JPRS ID: 9117 EAST EUROPE REPORT ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS

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~ JPRS L/9117 ~
2 June 1980
- East Euro e Re ort
p p
_
y ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS
.
CFOIlO 4/80)
~ FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVIC~
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_ JPRS L/9ii~
. 2 June 1980
EAST EUROPE REPORT _
ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 4%80).
CONTENTS ~
INTERNATIJNAL AFFAIRS ,
Agricultural Application of Pesticides Against Rodents
(Eliska Vanurova; AGROCHEMLA, Mar 30) 1
" CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Centralized Heating Systems in CSSR Viewed
(Miroslav Kubin; ENERGETIKA, No. 2, 1980) (
- a- [ I I I - EE - 6 4 FOUO ]
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- INTERNATIONAL� AFFAIRS
- AGRICULTURAL APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES AGAINST RODENTS
Bratislava AGROCHEMIA in Czech Mar 80 issue No 3 pp 84-85
[Article by Ing. Eliska Vanurova, Central Agricultural Control and Tes*.ing -
Institute-OKOR (District Commission Off icial Brno: "Evaluation of ~
Pesticides Approved and Perspectives of New Preparations." From the
~ ~ournal ZPRAVY, UKZBZ, Brno, 20 (3), 1979, p 32]
_ [Text] Successful chemical protection of plants from field mice presup-
poses among other things, the correct choice of preparation and of the
means of application. This choice is, however, rather limited. It is
perplexing that from the rather large group of pesticides which are toxic
to warm-blooded animals, only a very f ew are generally effective against
' f ield mice.
In the CSSR, f~r example, the only effective ones are the products releas-
ing hydrogen phosphide, Endrin and Crimidin; in the GDR, Chlorfacinon,
- Camphechlor and products releasing hydrogen pho~phide; in the FRG, Crimidin,
Camphechlor, products releasing hydrogen pY?osphide and Endrin; in Austria,
, Endrin, thalium phosphate, Crimidin and products releasing hydrogen phos�~
' phide; in the USSR, Gliftor and products releasing hydrogen phosphide; and
in France, Crimidin and products releasing hydrogen phosphide. =
~
~ This phenomenon may be explained by the fact th~t the requirements for -
~ preparations desi~ned to kill field mice are�rather specific. The~ are:
1. High toxicity for field mice.
2. Final product form which will not endanger man, userul'fauna, game
~ animals and birds.
3. Harmlessness for myophages. _
4. Suitable decomposition rate to exclude the possibility of harmful can-
- tamination of the soil and crops (exceeding 1 month). Until recently Endrin
- and preparations releasing hydrogen phosphide have found the widest applica-
- tion.
Endrin is the only product registered in the CSSR which can be used against
. f ield mice in a f orm which can he sprayed on the affected cultivated area
with land machinery.
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Area spraying of field cultures has some advantages over the use of lures. ~
With area spraying of growths, there is a greater probability of contact
of the f ield mice with the preparations. The rodent is killed directly by
_ the chemically treated feed or indirectly when cleaning its contaminated
_ coat. Hence, the microtoxil effect of the area spraying of cultures is _
usually more reliable than the effects of set lures. The agricultural
practice needs, and rightly demands, spray products against rodents, even
though sprays have some shortcomings. They are more dangerous to man than _
lure preparations because one cannot avoid handling concentrates. The
great ma~ority of rodenticides therefore ca.nnot be applied in the form of
sprays.
Products applied in the form of area sprays infest the growths more inten-
sively than strategically placed lures. It is very difficult, however, to
detennine the share of the effective substance that missed the targeted
organism and could bring about adverse secondary effects. By maintaining !
the conditions set for work aTith toxic substances during their application ~
one might prevent the secon~ary adverse effects. In soctalist mass produc-
tion, these conditions can be maintained. Hence, only those ob~ections
against Endrin which concern its specific action, are justified. The
- specific action of Endrin, however, has not yet been completely clarified.
We are also searching assiduously for other pesticides against field rodents I
which would be applicable in the form of area sprays. For this purpose
we were verifying the toxic effectiveness of Scillioroside, endosulphan,
Camphechlor and Carbofuran. None of hhe pesticides listed was found effec- '
tive against the field mouse.
Monocrotofos in the form of a water soluble concentrate (Nuvacron 40 WSC
Ciba-Geigy Co.) offers some hope. In field experiments made last year,
with an application of 800 cc of effective substance per hectare, this pro-
duct showed an effectiveness against the f ield mouse of over 90 percent (1).
Monocrotofos (0,0-dimethyl-0-(1-~ethyl-2-N-methylcarbamoyl)-vinyl phosphate) ~
has been known since 1965. It is used as an insecticide and acarj.cide in
the FRG, in France, dnd in the U.S.; in the CSSR it has been useo until
recently against hop aphi.ds on hops, and now only against sucking and chew- ~
ing pests on ornamental plants. According to the documentation of the j
producer (2) it acts as an ingestive and, to a lesser degree, contact poison.
It is considerat?y toxic both for birds and fish. It is soluble in water i
, and systemic in plants. It is not persistent. The half-time decay plexus I
ca. 7 days (3). Its toxicity for warm-blooded animals is at the level of
other microtocides (LD50 p.o. ac. (orally before meals) for rats is 20 mg/kg; -
- LD50 percutaneously for rabbits is 342 mg/kg) (4).
We are planning to retest Monocrotofos against field mice in additional '
field experiments. We do not know aC the present time the secondary effects
of this product on useful fauna and game animals. It is not used abroad as -
a pesticide.
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At the present there is no other pesticide known which promises successful
use against field mice in the form of area sprays.
Products which release hydrogen phosphide are used as pesticides in
practically every European country despite their certain shortcomings:
1. The toxicity of hydrogen phosphide against the field mice is lower than _
the toxicity of other compounds, such as Crimidin, for example (according
to the tests of the Institute for Vertebrate Research of the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences).
2. The consumption of sublethal doses gives rise to � repulsion reflex
in thE f ield rodent.
3. In ~;iew of the fact that the effective substance is in the gaseous group, _
greater care is necessary during the production, storing and handling of
the products releasing hydrogen phosphide. Many of them can be handled
only by specially trained workers. Preparations releasing hydrogen phosphide
are produced only in the form of fumigants, tablets, granules, traps and
lures. � � -
Fumigants, tablets and granules which release this gas and lures in the
form of poisoned grain cannot be applied otherwise than into the burrows.
The placing of the product in the burrows, however, is quite uneconomic, -
in view of the labor and time required. So far it cannot be mechanized.
From this aspect, lures, espec3ally in the form of granules, have behter
prospects. The lures are placed in planned point patterns. The consump-
tion of the effective substance per area unit, and thus the contamination
of thp enviroriment, is lesser than in the case of spraying. Even the appli-
- cation of lures still leave~ much unresolved, however. Lures placed in a
colony are usually accepted quantitatively by the field mice. Outside the
colony they remain unnoticed. What is to be the distribution of granuZes
_ in such cases, and in various cultures, for example, parks? Is it posGible
to leave unprotscted strips or enclaves? Is a partial treatment of the -
ground sufficient in some cases? If so, when and how large shoul3 the areas
be?
The question of the stab ility of lures is not yet resolved either: how
long are they to remain attractive and effective?
= Lure preparations are dangerous for useful fauna, especially the birds.
They must therefore be inconspicuous and must be dispersed exclusively in
the cover growths, to escape the attention of birds. They musC not be
~ placed on bare ground or in little clusters so as not to trigger the so-
_ called pecking reflex of birds and be eaten by them. From this aspect,
- lures in the form of granules up to 3 mm in size appear to be the most
suitable. They make possible the highest coverage of the treated area
with the product and thus a higher probability of roderit contact with
the lure. It can be expected that granules of the cited size, compared
to larger granules, will more easily escape the attention of game animals
- and birds.
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No suitable equipment is yet available, however, for application of micro-
- tocides. Substitute emerger.cy application mechanisms--fertilizer spraaders -
on land machinery and planes, or sowing machinery--represent only an impro-
- vieation forced by circumstances. The agrotechnl.cal c~nditions for the _
scuttering of granular lures are not extant at present and ATP (agrotechni-
cal conditions?) valid for spreading of fertilizers, ad~usted for granular.
lures, are not applicable in view of the mobility of the f ield mouse. -
When the products are applied with land machinery on field cultures, the
_ direction orientation of the tractor operator is difficult, inasmuch as
the tra~ks of the path of the machinery are not clear.
Stutox, a lure releasing hydrogen phosphide, was developed in recent years
- in the CSSR. Grazin, whose shortcomings are generally known, was the pre-
decessor of Stutox. Even Stutox, however, has some serious defects. One
of them is unquestionably the short life of the product. The granules are =
highly hydrophilic. In a humid enviror?ment they readily absorb moisture, -
they Iose their attractance and decompose prematurely. We believe that
_ further development of the poison lure Stutox should be directed, beside
an increase in stability, to diminution of the g~anules to achieve a higher
. coverage of the treated area with the product. At the same time such a con-
tent of the effective substance must be maintained in the product as would
reliably insure the death of the rodenU after ingestion of a single granule, �
so that a repulsion reflex would not arise. Such a product could fully
replace the imported Arrex M Koeder klein.
For the future, one must consider granular microtocides against field mice -
based on other compounds, more effective than hydrogen phosphide; for _
exampie, those ba.sed on Crimidin or Dimefox. One must avoid the one-sided
application~of lures of a single type of the effective substance. Rodents -
may stop accepting them or can adapt to them.
~ Zt is amazing that Crimidin, one of the old~st known rodenticides, has not _
lost its importance to date. In the given circumstances it is not easily
available, however, fcr our agricultural practice. It is imported from _
_ the capitalistic countries.
Castrix Pellets, with the Crimidin base, from the aspect of attractance,
suitable stability and reliable effect represent at the present a model
microtocide for domestic development.
Employment possibilities of the so-c~lled anticoagulants merit clarif ica-
tion for protectian of agricultural cultures against field rodents. Anti-
coagulsnts bl~~ck ehe action of vitamin K. Vitamin K is their antidote.
Field rodents, definite herbivores, are supplied adequately with vitamin K
for the most part of tt:e year. They receive it from green feed and intes-
tinal microflor~.
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~ Lures based on Chlorfacinon are approved against field rodents in the GDR.
= In the CSSR, we have experience so far with three compounds of this type:
Chlorracinon (Delicia chlorfacinon granule, VEB Delicia, Delitsch),
tested under field conditions in 1975; Difenacoum (Ratac, ICI Plant Pro-
tection) tested in 1977; and Brodifacoum (PP SS1 of the same company)
_ tested in 1978. The firs: two compounds were not found eff ective when
applied in the fall. It is probable that when these compounds are applied
in the spring season, when the field mouse is weakened after hibernation
and when it suffers from lack of feed, the products on the basis of the
- listed anticoagulants will be essentially more effective. The anticoagu-
_ lant Brodifacoum is noteworthy.
In experiments of the Central Agricultural Control and Testing Institute-
OICOR (1) it acted slowly but reliably, and even in the growths of alfalfa,
where the rodent was adequately supplied with vitamin K. This shows that
suitable anticoagulants with a sufficiently attractive agent may be used -
successfully against rodents.
Testing of the etfectiveness of products against the field mouse under field
- conditions is very time consuming and costly. In some years, when the
prevalence of rode:its is relatively low, it is not feasible.
It should be the f inal, even though quite indispensable phase of the test-
ing of these preparations. It should be preceded by a relatively detailed
study of the mechanisms of the effect of the pesticides on individuals of
the institute breeds of the field mouse. For this reason we welcome with -
_ satisfaction the expanding cooperation of CQntral Agricultural Control and
Testing Institute with the w~rkers of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences -
in establishing the toxicologic profiles of all accessible preparations
_ coming into ~onsideration as protection against the field mouse.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Collection of data on results of the testing of pesticide preparations
- in 1978, UKZUZ, UKSUP (in manuscript).
2. Agricultural Advisory Leaflet "Azodrine insecticide." Shell Inter-
national Central Company - DSA(15/67G).
3. Ciga Geigy, Division Agrarchemie, Product Information 34 285 (15 d XY).
4. Klimmer, O.R.: Pflanzenschutz--and Schaedlings-bekaempfungsmittel
(Pl~nt protection--and pesticides), Hattingen, 1971.
COPYRIGHT: ALFA, Bratislava, 1980
9562
CSO: 2400
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- CZECHOSLOVAKIA t
~
~
CENTRALIZED HEATING SYSTEMS IN CSSR VIEj+1ED
Prague ENERGETIKA in Czech No 2, 1980 pp 49-54
[Article by Engineer Miroslav Kubin, ScC, Czechoslovak Power Plants, _
Concern, General Administration, Prague: "Development of Centralized Heat
Supply and Planned Urbanization of the CSR"]
.
[Text] By its decision No 130/79 the government of the CSR adopted the
principles for a long-range power-engineering policy in the sector of con- ,
struction and operations of installations supplying heat to our national
economy and to our population.
By generating heat in combination with electric power the centralized heat
supply distinctly helps save the primary resources, makes it possible to
- us~ low-grade coal in the power-engineering industry with identical eco-
logical effects, arld c4ntributes in a positive way to advanced urbanization
and territorial rationalization.
- Management of Heat Supply for National Economy and Population
The level of the management of heat supply is affected to a considerable
degree by the fact that while the proce5ses of mining, production and
transport of fuels and power in the system of solid fuels, thermal energy,
fuel gases for the system of electrification and solid fuel system are
being planned and studied to an appropriate depth, t~:e situation is differ-
ent as concerns the exploitation of fuel and power (and a reverse ref lec-
tion of effects from that area into the preceding stages of power engineer-
ing processes) where in principle the current methods of plannin~ and
management of that area are lagging behind current needs and opportunities.
Common symptoms in those systems and their correlation with the options
for the most preferable choice of power carriers provide the preconditions
for improved management of the power system as a whole.
The current situation dQmands unconditionally a comprehensive revision and ~
innovation of decrees and legislative and other regulations, in order to
exert more substantial effect on conceptual control; problems in investment
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capital pooling, control of operations and maintenance of thermal resources
as we11 as of primary and secondary networks, and control of thern~al energy
and its balance. Governmental decrees (No 80/57, No 1088/60, 19/67, etc.Z,
_ and in particular, decree No 38/1963 of the Collection, containing the
yrinciples of organization and operations in installations for generation
and distribution of heat, stopped arbitrary technological and economic
approaches to the problems in the planned heat supply, nevertheless, there
has not been any comprehensive legal norm at all. It was not until govern-
mental decision No 130/79 "On Principles of Long-Range Power Policy in
the Sect~r of Con;truction and Operation of Installations for Heat Supply
_ to National Economy and Pupulation" that a systematic attempt in that
direction was made.
Heat Supply Ac a Problem of National Economy
Heat holds the main share in the consumption of tl:e primary resources.
While electric Fower shares about 25 percent of the final consumption of
utility power, about 40 percent is used for heating of premises and
_ service water (low-potential heat) and about 35 percent for technological
- heat and transportation. -
The total production of thermal energy, projected on the level of 1980,
will amount to 517,8:65 TU. Ministries will consume 25,243,000 tmp for
generation of thermal energy, while the supplies of thermal energy for
- heating of hous~ng and nonproductive areas in all of the ministries repre-
sent 86,047 TU, which is 16.6 percent of the total production; the -
supplied thermal energy represents 4,195,000 tmp.
- The most important of the ninistries supplying heat for housing and non-
production area~, the FMPE [Federal Ministry of Fuels and Power], supplies
- about 75 percent of thermal energy at the 1980 levei.
The presumed growth of the generation of thermal power, not including the
, generation of electric power, and the share of supplies for heating of
, housing and nonproduction areas appear in Table 1(share of the FMPE).
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- rvA vrrsv~c~a.
rab. ? _
1 Ito:c Ib75 198D 1985
~2 ~ yrubu t~�ph~ x pulic ITJj ~ 107 :95 I~U 367 1801i�_{
( 3 r tuho
~ pr~~ Gyt y n urv f rubnl Mfdru
(TJ 1 5a Su7 I10 :ISU ~6 7~U
5'y, x culA vy'roLy 50,2 IB,4 G1
Table 1. ~
Key:
1 - Year
2- Generation of heat from fuels (TU)
~ 3- Of which for housing and non-productien areas
4-TU
5- Percent of total production
Characteristics of the development, generation and suppiies of thermal
_ energy in other ministries are presented in Table 2. '
rab. z !
~ Rok 1975 ! 1880 I 1985 I 1990 i
( 2 ~ y'robu tcyln ~
s pnitq (TJ ) 317 482 377 503 d3~ 958 503 O10
l3 p coho
pro bpty n nc- ,
v$robnl ef6ru
- (TJJ Id 891 21 98D 25 365 27 888
y, z co18 vyroDr ~ ~,7 5 ~ 5,9 . S,L -
Table 2.
Key:
1 - Year ~
= 2- Generation of heat from fuels (TU) j-
3- Of which for housing and nor_production areas (TU)
_ 4- Percent of total production
,
_ `
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(1) . (2} (3)
~ ,
- A kanMm~~i nY4lrcrna ~ r fG:r,c ~ C!rp/o'rna
ndel/~n~ rj~sla 1t.ek/Any a/tyu I,kmbxrond ry"r,do drktirnr a fia'o~
\
li~dot~vsMj ~ lurdorry
r'n'r p -
(ladMrofir(? ~ i
prol~71a411 C C7 )
_ ( b , ehf ~ kaM ( 6 ~ kold r 6.
1 \ ? ti
! ~O` ~tiedr'c `
. (9), O ' O (i�) ~
~ ,m,~m,~ (12) -
~ 12~ � ac~,oo m.,~,.vn,�~mo ~i3 ~ ~,:;~o ,rn
Re.dM,.s.'
1 ~ ~ Ihkhrrn! :tirv 2~ txlarno
. . J1 .V ~ ~ ~ ,y .
~ 1 N14/1m0 ~ /m,~p ~ (1 ~YirtO . ~ ~/W'0 ~.a
1) I I 1
. ,n,n iti~~ + : -
~ '7Ci0
n.~a ~ wnhe t~ �j,a..
~Y L' 1~0(7Y7G/F i
~ 'E~:S) (16) ) ,`"~'~b (1 -
Obt. Porovn6n! energetickE n6rcZnosti ov'd81enE a kombinovanE
vyro6y dektrickE~enerPie u teplo pFi stejnEm utitr,em e(ektu
Figure 1. Comparison of Demand on Power in Separate and Combined Generation
_ of Electric Power and Heat With Identical Utility Effect .
Key:
1- A- Condensing power plant
2 - B - Heating Plant
- 3- C- District heating plant
4- Separate generation of electric power and heat
- 5- Combined generation of electric power and heat
6 - Boiler
7 - Turbosets (condensing)
8 - Turbosets (counter pressure) _
9 - Condenser -
10 - Heat consumer
~ 11 - ~;xchanger -
12 - Fuel energy 100
13 - Fuel energy 120
14 - Electric power
15 - Loss of steam cycle
" 16 - Losses of combustion cycle ~
17 - Heat
- From their comparison it follows that the total production in other minis- ~
tries is nearly three times higher, while the supplies for heating of
nonproduction.and housing areas amount to roughly one third of the supply
of the FMPE.
As concerns fuel resources, the situation demands that generation of heat
in the newly built capacities be planned essentially on the basis of
brown coal and natural gas alone. At the same time, it will be necessary
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r�ux urr~l~iru~ u~L ~,~L~
to develop and introduce measures that will make it possible to take the
advantage of the construction of nuclear power plants for the conversion
of some of the condensing power plants into thermal plants, and also to _
- reduce generation of power from fuel oils, so as to release the necessary
minimum of such fuels .for the development of thermal engineering.
The share of new housing uni~s heated by the centralized system (CZT) must
be increased and the opportunities for a higher share of electric power
in heating must be taken into consideration. This is connected with appro-
- ~riate measures in the machine-engineering ministries supplying boilers,
_ heaters, control equipment, etc.
- Central Heat Supply
The CZT may be introduced either by heating plants, i.e., from boiler units
_ with facilities situated on the outskirts of housing developments, towns,
etc., or by power and heating plants, where the steam produced in boilers
is u[ilized first (higher parameters of pressure, heat) for generation of
power in turbosets (either counter pressure or condensing extraction TG),
while the low potential heat (low heat, waste) is u,~ed for heating. As it
follows from Figure 1, only approximately 38 percent of energy supplied
from condensation in the process of power generation is transformed into
electric power, and the rest is waste heat of 30 to 40� C. This heat can-
not be normally utilized, and therefore, it is diffused from cooling towers
- into the environment (he3t load in the atmosphere or water heated by -
through-f low coolin~).
However, if we utilize about 20 percent more of the primary power (crude
- oil, mazut, coal), then while maintaining the same level of gener~tion of
electric power, 90 per cent of the temperature of the waste heat may be
utilized (and further heated, if necessary) for heatiilg of housing units; _
thus, 3 or 4 times more usa~le heat may be obtained for heating purposes.
Furthermore, it should be mentioned that the above-quoted 38 percent of
the supplied energy transformed into electric power must be considered as
the maximum achievable in operations using high-grade fuels (liquid or
gas). In our conditions oriented to low-grade fossil fuels the above-
mentioned ceiling of transformation is about 33 percent, whereby the
advantages of the combined cycle are further emphasized.
~ Advantages of Centralized Heat Supply With the Use of Combined Generation
- of Electric Power and Heat
1. Reduction of total consumption of fuels by increased share of the ~
combined generation of heat and power by 25 to 30 percent.
2. Opportunity to utilize low-grade domestic power fuels.
= 3. Lower import of high-grade fuels.
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a
4. Option to install nuclear sources of heat at a later date. From this ~
point of view, the construction of a regional system may be considered,
unlike isolated systems, as pre-investment for the future types of heat
supply whose construction will begin approximately in 1990. We must
realize that nuclear sources may b~e economically installed only for high
consumption of heat of 600-1200 MW thermal capacity, and that then the
investment in thermal distribution cannot be ~e:~iminated; any conversion of
one type of heat supply into another in the future will be extremely diffi-
cult in terms of time, technology, and construction.
5. Potential utilization of the existing condensin~ power plants by con-
: verting them into counter pressure and extraction sets for heat supply, in
view of the fact that the radius of heat supply increases with the already
achieved technological ob~ectives (a feasible radius is 20 to 30 km). The
electric plants which employ cadres of power engineers will have to be
_ eliminated in the future or ad~usted to higher parameters (which is extreme-
~ ly demanding in terms of technology and investment). Thus, another problem
concerning better utilization of the available thermal sources can be
resolved.
6. Savings of labor - the staff in combined generation is 30 to 40 percent ~
lower than in production generation electric power and heat in separate
operations, and here the effect of a worker released to the sphere of pro-
duction must be considered in calculations of economic efficiency (not
merely his saages).
. 7. Reduced emissions (solid and gas exhalations) as a result of the total
reduced consumption of fuels as well as a result of votential utilization
of highly ef~ficient separators. -
- 8. Reduction of emissions (fly ash and concentration of gases exhaled
into lower layers of air above the ground) by installation of the heat
source outside the center, as well as by tall chimneys.
9. Secondary reduction of exhalations as a result of fewer fuel transports,
removal of ashes, etc. _
10. Reduction of thermal charges in the atmosphere (environment). -
11. Lower demands on the mining, machine engineering, and construction :
industries, in terms of production, construction and assembly capacities. _
12. Savings of the space required for"the construction of ~acilities in
heated buildings (boiler, chimney, fuel storage, etc., are eliminated)..
13. Safe operations (fires, explosions--gas, oil); the risk tliat oil may
penetrate into underground waters is eliminated.
14. Better comfort and inner well-being.
11
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~
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_ rU1C Urrl~~eu, u..... .,L~..~
15. Lower load on municipal transportation. _
16. Lower demands on the development, deliveries, and license equipment.
17. Opportunities for cooperation of the industry with national~councils
in preparation of a~oint concept, for example, in modification of old -
boiler capacities that cannot be converted to low-grade fuels in the future.
18. Potential technological installations for heat consumption control.
19. Lower maintenance costs.
20. Standarui~ation of resources (as in the USSR, GDR) in uniform series.
Naturally, this means considerable demands on planning preparations, precise
schedules for construction works, including the use of reliminary resources,
regulation of fuel systems, parallel cooperation, and necessary construction
� of supplementary electric capacities, including conversion of the existing
electric power plants into thermal plants. Certain~factors in the value -
analysis, or as the case may be, in the determination of the table of
guidelines remain neutral (expropriation of agricultural lands, dumping of
~sshes, investments required). Transportation losses for tr_ansmission appear -
no worse than in other media (electricity, gas 5-8 percent). -
Economic efficiency calculated according to Regulation No 11 of the F~TTIR
[Federal Ministry of Technological and Investment Development],(a sum of
operational and investment costs and computation of the so cailed trans-
ferred costs) also remains the same as in the other solutio~..
Cases where heat consumption in a limited area is high (industrial centers
and towns, including trends, are known in individual locations in the
CSSR) deserve special atten~ion because in the future local heating with
fossil fuels must be eliminated for ecological reasons, and due to current
- shortages of natural gas and crude oil the question arises how to deal
with heat supply in relation to pl2nned urban units.
At the first glance it is evident that if we are to utilize at the same
- time power coal for generation of heat, we cannot continue the hitherto -
. tendency of a parallel development of the heat supply on the basis of gas,
mazut, central heat, or electric power; furthermore, it is evident that
reduction is necessary, and here centralized heat supply from a specific
thermal density (MS/square km) is unequivocally advantageous.
_ Territorial Aspects of Heat Supply
~
Urbanization is one of the processes that must be given substantially more
attention in the future, since it is a multifaceted social, economic, _
technical, and cultural phenomenon in the life of the contemporary world. ~
~ 12 =
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It may be said that the density of the population in the CSR is diffused
as concern~ housing, which reduces our economic efficiency. Labor product-
ivity rises with the size of the form of settlement, and thus, urbaniz~tion
servea as a reserve for a further efficient economic development. The
process of urbanization may be included among the forms of the development
_ of production forces; if it fails to progress fast enough, its lag in turn
hampers the growth of economic efficiency.
_ The development of aur existing industrial centers and of future urbaniza-
tibn and their needs must address itself in a more responsible way to heat
supplies, locaticn of heat sources, po.tential deliveries from the available
resources, the distance of the CZT from such sources, the costs for the CZT,
including generation of heat, the long-distance tranaport and secondary
lines, the costs of natural gas and electric power supply, the costs for
the improvementmf additional factors of the infrastructure (sewage system,
water, etc.).
Reciprocal Problems in Branch, Regional and Territorial Planning
a) The branch economic plan safeguards the best possible development of
- operational programs of production in the primary, secondary and teYtiary
sphere. A ma3or part of social activity is focused in that subsystein.
, b) The regional plan for development represents a projection of the
national economic plan into the apace where it is especially necessary to
respect spatial conditions for the introduction of developmental progress;
_ to delineate the extent, and to organize the potential for utilization of
natural and economic resources; to achieve the desirable inter-regional
proportionality in employment, housing construction, public facilities,
and supply to nonprodLCtion services; to rationalize spatially the circu-
lation of goods and products at the lowest possible costs for storage,
handling, transportation of sales; to integrate in space the technological
sequences of various types of production (complex); and to build rational
infrastructure.
- c) Territorial planning which correlates first of all interests and
needs in the "Earth, WaCer, Air" ecological system in reflected by various
restrictions. �
The supply of heat must consider all three basic aspects of planning; their
optimization, as a demonstrable source of rationalization, not only saves
primary resources, but also human labor, and maintains ecological conditions
at a desirable level. Branch rationalization (in essence, reduced speci`ic
_ consumption of power) does not always have to agree with the requ~rements
= of territorial rationalization, as appears from the further discussion (for
example, in considerations of the necessity to use low-grade fuels), as
shown in Figures 2 and 3.
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r'Ux urr i~iru. u~~ JIYLi
r.~�ti r�?r~ .
~ 41 /otro{ a+lt ~ i? iio~opic.Fj%r�tkm
I ~OdYI/YOIY I0~%0/10/%ICM \
2/ r i J 1
~ 1 ~,J~,z ,rat (12
- ~ 13 ~
w
~6) ~ ~P~~~k~�'� (14) -
l0~(1 ~~;r (15)
~ ~ ` hr~/rn miwd. ~ p~dairm ~ ~pi~ '
, ~YHa tNfar rr#!ar
aNor/ni'%vo~
16 ~~~~y hnlariah~'reriono.:mcY
~ ) (17)
on.. 2.
VzdjemnE vztohy odvbtvov~ho, o6lastnfho a uzemnfho pldnov6n( -
Figure 2. Correlations in Branch, Regional and Territorial Planning
- Key:
1 - Water
2 - Earth
3. - Air
- 4- Development of branch rationalization _
5 - Territori~l ecologic system
6 - Approach 1
7 - Approach 2
8 - Approach 3 _
9 - Tertiary sector
10 - Secondary sector
11 - Primary sector
_ 12 - People
13 - Ecological and natural source
14 - Infrastructure
15 - Regional facilities '
16 - Individual plants ~
17 - Regiona,.l development - Territorial rationalization
; '
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~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -
' ~
` A~
~ ~ 1, o . Sr .
J ~b A?
~
,o
~ o timum ( 3)
~ s1
_ o
( 2 ~ ob/psfni raciona/~zace =
- ' Obr. 3.
Optlmalizace odrbtvovfho a o6lastnlho programu a racionolizoce
r zdso5ovdnf teplem
Figure 3. Optimization of Branch and Regional Programs and Rationalization
of Heat Supply -
Key:
1 - Branch rationalization
2 - Regional rationalization
3 - Optimum
Results of Study on Potential Heat Supply From the Czechoslovak Power
Plants Concern in Con~unction With the Planned Urbanization Program for
the CSR
The basic precondition here is a gradual transfer of the available power
resources and the preparation of the planned power sources for combined
generation of power and heat, with the application of the latest infor-
mation and experience in long-distance transmission of heat. Figures 4 and
5 show the available opportunities (exploitation of the r.eserves and
adaptation of the existing operations) and options made available as a
result of the construction planned for the Seventh and Eighth Five-Year
Plans. They express the potential for the supply to housing units within
the reach of the presumed sources (average distance of small sources - 10
to 20 km, or large sources - 30 km), and furthermore, the increments and
losses of electric capacities (the maximum, and the annual average) stem- ~
ming, from the envisaged shift from the current condensing electric power
plants to thermal systems. To determine the extraction of heat from con-
densing power plants, reconstruction of turbines for extraction power
plants is taken into consideration, with the maintenance of fully charged
condensation, so rhat the installed capacity of the source is maintained
~ (the ma.ximum extraction, attainable by adaptation of turbines to back
pressure, with continuously decreasing P has not been taken into
consideration). Extraction of heat frominst thErmal plants was determined
individually, according to the existing equipment in the t~hermal plant
15
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I _
1~U3( Ul~i''ll;1t~L UJU ul~a~i
(passport), or according to the construction plan. Capacities nearing the
_ end of their service life were included in the elaboration and deducted -
from total increments. Extraction of heat from nuclear sources under
consideration is up to 50 percent (with potential 100 percent reserve).
. ~
~ zona nesporne vyh,'edove 11
. urbonizoce ~ ~
' 6 I~,'~ ~ rtgion6/ni ag/ome~pce ~ 12 ~ -
t ( 3)
5 V i 3 ~ og~bme~ate niisiho r'adu 1
~ ' li ~ ~ ~ 'i . .
6 4~ 5; . I I ~
~
I 'j, \
. ~ ~ i ~ _ ~ # ~ "'r,
~ '0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
. III I ~ { I l~.r~ n ~ '
I O ` ~ I 1r ~fi~
~ ~ B ,~I ~
� ~
/ G I
_ . ~ ~ ; i I~~
~ y ~.F~ ~ I
- ~ ~3 . ~ ~ I I sc I
` ,Ij '
~ (3) . .
s~ .s o~ ~y ea /
~ 1~� r. ;980 do r.1990 h/avni vN.Plynovcdy \ 5~
O dosoh zdroje ~kn,] ' - os!c!ni vl. p/ynavrdy 6~
~~)soucosny S!ov ~ !rnr:i!~:; a/ynovooy ~7~
o rnrvc; ~ r+,, pie~er;~~e~.;r.~rv,~,~v
pG/r,cvodu � o~ o k0/%rre��� ~,.i (8l
50 100km podiemni :esodnik ),9S
(l0) ~ '
06r. 4. Rozvoj centrolizc�~aneh~ :d;obovan? teplem a vyhledov6 urbanizaCe ~SR -
Figure 4. Development cf Centralized Heat Supply and Program of Urbaniza-
tion of the CSR
Key. ~ i
1- Access to source (km) ~
2- Current situation and development of gas lines ,
3- Current situation for 1980
4 - Outlook for 1990 -
5 - Main high-przssure.gas lines
6- Other h-~gh-~pressure gas lines
7 - Transit gazs lines ~
8 - Transferred gas lines
= 9 - Compressor plant
10 - Underground reservoir
11 - Zone of indisputable future urbanization
12 - Regional centers -
13 - Low-order centers
16 -
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1744 1,f00�
~ g`~[ �
~
fJQJ 1 ~
, 1~ ?(ep~onnrky vyAon na proAu S vytlovby B. PLP ~ dotoiilr/ry !rp/drrnsky vykon no prohu vyuii/~:n
~j~~ lep/arcnsky vykon na prvbu z vysMvdy 7. PLP re~ervy krle/ny a nkon,r/rukci rdroje ~3~
,~f Sq7 ~ aldvvji~i /ep/urensky vJikon no piohu zdroje
: . z 3 G ~ ~ 4)
, 5 6 7 y .
0 0
'o '
b% ~ , ~
~ ~5, moinot~i k~yli polred /tp/o KBV Y 10~b~ Od r. 1979 dor.~l9b'0
d~ .
O J .b o r'.~~" ~n--~
i~r-~-~.~--r~, k '
'~o~~'~-~ E �8L'u~C;~y~ ~k,r o.~Y ~ j,e~' y~,~o
ti~'o. �A- ~ ti c o~`F~c
1 a m. ~ E e`, a ~ ~t H ~fl'4 i ; ~ o'- t - ~ .
(6) '~'hO~c '4'co~'au~ClW~s~ t~�~amo~.r,t~ ti~n-~~ti'., ig�o~~ ~o
W~u ~''T4 G~.."~.:Q'~'�~,`o4oYi'~ c c~`'- ~Z~'~ ...H ~~,�~cj~.~i~
" v'~iv nn"' ~ n�.~ ~h~'N~hR
~ ~~~~~~..w.^~~ ^~o ~a
_ +kqpMW ~ pfi'rvs/ek rleklrickeho vykanu p/anovonym rpZii/`eniin !Cp/o~p~ovOZU v7, ad3LP
$ ?:trdlo e%klrickeho vykonu lep/orenskym rtfimem v rimni
dpic'te
9 ~ z joh,o rcfni prrimer
0
~r �
- 400HW , . '
06r. S. Vyj6dlenf mo3nosti dodavky tepelneho vykonu ze zdroj8 koncernu ~EZ _
1- 800 t;h dcfivf 19E0, odbFr tcpla x bloku 2 X 2;0 MW (uveden).2 - 260 c!h doiiri, 3� 103 t~h doiivi, ve vY:ledku ra~pek~ovino, 100 c!h do3ivf 1983, va
vY~ltdku respektovSno, S- vYst~vba ceplirny Li�Ja 3i~ t;h, 55 MW nexohrnuta. 6-~0 c~h doiivi, raspckcovino, 1� 116 c~h doffvi, respektovSno, 8- 390 t~h
doifri, respekcovino, 9- doiivi 7987, nihnda: EUE, f0 - uvedeno pro KBV, nutno poi'fc~t s prumy~lem
~ Figure 5. Expression of Potential Delivery of Thermal Capacity fz~om the
= Sources of the CEZ concern �
1- 800 t/h ending service life in 1980, extraction of heat from 2 x 250 MW
unit (stated).
2- 280 t/h ending service life.
3- 103 t/h ending service life, included in the result.
- 4- 100 t/h ending service life in 1983, included in the result.
S- Construction of 320 t/h Li-Ja heat plant, 55 MW not included. -
6- 40 t/h ending service life, included
7- 116 t/h ending service life, included.
17 =
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8- 390 t/h ending service life, included.
9- Service life ending in 1987, replacement from the EDE.
10 - Stated for KBV; industry must be considered
Key:
1- Threshold thermal capacity from the construction in the Eighth
Five-Year Plan ~
2- Threshold thermal capacity from the construction in the Seventh
Fi�le-Year Plan
3- Threshol.d thermal capacity attainable by exploitation of reserves
in boiler plants and conversion of the source
4- Current threshold capacity of the source
. 5- Potential satisfaction of the needs of heat in the KBV in 103
housing units from 1979 to 1990 _
_ 6- 1- District heating plant in Bilina
2- District heating plant in Kobylisy
~ 3- District heating plant in Litomerice
4- District heating plant in Louny !
5- District heating plant in Klatovy
6- District heating plant in Decin
_ 7- Heating plant in Pardubice
8- Electric power plant in [Sluknov?] ~
9 - EMY
10 - Heating plant in Kolin
11 - District heating plant in Krnov
12 - EKV
13 - Power plant in Oslavany
14 - District heating plant in Prosek -
15 - Heating plant in Nachod
16 - Heating plant in Karlovy Vary
17 - District heating plant in Marianske Lazne
18 - Electric Po~aer Plants of Porici II i-
19 - Heating plant in t?vur Kralove
20 - District heating plant in Teplice
21 - Heating plant in Strakonice ~
22 - Michle ~
23 - Heating plant in Sucfia
24 - District heating plant in Tabor ~
25 - Heating plant in Liberec ;
26 - EHO
27 - District heating plant in Cerveny Mlyn
28 - Heating plant in Holesovice i
29 - District heating plant in Frydek-Mistek
30 - Brno North
31 - Malesice II
32 - Heating plant in Prerov
[Key continued)
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33 - Malesice I
34 - Heating plant in Trmice
35 - ECA
36 - Heating plant in Treboradice
, 37 - EKY
38 - Electric Power Plant in Opatovice
39 - Heating plant in Otrokovice
40 - Heating plant in Olomouc
41 - Heating plant in Ceske Budejovice
. 42 - Heating plant in Brno
43 - District heating plant in Plzen
44 - Electric Power Plant in Tisova
45 - ELE ~
46 - ETB
47 - ERV
48 - EDE
49 - EPOC �
50 - Heating plant in Louky
51 - Electric Power Plant in Melnik
52 - ETU
53 - EPRU
54 - Nuclear Power Plant in Dukovany
55 - JESM
56 - JEJC ~
7- Increment of electric capacity by planned expansion of operations
of thermal plants during the Seventh and Eighth Five-Year Plans
8- Loss of electric capacity in the thermal system during the winter
peak
- 9- Of which annual average
Conclusions
1- Yresented in Figures 4 and 5 are areas where heat supplied by the CZT
is unequivocally advantageous (high density of the thermal load
MW/square km).
- 2- The review further indicates where to focus gas, mazut, or electric
power for heating and for a reduction of the amount of heat carriers,
and where to cover two media (emergency supply).
3- Available sources may be util3.zed in great many locations, particularly
in power plants with 55, 110, and 200 MW units (see Figure 4). The
zones indisputably designated for future urbanization programs are
usually within the reach of the existing thermal sources. and of the
sources designated for the construction of the CEZ (with transmissions
of heat up to 30 km).
19
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!r'OK Ul~Y'1l:lAL UJa: Jt~LY _
4- It is evident in which areas connections can be made for the consumers
, and where old sources may be disconnected or which sources should be
converted for low-grade fuels.
5- It is evident wrich structure of sources may be installed (approximate
figures are presented--extraction is affe.cted by parameters required
for extracted heat, Table 3).
To6. 3
Rckonstrukcu T(. __~2 ~u~�A ndb(ro~�A TG ~ \0~�6 protitlnkA TG
bluk S~dbtr tepla blok odbtr te lt? tnk Qh~r te la
(4) 5 ' S ~ - (uJ~ (5~ U
fj~el. vj�kon JL~i% [Gcal;h] ~ 6 cl.
ct~l \I1V [Gr.nlihJ ~6~c1. ~tkon Jl~\' (Ccol~hl
30 ~I~~' 70 (60) SO ~IW 11U (95 22 DIW 140 (120)
110 Jt~V I40 (120) 135 ~I\V 186 (1G0) 50 D11V :79 (2l0)
20U ~I~V Q58 (32U) 300 ~I~V 9~9 (300} ~
500 ~I~V 407 (350)
Table 3.
Key :
1 - Converted [thermal generators]
2 - New extraction [thermal generatorsJ
3 - New counter-pressure [thermal generatorsJ
_ 4 - Unit
_ 5 - Heat extraction
6 - Electric capacity
6- It is indicated where to deploy nuclear sources at the present time (for
potential future utilization of heat). -
7- It is evident where new housing units should be constructed in view of
the heat supply, and conversely, where in serious instances thermal =
sources have to be adapted to future urbanization programs (where other
- factors predominate over fuel-energy requirements). It should be said
in this conjunction that unlike other methods of heat supply, the CZT
positively and immediately advances urbanization to a higher standard.
8- Potential utilization of low-grade fuel has become feasibly in addit-
ional localities where the CZT may prove even more effective (towns
with population over 20,000) and where heat does not have to be gener-
ated, for instance, from natural gas.
9- If the outiined objectives in the development of power engineering and `
_ of thermal engineering, including the unavoidable reconstruction and
adaptation of the existing operations, are met prior to 1990, it may be
possible to increase the threshold thermal capacities of the sources
of the CEZ concer.n (excluding the nuclear sources) by thermal capacity
of 11,737 MW, which in theory would facilitate the connection of more _
20
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than 1 million housing units (with some public facilities) in case of
comprehensive housing construction within a reach of such sources.
Similar preconditions have been met for about 80,000 housing units
- supplied by the nuclear power plant in Dukovany. This shift to thermal
systems would mean a loss of 732 MW electric capacities during the
winter peak, and about 144 MW on annual average (iricluding increments
of thermal capacities with 0.6 coefficient). The sum of threshold -
thermal capacities of the available thermal sour~es attainable by
adaptation, conversion ancl planned construction prior to 1990, surpass
by far th~ n~eds of comprehensive housing construction, which may be
satisfied in every kra3 (except for South Moravia and South Bohemia).
Among the zones under consideration for unquestionable further urbaniza-
tion programs and lesser centers, the needs of the following localities
' have not been covered from the sources of the CEZ concern: the Sluknov
- Panhandle, Turnov, Semily, Jihlava, Pribram, Horovice, Beroun, Sumperk,
Zabreh, Usti nad Orlici, the southern part of the Capital City of Prague,
the north-eastern part of Brno.
= 10 - Savings uf labor:
on the basis of the f acts ascertained for the past period (5 years)
and of projections �or the future, savings of 0.81 workers per 1 MW of
the supplied thermal capacity may be anticipated in the CZT as compared ~
with the supply from local boiler houses. In theory it is possible to
save 11,737 x 0.81 = 9,506 workers. Potential savings of workers are
calculated as the difference between the num?~er of workers required
for heat supply from local boiler houses and the needs in the pro~ected
increment of supplies from the SCZT. The savings are expressed by
= derivation from actual ratios of local boiler houses liquidated as a
result of the introduction of c~istrict heating systems, on the basis
of the KEP and VEP evidence, where the following applies:
Workers required for local boiler houses - 1,516 workers/MW thermal
= capacity;
In exchanger stations - 0.543 worker/MW thermal capacity;
For maintenance of the primary distribution system - 0.077 worker/MW
thermal capacity; _
Increment of service and maintenance workers in the source - 0.086
worker/MW thermal capacity.
11 - Savings of fuel
with the assumption that
- heating plants will be built in accordance with the proposal for
the Seventh and Eighth Five-Year Plan, and that thermal capacity will
21
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be distributed and utilized by long-distance heat transmission and
distribution systems;
- the Qxisting condensing electric power plants will be converted -
into heating plants (with preservation of fully utilized condensa-
tions), which will result in an increment in the threshold thermal
capacity in the amount of 11,737 MW thermal capacity; -
- the output of 11,737 MW thermal capacity will be supplied for 3600
- hours annually,.so that electric power generated by steam in district
heating plants will increase by approximately 6.106 MWh per year with
a maximum of 0.15 tmp/MWh ~(specific fuel consumption).; -
- the luss of electric capac~ty at the peak of 732 and'14/~ MW on the
annual average will be compensated from other sources at 0.378/0.3792
tmp/P4Wh - 1.1 x 106 MWh represents fuel saved in the amount of about
- 2.5 million tmp/year.
The above consideration for the program for further proceedings in the
solution of problems concerning the heat supply is based on detailed cal- _
culations made in conjunction with the preparations of projections for _
the period up to 1990.
Thus far, territorial relations and linkage in the development of power
engineering and heat supply have not been systematically observed. As a
result, the development was conceived with little consideration to the
potential demand for heat in the future. So much more difficult appears
at present the conversion of electric power plants to simultaneous genera-
tion of electric power and heat (conversion programs are motivated by some
- other reasons as well--reduction of specif ic fuel consumption, moderniza-
tion of obsolete installations wfth 55, 110, and 200 MW units, conversion
af installations for burning of low-grade ~fuels, etc.).
A very particular, and g~rhaps also the most relevant factor in territorial
considerations at present is the necessary consideration of the future
heat supply from nuclear sources, which requires prompt and well-planned
construction of regional types of heat supply in such a way that the invest-
ments which are nonvariant for the type of the source (conventional,
nuclear) with a prolonged schedule of construction must be launched imme-
diately. Such a procedure is technologically feasible, advantageous in
terms of economic efficiency, and unavoidable in view of the developme-~t
of our society. The rational approach of the USSR as well as of other CEMA -
states ma.y serve as an example, since there the share of electric power
generated in a heating plant, and the share of the central heat supply are _
substantially higher than in the CSSR and the conversion of outmoded power
plants into heating plants proceeds at a faster rate and to a greater
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1''UK Ui~'1~1l,lAL Uau ~I1V~.t
�
extent, and generation of electric power and heat from high-grade fuels
(gas, oil) comes under consideration only in isolated and excegtional cases
_ (during the period of organization and construction uf CZT centers)--to put
it briefly, the solution of the target program is elaborated there to a
far greater depth.
COPYRIGHT: SNTL - Nakladatelstvi technike literatury 1980
9004
CSO: 2400 END
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