JPRS ID: 8995 WORLDWIDE REPORT NUCLEAR DEVELOPMENT AND PROLIFERATION

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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~4 MRRCH 1980 CFOUO 3r80) 1 aF 1
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- JPRS L/8995 -
24 Marcn 1980
~IV orldwic~e Re ort
p
NUCL~A~R DEVELOPMENT AND PROLIFERATION
CFGUO 3/SO)
FBI~ FOREiGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVIC~
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JPRS L/8995
24 March 1.980
- WORLDWIDE REPORT
NUCLEAR DEVELOPMENT AND PROLIFERATION ~
(FOUO 3/80)
CONTENTS PAGE
LATIN AMERICA
INTER-AMERICAN AFFA.IRS
- Implementation of Nuclear ~,'nergy Accord Between Cuba-Mexico
(PRELA, 24 Jan 80) 1
WEST EUROPE
- Ft~NCP
Nuclear Ener~y Policy, Programs; Planned, Existing Installations
(Kai Krueger; STF~tN, 15 Nov 79) 3
. Antinuclear Protests Rampant at Proposed Plogoff Si.te
(Sylvie 0'Dy; L'EXPRESS, 2-8 Feb 80) 12
ITALY
Radiation Hazards Posed by U.S. Nuclear Ba.se in La Maddalena
(Gino Zasso; CORRIERE DELLA SERA, 31 Jan 80) 1~+
Interview With Ippolito on Nuclear Energy Problem
(Felice Ippolito Interview; L'EUROPEO, 31 Jan 80) 16
- a - [IIT - WW - 141 FOUO]
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STATINTEL
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STATINTEL

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COUNTRY SECTION FRANCF
NUCLEAR ENERGY POLICY, PROGRAMS; PLANNED, EXISTING INSTALLATIONS -
Hamburg STERN in German 15 Nov 79 pp 30-38
[Report by Kai Krueger] -
[Text] For Dr August Wilhelm Eitz, head of the Rhine-Westphalian Electricity
Works, Inc. (RWE) in Essen, France is "a dream landscape." And this has
nothing to do with the castles on the Loire and the pastel-colored hills in
Provence. Rather, it is because of the reactor spheres and the gigantic
' cooling towers which are rising up along the Loire and Rhone Rivers and
will soon be doing so all over France.
At present, the French are putting the gigantic sum of over DM100 billion
into atomic industry. The nuclear managers on the other side of the Rhine
do not appear to be concerned by the fa;;t that here in the FRG, as everywhere
in the West, the atomic in~dustry is stagnating, and that recently even in -
the East it is running into criticism, and that after the menacing nuclear
catastrophe in Harrisburg further constrLCtion of nuclear plants has been
stopped for the present in the United States. The fact that the U.S. Atomic
Energy Commis~ion has now summoned the nuclear engineers to a conference
dealing with the r.eliability of emergency cooling systems is obviously of
interest in France ~nly to opponents of nuclear energy.
France has likewise invested DM100 billion in uranium mines, nuclear fuel -
factories, atomic power plants and long-distance transmission lines. In
12 years approximately 70 nuclear power plants are supposed to insure that
almost only atomic curreut flows out of our neighbors' electric ~utlets.
A dozen reactors are already in operation there. Some 40 others are in series
production. Construction of the other 30 is in preparation, including 6 of
the particularly controversial fast breeder type. And right off with an -
~ autput of 1,800 MW--unprecedented for atomic power plants. -
Over DM200 billion for France~s atomic industry. By way of comparison:
in the FRG so far a total of about DM50 billion have been invested and bud-
geted by state and industry. The planned fast breeder in Kalkar on the -
lower Rhine (327 MW) is being v~gorously contested in this country. And -
not only for reasans of safety. SPD and FDP politicians, who basically
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are not opponents of nuclear power, are shying away from the breeder which
will force entry into the tull "plutonium industry." Because without
reprocessing and the further use of the plutonium "produced by breeding"
this type of reactor would make no sense economically.
Obviously this fear does not exist in France. There the atomic train has
departed. It is an express,that stops nowhere and continuously gives
itself momentum. For over DM200 billion in barely 20 years create facts
whicli cannot be undone again. .The reason is primarily because France's _
- ~~tomic industry makes almost everything itself and now entire branches of
~ industry depend extensively on nuclear energy: our neighbor has become _
- the first atomic state on earth.
France, in contrast to the FRG, has large uranium deposits in its own country--
about 95,000 tons. And in contrast to all other industrial states France
is aiming at an energy industry with a self-contained nuclear fuel cycle:
the uranium extracted in the mine is enriched domestically, "burned" in
the reactor and recovered from the atomic waste in reprocessing plants "
(together with the plutonium which was produced) and is then fed back into -
the reactor. Today the cycle is complete in France.
The atomic program was initiated in 1945 by Charles de Gaulle when he was
still head of the provisional postwar government in France. He called
into being the "Commissariat a 1'Energie Atomique" (CEA) [Commission for
Atomic Energy] 8 weeks after President Harry Truman of the United States
had proclaimed: "The atomic age will be an American age."
The idea of American superiority was just as unbearable for de Gaulle as
- the idea of new superiority by Germany. In 1960 the CEA gave the people
in Gaul their first atomic bomb, Since then it has been ~lelivering atomic
weapons for France's force de frappe.
In 1963 the French built the first commercial reactor at Chinon on the
� Loire. For 10 years it pr~vided electricity. The CEA has developed _
various types of reactor.s culminating in the fast breeder whose prototype
"Phenix" has been in operation for 6 years at Marcoule on the Rhone. ~
Of course, in the first 3 years of operation it had to be shut down for =
a total of 1 year because of repeated leaks and fires in the sodium cooling
system which is subject to explosions.
The larger "Super-Phenix" is under construction at Creys-Malville in the
- vicinity of the Swiss bnrder. It was here at the end of July 1977 that ,
about 4,000 heavily armed police brutally crushed the demonstration
by 30,000 opponents of nuclear power, including also many Germans.
A demonstrator died here, police and demonstrators lost hands or feet
_ here from exploding tear gas grenades. Since then there have been hardly
any big antinuclear power demonstrations in France. The pro~ected eosts
of the 1,200 MW "Super-Phenix" have doubled to DM4 billion just in this
year alone. But the gigantic "Hyper-Phenix" with 1,800 MW is already
being planned.
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- Since then the CEA has become a Conglomerate with 30,000 staff employees
and 50 subsidiaries and is a state within ~i etate which always needs new
= fodder.
~ Its life blood, uranium, is a metal that does not occur in the pure state
in nature. It is extracted from rock, where for the most part it is
pr~sent only in two or three parts per million.
Uranium ore is mined by the open-cast method and underground. The latter is
~ a dangerous job not only because of the--relatively weak--radiation from the
rock. Uranium ores give off the radioactive gas radon, which accumulates
~ in the shaft installations in the underground mines and can cause lung cancer.
It is viewed as a scientific fact that uranium miners have a four to six ~
times greater risk of getting cancer.
In order to be used as a nuclear fuel uranium must be converted in chemical
plants into powdery, liquid or gaseous compounds. The most important step
on the road to a fuel element is enrichment. For uranium contains only 0.7
percent of the fissionable isotope U 235. The rest is nonfissionable U 238.
- For fuel elements the U 235 content must be enriched from 0.7 to about
3 percent so that the chain reaction in nuclear fission can Cake place in
~ the reactors which are on the market today.
To this end, the uranium in a gaseous compound is forced through porous
' filtering tubes. France has built a gigantic industrial complex for this
costly enrichment at Pierrelatte on the lower Rhone; the complex extends
for kilometers along a side canal.
At present a new facrory is coming into being there at a cost of about DM10
billion; Italy, Belgium, Spain--and up to now als~ Iran--are involved in
it. The new construction complex will contain 1,400.batteries that are as
high as houses with a total of 130 million filtering tubes. The power
of three nuclear power plants is required to operate the compressors
with whose help the gaseous uranium compound is forced through the tubes at
120 km per hour. Together with a fourth plant, which serves as a reserve,
- they are already in existence at the works site.
It is a vicious circle: The perfect atomic industry continuossly requires
more energy, atomic energy, in order to keep the "system of the future" in
operation. This kind of growth also includes the fact that in France, when
the current atomic program is realized, 12 of the total of 70 reactars pl~nned
- will be operating only to meet the needs of the nuclear energy induatry
itself. And, of course, for the nuclear fuel industry and to cover trans-
mission losses from transporting current over long distances. And in France
these are especially long because, mostly for political reasons, saveral
nuclear power plants (as a rule four) are built at one site. That aimplifies
- the matter of safety zones and surveillance and avoids conflicta with local
opponents of nuclear power when searching for new construction sitea.
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After the enricliment plant at Pierreblatte has reached full capaci~y in 5
years, France will coc~trol over one-third of the world's enrichment
capacity. To date the United State has dominated this market 90 percen~.
Since Pierrelatte is booked salid until 1990, by the FRG among others,
ar~ther enrichment plant of similar size is already being planned. -
A blemish in t}ie rapidly expanding industrial complex: with its four
reactors it is located on the lower Rhone precisely at the place where there
had been strong earthquakes in 1773, 1873 and 1934. French vulcanologist
Haroun Tazieff thinks ~hat new strong earthquakes are possible at any time.
Since France's nu~lear power plants are designed only for quakes of average
- strength, the French energy commission CEA must play down the risk. The
CEA maintains that so far the quakes have not been strong ones and it dis-
- putes any possibility that there could be stronger quakes along the Rhone.
ThE fact that downstream near Aix-en-Provence 5,000 people fell victim to
an earthc~uake in 1227 is ignored.
The French are in the lead even in the ar~a of the controversial and dangerous
reprocessing of burned out fuel elements. In a reprocessing plant tbe fuel
elements and tl~e remaining uranium are dissolveci in caustic boiling nitric
acid. The process of chemical decomposition produces fission products _
which are no longer usable and which, as highly active waste, are fused
in glass. New fuel elements are made irom the unused uranium and the -
plutonium which was produced in the reactor.
47i~ile the United States for the present has renounced reprocessing for -
� civilian purposes and the pJ.anned construction of a German plant at Gorleben
was called off, the French offer reprocessing capacities which they do not _
even have yet.
, Five years ago in their reprocessing center in La Hague on the Atlantic
they put into operation a station for light water fuel elements. Since then
1,500 tons are supposed to have been processed, yet because of breakdowr.o'
and contamination it has been only '_^v~ tons so far. By next year the annual
capacity is to be raised to 800 tons. -
Waste disposal agreements between COGEMA, which operat~s La Hauge, a CEA
- subsidiary, and German atomic cur~ent producers have b~en kept secret up
till now. Furthermore, COGEMA ref uses *o allow members of the Bundestag's
committee for the interior in Bonn a look into the agreements which continue
to bring in DM2.5 billion for the French and which until now were
_ acknowledged by Bonn as proof of waste disposal whenever the issue of
licensing a new reactor came up.
According to STERN's information, the decisive clause reads as follows:
- "In the event reprocessing...of radioactive residues is not possible, the -
agreement...w.!11 be changed so as to require COGEMA to provide storage."
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And up to tne end of 1995, at that. Then the German client must take his
fuel rods back,�lnprocesced. That is the sum total of the proof of waste
disposal on which Bonn has thus far been relying.
- Yet the French have obligated themselves in this unbinding manner to -
process uranium in almost all of western Eur,ope and even Japan. In the
- process, the French will urgently need reprocessing for themselves in the
future--for their ambitious fast bxeeder program and entry into the
_ plutonium industry.
No less grand are the dealings by the French with their atomic waste. What-
ever radiates just a bit and accumul.ates in the region of the Atlantic
coast, they simpl.y dump into the sea. Together with the English they sink
_ entire shiploads of atomic waste drums 1,000 kilometers off the coast.
An open gravel pit in the nearby hills is used to store the slightly active
residu~s from the Pierrelatte industrial center. It is secured only
with a screen wire fence and a~adlock and ostensibly stores only very
harmless wastes.
Environmentalists have put geiger counters against the drums and taken
pi~tures of how the counters respond, Commentary by the industry is that -
- "the environmentalists previously contaminated the drums themselves." A
suit agaii~st person or persons unknown was re~ected by the court because of
a technical defect.
Tt~e French are using a small concrete hall with 10-m deep holes in the ground
to store the highly active waste; there are research programs in progress
worldwide which deal with wast,e disposal in salt domes deep down in the
earth, in granite or in permanent ice. A concrete floor wi~h st2e1 covers -
_ over the holes shields the waste which will radiate for thousands af years
and a blower constantly pumps air into the heated up storage rooms. When
the hall is full, they will build on to it.
All the V.I.P.'s in business are involved in the French atomic industry.
The leading conglomerates in machine construction (Empain-Schneider),
aluminiim (Pechiney-Ug~.ne-Kuhlmann), chemistry (Rhone-Poulenc), electrical
equipment (Societe Generale d'Electricite) together with banks, insurance
_ companies and the state company CEA and the state power supply company
"Electricite de France" (Ed F; 100,000 staff employees) make up a powerful
- atomic cartell.
- Thus, the,atomic felt of the companies also functions so we11 because a
large share of economic leaders and high state officials come from the same
school, the ENA--Ecole Nationale d~Administration [National School of -
= AdministrationJ. The so-called "Enarques" [graduates of the ENA] are the -
secret rulers in France. They go back and forth between state service and
private industry, which accounts for the above-average harmony and inter-
twinement betw2en France's industry and administration, between capital and
- state.
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No one exemplifies this better than ENA model pupil and national president
_ Valery Giscard d'Estaing. His cousin, Francois Giscard, directs France's ~
- f~~reiKn trnde hfink Fi8 well ~s El "fin~ncin~; company for induetry and export,"
whicli nre both vlq~rc~uyly invo.lved in financing nu~�1~~;~r ~~c~wrr pl.~nls. Cc~uein
Jacques is on the board of directors of Framatome (reactor canstruction)
Technicatome (reactor planning) and Eurodif (uranium enrichment) and sits
in the boss's chair at Somair (France's l.argest uranium rnine abroad) and,
as finance director, is on the board of the CEA. And Uncle Valery deter-
mines the policy guidelines.
This policy also includes guaranteeing the uranium supply. With its 95,000
tons of uranium reserves at home, France ranks seventh worldwide. But given
the present planning that would last for only about 10 years. Thus, France
is already importing about half of its uranium requiremznts and before long
intends to increase the share of imports to two-thirds. ' ~
Most of it is to come in the future from Africa's "regions which promise
to be rich in uranium" where geologists figure on up to 4.4 million tons of
uranium reserves--more than in the United States, currently the richest
_ country in the world in terms of uranium.
'I'his al.so acco~mts for France's strong interest in Africa, to which, as a
former colonia.l power, it was tied through tradition anyway.
Thus, the French supported Bocassa, the central-African killer emperor,
actually not because they especially liked him. And they overthrew him
also not only because of his atrocities. Paris wanted order and peace in
Central Africa--16,000 tons of uranium reserves are located there. Thus,
in the past 2 years Frenc~ paratroopers twice crushed uprisings against
dictator Mobutu in Zaire's Shaba cooper province. The copper belt of the =
former Belgian colony has not only copper, but also uranium. And a dictator .
- who is well-intentioned toward France is more acceptable than a leftist
_ revolutionary government. Because of this Mobutu then also gained from
- President Giscard's state visit, gifts of millions for magnificent buildings
and weapons deliveries.
In Chad, where 2,500 French soldiers are stationed, uranium deposits were
recently discovered in the northern part of the country. More than 13,000
soldiers and many "military advisors" are distributed among the African
garrisons of Djibuti, Reunion, Mayotte, Gabon, the Ivory Coast and Senegal
- and other countries on the black continent.
And because P~tris readily agrees to the desires for weapons by its African
friends, hardly any black politician is offended by the fact that France is
also South Africa's most important supplier of weapons. The hated apartheid
regime is equipped with French rockets, speedboats, helicopters, tanks and
jet fighters. France has delivered two nuclear power plants to South ~
Africa and in return may count on extensive uranium deliveries.
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,
France's largest supplier or uranium is Niger~a. In 1974 the leftist
opposition there forced President Diori Hamani to negotiate new uranium
exploitation agreements. According to these Paris would have had to pay
mining rent that was four times greater, But a few hours before signing
th~ r~greements ther.e was n putsch--and in desparately poor Nigeria the
old conditions of delivery remained in effect and a new friendship developed.
Kountie, Hamani's successor, is a graduate of the general staff school in
- Paris.
The atomic state also has a thorough grasp on things at home. Ever since
the big rally by opponents of nuclear power at the cons~ruction site of
the Super-Phenix breeder at Malville was smashed 2 years ago in a bloody
manner by the police, there has been relative quiet at the front. In the
country today there is no longer any opposition to the atomic industry worth
mention. Many communities enjoy the warm shower of taxes which, at a site
- with four nuclear power plants, annually brings in between DM1 and 1 1/2
million for the villages roundabout and the government district. On the
average t~?is is twice to three times the communities' revenues. -
And so there are only isolated actions. Every now and then a transmission
' tower was blown up. And at the Nogent-sur-Seine construction site opponents
. of the atom locked both guards into their construction shed, destroyed
cranes, compressors and.a truck and burned up all the written documente
that they could find.
At Bordeaux the antinukes swiped the publicly displayed book containing the _
documents on the planning of a power plant there. In Brittany again they
stole the key to city hall from the mayor in or3er to obstruct the public
display of planning for a nuclear power plant. Whereupon the prefect had
the plan displayed in a rented housetrailer across the street from city
hall, which resulted in a tractor blockade of the access roads. -
Anyway the atomic state need have no fear of opposition from the press. For
it is dominated by the conservative Hersant concern which is supportive of
the industry. Even in the opinion of a parliamentary commission France's
radio and television journalists are more on the order of reporters at -
Court.
Even the courts cause no difficulties. Objections are possibl~ only Uecause
of technical defects, but not against the substance of a licensing procedure.
For reactors are always built in the public interest. Of course, that
has to be established every time by a hearing. But for that purpose it is
sufficient if only a handful of citizens is in favor of the reactor.
But n~w the first causes for concern were the cracks which were recently -
_ discovered in importanL steel parts af the French standard reactors, and
in fact in three different reactors a*, the same time. They are cold crack,. ~
which had developed during welding. The cracks are, of course, only 2 cm
long and scarcely 1 cm deep. That is not much for the 25-50 cm thick flanged
sockets and tube plates of cast steel where they were fosnd. Because the
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cracks are located under a protective layer of stainless steel they can only
- be located and welded if the reactor parts are disassembled. However, since
, these components are exposed to acidic water and strong stresses the _
danger does exist that they will get deeper.
Although experts and union membera gave warning of this, the electric
company and officials decided to put the new reactor blocks at the Gravelines
= and Tricastin sites into operation without examining them in advance for
crack formations.
KEY: 1. Nuclear power plant in operation
B = fast breeder
2. Nuclear power plant under construction or planned
3. Uranium and fuel element industry
4. Supplying industry
5. Uranium mines
6. Atomic waste
Photo Caption
From Mine to Waste: France the Ato~ric State
With its uranium mines, enrichment plants, nuclear power plants and two
reprocessing plants, France, as an atomic state, has established a complete
fuel cycle. At present 12 nuclear power plants are in operation, primarily
on large rivers. The enrichment plants are grouped around the atomic -
center Pierrelatte in the south. The Cap de la Hague reprocessing plant is
in the northwest on the Atlantic; it functions as a hugh garbage can for
radioactive effluents and wastes.
COPYRIGHT: 1979 Gruner + Jahr AG & Co.
12124
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COUNTRY SECTION FRANCE
ANTINUCLEAR PROTESTS RAMPANT AT PROPOSED PLOGOFF SITE
Paris L'EXPRESS in French 2-8 Feb 80 p 75 `
[Article by Sylvie 0'Dy] -
[Text] "If you accept nuclear power, get your coffin ready." These words
stand out starkly, black on white, in front of the mayor's office. For a
week, the fever has risen in Plogoff. Plogoff, which is at the tip of Raz, _
the last village of Finisters before France plunges into the sea. Plogoff,
which since 1974, has said "no" to the plan to install a nuclear powerplant. -
Wednesday, the inhabitants gathered at the mayor's office to burn the public
utility study dossier which was sent by the public authorities. Thurdday,
state of siege: in Plogoff, battered by the winds, a squad of mabile gendarmes
guards *wo small vans in which the prefect, wrongheadedly and in epite of _
everyone, is having the infamous dosaiers transported, thus transforming
the~e vans into "annexes of the mayor's office." The people closed off the
roads. At 0400 hours, behind armored vehicles, the forces of order attempted
to clear the way in the light of powerful spotlights.
Tear gas against a rain of stones: the confrontations injure some of the `
= demonstrators. During the day, several thousands of persons toolt part in a
protest demonstration in Plogoff. The towns on Cape Sizun went into mourr~ing.
Schools and businesses closed their doors. ~
Makeshift Barricades
Opposition to nuclear power over the years has taken root in these Bretons
of Raz point. Opposition which is all the more controversial because their
elected officials--deputy, councilors general, municipal councilors--have
_ come out in favor of the project. Jean-Marie Kerloch, the mayor, a retired
seaman, said: "At the EDF [French Electric CompanyJ they thought they had
worn us down. But they forgot that these people here are stubborn." So
stubborn that in 1976, when the national company wanted to conduct atudies on
the site of the furure powerplant, the inhabitants threw up barriers on the
three roads leading into the area. For 3 days and 3 nights, they kept watch
at their makeshift barricades. The EDF agents departed. At the end~~it was
felt that they would not return. The dream is ended.
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~ Ttiis time the "enemy" has arrived in force for the public utility study, -
~ the first stage in the powerplant installation procedure. The mayors of
the four towns concerned: Plogoff, Cleden-Cap-Sizun, Primelin and Goulien, _
- want no part of it and have closed their offices. This made it necessary
Eor the prefect's representative on the night of 22 to 23 January, flanked
hy moh[1.e fiendnrmes, to come to the town ~t U400 hours to post noL-:Lces on
tt~e closed shutters of the Plogoff mayor's office. With the women at the
head of the formation, everyone waited. There was Annie, presidenr of the
Fight Committee, Therese, Fifinne, Marguerite and others. Suddenly, the
~ clash.
; "You would have thought it was a war," said Therese, her head capped by a -
~ blue bonnet. "Imagine being caught in this rattrap with helmeted and armed -
men all around..."
"There Is Too Much To Do"
~
The men of Plogotf go to sea. In the Navy [Royale], like Ferdinand, age 68,
- "an anarchist and revolutionary today thanks to the EDF," in the merchant
~ marine or as ocean fishermen. It is the women, aided by the retired men, -
who are steering the antinuclear ship.
~ Since 23 January, Plogoff has spoken of nothing but the powerplant. "We
~ drink nuclear at every meal," grumbled a 60-year old man, a pillar of the
committee. "What is more," Therese added, "I no longer prepare meals for
j my men. There is too much to do!" The women have set up an anti-invader
~~ommittee. But they have turned their backs on violence. "Not me! I will ~
h,-~ve my rifle," one seaman shouts before adding: "We are in total war. We
will do what the Corsicans did." Bluff? A pretty young woman silently ~ -
observes the old seamen, with their caps on their heads, who mutter warlike
imprecations. With her craftsman husband, 5 years ago she had a house built
~ in Plogoff to live peacefully. She trembles. Opposite her windows one day
perhaps there will be the wire fences of the powerplant.
' On the site coveted by the EDF (90 hectares of land between Feunteun Aod and
~ Porz Lobous, on a point in the sea) there is a sheep pen. Built last summer,
~ it will have its first sheep and shepherd this Sunday. The EDF has yet to =
, buy any land, and some owners have elected to establish an agricultural land
~ ~ group to rework the land which has been abandoned to the gorse.
~ However, these are plans for tomorrow. T,day, Plogoff is mobilizing to stop
: the EDF inachine; did not candidate Giscard d'L~taing in 1974 promise that
nuclear powerplants would not be imposed upon the people?
~
The people of this area feel that all of the notables have "abandoned" them.
~
; Shut up on their peninsula, they intend to fight. And Jean-Marie Kerloch, a
roly-poly man, shakes his flabby chin and says gravely: "We have always
~ refused. I would like for the public authorities to be reasonable and leave
Plogoff alone. I do not want any deaths in town." Stubborn? In Plogoff, the
, � atom still has not conquered the West.
COPYRIGHT: J.~f ~U .~z. Gr. oupe Fxpress
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ITALY
. I
I
- RADIATION HAZARDS POSED BY U.S. NUCLEAR BASE IN LA MADDALENA I
Milan CORRIERE DELLA SERA in Italian 31 Jan 80 p 23
[Article by Gino Zasso:_ "Controversy in La Maddalena on Escape of Radiation
E~om U.S. Nuclear Submarin~s Redkindled"]
~
['L'ext] La Maddalena (Sassari)-=~The GILMORE, the tender for U.S. Navy
nuclear-powered submarines on station in the~Mediterranean, has been moored
at Santo Stefano wharf in the Maddalena Archipelago since 1972, and since then
a controversy has been raging, sometimes subdued an3 sometimes violent.
'There have been sometimes heated discussions on Arnerican occupancy of the
island as a possible dan~er to the populace of northern Sardinia from leaks
e~E radicttion fr~m the ship or from the submarines that periodically moor ~
there to complete operations that are always carried out in secrecy--a "top
secr~et" classification is standard in these cases. Periodically, and almost
predictably, the controversy has become more violent in conjunction with
special everits such as when the Environmental Group reported an increase in
the amount of radioactivity in the waters of the ~�~ccni~~lago, when a nuclear
submarine ran aground while steaming submerged of~ Cagliari, when some CNEN
[National Nuclear Energy Commission] personnel identified Costa Smeralda as
~ the possible epicenter of possible leaks of cobalt b0, or when some children
were born with skull malformations.
The one lighting the powder this time is a town councillor from La Maddalena,
belonging to a party called the MSI [Italian Social Movement], which in this
cont'ext cannot be suspected of distorting certain facts for political purposes.
Inde;ed, in a letter addressed to the mayor, MSI member Bardanzellu writes,
verbatim, "At the U.S. base of Santo Stafano, and not just at Santo Stefano,
the radioactivity control apparatus war.ning li~hts have been illuminated -
more than once." The wr;iter, who claims he does not want to create an alarm,
reveals how "the disks of personnel of a foreign firm that furnishes electric -
power have not been replaced. Those disks reveal radioactivity in the area, ,
and the same personnel have heard reports about the examinations of the old
disks sent long ago to the laboratori~~~ assigned to analyze them."
.
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According to rumors heard in Italian Navy circles, the warni~~g lights of the
monitor~ng systems actually did light up, but the phenomenon was attributed _
to a clrol: in voltage in the electric line. However, if this is true, the
fact would 5ti11 be serious in that it shows how the systems for warning
of excessive radioactivity are not sufficiently reliable.
In any caje, upon receiving the letter from the town councillor, the mayor -
oC La Maddalena immediately requested clarifications regarding the matter
Erom the naval headquarters in Sardinia, the military authority having
jurisdiction.
In the rneantime the presence of American military personnel on Maddalena ~
island seems destined to increase; in the earl_y spring the GILMORE will return
to the United States to make way for another nuclear submarine tender, the
_ OItTON, of heavier tonnage. With that ship, new contingents of marines will
arrive on the island.
In ord~er to house their families while awaiting the completion of the
construction of the "American village" in the northern part of La Maddal=na
(the work authorication was issued by the Office of Ancient Monuments and
Buildings of Sassari on condition that the firm that is to build around
� 200 .living quarters restore the typical Mediterranean flora already partially
despoiled in the area), the U.S, command has already leased 700 bedrooms in
huge hotel complex in the vicinity of Santa Teresa di Gallura.
C()1'Y It"[C~11'I' : 1980 Editoriale del CORRIERE DELLA SERA s, a. s.
7428
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ITALY
INTLRVIL'W WITH IPPULITO ON NUCLEAR ENERGY PROBLEM
Milan L'EUROPEO in Italian 31 Jan 80 pp 26-27 -
~Interview with Prof Felice Ippolito, former CNEN chairman, by Salvatore Rea:
"If the Light Goes Out, Ca11 Giscard"; date and place not given~
~Text~ The long "drawing-room polemics," as Minister Andreatta has termed
them, against the construction of nuclear power plants have already achieved
a concrete result. "Within a very few years," says Prof Felice Ippolito,
former chairman of the CNEN ~National Nuclear Energy Commission~ and member
of the E~aropean Parliament,"�in order tu keep our industry going we shall be
_ I-orced to purchase electrical power from France, which has recently inaugurated
5 new nuclear power plants and is scheduled to build 32 others. Fortunately,
t}ie ~overnment has finally approved the ENEL ~National Electric Power Agency~
~~lan, which calls for the construction of a few power plants."
[Qu~~Stiun~ However, the rebions have reserved the right to approve the
locat;iun c~C the nuclear power plants. And with;this reservation, Professor,
do you not think we shall remain a long time at the same point we were 10
years ago?
~Answer~ No, I believe we have made some progress. The regions stated that
they had not had any way to examine the "site map" prepared by ENEL. How-
ever, they advised that they have nothing against ENEL's initiating those
site studies inunediately. This will enable us to gain a little time while
awaiting an answer from the regions.
~Qaestion~ How much time is required to build a nuclear power plant?
~Answer~ Including the site study, about 10 years. The Caorso plant took
a little longer.
~Question~ Then we are seriously behind with respect to our needs?
- [Answer~ Certainly; our delay is very serious. Aside from the plant located
_ in Montalto di Castro, which might start up before 1990, the power plants now
under discussion will not be operational.:before 1990 or 1992. Worse yet: the
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nuclcar power plant program is carried out step by step, because the nuclear
industry is not capable of buildinfi them all simultaneously. For example,
two puwer plants are to be set up in 1980, two others in 1981, and so on,
~Question~ And thus, to have about 20 power plants in operation we shall
liavc ~o wait until thc year 200C?
_ ~Answer) Gxactly; provided we succeed in beginning this year.
~Qucstion~ Meanwhile, where shall we get the power necessary to avoid a
paralysis in our industrial production and a subsequent massive drop in
employment?
~Answer~ In the interim period we must carry out a very serious energy-saving
poJ.icy not enforced by decree laws alone, although these may be necessary.
tiowever, it takes time to put such a policy into effect. T',erefore, we shall _
be Laced with an extremely dismal period from an energy standpoint. Methane
L-rom Algeria will arrive in Italy between 1981 and 1982 and with this it will
be possible to achievE a buffer program. That is, it would be possible to
build turbogas power plants using methane while awaiting the start-up of
our Lirst nuclear power plants in 1990 and 1992. At that time the turbogas
plants would be put in reserve and the methane diverted to other activities.
In ttiis way we would partially compensate for our lack of electrical power.
~Question~ You say "partially." And when shall we get the rest?
~Answer~ We shall purchase the rest from Fiance. However, it is incredibly
~bs~ird tu purchase electrical power from French nuclear power plants instead
ot building our r~wn. This is where polemics and indecision have brought us.
In 1990 we shall have to purchase 30 percent of our electrical ener~y needs
From France; we shall be able to obtain another 30 percent by using Algerian
' methane in turbogas power plants. In practice, we sha11 be at the mercy of
countries which, as friendly as they may be, could grab us by the throat at
a particular moment.
~Qucsrion~ How safe are the nuclear power plants we shall eventually build?
~Answer~ The conclusive report recently given Minister of Industry Bisaglia
~ by the committee oP experts he had appointed and of which I am a member,
asserts that safety standards adopted by Italy are certainly among the best
in the world and, in some instances, superior to those of the United States.
Naturally, we have taken into consideration the high risk of nuclear power
plant activity; but we have also stressed that this is the unly high-risk
activity in Italy subject to control. All other high-risk activities, from
hydroelectric power plants (let us recall the Vajont) to the chemical industry,
to the steel industry, to coal-fired electric power plants (does no one thinlc
about those who have died in the mining industry?), are not subject to any
control. Does not radioactivity from coal-fired power plants worry our
ecologists? In nuclear power plants there must be a serious accident to
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- causc radiation to escape, but this did not happen even at the Three Mile
- Island plant in the United States. On the other hand, coal sends a high
percentage of radioactivity into the atmosphere. Criticisms are all directed
toward nuclear energy because, through gross ignorance, it is considered that
a nticlcar power plant is like an atomic bomb. This is colossal nonsense.
[Question) Will the conference to be held in Venice on 25 February clear the
air on this point?
~Answer) l. am sure of it. liowever, the speeches at tlie Venice conterence
stioulcl be limited to the experts. In Venice we should dis~uss only the
degrce of safety achieved by nuclear power plants and not ENEL's energy plan.
'i'herefore, I hope certain panels and comrades will not ~e permitted to take
part in the conference. We have no time to lose; we are already at the
scheduled blackouts. If we lose more time, we shall arrive at almost a -
total blackout. Which also means general unemployment.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Rizzoli Editore
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