 1.5 to 2 years and a"phase B study for an experiment on board the
Spacelab every 3 or 4 years."
COPYRIGHT: Air & Cosmos, Paris, 1979 ~
8696 -
CSO: 3102 END
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