JPRS ID: 9042 LATIN AMERICA REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200070035-4
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 40
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 35
• Content Type: REPORTS

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- JPRS L/9042
18 April 1980
- Laton America Re ort
~
cFOUO siso~
FBIS FpREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATIO~N SERVICE
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JPR5 L/9042
18 April 1980
LATIN AMERICA REPORT
~ (F.OUO 8/80)
_ CONTENTS PAGE
INTII3-AMERICAN AF'FAIRS
Salvadoran Youth Delegation in Cuba Denouttces Repression
(PRELA, 29 Mar 80) 1
Latin American Organizations Voice Solidarity With Selvadorans
- (PRELA, 5 Apr 80) 2
CUBA
U. S. Tbreat to Latin America, Caribbean Scored ~
(Ivonne Pastor Parra; PRELA,22 Mar 80~ 3
Havena Says Carter "Reviving Military Adventurism'
_ (Pedro Atienza Simarro; PREI,A�26 Msx 80) 5
'PRELA' 16~~1SSed EeT'C~y ~Co S~'1fi~ga,]. Ne~id M~~'ti~l~
- (PRELA, 30 Mar 80) 7
'VERDE OLIVO' Publishes Police Records of Six Ref~gees
(PRE~LA, 10 Apr 80) 8
II, SALVADOR
Exclusive 'PRELA' Intervie~,r With 5elva,doran Archbishop Romero
(Arnulfo Romero .Interv~~w; i'RELA~ . 27 Mar 8~0) . . . . . . . . 9
State~ents by Archbishop Romero Revealed
(Mario Menendez; PRELA~ 2 Anr 80)~~ 16
Second 'PRELA' Interview With FARN~s Jqvel
(Ernesto Jovel Interview; PRELA,~25 Mar gp)~,,,~~~~~~. 19
a- [ I I I - LA - 14 4 FOUO )
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CONTII~ITS ( Cont inue d )
HONDURAS
060S Further Discusaes Corruptioa Within Armed Forces
, (aregorio Selser; PRELA~ Apr 80)..........~......... 24
NICARAGUA
Country Tending Towe.rd Dictatorship
(CAIrIDIO 16, 9 Mar 80)....o 28
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INT'ER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS
SALVADORAN YOUTH DELEGATION IN CUBA DENOUNCFS REPRESSION
PA300303 Havana PRELA in 3panish 1845 GMT 29 Mar 80 PA
- [Text] Aavana, 29 Mar (PL)--A delegati~n of young members of the Salvadoran -
Revolutionary Coordinating Board of the Maeaea hac denounced here the re-
- preesion of the Salvadoran people b3* the faecist dictatorahip with U.S.
Government aupport.
The delegation is in Cuba at the invitation of the Union of Young Co~uniate
to visit varioue historical aites and to participate in eeveral events of
solidarity with the Salv.adoran people in their atruggle against the ruling
civilian-military regime.
According to the Coordinating Board membera, the country is in the midet
of a political and socioeconomic crisis of such proportions, that the num- ~
ber of mass crimes, to~tures and massacree in cities and rural areaa is -
continually on the rise.
An example of this, they stressed, is the recent killing of Salvsdoran
Archbiehop Oecar Arnulfo Romero, with the complicity and support of the -
United Statee.
- According to the youths, the government's international campaign to clistort
the ob~ectives of the liberation movement led by the Revolut~onary Coordi-
nating Board ia another attempt to curb the Salvadoran people'e revolution-
arq struggle.
This campaign, they explained, seeks to make world public opinion believe
that the struggle is between the country's leftiat and rightiet sectore.
The truth is that after 50 years of dictatorahip, the government is totally
corrupt and has practically reached a dead end, they etated.
The Salvadoran youths also charged that over 6,000 mercenaries are being
trained in Guatemala, with the advise of U.S. officials, allegedly to
eafeguard the Salvadoran Government's interesta.
As vanguard of the Salvadoran atruggle, the Revolutionary Coordinating Board
truste in the people's support in oxder to overthrow the dictatorship, the -
- youthe said in conclus3.on.
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- INTER-AMERICAN AFFAIRS
LATIN AI~:RICAN ORGANI2ATIONS ~IOICE SOLIDARITY WITH SALVADORA.NS -
PA060357 Havana PRELA in Spaniah 2330 GMT 5 Apr 80 PA -
[T~xt] Havana, S Apr (PL)--Several Latin American organizations here
have expreased their repudiation of the represaion suffe~ed by the
Salvadoran people and demanded a halt to U.S. intervention in that
countrq.
The Latin American studente of the "Lazaro Pena" Schoo~ o~ Labor Union
Cadres urged all progresaive and democratic governmente to break rela-
tions with the Salvadoran Government ~unta. They also e~rged its crimea
- be revealed at all international forums.
The document [as received; say~ the murder of Archbishop Oscar Arnulf~ ,
- Romero reveals the deceit in the campaign for the de~ense of human ,
righta organized iz ~Tashington, che main defender of Salvador3n reac- -
tionariea. ~
Meanwhile Volodia Teitelb~im, member of the Chil.ean Communist Party
Political Commieaion, has said the aituation in E1 Salvador is a lesson
for those Latin American sectors ~rho sttll hope for changes in thie
- continent based on Washington's good will. AZ1 this, they said, was _
revealed by the failure of the reformist formula implemented in E1
Salvador by the United States. In ax~ inteYView for Radio Havana Cuba, '
Teitelboim added that Che situation in E1 Salvador is unmiaCakable
evidence that Central America lives atop an erupting vo~cano, and that
the Latin American peoples carry the love of freedom in their veins~.
Felipe Cirino speaking for the Puerto Rican Socialist Party C~ntral '
- Commi.z~a~ qaid a committee to aupport the Salvadoran people's revolu- ~
tionary etruggle �ad been created in l~is countrq. Cirino said a revo-
lutionary situation existg in E1 Salvador which ca~n only conclude in ,
~ the moat abaolute people's victory. The Puerto Rican leader condemned
the constant massaares committed by the 3alvadoran ~unta.
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- CUBA
~
U.S. TAREAT TO LATIN AMLRICA, CARIBBEAN SCORED
PA221628 Aavana PRELA in English 1555 GMT 22 Mar 80 PA
_ [Commentary by Ivonne Pastor Parra: "Threat to Caribbean and Latin America"]
[TextJ [No dateline given] The atepping up of the United States military
expansion in tha Caribbeaa and Latin America forme part of the "Carter
doctrine" aimed at favoring and reinforcing military dictatorehipe and
stabilizing.prog~essive govertimente in the region.
Within this context stand out, among others, the vieite of U.S. military
representaCives to Bolivia, Brazil, Dominican Republic and Martinique, as
- well as the tour by a delegation of the Inter-A~merican Defenee College
, (IDC) of several Latin American countries.
At the same time, the U.S. Government is intervening in the domeetic affaira
of the Salvadoran people and ia stepping up ita economic and military aid
to the military junta of thae Central American country under the pretext of
- it being a precaution against E1 Salvador becoming "a second Nicaragua."
For hie part, the Cormnander of the Revolution Daniel Ortega, member of the
GovernmenC of National Recon~truction of Nicaragua, denounced recently the I
, deatabilf$ation campai~n which the United States Central Intelligence Agency
(CIA) ie promoting ~gainet his country, Jamaica and Grenada. Ortega said
~ that the CIA actiona are simed at overthrowing the govermaent of Michael
Manley in Jamaica, drowning the revolution in Grenada, ~nd strangling
Nicaragua ecoaomically.
Meanwhile, the United States presidential advf~er for national security
affaire, Zbigniew Brzezinski eaid recently that if a problem ehould arise
in any other area of the world, the United States would arrogate the right
to chose the most couvenient way to respond to thie action. Waohington
observers inferred that Brzezineki was referring to Cuba and on that occa-
sion, ae the president of the Councile of State and Ministera of Cuba and
president of the movement of non-aligned countries, Fidel Castro, recalled,
no repreaentative of the U.S. Government denied this atatement which con-
stituted a clear threat against the Cuban people.
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Other saurcea recall that the United Stateax at the very moment when the
aixth eummit conference of the non-aligned movement was being held in
Havana, launched a vaet propagaa~da campaign on the alleged presence af
Soviet eombat unite in Cuba. Thie wae ueed, they add, by the U.S. Preaident
Jamee Carter to juetify the po+icy of ho~tility towarde Cuba and that coun-
try'e interventioniat meaeuree in the Caribbean and Latin America.
_ The meaeurea decreed by Carter included the creation of a ffiilitary command
for the Caribbean, based in Key West, Florida, 90 milee from the Cuban
coast and the ataging of a troop landing by 2,000 U.S. Marines in Guantanamo,
Cuban territory occupied illegally by the United States. The U.S. President
ordered the renewal of spy flights over Cuba at the eame time as a eeries
of military maneuvera were held by the United States and member countriea
of NATO, meaeures which were repudiated by progresaive Caribbean and Latin
American governmenta and rated as political adventurism.
Meanwhile, the U.S. journalist Jack Anderson, affirmed, in his column in
the daily "The Washington Post", that the United States would atep up even
more its vigilance over Cuba. Cuba, 90 miles from the Florida coast, hae
- become, in the minda of the U.S. espionage coc~unity, which the CIA forms
part of, an area which merits concentrated and extensive vigilance, Anderson
eaid.
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CUBA
HAVANA SAYS CARTER 'REVIVING MILITARY ADVENTURISM'
PA261259 Havana PRELA in English 1230 GMT 26 Mar 80 PA
[Article by Pedro Atienza Simarso]
[Text] The flight of the ex-shah of Iran from Panama, plotted by the United
Statea and carried out with ite decieive sid, constitutes new proof of
- President Jamea Carter's deliberate intention of halting detente and reviv-
ing military adventuriem.
Waehington has ahown no intereat in concealing ita complicity in the flight.
Oa the contrarq, ehortly after the U.S. DC-8 military plane had taken uff
from Panama for Egypt, the President's chief adviser, Zbigniew Brzezineki,
and Presidential Secretary Jody Powell hastened to admit to the preae the
~ White Houae's participation in the preparation and organization of the flight.
Even the U.S. ne~a agencies, when informing from Lisbon that the Portugueee
Gover~:n~z~?~ announced that it had autharized the l~nding of the plane "for
hwnanitarian reason~ and with the Jemand that it would not atay longer than
the time necessary for ite refuelling," uaderlined that "U.S. troopa ata-
tioned in the Azorea guarded the plane while functionaries from the base
boarded the plane."
In the light cf the analysis of this fact, the same as of important evemts
relaeed. to Iranian-U.S. relations, the conclueion can be arrived at that
Preaident James Carter, driven by hia re-election plans and his commitment
to the U.S. industrial-military complex, when not finding a pretext for
stirring up the policy of the eo-called "cold war," invente or provokes
them.
_ There is no doubt that, when at the beginning of l~st November they allowed
the ex-ahah to enter the iJnited States, Carter lcaew very well that that
, decieion was going to provoke the justified indignation and wrath of the
people and the authorities of Iran. It was later confirmed from Tehran
that Washington had even been given a warning.
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= But Carter waited--ae rightly happened--for the Iranian reaction to give _
him an opportunity to use hie demagogy for electoral purposes and as a
pretext for deploying in the Arabian gulf, main source of oil suppliea,
the largest war fleet ever concentrated there, and to raise war hyeteria
to the maximum.
Nei.ther can it now be ignored�:that when organizing the flight of the ex- ~
ahah right when Iran was going to present to the Panamanian Government the
demand for his extradition gnd documente testifying to his crimes and abuses,
the sharpening of that juatified indignation and explicable wrath is being _
provoked once again.
But Carter demonstrates with that fact that he is prepared to go to any
lengths to prevent, if his protege ehould be tried, the United States com-
plicity in the monatrous crimea and abuses which he cou~itted fram being
- made public.
The President of the United States, since las~ November 4 when the Iranian
students occupied tihe U.S. Embaesy 'a Tehran, has been epeculating dems-
gogically with the fate of the hoetrges which are being held there.
Sometimes, like a thunderous god, he has demanded with rantings and ravings
- that they must be released, which hae stopped the undiscerning from seeing -
= that those words were a pretext for assembling, seriously threatening peace, _
an extremely powerful fleet, a huge number of troops and the most up-to-date
equipment and aruiaments in one of the hottest epote in the world.
- On other occasions, without abandoning the military path, but alwaya wrapped ~
in an alleged re-election cloak, he has spoken hyp�critically of a"display .
of patience," of his preoccupation with the fate of the hostages." [quota- ~
tion marks as received]
When provoking repeatedly and deliberately the indignation and wrath of '
the Iranian people and government, has Carter demonstrated that he ia "dis-
playing patience? Is he thus fulfilling his promiae to alwaps keep in mind .
the U.S. hoatagea."
But what ia moat serious and dangeroua is not that the President of th~ ~
- United Statea has made evident that, with the aim of attaining his electoral ,
aims and serving the interests of the industrial-military compleMr he is
interested in the fate of his 49 fellow Americans. What is more serious,
what must put on the alert all lovera of peace, is that he has demonstrated ;
ance again, that to attain those ends, he is playing dangerously with the
future of humanity, whose fate is also involved in that adventurous warlike
provocation. ~ -
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- CUBA
' PRELA' REFUSED ENTRY TO SE:dEGAL NL'G~S MEETING
PA310058 Havana PRELA in Spanieh 1743 GMT 30 Mar 80 PA
[Text] Parie, 30 M,ar (PL)--The Senegalese Governmeat oppoeed the partici-
pation of a PRENSA LATINA representative in a seminar on the new interna-
tional informatioa syetem ro begin on Monday at the Senegaleae capital.
The meeting ie being promoted bq the Laval Univeraity of Canada, the Paa-
afxican Information Agency established in Dakar and the Dakar University
Center for the Studq of the Sci.ence and Technoiogy of Information.
The Senegaleee interior minister, without any further explanation, informed -
Roger de la Garde of the Laval Univeraity of his refusal to allow the entry
_ into Senegal og a gRENSA LATINA repreaentative, ae well ae a repreaentative
, of the International Organizatioa of Journalista ~IOJ].
The Latin American news agency and the IOJ have attended many meetinga held
throughout the world to discuas the need to decolouialize information ser-
vicea and to proteat the existing imbalance in the newa contenta of the
information tr8asmitted by large transnational agencies to and from develop-
ing countriea.
Newapaper circles here said the Senegalese refusal, which plaree some of
the meeting's organizera in a difficult position, was cauaed by the well-
kaown Senegalese oppcsition t.o criticism of the great tra8national newe
agenciea.
The Senegalese Government's attitude has been reflected in Che varioue
debatee held at UNLSCO on the new international information order. Thia
UN organization, together with the nonalined country m~vement, ia making
great efforte to balance the disaemination of information in the world.
. The Dakar meeting agenda also includes the analyeis of the difficultiea
coafronted by developiug countries in organizing national newa agencies
and the social, political, economic and technological limitationa.
PRENSA LATINA had been imiited by the Laval University of Quebec, Bo that
ite repreeentative could speak on the contenta of information, a matter
that would neceesarily involve the right of peoplee to dieaeminate and re-
- ceive information in a balanced and objective manner. �
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CUBA
~ '
~ 1r,:~.r
VERDE OLIVO , PJ,j$~,ISHES POLICE RECORDS OF SIX REFUGELS
.
PA100144 Havana PRELA in Spanish 0030 GMT 10 Apr 80 PA
, [Text] Havana, 9 Apr (PL)--The magazine VERDE OLI?VO t.~Pday publishes the _
police r~ecords of six pereons who on 1 April forced their way into the
Peruvian Embasay and provoYed the death of soidi~r Pedro Ortiz Cabrera.
- The publication notes that incidents such as that, previously reported by
th~ Cuban Government, have recently taken place under the acquiesence of
several governments, particularly Peru and Venezuela.
"In every case, the promoters (of the eatry by force in the embassy of these
two countries) are peraona with bad social conduct, moat of them puniahed
for crnnmon crimes," the magazine adds.
The pexmissive attitude, it states, of these governments has allowed anti-
social elementa to successfully violate diplomatic i~unity.
The pereona ~*r.omptly admitted by the Peruvian authorities are:
Radamez de ia Caridad Gomez Fuentes: Linked to antisocial el.emente.
Francisco Raul Diaz Molina: Puniahed in 1975 for theft and later for un- -
_ disciplinary behavior at work. -
Hect~r Damian Sanyuatiz: Puniehed for theft and marihuana traffickinge
Expe~led from his job for theft and the sale of stolen goods.
Maria Antunio Martinez Gonzalez: Punished for theft and forging of documents.
Arturo Quevedo Martinez: Engaged in selling articles and clothes of unknown
origin.
Lazaro Vega Martinez (son of Maria Antonio): Desp3te his 12 years of age,
- he was linked to antisocial elements and delinquents.
VERDE OLIVO claime that such individuals are excluded from the right of
aiplomatic asylum anywhere in the world.
The people of Cuba, it adds, re3ect these incidents where the life of a ,
- � young man witt~ good human and revolutionary qualities wae enuffe~ out. -
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~ EL SALVADOR
EXCLUSIVE 'PRELA' INTERVIEW WITH SALVADORADI ARCHBISHOP ROMERO
PA280155 Havana PRELA in Spaniah 0040 GMT 27 Mar 80 PA
[IntErview with Salvadoran Archbish~p Arnulfo Romero.for PRENSA LATINA by
Mario Menendez Rodriguez: "Salvadoran Archbishop Arnulfo Romero Accuses the
- Oligarchy of Being the Co~mmon Enemy of the People"]
[Text] San Salvador, 15 Feb--"Chriat3ans are (?not) afraid to fight. They
know how to fight but they prefer to speak the language of peace. However,
when a dictatorship makes a serious attack on human rights and the common -
good o� the nation, when it becomes unbearab?e and the route to dialog, ra-
tionality and understanding ie closed, when this happens, then the church
_ speaks of the legitimate right to insurrectional violznce," Dr Oecar Arnulfo -
- Romero, archbiahop of San Salvadox for the past 2 yeara, said during an
exclueive interview with PRENSA LATINA.
Deeply worried about the unabated spiraling violence, the spiritual guide of
Salvadoran Cathoiics said "The common enemy of our people is the oligarchq--
that is, the 14 families--which is becoming ever more insatiable and to which
I cry out: 'Open your hands full of rings becauae a time will come when
- they will cut off your hands."'
A man of his people, simple and modest~ Monsignor Romero unreservedly defended
the interesta of the dispossessed whom he urged to organize themaelvea bet-
ter "to atruggle effectively for a genuine society with social ~ustice and
freedom." His words are also like an implacable whip which hits not only
those who monopolize wealth and oppoae atruceural change but aleo the mili-
tary elite who fiave turned the immenae wealth of 14 familiea into a national
aecurity isaue and inetitutionalized the inaecurity of the ma~ority. _
- Archbiehop Romero, 62, has turned Sunday mass at the cathedral in San Salvador -
_ into an obligatory focus of political attention for the faithful, the national
and international press and,.of course, for thoae who never go to it but al-
ways find out.the content of his messages, those reaponsible for violence.
Thus murders, kidnapings, arbitrary imprisonmente, torture, terrorist activ-
ities, anything detrimental to human dignity happening during the week is
denounced bq this Catholic Church aware that change will be made with or
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without it but that by its very nature it must be committed with the Salva-
doran people. It interprr_-ts and accompanies them in their efforte to
achieve socis~ liberation.
That "voi~:e of thoae who have no voice" is heard clearly and it is to the
~oint: it accuses criminal~,b~ thei,r name and surname and from the pulpit -
of the cathedral Monsignor Romero recently demand~d the resignation of none
other than Col Jose Guillermo Garcia, the key man in the first military 3unt~
and the current one and its minister of defense and public security.
~ue to his "upright evangelical stand,"~the archbfehop of San Salvador has
not eacaped the viciousnesa of the extreme rightwing even though up to now
he has been able to eacape death. In fact, he has been attacked several
times. He refera to those attacks as "crowns of thorns which are sometimes
_ very hard" but he prefers not to talk about them because "it is the duty of
the church to be with the poor with whom it muat maintain solidarity even in -
their riaks and in their destiny to be persecuted. The church must be ready _
to give the maximum testimony of love for defending and promoting those whom
Jesus preferentially loved."
A prie&t for 38 yeare, Msgr Oscar Arnulfo Romero in the past few days re-
- ceived two European awards which are a telling token of international soli-
darity with his work as a"column of truth" in a nation where a corrupt
press has forced the people to air their views by means of atones and on the
walls of houses and public office buildings. Furthernwre,,the ob~ective of
the occupation of churches and embassies--and some kidnapings--is none other
than to draw international attention to the Salvadoran drama.
~ In his residence at the Divine Providence Cancer Hospital, far from his
nati.ve Ciudad Barrios, a town in eastern San Miguel Department, Archbishop
Romero made an exception and held an exclusive interview with us. Here is
the gist of it:
[Queation] What do you think is the cause of violence in E1 Salvador?
[Answer] "The cause of all our ills is the oligarchy, that small number of
familiea who don't care about the hunger of the people but need them to have _
- a lot of cheap 3.abor available to collect and export their crops...national
and international industries base their competition on the international
market and their hunger wages and thia explains their firm oppoaition to
any type of reforms or union organizations that seek to improve the standard
of living of the people...the oligarchy won't have peasant or labor union-
- ism because it considers that dangerous to its economic interests and repres-
sion against the people has become for that group of families a kind of need
to maintain and increase their profit margin even at the expen~e of the grow-
- ing poverty of the working classes... Now then, the absolutiat nature of
wealth and ownership entails absolute political, economic and aocial power
without which it is not possible to retain its privileges even at the ex-
pense of human dignity itself. That is the root of represaive violence in
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our country and in the final analysie it is the main cause of our economic,
poZitical and social underdevelopment.... The armed for~es are in charge of
watching over the intereate of the oligarchy, of watching o~rer the economic
- and political etructure with the pretext that it ie the national intereat
and national eecurity. Anyone who dieagrees with the state ie declared.$n
- enemy of the nation and the moet heinoue activitiae are ~uetified ae a re-
quirement of national aecurity...everything serves the intereste of the oli-
garchy, an omnipotent oligarchy which feels total contempt for the people
and their righta...thus the intereste ~nd profit of a few becomea an ab-
solute, That absolute becomes a. myth as if the regime af national security--
which seeks to protect itaelf 'with a sub~ective Christian vow'--w~~e= the
only or the best 'defender of Chrietian civilization' and 'the democrat3c
ideals of the West.' The noble function of the armed forces has been twisted.
Inetead of serving the real, genuine national intereets, it hae become the
gusrdian o� the intereate of the oligarchy, thus fomenting its own economic
and ideological corruption. The same thing has happeaed with the security
corps which instead of guarding over civil order are represeing those who
oppose the oligarchy...."
[Question] Msgr Romero, what is your opinion of the Pr,ople's Revolutionary
Bloc, the 28 February Peoples Leagues, the United Pogslar Action Front, the
Nationalist Democratic Union Party and ofiher mass organizatione, which cer-
tainly talk about you with great respect and praise your work as head of the
church? ~
[Anawer] I am glad that all thoae organizations which are aincerely seeking _
a transformati~n of our society and ~uat relaCiona recognize the aincerit}~
with which I try to aerve my dioceae. When repressic~n againsC those organi-
zations has been most violent, it is then I have stood for them. In my
- third pastoral letter l defended the right to organize and I promiAed on
the gospel to support their ~ust demands and to denounc~ any attempt to de-
_ etroy them. Now more than ever I believe in mass organizations as things
stand in our country now: I believe that the Salvadoran people must organ-
ize, because mass organizations are the social forcea which are going to pueh, _
to ~xert pressure, to obtain 4 society in which aocial ~ustice and freedom
are genuinely repreaented. One must organize to carry out an efficient
struggle. I have also been sincere urith the mass organizations and that is
a mission af the church: to point out possible miatakes and in3uaticea. And
I do, because it is neceasary for the liberation process. Social force for
the goad of the people cannot and should not deatroy its purpose. Fanaticiam
_ and sectarianiam which prevents the establiahment of a dialog and alliances
must be prevented. My role in politics is that of a pastor, to guide, to
point out more efficient ob~ectives. Because I sympathize with mass organ-
izationa I feel great satisfaction at their apirit of unity which has already
been put intn practice. We must all trq to work for our common good. _
[Question] Monsignor Romero, the ma~ority of the population in E1 Salvador
is Catholic, nevertheless, priests who are promoting man's total freedom are
kidnaped, tortured and murdered. We have among othera, the case of the
- prieata Grande, Barrera Mato, Navarro Oeiedo, Octavio Ortiz. What is your
_ opinion about this?
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[Anawer] Yee, there is a big contradiction. I have thought about it often
- and I have reached the ~conclusion that the situation of social in~uatice is
so aer{ous, it hae reached such a point, that faith has been dietorted. It '
hae be~n made into a crime in order to defend economic interesta, material
intereste. Now, if we have a etate of pervereion to the extent that prieete
are tortured and murdered, ae you have pointed out, theee actions have been
carried out against thpse who comm3;tted themselves to the liberation af the
Salvadoran people. Therefore, the explanatiori is~bbvious;. thpse prieats were
demanding a change, they were promoting it and were organizing workers and
peasants, but the oligarchy is opposed to any type of transformation, to
all erganizations and does not want to hear the words agrarian reform nor
anything which modifies in the least the present situation. Their wealth,
their properties and ideas are and represent the nation. Therefore, it is -
~ something which concerns E1 Salvador's aecurity and anything that threatena
� this security must be eliminated. The prieats whom you mentioned, "were
attempting to change E1 Salvador's social etructure." This made them sub-
veraive and communiet elements and as auch they were persecuted and murdered.
Those priests who aerve as examples, worthy of all respect and admiration, -
were the victims of those trying to maintain an unjuat order. This ia be-
cause Barrera Mato, Rutilio Grande, Navarro Oviedo, Ortiz and others were
looking far ahead. They clearly understood the situation and realized t.hat
_ the oligarchy ia our peopl~'8 co~on enemy. ~or thia reason they were ha~ed
- and persecuted to death by the oligarchy and by the guardians of their
wealth.
~ [Question] In your opinion, what is going to be the role of the church in
- the liberation process of the Salvadoran people? .
[Answer] In the first place, the church must identify itself with these
problems and genuinely face a situation of falsehood and lack of sincerity,
in which truth is sub~ected to the interests of wealth and power. It is neces-
sary to denounce in~ustice and serve only the truth.., We must denounce the
exploitation of man by ma.n, discrimination, violence imposed by man againat
- the people, their spirit, their conscience and beliefs. We muat promote
the total liberatior_ of man. We muet carry out the atructural changes and ~
aupport the people in their atruggle for their l~beration. It is the duty
- of a genuine church to be with the poor, to support them even at its own risk
and be willing to give the utmost testimony of love to defend and help those
whom Jesus loved with preference.
[QuestionJ On nany occasions you have referred to the work that Christian
communities are carrying out in E1 Salvador. However, leaders of these or-
ganizations, such as Apolinario Serrano and Felipe de Jesus Chacon, father
of the People's Revolutionary Bloc general secretariat, were brutally mur-
dered; the akin of their faces peeled off, their eyes pulled out and their
- tongues cut. The same has happened to catechists and missionaries. They
were men of peace and were acting according with guidelinea established by
the church. Then I must ask, Monsignor Romero, what alternative there is .
for the people who are being murdered by using peaceful means in their search ~
for social ~ustice?
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(Anewer] I appreciate very much the fact that you have mentioned thoee namea,
because they were very dear to me: Felipe de Jesus Chacon and Polin, the
name we used to call Apolinario. I have really cried for them and for many
other catechiete who worked in our communitiea, who were truly Christians.
One :~f them who was murdered in Aguilaree, they used to call the man of the
goepa;l. The fact is that a church that ia deeply committed muet aseume
Pfl'itical responsibilities resulting in conflicts as ie the case in our caun-
try, in which social in~ustice prevails. The same happened to the priests
we mentioned before. These men were basically gaod, beloved by the people.
Theae were men who put their fingere on the sore of aocial in~uatice. These
were men who defended man's dignity, and that of the peasants, workers and
_ all those who had been disposseesed by the oligarchy. These were men who
organized the people and helped them in their organizations because it is -
fundamental to carry out an efficient struggle. The service they rendered
hae no price. For this reason they were murdered by the oligarchy aupported _
by soldiere, policemen, national guardsmen and paramilitarq ganga. These
crimea are evidence of the extent of perversion that the worehipp~rs of the
i.nsatiable Moloch have reached. Thie has aleo been denounced in the Popu-
- lorum Progresaio. The Chri.atiana are not afraid of combat. They know how -
to fight, but they prefer the language of ~eace. However, when a dictator-
ahip seriously threatens human rights and the common welfare of a nstion,
_ when it becames unbearable and all possibilities for a dialog, understand-
ing and reasoning are closed, when thie occurs, then the church re~ers to ,
- the legitimate right of inaurrectional violence. It is not up to the -
church to determine when all channels for a dialog have been closed nor the
time to atart an insurrection. As for the oligarchy, I am asking at the top
of my voice: Open your handa, give away your ringa, becauae the time wi11 -
come when your hands will be cut off.
[Question] Christ~?as and New Years Eve were tragic in E1 Salvador. Hundreda
of people were murdered, victims of the repressive corps. It seems as if
their sadiatic minds had chosen those dates to bring sorrow to more Salvadoran
' homes. The newapapers and radio stations--except fox some exceptions that
confirm the rule--lied about the events and diatorted reality. They also
revealed a degree of corruption that ie hard to eurpase. Moneignor Romero,
what ehould be, in your opinion, the role of the prese?
- [Answer] Yes. The corruption of the press is part of our sad reality. It
reveals its complicity with the oligarchy...the preas ehould be a vehicle
for reporting the truth...its miasion consists of preaching the truzh....
Unfortunatelq, as you put it, the exact opposite is occurring here: News
_ is manipulated; serious cases which compromise the oligarchy are covered up;
news related to repression is diatorted and :he victim is depicted a8 the
culprit; photographs are doctored and compositions are mounted to deceive
readers...one need not say more. Truth is fiidden, not reported in E1
Salvador...I have denounced the fact many times...I have atreased that the
press should be an instrument at the service of the people, helping to trRns-
form society..what a great power is ~aasted and placed at the aervi~e of op-
pression and repression!
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[Question] A few days ago Salvador Samayoa, who served as education minister -
during the ecant 2 months the firet government ~unta wae in power, outlined =
the real reaeona for his resignation. He warned that E1 Salvador's probleme =
could not be eolved through peaceful means and announced that he was ~oining
the Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces. What do you think. Moneignor
Romaro, about Samayoa'e decieion?
[Answer] In these caees, more than anything, I respect the decision a man ~
adopts and more so if the pereon is as intelligent as Samayoa is. I am -
sure he obeyed the mandate of his conscience. M~oreover, every conacience
_ is ~aorthy of reapect and God will ~udge us according to each one's con-
acience, according to our conscience.... Now then, as a pastor of the church, "
- I cannot advise anyone to chooae the path of violence...however, the lesson
Samayoa has given us is that of stating, once more, that the true culprits
of the violence in our country are the families which form the oligarchy
and that those who are closing the door to a peaceful solution of problems
are those who idolize wealth...Samayoa's resignation is a grave denunciation.
It is an accusation flf great current intereat and it ahould be an invitation
to the people to reflect.... .
[Question] Monsignor Romero, as the archbiahop of San 5alvador, do you have
a chance to talk with the high military commanda?
[Answer] `~ea. I always uae the same language: I tell the truth and provide '
orientation under the framework of my pastoral mission...I am in favor of -
anything that can help the p~ople and if it is said that there is a conflict .
between the gover~ent and my archdiocese the assertion is wrong, because
what actually exists is a conflict between the government and the people,
and the church is always on the side of the people...the oligarchy and the -
military elite neither want nor are the~ prepared for dialog....
[Question] What future do you foreaee for the present government of military- -
men and Christian Democrats?
[AnswerJ Rather than give an opinion, I prefer to wait for the language of
deeds...changes are urgently required...the people are no longer willing to
wait...they feel fruatrated and disillusioned and do not believe in promises
or harbor any hop~s...^onsequently, the changes must be spectacular, I .
would say....
~
[Question] During mq tour of the country, I gathered the impression that a
civil war is underway in El Salvador; that it is leas informal and inter- ,
mitted each day and that it is an increasingly ruthleas war without quarter. '
What is your opinion in that connection? -
~
[AnswerJ I am alarmed at the aituation. However, the oligarchy's atruggle
to defen3 the indefensible has no future, and much less if one takes into
consideration the fighting spirit of our people~ The forces at the service
of the oligarchy may achieve victory, but it would be a passing one. Our
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people's cry for ~ustice would be heard again, and, sooner or later, they ~
would overcome. The new aociety ie coming, and at a faet pace...the peace
- of the cemeteriee ie a consequenca: rather, it is due to the fact that there
are only dead people in the tomba. [aentence as received] That type of
peace cannot be achieved bq the oligarchp in face of a people like the
Salvadoran people.
[Question] Will you be on the aide of the people in that war, Monsignor
Romero? -
[Anewer] That ia my intention and I ask God to help me be atrong enough be- ~
cauae I fear the weakneas of ths flesh...we all feel afratd during difficult
- timea. The conservation instinct is very atrong and I ask for help for that -
reaeon...not only help for myself but for all of us who are carrying out
thie pastoral work. I ask that al~ of us remain at our poste becguse we have
much to do, even if it is only to pick up the dead and give abaolution to
the dying...the fire of eocial ~ustice wfll always burn ia the hearta of the '
Salvadoran people....
CSO: 3010 -
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~ EL SALVADOR
STATEMENTS BY ARCHBISHOP ROMERO REVEALED
PA020304 Havana PRELA in Spanish 0034 GMT 2 Apr 80 PA ~
' [Article by Mario Menendez]
_ [Text] [no dateline] "Only crimes can be expected from the Salvadoran
- military hierarchy.... Yes, it is sad, but nothing good can come from
military officers like Col Jose Guiolermo Garcia. They are faithful
servants of the oligarchy and bitter eiiem3es of the Salvadoran people.... -
They are arrogant and, confidentially, I can say this because, as a
mediator in an attempt to resolve the government crisis, I was a witness '
' to lamentable scenes inside the seminary of San Jose de La Montana, acenes
in which the colonels demonstrated their profound scorn for the civilian
members of the first government ~unta and the cabinet and humiliated them. ~
- For this reason I understand, I comp.rehend and I consider ~ustified taking
- the path of arms to solve the problems afflicting this country. However,
~ you must understand that as a pastor and head of the Catholic Church, I '
cannot be the leader of the people on the path of revolutionary violence..."
Msgr Oscar Arnulto Romero told PRENSA LATINA this in confidence during
his only, and lamentably 1ast, exclus3ve interv3ew as Archbishop of
San Salvador.
The spiritual guide of the Salvadoran Catholics and now martyr of the true
church made this~confidential statement to a11ow the newsmen to form the
most complete idea possible of what the Salvadoran military hierarchy is
like--brutal, bloody, stupid, insolent, rapacious and at the same time
servile. Yes, their doglike devotion to the 14 fam3lies and to imperialism
is interesting, and they demonstrated this aga3n on Palm 5unday when their
genocidal bullets interrupted Monsignor Romero's funeral, killing over ,
_ 100 parishioners and in~uring a large number of the 300,000 persons, who '
were not even allowed to accompany the extraordinary vicar of Christ to ~
his final resting place.
Monsignor Romero was referring to the events that took place at a meeting
on 2 January at which he presided and that was held at the request of the
civilian members of the ahort-lived government ;ahich emerged after the ~
military uprising that overthrew Gen Carlos Humberto Romero. The presence
of colonels Jose Guillermo Garcia, Ja3me Abdu1 Gutierrez and Adolfo Arnoldo
Ma~ano had been required at that meeting.
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The newsman complied with the commitment made at La Divina Providencia
Cancer Hoapital, but today, after the barbarous crime, he considers it
necessary to reveal the statements made by Monsignor Romero, which point
with tonguea of flame at the executioners of the Salvadoran people.
During the meeting at the San Joae De La Montana seminary, Education
Miniater Salvador Samyoa demanded that the colonels take an unequivocal
stand--"either with the people or with the ollgarchy."
Maj [as received] Adolfo Arnoldo Ma~ano, a command and staff college
graduate who did higher studies at the School of the Americas in the
Panama Canal Zone and who in 1978 attended the 31st special Yuang Peng
Courae on Taiwan,.where he also studied other subjects related to national -
security, iannediately gave vent to the insolence of the typical Central
American m3.litary officer. He saida "Just a moment... We are neither
with the Feople nor with the oligarchy, because the enemy is to be found
in many places... He is in those so-called popular organizations. Moreover,
you [civilians] are to blame for this crisis..."
Samayoa stood up, then Col Joae Guillermo Garcia, mi.nister of defer:ise and
public security and a known collaborator with the CIA and the Pentagon, -
rebuked the former professor of philosophy at the Central AmQrican
Catholic University. He said: "Who da you people think you are? Never ~
- forget tr.at you are seated in the government because we put you there, and -
that you remain there also thanks to us. We do not n~ed you to do what
- must be don~ in the country..~"
Samayoa left the seminary. Up to that date, he had been minister of educa-
tion but less than 1 week later, on 8 January, he announced that he had
chosPn the path of armed struggle and had ~oined the Farabundo Marti
Popular Liberation Forces. -
"I believe," he told PRENSA LATINA when asked the reasons for his decision,
"that the determining factor was my haeing realtzed so clearly that the
Salvadocan army is firmly co~itted to defending the interests of the
oligarchic power and that it defends those interests with weapons in hand..."
Dr Guillermo Manuel Ungo, secretary general of the Social Democratic
National Revolutionary Movement, and RAman Mayorga Quiros, an engineer
and former rector of the Central American Catholic University, who firmly
opposed military repression of the people, were "disregarded" by colonels
Garcia, Gutierre~ and Ma~ano. ~
The Archbishop of San Salvador, whose participation was requested, was not
~ even noticed. Moreover, he was discreetly warned not to continue "along
~ political paths." There the meeting.ended.
Then, from the Cathedral of San Salvador, Msgr Oscar Arnulfo Romero publicly
demanded the resignation of Col Jose Gu311ermo Garcia, but the defense and
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public security Aiinister anewered with the cynic3em characteristic of
the faecist criminals: "The armed forces have not seked this o� me and
the game ia too difficult for me to get out."
Some weeke later, se he was esying a masa for those fallen during the
represaion, the archbiahop was brutally assassinated. The night of
Saint Bartholemew grew darker.... The beasts are on the looae in
E1 Salvador.
~ CSO: 3010
'
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EL SALVADOR
SECOND ' PRELp ~ INTERVIEi,d G,RTH FAR~J' S JOVEL
PA300121 flavana PRELA in Spanish 1731 G'MT 25 Mar 80 PA
[Second interview with Secretary General of the Armed Forces of National
Reaiatance Ernesto Jovel by PRELA Correspondent Mario *ienendez Rodriguez) -
[Text] "Every effort was made to find an economic an~ political solution
to the national crisis. We have tried a11 means of avoiding bloodshed
in the country, but the Salvadoran people have been denied institutional
means and methods and its patience is ex~aueted...we ~ave been forced
to paes to the higher stage af the armed atruggle and we are prepared -
for massive encounters," top leader of the Nat3onal Resistance Ernesto
Jovel said.
"At this moment, a ca11 to general rebellion would i~ediately incorporate
100,000 Salvadorans into combat and this figure wi11 be tripled in the
following days," Ferman Cienfuegos, second in co~and of the political-
military organization said.
Meanwhile, many U.S. officers, assigned to the country's main arary posts,
train Salvadoran reactionary forces in operat3ons which have a clear-cut
and precise purpose: the elimination of the populat3on in peasant
comnnunities orgaaized by the people's revolutionary b1oc, the 28 February
People's Leagues, the Nationalist Democratic Union and the United Popular
- Action Front.
Precisely as part of this "war of extermination" the ax-nned forces engineer-
ing instruction center at Zacatecoluca, La Paz Department, in the middle
- part of E1 Salvador, has been tuxned, by U.S. trainers, into a strategic
base with helicopters, tanks and armor of various kinds, heavy artillery,
and special troops. Not long ago these troops razed Suchitoto cantons
and broad areas in Chalatenango, San Vicente and Co~utepeque as well as
others. Incendiary i~~mbE, deadly chemicals and machinegunnings have caused
hundreds of dead and wounded.
This was the way in which the United States began its intervention in the
Vietnam war in Southeast Asia.
It is no secret that the Guatemalan Government, army and extreme right para-
military hordes actively aupport their Salvadoran colleagues.
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_ In Guatemala, turned by the United States and Israel into a counterrevolu-
tionary baee in Central America, are located the main logistic supgort, "
trafning and deployment of inercenaries bases to fight the Salvadoran
peoplee' movement.
Former Somozist national g~ard:members, AYnericane~ Cuban counterrevolu- '
tionaries and members o� tl~-~~,~is~.,~ti~onaliat democratic organizations
are trained in counterinsurgency combat b}`sp~c~3;a11sts from the United
States, Israel and the old and corrupt [word indistfnct].
The Israeli industrial-military complex and the Israeli aircraft industries, -
have an attractive market in Guatemala, E1 Salvador and Honduras, whose
governments have purchased many Arava-201 aircraft, some Nlysteres and Dabur
patrol boats supplied with computer guidance systems, Gabriel rockets,
Galil and 1~16 rifles, Uzi submachineguns, several hundred long-range
- cannons, mortara, armored traneports and various weapons valued at millions
of dollars. Israeli ships arrive at the western port of Acavulta with
large arms shipments for Salvadoran repressive corps while Israeli instruc~ _
tors are in charge of training the Salvadoran national guard.
The United States, meamahile, is increasirsg and accelerating the shipment
of weapons nf a11 kinds to Central American military regimes and
Policarpo Paz Garcia's Honduran regime is serving as middleman for war
material between U.S. corporations, such as the presided by Gen Alexander
Haig, former NATO commander, and the Salvadoran National Association of .
Private Enterprise headed by Eduardo Palomo. [sentence as printed]
- In the southern Guatemala Litoral, precisely in the "Africa" ranch owned ~
by Col Migu~el Angel Ponciano's family and in another ranch owned by former
Vice President Mario Sandoval Alarcon, located on the border with E1 Salvador,
in Sar~ Jose Acatempa, Jutiapa Department, there are large numbers of _
mercenaries undergoing training. ~
Ponciano and Sandoval Alarcon, chiefs of the extreme right "National Libera-
tion" movement and of the Guatemalan institutionalized gang of murderers,
maintain active relations with Gen Jose Alberto Medrano and Ma~ Roberto _
Dabuisson, leaders of the new order mercenary army.
The United States heads the intervention against E1 Salvador from Guatemala
- and Venezuela because its goals are not limited to E1 Salvador, but extend
toward Nicaragua.
- During the present stage, the Pentagon, large transnational corporations and
the mnre reactionary sectors of the Christian Democratic Party [PDC] in
connivance with the oligarchiea and the Central American Defense Council
believe that the social liberation process developing rapidly in Central
America must be halted by "blood and fire" in E1 Salvador, Guatemala and
in the i~ortal land of Augusto Cesax Sandino.
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In view of that, the realistic and visionary faction of the PDC renounced
that political [words indistinct] and chose to go into exile instead.
- Meanwhile, the rightwing sector led by Jose Napoleon Duarte is etrengthen-
ing its ties with the 14 families and the guardians of their wealth and
sweeping ite Venezuelan Christian Democratic counterparts along in the
~ pro~ect of "killings and reforms." The Venezuelans are providing weapons, _
money, advis~rs and training to another mercenary army, according to a
denunciation made by the Farabundo Marti People's Liberat34n Forces, the ~
Communist Party of E1 Salvador, National Resistance and the Salvadoran
Revolutionary Party-People's Revolutionary Army. For the most part the -
mercenary forces training to attack insurgent Central America from the
south are Puerto Rican and Venezuelan soldiers. Venezuelan Gen Hilarion
- Carza is one of those in charge of coordinating plans with Col Jose
Guillermo Garcia, minister of defense and public security.
vational Resistance Structure
In what stage of development is the national resistance?
Ernesto Jovel, top leader respons3ble for the revolutionary political-~
militaxy organization, replied: "The current structure of the National
_ Resistance Party can be indicative of our development.... Thus, we can
eay that the top politi cal and military guidance organization is the
Council of Dslegatee--something similar to a congress--composed of the
most vanguard militants in the country...the council is chaired by the
- secretary general of the party and the second in command who, in turn,
belonga to the military general command and thus the political and
military [leadership) is merged~ There is a specific number of companeros
in this higher executive structure who are in charge of mass organization,
military, propaganda, ideological training, international relations and
other specific activities including agitation...also in order to have
internal democracy in the party and.in view of the difficulty of gathering
' the council delegates when solutions to various aituations are needed, '
the national resistance holds what are called "expanded directorate
meetings," a nonstatutory body which so far has made for more dynamnic
debates and given more effective responses to political situations. In -
other words, the "expanding meeting" is a means of consultation not a
decisionmaking body available to the National Executive Directorate.
The national resistance operates through regional chapters with their own
executive board which divides work into sectors includ3ng labor, peasanta
and the medium level. Each of these sectors has a coordinator and each
coordinator has his grassroots cell structure...the grasarooCs cells
are the links between the party and the masses."
- And what about the revolutionary armed forces? -
Ferman Cienfuegos responds: "Well, we have built the structure of the -
_ Armed Forces of Hational Resistance (FARN) over the party structure. This
means that the military structure is linked to, intertwined with and at~
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times parallel to the party structure. This can be explained in light of
an ob~ective fact: Many operatives perform military functions. After all,
� one cannot forget that E1 Salvador is a nation at war.... The following is -
th~e�FARN structure: the military general command--comprised of Ernesto Jove1
~
and Fertban Cienf,uegos--leads the general staff nationwide and each specific
region tias' i~~ p~: general st~ff which, through the divieion of labor, has
- an operative or militar~ com~iss.ion responsible for the guerrillas and the
militia...as concerns tt~e mili~i~,"the national resistance operates by
columns . Each column includes; ~D i~ombatants,. and they, in turn, act in
squads. There are five squads to''eve~y ~o~}u~i: In turn, the masses have
created their own armed self-defense brigades to-pr~tect the demonstrations,
rallies and any other popular activities. In our countr~r the mass political
movement is armed because it has made the fin.. and indisputatile decision
to defend itself from continuous acts of aggressi~n. .The Salvadoran people
are an armed people; the FARN militias are actively working alongside the
people: they are a sort of irregular army; sametimes it is complptely `
guerrilla and at other times it acts as a shock and vanguard corps. Now
then, in the guerrillas, our basic operatiun unit is the section, composed
of 25 combatants, and the FARN has carried out urban operations of a military
_ nature in which 150 to 20(` companeros have participated. For instance, in
September 1979, we occupied the cities of Soyapango, Armenia and E1 Transito -
of 40,000, 15,000 and 10,000 inhabitants reapectively....
Adopts Insurrectional Methods
What objectives does the RN seek with the military occupation of various
_ types of communities? Ernesto Jove1., the textile industry worker says:
"The fundamental ob3ective is to prepare the masses for their incorporation ~
into the insurrectional procesa.... ~
When we occupy a city, a town, a ranch, a district and so on, we create
confidence among the people who open their homes snd enthusiastically help
in the development and success of the operation. During the time that we
remain there, we give training on political-military org~nization a.zd the
- handling and manufacture of weapons. Confronted by a corrupt press in ,
connivance with the oligarchy, we play the role of being the true spreaders
of information, we explain the general situation and we dispell doubts.
The people are convinced that there is no way open to them but the armed
struggle in order to attain a true social liberation. This is also why
today, operations by guerrillas and militia, are to prove the Gxistence ~
of the masses armed movement which is rapidly acquiring an improved ~
technical level and discipline. The time for rebe~lion is here, but we
want international public opinion to be convinced that we have resorted
to the armed struggle because there is no alternative. We did everything
possible to try to firtd some economic or political solution to the national _
crisis. We tried by all means to avoid general bloodshed in the country, -
but the Salvadoran people were denied institutional means and its patience
also came to an end. We have been compelled to consider the armed struggle
and we are ready for a masaive insurrection."
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What does national resiatance think about a massive conflict?
Ferman Cienfuegos replies: "At thia moment a ca11 by the revolutionary
coordinator would mean the immediate incorporation of 100,000 Salvadorana
into Che struggle and thia figure would be tr3pled in a few days...Thie ~
was made evident during the military occupafiiona we have carried out during
the past months. TheaE have been revolutionary occupations wh ich have
aerved also to train our fighters and to show the enemy that the people
have their own fighting force..."
What are the perspectives for the union of revolutionary and democratic
forcea in E1 Salvador?
The aecond in coamiand of the national resistance leaders replies: "W3thout
u.nion there can be no victory. What we have done so far will create the
future people's power. That is to say: the broad union of the peoples'
movements will lead to real power by the Salvadoran people, a power which
is within our reach and which wi11 lead our nation's destiny..."
Note: Last night as we completed writing the present report San Salvador's
archbishop, Monsignor Oscar Arnulfo Romero was brutally murdered by extxeme
_ rightwing hordes while saying mass for those who have fallen in these days
of intensive repression. The Salvadoran church leader was killed at the
chapel of the Divine Providence Hoapital where he granted the only and,
unfortunately, last exclusive interview to our special envoy.
CSO: 30?0 ~
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NICAFAGUA
COUNTRY TENDING TOWARD DICTATORSHIP
Madrid CAI~IO 16 in Spanish 9 Mar 80 pp 46-48, 50
[Text] "The first word all Nicaraguans muat learn ia Carlos,"
= Tomas Bo~ge, minister of interior and the atrong man in Nicaragua currently,
said recently in a speech.
Borge was referring to Carlos Fonseca, one of the founders of the Sandiniat
Natioaal Liberation Front (FSLN) who died in combat aga.inst the forces of
the dictator Anastasio Somoza, ~nd the reference was a part of the liter~cy
campaign which the National Reconstruction Government Junta will promote
throughout 1980, with a view to teaching some 800,000 Nicaraguans over
10 yeara of age to read and write.
But Borge, of mixed origins, with a record of 20 years in the anti-Soffioza
guerrilla forces and a heart so tender that he weeps in public whenaver he
speaka of Carlos Fonseca, turned a part of the plans of the Miniatry of
- Education topey-turvy with this phraee, perhaps without meaning to.
Given what thia leader said, it would be necessary hastily to change the
primers printed ao that in fact the first written word the illiterates
would learn would be "Carlos."
The coet of this tempting operation was a million cordobas, $100,000 at the
official exchange rate. One hundred sixty thousand on the black market or
in Coata Rica. A sizable figure, in any case, for a country with 140,000
aquare kilometers and a population of 2.5 million, on the edge of ruin
after a costly war culminating in the overthrow of the tyrant Somoza
- 7 months ago (report by CA1~I0 16 special c~rrespondent Pedro P~lramo).
However, this may sexve as an excel].ent snapehot of the present Nicaraguan
society which is atill experienciag, on the one hand, th~ enthusiasm of a
triumphant rebellion, desirous of rendering homage to one of its sponaoring
martyra, within ~the noblest and most apectacular undertaking of the revolu-
tion--the campaign against illitsracy.
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Along with thia euphoria one ~an also see, on the other hand, an incipient -
bureaucratization, ready to emerge when the leaders snap their fingers and
capable of any folly provided they can win points at a time when there are -
more Sandinistae than Nicaraguane, all of them of couree "combatante" on
~~`tlie Southern Front, a group which never exceeded 5,000 men.
There is, finally, in,Borge's etatement, the revelation that not only will
the Nicaraguans learn to"iead, buf~that at the same time and above all they
will be instructed in what they should~read. ~ -
The shadow of a new Cuba hovers over Nicaragua like that of the buzzards
- which circle at dusk over the ahores of the contaminated lake in Managua,
precisely over what was the c~nter of the capital city, razed by the earth-
quake in 1972 such that only the government offices and a few other
buildings there are now habitable.
"There are people who admire the Cuban revolution so much that they want a `
carbon copy of it, that is the real fact visible to everyone." This was
written 2 weeks ago in LA PRENSA by Pedro Jaaquin Chamorro Barrios, the son
- of Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, the newsman. shot down by Samoza's hire~ ruffians
in January of 1978, who has been named by the Sandinista revolution as one
- of ita martyrs.
But for ma.ny, as for Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, who holds high the liberal
banner for which his father was k311ed, the increasing imitation of th~
Cuban nodel is worrisome in addition to rea1. He is accused of "selling
out the country" by certain sectors of the Sandinista movement because of
his defense of the most elementary freedoms which are being threatened in `
_ free Nicaragua.
- The fact that the security services, 3pecifically the political police, are
called the G-2 as they are in Cuba, that the people's army is being created
on the basis of the structure of the Cuban armed forces, as Tomas Borge
iearned on Fidel Castro's island, that a militia in the Cuban style which
- will include some 300,000 persons and the existence of so-called Sandinista
Defense Committees (CDS), "the eyes and the ears of the revolution," watching
each village, each block in a city, suggests to many Nicaraguans that a
Cuban-style regime lurka ~ust around the corner.
A Whiff of Gulag _
There ia already a sense of the gulag--press and trade union freedoms are
= constantly violated by the government, chaxges of pro-Somoza and counter-
revolutionary inclinations are voiced left and right, and the punishment ~
for disagreement with the FSLN is imprisonment. The people voice their
criticisms in whispers and the Permanent Committee on Human Rights for
Nicaragua has reported the disappearance of 500 individuals and a number -
of cases of torture.
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"Perhape we will not become another Cuba overnight," a Manag;~a architect
explained to CAI~IO 16, "because to establiah and consolidate this whole -
apparatus of power they have functioning cannot be done oo quickly. But
when all of thia machinery is fuactioning, Tomas Borge, who ia in control of
the aecurity apparatus, will only have to let his beard grow, and if he
- aucceeda, we will have a new Fidel Castro."
_ The government ~unta which functiona by decree with no control at all deniea
any Cubanization of Nicaragua. Alfonso Robelo, a member of the ~unta and
the author of the reconatruction economy of the country, expressed his
diapleasure with those who maintain that an advance toward a Cuban model is
being made to thi8 periodical in the following words. "The Nicaraguan
procesa has already provided sufficient evidence that it is original and
to believe that we are going to copy any revolution or process of profound
change is to deny its initiative. The conditions in Nicaragua in 1979 had
nothing to do with those in Cuba in 1959. Not even the international con-
ditions now reaemble thoae thea. Why then would we uadertake to create a
new Cuba?"
Comrade Robe~.o, as he is known at government headquarters, is an engineer
trained in the United States, a busineaeman and one of the leading figurea
in vegetable-oil production in the Somoza era, during which he became _
president of the Nicaraguan Chamber of Industrq. In 1978 he founded the
Nicaraguan Democratic Movement, social democratic in tendency, which will -
now merge with the Marxist-Leninist groups in the large Sandinista Party.
As the economic brain behind reconstruction, Robelo is one of the strong
men of the revolution and he does not foresee a future without a mixed
_ economy. "The state will control certain specified areas," he explained,
"such as banking, the financial sector, energy, exports, subaoil resources,
foreats, fishing, telecom~unications, etc. But all the other areas in the
farm, induatrial and trade sectors will fall to private enterpris~."
Plan 80, which establishes economic goals for rescuing the country from the
ruin in which the war against Somoza plunged it, as a"first step toward
achieving a~lannerl economy," as it promises in its first paragraph, also
recognizes that along with the publ~.c sector "there is s private sector
which, although it cannot be sub~ected to direc~ planning, can indeed be _
motivated, relqing on National Unity and its part3cipation in the struggle
againat dictatorship, to ~oin and coordinat~ with the state in order to
orient its efforts too toward improvement of the life of all Nicaraguans."
Aid From Uncle Sam -
The busineasmen seem prepared to support the revolutionary govsrnment, -
although it has not yet won all of them over.
Last 18 February, representatives of the leading business organizations
_ in the country traveled to Washington with a view to persuading the
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United States government that it should grant the junta $75 million to aid =
in national reconstruction. -
"Without this economic aid there will be nothing to grevent the government
from swinging to the left, toward the Cuban model," Gilberto Solis, manager
- of the Nicaraguan Chamber of Industry, said in Managua, "and therefore we
support any type of aid which will avoid radicalization."
Although the dialog between the buainessmen and the government is constant
becauae for the time being "the Sandinieta movement is moderately leftist,"
according to Solis, "there are more non-Marxists than Marxists in the
government and the bourgeoisie governs," investments are limited and -
practically all of the induatry ia paralyzed.
- "There is concern and lack of confidence because there is a notable legal
vacuum where the defense of citizens' property is concerned," Gilberto Solis
complained to CAMBIO 16. "Until a few weeka ago it sufficed for a group
- of discontented workers or a CDS to charge that some businessman or land- ~
owner was pro-Somoza in order for his property or land to b~e confiscated
on the basis of Decree No 38. Now they have promised us that some cases
will be reviewed, but on the other hand, during the peasants' demonstration
on the 17th of last month in front of the cathedral, the minister of
agricultural development, Jaime Wheelock, gave asaurance that not a single
inch of occupied land would be given back."
The occupation and redistribution of land has been the most spectacular
- conquest won by the revolution. Decree No 3, in accordance with which the
positions of Somoza were nationalized, made available to the ~unta almost
half of the cultivated land in the country. This measure contributed to -
creating a revolutionary euphoria among the people of Nicaragua which
- still remains in certain sectors, particularly the young people.
The increase from $1 to $4 a day in minimum wage, the steady supply af
goods of first necessity resulting from international aid, the calm iri the
_ streets without the provocation of Somoza's "guards," the maas mobilizations
in such promising campaigns as that against illiteracy have kept alive to
the present the revolutionary vision, encouragcd-at all hours of the day
by Radio Sandino with triumphal slogans sung to a rumba rhythm.
_ Plan 80--Toward Utopia?
In this atmosphere, the government ~unta drafted Plan 80, the sturdiest
pillar of the revolution, if its goals are achieved. Production will in-
crease by 22 percent this year over that in 1979, the year of the war,
although it will be 9 percent lower than the 1978 figure. Ninety-five _
thousand new ~obs will be created--45,000 in industry and services, and
the balance in agriculture. The 1979 inflation rate of 60 percent will be _
reduced to 22 percent. Som~ 170,000 blocks--about 125,000 hectares of '
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cotton, will be planted, as compared to the 40,000 blocks in 1979, the
export of which would bring income totaling $150 million. Industry, which
- will import goods worth $300 million, will increase ita production by
17 percent. By 31 December 1980, the deficit will be only some
$31 million.
But in the view of many Nicaraguans this is a pipe dream. "The program is
utopian because it is drafted on the basis of figures which are not true,"
Gilbert SQlis said, "and it does not say how these goals will be achieved.
There is talk of planting 170,000 blocks of cotton, but who will harvest
them if there is not manpower enough now to harvest th~ 40,000 planted
last seaaon?"
The radio issues constant appeals for manpower for the cotton harveat, with
patriotic and revolutionary slog3ns which apparently have little effect.
The Sandinista revolution is at low ebb. A certain disillusionment can be
seen in the plains people, who see that the prices of rice, beans and
gasoline have gone up 50 percent and that every day they go to the market
- they find that some article has gone up in price and some other has become
~navailable altogether.
Many businesses have cloaed for lack of goods. In the large Sears Roebuck
stores in Managua, nothing is available any more but remnants at luxury-
gooda p~ices. In the E1 Camino de Oriente ahopping center the ma~ority of
the stores are empty, and only the cafeterias, bowling alleys, 3iscotheques
and second-hand-goods shops are operating. The big American cars are
_ beginning to suffer deterioration. "It is not that thare are no replac~ment
parCs," a taxi driver at the wheel of a Cadillac explained, "but the prices
have been multiplied by 10 in the past 4 months."
"We are at a delicate stage," Alfonso Robelo admitted to CAMBIO 16. "There
is great inflation and irregularity in the supply of rice, beans and corn."
The irregularity can be seen in the lines which form outside the people's
aupermarkets, a chain of stores owned by foreign capital which were
confiscated by the revolution, and in the rationing the managers of these
state stores have sometimes had to impose to avoid hoarding.
"The shortage of goods of first necessity 3s more psychological than real,"
an official at the Ministry of Planning said, "since all that is needed is
_ the rumor that a product will be in short supply for excessive demand to
develop immediately and in the end cause a temporary shortage."
The All-Powerful Committees
In such cases radio or press campaigns do no good, for the increasing
- limitations on freedom are causing a climate of mistrust and fear of the
government, the,Sandinista Front and its vigilance and aecurity aommittees
which are sometimes suggestive of the Somoza methods.
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Nicaraguans are again feeling tne sensation of being permanently watched,
with the presence of the Sandinista Defense Committees, from which author-
ization to change reaidence or obtain a passport to leave the country must -
be sought.
The CDS have a�liet of the residenta on each block. If there is a"counter-
revolutionary" there--a 5omoza supporter, a"milpa" (member of the
. Anti-Somoza People`s Militia), a member of the Workers' Front (Maoiat) or
a Trotskyite--his house is tnarked on the map, a file begun and he is con-
stantly watched.
"An CDS order distributed in Managua at the end of last September saye that
'shifts must keep watch all night, noting for every passing vehicYe its
- make, color and license number. When dogs are heard barking, it is neces-
sary to note who is passing and where he goes. The shifts must note any
resident who returns home late, and whether he is carrying packages or
accompanied by friends. Those houses where there are cars at night must =
be watched and the data recorded. When people from outside the neighborhood
are seen they must be watched and followed to find out their business. We
must not let a single movement escApe, since it may be that of the counter- _
- revolutionaries."' -
"The CDS are not a state organization," Alfonso Robelo explains. "They
are volunteers for civic defense in support of the revolution, which is
still very fragile after only 7 months of life. In reality they are Iike
firemen."
Journalist Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, who was recently publicly accused of '
being a counterrevolutionary by the CDS in the Maria Auxiliadora neighbor-
hood of Managua, has reported in LA PRENSA "how many people do not dare
put their names on the letters they send for fear that the CDS will start =
some file on them." -
Blows Against the Press _
The life of a journalist is not easy in free Nicaragua if he defends the
right to a free press and thus.clashes with the Marxist-Leninist Sandinista
concepts of freedom of expression. Chamorro, for example, has had to
tolerate censorship of his reports by an assistant editor of the newspaper.
The Nicaragua Journalists' Union, headed and controlled by men in the con-
fidence of the FSLN, expelled Oscar Leonardo Montalvan, a popular
radiojournalist, without a hearing a few weeks ago. Accused of being a
counterrevolutionary, Montalvan has gone into exile in Coata Rica.
The owner of the daily newspaper EL PUEBLO, Melvin Wallace, managing director
Carlos Cuadra and reporters Juan Alberto Enriquez and Isidro Tellez, have
suffered a worse fate. They have been sentenced to two years of forced
- labor. EL PUEBLO, which has now been shut down, printed some 3,000 copies
and maintainea Trotskyite positions, thus criticizing the revolution. _
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- Coaction of the Free Trade Unions
"This daily was part of a rebellious conspiracy," Alfonso Robelo ~ustified
the action to this periodical, "and the tool of ultra-leftist subversion.
It was found to have three caches of weapons. And in addition, the
machinery had been taken from the National Printing Office."
Imprison~ent, coaction and threats are alsa commonlq used against the `
trade uaionists who refuse to join the Sandinist Central Workers' Union _
(CST), despite the public announcement last October by the commander of the
national leadership of the FSLN, Carlos Nunez, to the ef�ect that repressian
would cease and trade-union fr~edom would be respected.
Currently the CST has some 100,000 members, according to the Ministry of
La~or figures, since the Central Trade Union Act3on and Unity (CAUS) or-
ganization and the General Labor Confederation (CGT), both controlled by -
pro-Soviet Marxist-Leninists, merged with it, and an attempt is being made
_ to make it into a single trade union.
Those who resist may disappear, as was the case with the Workers' Front-- "
now on the list of leftist counterrevolutionary organizations. Its _
secretary general, Isidoro Teis, is serving a prison sentence of 2 years.
Or theq may suffer all kinds of coactfon such as that against the Union of
Nicaraguan WoXkera (CTN), which is social-Chriatian, has more than 50,OOf1
members, and participated actively in the armed rebellion against Somoza.
- The pressures have ranged from imprisonment of leaders--currently there
are 2 who have been in prison 2 months without any charges yet being filed
- againat them, disruption of its meetings even by individuals of such im-
portance ae Tomas Borge and Cdr Baqardo Arce, as happened at the Tetel
Cinema in Managua in the middle of February, and the machine-gunning of
its headquartera for purposes of dissuasion. -
"All methods are used," commented Antonio Jarquin, one o~ the CTN leaders,
pointing to the bullet holes in the wooden roof of the social hall of the
trade union. "They exert pressure on our base uaits to ~oin the CST. For
peasants, no land is distributed unless they ~~rp through the hoop. The �
_ Ministry of Labor holda up the applications for authorization of new trade-
= uaiun aections, as Somoza did. They lied when they said trade-union
freedom would be respected. Either repression is the policy of the FSLN -
or anarchy reigns therein. In either case, we are the victims."
_ Violation o� Human Rights
"You will have to disappear," Tomas Borge ~old Jose Esteban Gonzalez,
president of the Permanent Cammtssion on Human Rights for N3caragua, in the _
preaence of a group of newsmen. "The only organization with the moral
author.ity to defend human rights in Nicaragua is the San~inista Front."
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Jose Esteban Gonzalez, who challenged the dictator Somoza in July of 1977
with a document denouncing the isolation and torture of Tomas Borge in the
prieon in Tipitapa, is now accused of being a"counterrevolutionary dog"
for revealing the pxesent and continuous violations of human rights in
, Nicaragua.
~ ~ ,
L
A Social ChrietYan int2#.tant~. Jose Esteban Gonzalez revealed that there had
been hundreds of summary sho~ti,ngs.~;~fter the triumph of the Sandinists in
July of 1979; that still in the month of'Sept~mber shootings were continuing
in some of the main aettlements in the country; that t'he"re `were. some 500
known to have disappeared, including some 60 ~rom the Somoza'era; that
~ust this February a disappearance and a case of torture were reported;
that there are children only 15 years old in Nicaragua's prisons charged
with collaboration with the National Guard in torturing Sandinistas.
_ "There is tremendous fear among the people of reporting cases of abuse of
- authority, torture, or any other violation of human rights,"
Jose Esteban Gonzalez told CAMBIO 16. "And any effort we make to report
these cases is systematically discouraged by the authorities. They have
even managed to prevent LA PRENSA from carrying our reports in space paid
for as advertising."
The Cuba Syndrome
The Cub a syndrome is evident. But there are also many Nicaraguans who
believe that the profound Catholicism and the desire of the people for
~reedom will prevent the tyranny of Somoza from being followed by another.
Businessman Gilberto Solis, ~ournalist Pedro .~oaquin Chamorro, lawyer
Jose Esteban Gonzalez and all the democratic sectors in Nicaragua believe
that Cubanization will be impossible if the Western countries, headed by
the United States, come in with a~.l kinds of aid. "The United States has
an opportunity gradually to erase the negative image it has acquired in
the past by committing a series of errors in the realm of foreign policy,"
- Chamorro is confident.
If this is the case, perhaps the political program Alfonso Robelo outlined
- to this periodical can be carried out. "I see the future tihus: the
Council of State (a kind of legislative chamber) will be installed this -
coming 4 May, an event which cannot be postponed. Then in 1 or 2 years,
there will be municipal elections, and finally, I see the elections of a _
constituent assembly to draft a constitution in 2 or 3 years as the logical
- outcome. Thie will coincide with the end of the national reconstruction
period the ~un~a has established." -
In all, 4 or 5 years of provisional government, tensions, strugglea for
power. Precisely what is needed, according to the most pessimistic commen-
tators, for the people's army, people's militia, police, G-2 and CDS to
be working like clockwork, so that Tomas Borges can then let his beard grow.
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