JPRS ID: 9147 WEST EUROPE REPORT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 36
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 33
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVE~ FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-R~P82-00850R000200090033-4
~i T'
~ ~ ~ ~

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094433-4
FOR OfF(CIAf, i`SF. t71~i_~'
JPRS L/914?
17 June 1980
,
~ V�~~St ~ ~rt
~ ~
- SCIENCE A~lD TECHNOLOGY
(FOU~ 7/80)
~Bf$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
FOR O~FIC(AI, US[: ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
NOTE
.~PRS publications contain information prim.~ril=,y from for'eign
newspapers, periodicals and baoks, but also fr~om news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
~ Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators suc:h as [Text]
or [Excerpt) in the first line of each item, or following the
last Line of a brief, indicate how the original information was _
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in Farentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
- The contents of this publication ir. no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the li.S. Government.
~
For further infurmation on report content
call (7031 351-7_811 or 35?-7501 ~~reece,
Cyprus, Turkey).
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULA.TIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIV REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF TfiIS PUBI.ICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE OvLY.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICZAL "JSE ONLY -
JPRS L/9147
17 June ].980
WEST EUROPE REPORT
. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(FOUO 7/80)
COiVTENTS
,
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS
EEC: AttenTpt To Formulate Common European Energy Policy
(REVL~ DE L'ENERGIE, Mar 80) 1
- FRAN CE
Ten-Year Outlook for Special Steel Industry -
(B. Vieillard-Baran, B. Bjot; LE PROGRES
SCI II~ITIFIQUE, Nov-Dec 79) 17
SWE DEN
Study Made of Sweden's Bioenergy Policy
(LE PROGRES SCTENTIFIQUE, Nov-Dec 79) 22
~
' a- [III - WE - 151 5&T FOUOJ
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
. . . . . . . . M�i v- .
~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
INTERNATIONAL AFFAIR3L
EEC: ATTEMPT TO FORMULATE COMMON EUROPEAN ENERGY POLICY .
Paria REVUE DE L'ENERGIE in French Mar 80 pp 153-159 .
'[Text] During a press conference organized by the Informa-
tion Offic~~ of the European Communities in Paris, Jean Saint-
Geours presented and commented on the report to which his
name is habitually given and the exact title of which is "For
Economic Growth in Energy."
This study has been made at the request of the Commission of
the European Communities. It does not deal with energy sav-
�ings, but rather seeks to determine how gi�owth and energy _
consumption can be dissociated. It takes as a beginning
hypothesis the proposition that 4-percent growth is indis-
pensable to Europe at least for the next 10 years, for
demographic and psych4eociological reasons and because it
will be indispensable to the Community for adapting to th~
rapidly evolving world economic system. On the other hand,
important progress cannot be made in the rational use of
energy without inveating, and a certain amount of growtti
is necessary ao as to produce the funds necessary for these
investments.
Mr Saint-Geours attributes the failure to work out a European
energy policy to: institutional differences among the member
states; very different fundamental situations; excessive
submission to market laws for 15 years. But he considers
that the absence of a common energy policy makes Europe run
immense risks on the political, economic and social levels.
We publish below the summary and Chapters 10 and 11, concern-
ing the strategy advised and the recommendations made by the
report.
10. Strategy
10.1. In order to take properly into account the data and problems of the
present and of the future, as enunciated and discussed by the Group, the
atrategy thut it recommends varies with the horizon viewEd., But this dif-
1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Eereiitiation st~ould not lead to segmentaiion of the outlooks, for it is nec-
essary to strive to prepare, during each period,the solutions to the prob-
lems of the followinR one.
10.1.1. I3etween now and I985-1990: the working population continues to grow
- throughout Europe, r~nd thie among other reasone makes st~stained economic
growtt~ necessary. The aupply of hydrocarbona does not pose technical prob-
lems, because the reserves are suffxcient; but the scsrcity of alternative
energy sources and political positions taken may restrict the quantities
available and raise prices. There is a risk that the trends toward rational
use of energy will not assert themselves spontaneously, and the various
fleets are only in the process of being replaced.
10.1.2. As the year 2000 approaches, the necessity of creating new jobs de-
creases or disappears (varying from one country to another); the approaching -
severeshortage of hydrocarbons presents the risk of further swelling prices;
there are saturations of durable g~~ds; and finally, the measures taken pre-
viously to save energy can hsve their full effect.
10.1.3. Beyond that time, iF the important fact is the development of new
modes of energy production capable of decreasing Europe's dependence con-
siderably, the problematics of economic growth are definitely more confused
in terms of macroeconomic balance, if only because the demographic data may
be altered, new products will have come into existence, and lifestyles and
modes of consumption will have had the space in which to change in function
of a modification of social and personal vaiues.
One sees that ruptures are possible in the coming years and that it is bet- _
ter to prepare to counter their harsh consequences.
10.1.~4., The actions to be taken in the immediate future will be concentrat-
ed fitst of all on dealing with the problems of employment, the environ~ent
7~ and energy dependence. They must at the same time diminish even more
~ strongly the European economy's energy vulnerability for the following per-
' iod. Throughout the entire 50 yesrs to come, the most advisable orientation
- appears to be to open and expand to the maximum the range of the possibili-
- ties in three interconnected areas: lifestyles, modes of use of energy, and
the modes of production of energy--an orientation already outlined in the
preceding three chapters.
10.2. Desnite the progress already made in rational use of energy, despite
the existence of a sizable potential for further progress, it may be feared
that strong economic growth in the coming years will entail a sizable in-
crease in energy consumption, generating trouble and ruptures.
In the EEC countries, though, it is not realistic to sacrifice economic
growth to minimization of energy consumption, despite the uncertainties of
sufficient and regular supply. On the contrary, it is necessary to cause or
permit more growth than in the last 5 years: growth which--to give an idea
of it--is closer to 4 percent than to 2 percent.
2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
What are the reasons that militate in favor of sustained growth?
10.2.1. First of all, the ne~eseity of providing jobs for a growing working
populution. The political, aocial and moral equilibrium of F.urope would be
in peril if one did not doggedly etrive to decrease the present number of
unemployed. Doubtlessly, as has been aeen, a certain d~.saociation between
economic growth and increase in the number of jobs is to be feared, Never-
thelese it may be thought that quite a strong link can subsist--on the one
hand, if collective or personal services can be developed, which will have
favorable effects on energy consumption and the environment; and on the
other hand, to the extent that equipment-goods and consumer-goods industries
making use of advanced techniquea expand.
10.2.2. These two new directiona in the structure of production activities
are also indispensable if it is desired to counterbalance the depressive ef-
fects of external competition on the basic and intermediate-product indus-
tries.
10.2.3. But in addition, it is not paradoxical to assert that austained
_ growth would have the effect of powerfully encouraging rational use of en-
ergy in the medium term. Only such growth can be at the same time satisfac-
tory ~;rowth in relation to the traditional economic and social objectives
and active growth on the level of energy savings. It would accelerate the
renewal of the equipment fleets--machinery, buildings, mesns of tranaport--
and would thus permit the adoption of energy-saving solutions. It would
~ive additional financial means to business enterprises and houReholds,
= which could thus facilitate adaptation of existing equipment and housing to
_ the new energy situation. '
In contrast, "while low economic growth limits energy consumption in the
short term, it retards the rational use of energy over the long term by de-
laying the establishment of equipment that is more efficient from this point
of view."1
10.2.4. Likewise, growth can, if well-oriented, make it possible not only
to compensate for but especially to avoid the perverse and troublesome ef-
fects attributed to it. We should stress once again the synergy that can be `
achieved between energy-savings policy and environmental policy: the tech-
nologies that depend less on energy are also, in general, the one that pol-
. lute less; thermal insulation goes hand in hand with insulation trom sound;
usi~ig collective modes of traneportation means at the same time saving ener-
by and natural space; recovery of materials is useful, and even necessary,
from both points of view. The environment as well as energy-saving can bene-
fi.t from the changes made possible by sustained growth.
10.3. But while goc~d econcuni~ gr'owth perrrti.ts ~r, encourag,:s rational use of
energy, if: dor~: ncit, at all guaran.tee it. And the risk--stated ae l-he bc~bi.n-
1. Cf D. Yergin, op cit, p 19, in Volume 2, "Working Documents of the -
- Group."
3
FOR OFFICIAL US~ ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
I
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ning of the present chapter--of seeing resumption of brisk growth accompan-
- ied by high consumption of energy, which would also compromise its continu-
ity, does indeed exist.
The action of each government, and the European Community as a whole, in
solidarity, should be aimed at making the principal agents in the economy
recognize this relationahip and make it specifically operative in each sec- _
tor of use.
:'.~-4. The risks engendered by dependence and the conditional relationship
with ~rowth are so great that under these circumstances, one could not be
contented with a limited policy. A limited policy means one that is re-
sCricted to elim?nation of wastage without intervention in the economic
mechanisms or modification of the structures of production and consumption.
This, in a way, is the first degree in the strategy of dissociation of eco-
nomic growth from energy consumption. The system of references is consti-
Cuted'ay the present prices.
A second policy level is often pres~nted as a limitation of energy demand by
intervention in the economic system (without neceasarily taking the form of
supplementary burdens on the public budgets). They can, for example, in-
volve quantitative restriction, norms, or even the fixing of certain prices.
It is probable that this policy is the one that presents the most difficul-
tiea of application and encounters the most objections.
In any case, the extent and gravity of the problems to be solved necessi-
tates a policy that is more complete and more fundamental in nature than in
the past. The use of energy resources must be limited to the maximum com- ~
patible with rational combination of them with the other factora of produc- -
- tior., and the efficiency o� each "energy chain" muet be simed at continuity -
of supply at the lowest collective cost in the long term. In this sense,
energy savxngs depend on an "economics of energy." _
The economics of energy considers energy savings as an energy resource, to
~ be treated rationally. Thie means that this "new" energy is one of the ele-
ments of a aystem in which the instantaneous costa and prices must be estab-
liehed, if possible, within the perapective of the coats and prices of the
fuCure; in which the investments that lead to use of energy and the invest-
ments to rationalize this use muat be calculated on the basis of these
pricea; in which the technologiea and innovationa that can permit this ra-
tional uae are promoted by governmental actions in an extensive and varied
- amnner; and finally, a syatem that includes a research and development
strategy applicable to al.l the stagea of the energy chain. It is in this
perspective that our .'.'irst recommendations will be presented.
10.5. Such a policy is not principally of a technical order. Moreover, it -
ia a policy that necessarily extends over a long period of time. Here we -
~ encounter the field of action that touches on cultural, social and personal
values.2
- 2. This point will be the subject of recommendations in 11.3.7.
~4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
i
FOR OFFICIAL USE UNLY '
Chapter 11
11, Itecommendations
At the conclusion of this first reflection on the problematics of the dis-
sociation of economic growth from energy consumption and of the attempt at
strategic forecasting which it has brought to this subject, the Working
Group considered it useful to classify its recommendations in three differ-
ent categories, so as to take account both of the importance of the options
to be taken and of the work~that remains to be done.
~ The firsC set of recommendations is united and guided by the ideu of solid-
arity among the countries of the EEC and of harmonization of their economic
and social conditions.
The s?cond set complements the first one by enumerating the principal ele-
ments of an en~rgy-savings policy that can be recommended to all countries.
The third set proposes improvements in our knowledge of the economics of
energy, which still has many gaps in it, and of the complementary work and
atudies, some of which could be undertaken in the second phase of reflection
by the Group. '
_ A. For a Commu:~ity Strategy of Ecpnomic Growth in Energy
11.1. Statemeat
_ Neitt~er the rate nor the content of the economic growth of the member coun-
_ tries of the EEC in the last S years will enable them to achieve their eco-
nomic and sccial objectives--especially those relating to employment--while
at the same time decisively reducing their energy dependence.
At least until 1490, tlie EEC needs sustained growth in order to ada~t its
economy to the evolution of competition and to the new technologies, as well
as to ensure employment.
However, this orientation can be implemented only if, simultaneously, the
means for minimizing energy consumption are really in place. It is advis-
able here to re~~eat the strategy formulated in the preceding chapter: in the
future, the cumulative process "so much more energy, so much more economic
growth, so much more energy" must be replaced by thP conditional relation:
_ "the more rational the use of energy is, the more easily will ecoaomic~
growth comply with the objectives of the European Community, both by virtue
of its rate and by its composition and its durability."
11.1. Recommendation
Vigorous and coherent political action is indispensable for convincing the
principal agents of th? economy of the principle that has just been laid
down and for implementing it in each sector of energy use. Political actior
5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
F~R OFFICIAL USE ONLY
limited to urging .:limination of waste, without intervention in the economic
system or modification of the structures of produc*_ion and consumption, is
not suEficient. The changes and replacements that are the driving farces of
~;rowth must serve systematically and in a coordinated manner to promote the
rational use of energy.
The commitment and understanding of the citizens of the member countries
will be all the greater if the political action is perceived as an element
of a Community-scale strategy aimed at achieving effective economic growth
in energy consumption--a strategy in which each member state fully partici-
pates. This strategy should also result in broader undersr.anding among the
industrial nations of the West.
11.2. Statement
The report has examined the dissociation of economic growth from energy con- -
sumption under three aspects: the technological potential for rationaliza-
tion of this consumption, the context and the economic conditions of dis-
sociation, ~nd the social and institutional factors.
It is not at all certain that the "spontaneous" trend toward dissociation
will firm up considerably. Thus there are strong reasons why the member
states of the EEC should strive to reach the highest possible limit of dis-
sociation between economic growth and energy consumption. This maximum dis-
_ sociation is within our reach only if there exists the political will to
make all factors converge i~i its favor: t1:2 technological, economic, social.
and institutional factors.
11.2. Recommendations
11.2.1. Technological Factors Favorable to Dissociation
The establishing of common mini,nal norms conatitutes an advantageous contri-
bution by each to ths collective savings effort. It facilitates diffusion
of the technologies of rationalization. It harmonizes the conditions of in-
ternational competition. Some Community recommendations have already been
published on this subject. They should be broadly supplemented by new re-
' commendations, voluntary agreements or regulatory provisions applicable to
the whole of the EEC. -
Progress in rational use of en2rgy depends largely on the magnitude of the
' research and development effort:
--the field of R&D regarding energy is vast, and the European countries will
have to take an interest in all the energy-savings technologies in the com-
in years;
--the development of an energy-savings industry that will be important for
the level and composition of growth depends on R&D;
6
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
--the United States and Japan are or will be suppliers of energy-savings
technologies; Europe should take this into account so as to avoid Any lag, �
or better, to retain or acquire a lead in certain fields (the automobile,
for example); '
--so much the more in that, in a world strategy, these technologies will be
of intereat to the developing countries also, permitting considerable ex-
tesnion of the marketa.
' 11.2.1.1. Establishment of Common Minimal Norms of Technical Performance
~ Such establishment of norma can be effected by voluntary agreements among
the industries and the member states within a Community framework, or by
legal provisions established at the Community level. These minimal norms
should be ~pplied to the following products, whether they are imported or
produced in Europe:
--sutomobiles;
--heating installations;
--the principal h~usehold appliances.
In certain cases, it will be necessary to offer to the producers and users
of these products financial advantages for implementation of programs to
put the norms into practice.3
11.2.1.2. An Important Community Research, Development and Demonstration -
Program
In addition to greatly increased efforts to develop the technologies capable
of saving energy, greater attention should be devoted to the economic and
social questions connected with diffusion of them and their effective utili-
zation. Tl~is point is treated more fully in 11.2.3. below. -
11.2.1.3. Creatior, of a European Data Bank on the Energy-Saving
Technologies
The information in such a bank would be available as a public service to the
professions interested--industrial firms, architects, construction compa-
nies. In the creation of this data bank, priority should be given to the
collecting of data relating to new and existing buildings.
The data bank should provide a basis for the technical agreements b~tween
the EEC and the other industrial countries, as well as with the Third World. -
11.2.'L. Economic Factors Favorable to D~ssociation
The member states of the EEC should adopt a common price-system approach,
for it is a major determinant of energy production and consumption.
3, This theme is dEVeloped more fully in recommendati.on 11.3.5.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
7'he energy prices charged today reflect only imperfectly the foreseeably in-
creasing scarcity of the energy sources available. Certain of these prices
have decreased in real value since 20 years ago if one takes into account
� the real increase in incomes and despi:e the big hikes since 1973. If one
considers the financing needs implied by the new production capacities to be
built, one. may consider that certain sages ofelectricity are subsidized [as
published]. The price of energy is too often used either as a mear_s of
atemming inflation or as a means of social policy, at the expense of a lung-
term energy policy. Finally, information on the prices and costs of the
different forms of energy utilization is often lacking.
- Conaequently, the Working Group recommends that the member countries make ar.
agreement on harmonization of their price policies on the basis of the fol-
= lowing principles:4
(a) The prices of energy should at best cover the expenses necessary for
replacement of the resources. The producers' use of their receipts should
be watched closely and oriented. Specific social compensation can be im-
plemented for the limited categories of persons that may be affect by this
policy.
(b) The costs and prices of the different "energy chains" should be made
- clearer, so as to enable the collectivity to make the most rational compar- .
" isons and utilizations.
Cc) The pri:cerzof energy, the cost of equipment that ,.ses energy, and the
consumption by this equipment ahould be publicized as much as possible and
should be subject to Community regulation.
(d) Likewise, the costs and financial yields of the investments intended
; for economizing on energy expenditure ahould be publicized as extensively as
- possible.
These questions and those raised in this regard in Chapter 5 should be sub-
ject to periodic review of energy-price practices by each of the member
countries withitt the framework of the European Community.
The.costs of labor as a production factor are increased by taxes and Social -
Security levies. On ~he other hand, the costs of energy ap~ear low vis-a-
vis the long-term costs of its supply. Tliis situation leads to an imbalance
in the terms of choice of the production factors, encouraging the capital-
intensive and energy-intenaive forms of economic activity. Td ^_orrect these
4. However, the Group is well aware of the fF.ct that principles are in-
volved here. On the one hand, definition of coats (in particular, re-
placement of resourcea) is a delicate matter in practice; on the other =
hand, the implementation of price policies is subject to procedures that -
- are highly complex and difficult to orient in the direction of energy
. savinga.
_ 8
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
tendencies, it would be useful to study the conditions and consequences of a
significant reduction of the imposition of labor as a production factor.
11.2.3. Instituional and Social Factors Favorable to Dissociation
11.2.3.1. The institutional and social factors fall principally under the
responsibility of the member states. Nevertheless, the Community's institu-
tions can play an important role in the support of national efforts, by
sponsoring the development, at the level of Europe, of interdisciplinary
studies simed at furnishing a more objective bases for discussion of the
_ great sociotechnological pr:oblems of the future.
11.2.3.2. Changes in the structure of European society cannot occur without
the involvement and participation of the European citizens in the decision
processes. This is largely a problem of education and culture, and the media
should should give it an important position. It is necessary to develop
better understanding of the needs and the technological possibilities, to
make science and technology acceasible to those who are in a position to use
them, the understand better the desires and behavior of individuals. All
tnese �actors should help to promote the emer6~~tce of plural forms of so- "
ci~ty.
11.2.3.3. The creation of a true European scientific community would seem
to be an essential institutional innovation, of such a nature as to encour-
- age the esl-ablishment of the technological basis for a new energy-frugal
Pcdhomy. A paper has been written on this subject by Prof I. Prigo~ine and ~
~rof U. Colombo, the conclusions of which are as follows. In the i.nitial
phase, emphasi~ will be placed on scientific cooperation within the frame-
work of the present institutions; it is of prime importance that the Commun-
ity bodies make possible, by the confrontation of ideas, a certain coherence
of ttie various sectorial policies and coordination of strategies in the sci-
- entific domain; in this phase, it is especially necessary to facilitate the
mobility of researchers and of knowledge.
In the lc~n~er term, it appears desirable to arrive at European R&D struc-
tures to overcame the d~fficulties due to the compartmentati~n of the pres-
ent situations.
11.2.3.4. The Commission of the ~urapean Communities thus has an important
role to play by developing greater attention to the collective interest in
- the matter of energy, and a broade.r consensus on the relationships between
energy policy and more general political problems. Actually, these problems
--maintenance of a common market of goods and services without discrimina-
tion or i~nfair commercial practices, common foreign-trade policy, agricul-
tural ~olicy, the European monetary system, and more generally, relations
between the EEC and the Third World--are gradually tending to define a uni-
fied entity.
In the face of the other principal forces in the world, an energy policy for
the Community is an obvious necessity. ~
9
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
I~. The Other Elements of a Complete Policy of Dissociation between Economic
Growth and Energy Consumption Recommendable to the Member States
11.3 Statement
It ahould be up to each member state to supplement the common orientations
~ just outlined in function of its particular siCuation and its own objec-
tives. Nevertheless it appears useful to formulate the elements of a com-
plete and integrated policy on the rational use of energy. This comprehen-
- sive approach could 'oe expressed, on the part of the Commission, by a guide-
line program aimed at informing and encouraging action, among interested
E~arties, public opinion, and governments.
Of course, these elements are of different natures--on the one hand, because
they affect both institutions and behavior and also technological and eco-
nomic aspects of the problem, and on the other hand because some may have
rapid effects while others are aimed at long-term results. Their common ob-
jeckive, though, is to create a climate favorable to investment aimed at
. achieving greater dissociation between economic growth and energy needs.
Of course, it is not only in the area of rational use of energy that the ~
governments are striving to create a climate favorable to investment. The
energy policies and the energy-savinga policies should be combined with the
policies on industrial restructuring and employment far more directly and
awarely than has been the case so far. More precisely, the principal areas
of action in this regard are public demand, financial support of firms, ade-
quate reulation, and improvement of the scientific infrastructure.
11.3.1. Norms ~
� In addition to those referred to in 11.1., minimal norms on efficiency of
energy use (or maximum-consumption norms) should be appJ_ied to the methods
of construction of new buildings--housing, offices, administrative buildings
(schools, hospitals, etc).
Of course, these advisory activi~ies can be taken on on a large scale only
if a sufficient number of experts and professionals are trained for this
function. This is why it is desirable for training courses for such experts
~.and professionals to be created in the technical-training organizations.
11.3.4. Measurements, itegulati~n and~Mcnitoring
It is important to promote devices for measurement, regulation and monitor-
ing in all the sectors of consumption. The market exists. The technologies
are developing, especially in microcomputers. The phenomenon therefore has
aome chance of occurring spontaneously. However, it can be aided by certain
specific measures:
--encouragement, by information and financial stimuli, of adoption o� these
devices in vehicles, in electricfll household appliances and in the lighting
and heating of buildings;
10
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
:
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
I
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
--encouragement, by information and financial stimuli, of adoption of such
devices in the industrial processes;
--requirement to equip offices and and the individual units in collective
rPSidential buildings with meters and thermostats;
--extension of ~lectronic traffic regulation in the principal urban centers.
In the same order of ideas, energy-consumption display should be made common
on the principal kinds of industrial and domestic equipment.
11.3.5. Financial Provisions
It is indispensable to establish considerable financial stimuli to compen-
sate for the gap between the psychological outlook of private decision-
makers und the terms of amortization for energy-saving equipment. This ap-
plies borl~ to insulation of homes and to industrial equipment. A number of
countries have already done this, especially for renovation of existing
buildings in southern Europe.
Often, though, incentives seem insufficient to produce substantial changes.
The sums involved are not large enough to trigger a decision. Too little
information is provided to decision-makers. The financial circuits are not
accustomed to dealing with this kind of problem.
Generally speaking, a closer link should be established between energy-sav-
_ ings information and the financial circuits, with the nature and habits of
decentralized decision-makers taken into account--business enterprises, on
the one hand, and households on the other.
As regards the former, we note the importance of financial stimulation sup-
plementing energy-saving progr~ms coordinated between the public authorities
nnd the industrial branches or the big firms. The organiams specializing in
financin~ for industry and the modes of financing that they usually offer .
((lease-credit, loans with subsidized interest) offer a ready-made framework
that can be adapted to the energy-saving objective.
For households, the financial institutions should organize forms of energy-
savings surveys and advice.
The public authorities' field of action on the conditions fbr financing of
energy-saving equipment is especially vast and diversified: the often have
financial networks available to them; and they exercise extensive powers
over the volume and conditions of allocation of credit to the economy,
through regulations or subsidies.
The impact of the financial action of the public authorities depends ~largely
on the quantity of the sums involved. Thus, only subsidies of a certain
amount seem to trigger decisions in the area of energy-saving. Furthermore,
in their own domain the public authorities have to acknowledge the impor-
11 -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE UNLY
tance of the financial aspect; for example, in the organization of public
transport capable of replacing private transport so as to improve the com-
munity's energy balance sheet, the investments must be sufficient to produce
interest in public transportation.
In any case, the public authorities have at their disposal, through the tax
~yatem and the public budgete, a sizable set of financial stimuli.
Finally, the Group recommends, on a general level, that the meast:res that
tend to rationalize the use of energy--whatever kind they may be--be fin-
anced at least to the level at which the result ~energy saved per unit of
cost) is equal to the marginal cost of supplies. This can lead to a far
higher level of savings than would normally be achieved by consumers with
short-term outlooks. And this is particularly true if the cost is measured
in all its elements instead of'being limited solely to the direct cost of
the investments.
11.3.6. Energy Savings Considered as "Good Business"
There are many actions tha~ the member states can take to encourage develop-
ment of the rational use of energy as "good business" ~"a business oppor-
tunity"), both in the small companies and in the big ones. It is a well-
known fact that a great deal of the materials and equipment designed for
saving energy (heat pumps, total energy systems, certain insulation materi-
als, microelectronic applications) are sold by small and medium-size firms.
Tlie national, regional and local authorities are among the most impartant.
investors and consumers. One immediate measure should be to establish pol-
icy directives applicable to public purchases at these three levels. Public
purchases should take the rational use of energy into account and should be
founded on evaluation of the choices b;� calculation of cost-benefit. This
policy could be formulated in obligatory terms for public projects. In the _
United 5tates, for example, every purchase~by the federal government has to
- involve an evaluation of any energy-using equipment in terms of operating
coat over its lifetime. ~
The importance attached to purchase price and the tendency to minimize
equipment costs at the expense of higher operating costs often deri.ve from
controls and regulations establiahed by the central government. This situa-
- tion should be reviewed.
There is also a mass of norms and requirements that apply to public pur-
chases and date from the time when energy was cheap and abundant. They can .
have the effect of engendering energy-expensive practices. This situation
too should be reviewed.
Attention ahould also be devoted to the taxation structures that discourage
energy-savinga investment and equipment that consumes little energy. The
best-known example is that of real-estate taxes, in which improvement of an
existing housing unit in order to save energy can lead to revision of the
iz
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
basi.s of taxation and an increase in tax. Even more fundamentally, it can
happen that a tax system constructed in accordance with its own criteria has
the effect oF favoring the purchase and use of eyuipment that consumes rela-
tively large amounts of energy or uses it inefficiently. The extent of this
"bi~~s" in the present tax systema should be examined more attentively.
Knawledge tl~at tt~e government's purchases will reflect evaluation of the
terms of choice by a cost-benefit method will encourage firms to innovate.
Characteristics defining high energy-performance characteristics can be pro-
posed jointly at a higher purchase price. In certain cases--military ex-
penditures, for example--performance specifications for equipment and mater-
ials could be fixed at a very high level so as to encourage a faster rate of
i.nnovation and to ensure contracts in the initial development stages, at
high costs.
In general, great attention should be devoted to energy-saving in develop-
ment of governmental policies aimed at encouraging the innovating industries
--and actually, these policies are frequently based on a good many of the
measures that have been discussed regarding the rational use of energy:
norms, financial support and, for demonstration purposes, data banks and, of
course, governments' purchasing practices.
11.3.7. Political, Social and Cultural Context
In this area, it is up to the EEC states to start doing what is possible, to
encoura~e the tendencies that appear favorable, to establish the material
norms that come under their competency and that can influence the internal
norme ttiat individual and social valuea consCitute. These three axes of ac-
tion can be explored better in the second phase of our work. .
11.3.7.1. Uoing what is possible means, for example, making labor, wage,
and soci.al-services regulations more flexible so as to permit innovations in
- the nature and form of activitiea, whether commercial or not. It also means
diversifying the norms in the "energy chains," so as to permit several solu-
tions--which may be independent of one another--for the utilization of en-
ergy. It also means giving the local collectivities more freedom for pur-
poses of better adaptation. Finally, and more generally, it means eliminat-
ing from the regulations anything that uselessly impedes initiative that can
generate innovation and interdependence.
11.3.~.2. Encouraging the tendencies that appear favorable can appl}~ spec-
ifically to the social, cultural and personal values that emerge and to the
c}ianges of betiavior that go in the direction of an energy-frugal society.
This is the case, for example, with all measures that can encourage the de-
velopment of decentralized social self-organization, especially in the cul-
tural context and in that of the social services. In this regard, a study
group made some proposals in "a project for Europe" at the end of 1977.
These proposals are aimed aL facilitating the birth of a third system of so-
cial organization, of activities and of life, rich in services, aspiring to
greater stability, economical of energy, alongside the economic system and
13
. FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
the administrative system. These proposals appeared entirely valid to the
Group, with regard to the mission with which it was charged.
11.3.7.3. Modifying certain norma or imposing new ones will take the form
o~ actiona applying both to the energy sector itaelf and to the tenor of
economic activity. This third degree of political action requires close at-
tention to the elements of the collective interest and a good relationship
with the opinion of the citizens in our democratic regimes.
A good exAmple of intervention in the energy sector is the imposition--ac-
companied by explanations that challenge collective and social values--of
nnrms for transportation and for heating.
Action tending to influence the nature of economic activities comes under
political headings and parties' programs, and often falls into the public
budget for its implementation.
In this regard we can mention the interest, in education, of cultural promo-
tions relating to the arts--and the art of living--and the beneficial char-
acter of encouragement of the skilled professions. It is also the area iti
which the amount and distribution of public investments in health, educa-
tion, culture and leisure are capable of playing a big role.
C. Improvement of Knowledge and Supplementary Studies
11.4. The Group noted that there are many insufficiencies in the statisti-
cal data and that many phenomena 1nd relationships concerning the energy
questions are poorly known. There is even in this situation a real obstacle
to a detailed and well-documented etudy of dissociation between economic
_ ~;rawth and energy consumption. Consequently, progress in this area is in-
diapensable.
- 11.4.1. It is usually difficult to draw up energy balance sheets, whether
it involves measuring the effects of a technology or the impact of a policy.
The interest of cost=effectiveness analyses should be recalled here. The
Commission has already started work in this direction to evaluate the ef-
fects of specific energy-saving measures in the different sectors of use.
Complete information of thia type would be useful at the level of Europe and
of the member states.
11.4.2. However, such an approach encounters its limits in analysis of com-
plex systems--a fact that has been widelv observed as a result of the Amer-
ican and European experience.
However, there is a need to clarify and draw up the balance sheets of the
"energy chains" and "energy net�i~orks" in other than macroeconomic terms, _
which conceal a aizable part of the options and the possible technological
variants. In effect, analysis of the energy chains will have to take into
- accounC, on the one hand, the energy contents of products and services, and
on the other hand, the changes that the new energies bring to the tradition-
al models of energy systems. 14
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Such analyses should permit comparisons among the different forms of energy.
In this regard, it would seem useful to the Group to study, in a second
phase of its work, three fundamental questions for the future:
---the penetration of electricity, in order to determine the best uses of
electric.ity From the point of view of the energy balance sheet and from the
point of view of the costs (investments and operating costs) on the entire
"chain"; -
--the production and utilization of forms of degraded energy;
--use of autonomous forms of energy: Prof Colombo's scenario for ttie year
2U3U proposes extensive use of solar energy accompanying a breakdown of the
present forms of urbanization and a real decentralization of activities;
thus it appears necessary to study the possibilities for diffusion of such
solutions and to analyze their social and economic as well as technical con-
ditions and implications.
11.~+.3. The Group has been aided in its thinking by the work of the IIED
[expansion unknown] on the United Kingdom. Insofar as studies of such com-
pleteness do not exist for the other member states, it seems useful to start
them rapidly so as to have a coherent set of basic data on the energy ques-
tions in the Community. For such is not the case today: the European sta-
tistics do not permit precise analysis of the uses of energy and the recent -
trends in this area. Thanks to studies of the IIED type, it may be hoped to
develop a statistical apparatus that is both necessary and effective.
11.4.4. It is advisable to reach agreement on the methodology for estab-
lishing energy scenarios for the year-2000 time frame. The MEDEE [expan-
sion unknown] model ahould be used by each member state of the Community and
for the Community as a whole. But it would be useful to test, on rhis occa-
sion, considerably bolder hypotheses of dissociation between economic growth
and energy consumption.
11.4:5. In the same spirit, studies of a macroeconomic nature should be
carried out to evaluate the investment expenses that would be entailed by
realization of the various energy-savings hypotheses envisioned for activat- -
ing the "technological potential," as well as the additional jobs created
directly or indirectly.
11.4.6. The Group to undertake [as published] two complete studies centered
on the energy aspects, for important sectors of use. This would involve
going into detai~ on several questions which it is too difficult to deal
- with at an exces ively comprehensive level.
11.4.6.1. A first study would concern the automobile. Tt should have a
prospective character, cover the whole of the Community, and involve the
following aspects, in function of an energy-savings policy; the place of the
automobile in the production system, its place in the consumption functions,
~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY
collective and social costs, influence of international competition, role
and impact of re~;ulations, etc.5
11.4.6.2. A second study could concern housing. It should be of a socio-
logical, psychological and inetitutional nature, and should deal with the
be}~avior of the agenCa in this sector, their relationships and their deci-
sion-mr~king syste?ns.5
11.4.7. Hierarchization of Energy Sources and of Their Uses
Several recent events have brought out the vulnerability of the European
countries in the area of energy. The risk described at the beginning of the
report thus takes concrete form in actual events.
However, theAe countries remain ill-prepared for radically altered supply
conditions. Sharp rises in the price of oil and threats of shortage still
take the Western economies and societies by surprise.
Thus the Group proposes to study more completely the implications of rup- -
tures of various elements of the energy situation. In particular, the pro-
cesses cf diffusion of the sharp rises in the prices of imported energy in
the economy, and the hypothesis of sharply reduced supply availability,
could be examined.
A atudy of the price rises could answer three queations: What repercussions _
- did the rises of 1973 (and if possible, of 1978-1979) have in the various
countries of the Community? Can an economically and socially more satisfac-
tory diffusion of these rises be conceived of? How will the economies re-
act, in the medium term, to a aeries of sharp jumps?
Secondly, it would be necessary to study lower levels of dependence that
would nevertheless enable the economy of the EEC to continue to function
without serious economic and social troubles, despite alterations of the
world market's conditions of supply. These studies should take account of
the xespective particular aituations of the member states and show how their
solidarity could be organized.
In this regard, two aets of priorities have to be defined and compared: one
of them has to do with the supply of energy, taking into account the most
autonomous and most efficient forms of production, transformation and dis-
tribution; and the other set of priorities must show a hierarchization of
uses, going so far as to determine the energy necessary to the economic and
especially the social survival of a society.
5. The specifications developed for these studies will be found in
Appendix 10.
COPYRIGHT: 1979 REVUE DE L'ErIERGIE
- 11267 16
CSO: 3102 �
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
FRANCE
TEN-YEAR OUTLOOK FOR SPECIAL STEEL INDUSTRY ~
Paria LE PROGRES SCIENTIFIQUE in French Nov-Dec 79 pp 53-56 -
[Article by B. Vieillard-Baron and B. Biot]
[Textj The poaition of ateel as primary construction material does not
appear to be threatened in the negr future, even if its consumption
ahould come to a atandatiZl or euffer a alight decline.
Higher-cost, but lighter or aubstantially higher-performance materiala
such as aluminum, already in widespread use, titanium, some plastic
materials, and carb~n fibere when their cost price will have reached
competitive level, will be aubstituted for steel when considerably
lighCer weight is in demand without reduction of overall mechanical -
strength. This change has already been initiated in the automobile
induatry and in railroad rolling stock.
Substitute materials have been, or will be, suggested to resist corrosion
or abrasion, or for use at extreme temperatures. ~
However, ateel will retain a predominant position in much heavy equipment
because of its relatively low coat, its high fle~.bility of use, its
production technology, its well-known applications, alao of the abun-
_ dance of ita raw materials in the world, and of the relatively modest
quantity of energy required for its manufacture and application.
Still, to remain competitive and preserve for the French iron metallurgy
an honorable poaition in the world, steel producers will have to improve
continuously the production processes, performance, and adaptation of the
material.
In the case of special steela we shall specify in the f.;,ilowing linea the
principal areas in which at thie time the probable evolution during the
coming years can be anticipated.
i~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL u~L u1vLY
Processing of Liquid Steel
_ When uaed alone the pure-oxygen converter supplied with pig iron by
blast furnaces, a well known procedure in maes iron metallurgy, is poorly
adapted to the production of alloyed special eteels. But some develop-
ment will occur in planta where liquid pig iron is made available by
metallurgica"1 equipment located outside the furnace.
The open-hearth furnace is on the way to total disappearance.
The ac, o~ even the dc, electric arc furnace will maintain for some time
ita predominant position in the preparation of special steels, especi~lly
aince the direct use of prereduced products or granulated pig iron,
instead of the selected scrap normally employed, should result in a
reduction of ite total energy consumption and in lowering the cost of
steel because of the possibilities derived from supply diversification.
The electric furnace will be used specifically in the smelting operation,
and property adjustment operations will be conducted metallurgically out-
aide the furnace.
It should be observed incidentally that the use of very ordinary scrap
(old tincane, etc.) is retarded by the present impossibility to eliminate
elementa such as copper, tin, arsenic, or antimony, which degrade some of
the properties of steel. It is not anticipated that the problem will be
solved in the near future, except by sorting.
Finally the vacuum remelting processea (VAR) and slag remelting processes
(ESR) will be improved in particular by information monitoring of the
parameters which control the eolidification of the metal.
Collaterally with theae advances the plasma furnace will probably be _
developed either to produce ordinary steel directly fram the ore without
passage through a blast furnace, or to prepare special steela im improved
physico-chemical or environmental conditions.
Steel Casting and Solidification
The adaptation to special steela of continuous casting, a process already
in wideapread use in the case of ordinary ateels, will provide for a sub-
etantial decrease in aizing operations and for the elimination of pattern
making.
To obtain the best results protection of the casting will be extended to
general practice, and methods providing for a better control of the con- -
ditione of aolidification of the product will be used, such as centrifugal
continuous casting which maintains the propertiea in the case of bare and
long articles, or electromagnetic agitation which is now being developed.
18
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
When the metal is to be cast in the form of etandard ingots, especially
in the case of thick producta, reaearch on ingot-mold process curvea or
the use of inethode derived from elag remelting will inf?uence in the
future the conditione of aolidification, which will result in improved
~ propertiea and in a subatanttal reducCion of the subaequent transforma-
tion work. _
Molding
An important fraction of the cost of moldings resulta from the generally
roanual finiahing of single or limited-quantity production parts. The
finiahing operation is intended to repair the metallurgical defects which
develop in the part on cooling (pinholes, microcontraction, inclusions,
etc.), or merely to remove the part from the mold and improve the surface
conditions or dimensional precision. This is one of the reasons for the
_ dev~lopment, in the case of emall parts, of the precision molding process
based for example on the use of ceramics. With the necessary adjuetments
it should be extended to parts of any weight.
Hot or Cold Transformation of Steel
To reduce material and energy consumption and lower the cost price steel
transformation industrialiets will make increased efforts to obtain parta
presenting ae much as poeaible the final specifications, and to eliminate
or reduce intermediate reheating or heat treatment operationa.
The following procesaea will be developed:
Hot-die casting without burs;
New cold-deformation techniquea such as hydroflame treatmenC already used
- in France;
Thermomechanical transformations to impart directly to steel its proper-
tiea of use by forging or rolling, eliminating subsequent heat treatment;
Isothermal shaping which should facilitate the use of low-forgeability
metals, while providing for elements of satisfactory precision;
Powder metallurgy and ita adaptation to a wide range of steela or alloys,
. especially of alloys which cannot be forged or cast by conventional
methoda; the flextbility of this method should also permit ~haping to
dimensions approaching very closely those of the finished part, which
would further reduce material and energy consumption; and
Isoatatic or isothermal compacting which would result in improving the
quality of parts produced by powder metallurgy and of some castinga.
19
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFr~lc;ltu. u~~. UL~LY
Also, by speeding up experiments on high-performance tools (for examp].e
the Creusot 900-ton forging prese or the Interforges 65,000-ton die-
caeting prees, completing their equip!nent when necessary), iC should be
poseible to produce in very good conditione a wide ranga of complex,
large-siZe parts whoee manufacCura could not be conaidered to date b,y
reaearch agencies.
- Finally it is poseible that development will continue in surface treat-
ments and coatinge, especially by the ionic method, to improve the
utilization of parts used in the mechanical induetry by improving their
surface properties.
Use of Metallurgical Producta by Weld~.ng
In exclusive respect to materials the principal advances to be expected
in the next few years will relate to:
Improved knowledge of weldability and of the metallurgical conditions
necessary for the raduction to practice of different processes (pre-
liminary and subsequent heating temperaturQe, welding energy, etc.);
Formulation of new, more readily welded ateel varieties; and
Improvement of built-up products (welding electrodes and wires) better
adapted to apecific casea, especially in respect to the problem of
- heterogeneous stainless-alloyed atael units.
Processea also will evolve. We ehall refer only to the metallurgical
advantage of thoae processes which ex~lude the-~.ntermediate melting atep
(diffusion welding in the superplaetic phase, etc.).
Properties of Metallurgical Products
In the view of the uninformed observer the product called steel may
appear to have been stabilized for a long time.
This is not true at all. The iron metallurgist must continuously adapt
steel to the more and more refined application properties required by
constructors, and 1980 steel is quite different from steel manufactured
10 years earlier. In the next decade the shortage of some metals will
induce laboratories to formulate steels containing less alloy products
(nickel, molybdenum, cobalt, etc.), but whose application properties .
(mechanical properties, corrosion resietance, etc.) will be identical,
or preferably better, to provide for lighter-weight or longer-life
~ structures, and thus economize energy and raw materials.
Aleo, by adjuating the chemical composition and the conditiona af trans-
formation, attempts will be made to reduce coats by eliminating some
operationa such as heat treatments.
- 20
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR UFFICIAL USE ONLY
ThP improvement in analytic precision obtained by steel mills in both
the primary elementa and the low-content elements will contribute to
facilitating this research and, when neceseary, to an improvement in the
~ apecific nature of producta for different applications (nuclear, aero-
nautical).
Beaides, the development and improvement of monitoring methods (automatic
incluaion counting, focuaed ultrasonic examination, various mechanical
rupture tas ts, etc.) already have resulted in a eubatantial improvement
in the processing conditions and reproducibility of the properties of
steel, and therefore in the reliability of etructures. This trend
should continue.
New Iron-Base Materials
' The apparently remarkable properties of inetallic glasses (magnetic,
elastic, stainless propertiea, etc.), and Che relative simplicity of
their manufacturing range should provide for them a wide scope in a
large variety of industries.
Many problems, however, must a"ill be solved.
These few remarks demonstrate clearly that steel is a material in con-
tinuous renewal in respect to proceseing and transformation conditions,
as well as to the regular improvement in its application properties to
the great benefit o� users.
All the conditions for the continuation and growth of this evolution are
present at this time.
COPYRIGHT: D.G.R.S.T., Paris, 1980
9456
CSO: 3102
21
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL'Y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
SWEDEN -
STUDY MADE OF SWEDEN'S BIOENERGY POLICY
Parie LE PROGRES SCIENTIFIQUE in French Nov-Dec 79 pp 33-40
[Text] The importance of the coet of oil and the as~urance oi a continuous
energy supply in case of crieis are the arguments which induced the Swedish
Government to turn toward the use of biomasa-derived resources for energy
purposes. The intensive use of agricultural, and especially forest, waste -
is also cited very often. It is quite obvious also that a decrease in
- fertilizer consumption through nitrogen fixation by some cereals would
reduce the overall energy amount.
For Sweden the production of biomass ia especially promising as a method
of solar-energy utilization. The seasonal variations on which aunshine
depende directly are large and do not correapond to the energy demand.
Therefore a basic principle in the development of solar energy is to etress
long-time storage. In the present aituation it would be hazardous to
attempt a.very long-term forecast of the possibilitiea of bioenergy
development. Some of the elemente whose development will directly influence
bioenergy are the development of associated energy sources, the use of
biomaesea for other gurpoaes, general research on photosynthesis, and
- research on nitrogen fixation.
The Biomass Reaources of Sweden
The first step consists in evaluating the present and future b iomass re-
sources to determine the available theoretical energy sources of biological
origin. It is basically necessary to know, be it approximately, the range
of theae resources to extrapolate the extent of long-term hydrocarbon
economy on the basis of present and potential techniques.
A preliminary inventory has been conducted in the program subsidized by
the National Administration for the Development of Energy Sources (NE).
Its purpose is to provide a first eatimate of the quantity of biomass
produced at this time in agricultural r~ctivities (cultivation, animal
farming, forests, horticulture). The following main conclusions can be
drawn:
22 .
FOR OFFICIE,:. USE ONLY -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFrICIAL USi: (1vLY -
1. The area of Sweden is 411,615 lan2, of which 7 percent are tillable,
- 57 percent are woods, 57 percent are estates, excluding fields, and 31
percent are built-up areas or sterile soil;
2. The tillable soil, about 3 million hectar.ea, produces annually at this
time 30 million tons of biomass whoae mean dry-material substance is 65 _
percent. These 30 million tons correspond approximately to 85 percent
cereal and 15 percent graesland;
3. The 12,000-hectar horticultural and truck-gardening area provides for
- an annual harvest of 0.55 million tons of biomass whose dry-subeCance
content averages 18 percent;
4. The wooded area of 23.5 million hectars produces approximately 117 -
million tone of biomass annually, with a dry-substance content of about _
20 percent;
5. Animal farming provides 32 million tons of manure contai~ing 14 percent
by weight of dry aubstances;
6. The biomass production of uncultivated soil, about 12.8 million hectars,
can be eatimated very roughly at about 6 million tons annually;
7. A total of about 153 million tons of biomass is produced annually in
a 39-million hectar area. The proportion of dry substancea at harvest
time averages 29 percent by weight.
oniy as millicn tons of the 153 million tons of b iomass are harvested with
the following distribution :
Millions of tons �
Foodetuffa and raw materials 74.1
Animal feed 4.4
Other use 0.4
Total biomasa sold 78.8
Animal feed consumed ia situ 6.9
Other produced-consumed b~omass ~�4
Returned to the soil 1�2
Waste ~ � ~
Total 88.0
The 11.3 million tons of biomass sold or consumed as animal feed are con-
verted by the addition of synthetic livestock food to 32 million tona of
manure, of which 21 million tons are recovered and scattered in the fields,
while the remainder is partially lost in pastureland.
23 -
. FOR OFFICIi~L USE UNLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFi~ICIAL i1SE ONLY
The Bioenergy Program of Sweden .
- The b iomass energy potential was rediscovered recently as a renewable and
prob ably soft energy source. It ahould be observed, however, that the
utilization of thia potential is not new since wood, peat, and dung have
provided in substance for the Swedish energy needa until the coming of
coal. But for bioenergy-~-a general term which covers technologies or
diaciplinea such ae agricultural machinery and molecular biology--to be
economically durable resources and methoda muet be tallied, the products
(fuel$, animal feede, etc.) obtained at the end of the chain muet be defined,
and the technological and economical feasibility of each approach must be
studied. The interdisciplinary nature of bioenergy has induced the Swedish
leaders to assign the coordination and administration of the Bioenergy
Program to a single organizatioa, the National Administration for the.
Development of Energy Sources (NE).
The 1975-1978 period has been marked especially by projecta for the
inventory of biomass resourcea. In 1977 NE proposed 3 plans for bioenergy
development in 78-81. These three levels of ambition differed by their
budgeta covering 3 years (45 Mkrs, 75-85 Mkrs, and 125-175 Mkrs). A low
intermeriiate proposal was adopted by the Swedish Government when a credit
of 58 Mkre (1 krml FFR) for bioenergy reaearch was included in the NE
budget f or the National Fuels program which covers b ioenergy, peat, and
heat exchange. 842 Mkrs were appropriated for all the research related
to energy during that period. It muet be obaerved that an effort is really
being made in respect to bioenergy since the Energ,y Production section
epecifies 393 Mkrs divided in the proportion of 105 Mkrs for wind energy,
103 Mkrs for National Fuels, and 65 Mlcrs for fusion, to cite only the 3
most important programs. In addition the production, diatribution, and use
of synthetic fuels (methanol, ethanol) and synthetic gases are included in
the budget covering Synthetic Fuels for Vehicles and consisting of 22 Mkra
granted by NE.
Breakdown of the Bioenerg~ Budget
Mkrs 1978-81
Basic research 3
Env~zonment and ecology g
_ Available-land inventory 4
Energy-producing forests 22
Forest energy (waste) 1C
Miscellaneous types of biomass 3
Conversion to fuel ' 1
Large-scale tests g
Planning and recording 4
- Total 58
~ 24
FOR OFFICI6L L'~G UNLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL US~ ONL1'
For comparison 15 Mkrs are available for research on peat, and 30 Mkra for
heat exchange (burners and adapted furnace designs). _
't'iierefore the Swedieh bioenergy policy is based on 2 main p..~poeitiona:
energy-producing forests and recovery of waste from foreat use. The item
Large-Scale Tests provides for the financing with subaidies and loans of
direct applications of operations related to energy-produ~cing plantationa.
A relatively large ahare ie devoted to international activities, especially
in IAE where Sweden initiated a common program of forest-biomass research.
The participation of Swediah researchers in the study of the biological
treatment cf aewage in the United States has been assigned a contribution _
of 500,000 krs by NE.
The present stage of bioenergy development is essentially an information,
analysis, and test phase in respect to the energy resources of forests.
The authorities are awaiting the first tangible research results which would
clearly demonstrate the attractiveness of forest ~ioenergy. It is now too
early to express conclusions, and the NE budget reflects this expectancy. '
However Professor Olle Lindstrom of the Royal Polytechnic Institute of
Stockholm announced on 9 April 1979 that oil imports can be eliminated by
cultivating energy-producing forests in 7 percent of the wooded lands
- (1.7 Mha). These affirmations have raiaed a controversy with the repre-
sentatives of the forest induatries and the Waters and Forests Service,
end reveal the uncertainties of the hopes derived from bioenergy. Professor
Lindstrom analyzed the different routes f or the converaion of biomasa
to a usable form of energy. NE supported this analysis with 470,000 krs
for the year 1978. The report entitled "Biofuels" should be available
in June 1979.
The Secretary of State in charge of energy questions has appointed a study
commisaion on new energiea. The work will f irst cover the use of coal and
eolar energy, but a study of forest-waste recovery also appears in the
d.irectives given to the Commission.
Energy Production From Biomasa
The Energy-Producing Forests -
The use of forests excluaively for energy purposes is not practical at this
time in Sweden. The first condition for use is access to soil adapted to
this type of cultivation. This condition is also one of the main limiting
factors for this source of energy.
The area assigned to energy-proaucing plantations depends substantially on
the reaulting output and the energy content of the harvested biomass.
Therefore the research activities financed solely and totally by NE relate
to the selection of rapid-growth plants, harvesting methods, biomass manip-
- ulation, combustion, and raw-material procesaing. It should be observed
.25
FOR OFFICIti:. USE UNLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFI'TCIAL IISE ONT,Y
that 22 million Swedish kronor have been introduced into the budget of the
three-year plan (1979-1981) ~dopted by NE. For comparison it should be
remembered that 103 Mkrs are assigned to research on the production and use
of national fuels. The financially more important research pro~ects are
now conducted at the Stockholm Watere and Foreata School by Profeseor _
Guetav Siren's team. Since 1976 9 Mkrs have been appropriated for develop-
ment studies on the crossbreeding of poplars with rapid-growth willows.
In the teats intensive cultivation of limited areas has reaulted in an
annual production of 2-4 kg/m of trunks and branches. After cutting down
to chips and drying the calorific value ranges between 11 and 22 kwh per -
square meter per year.
The experta of the Commission on Energy estimate that the annual contribution
of energy-producing plantations may be a minimum of zero in 199A and reach
5 Twh in the year 2000, and a maximum of 6~ah in 1990 and 62 ~rh at the
end of the century. Rating 1 Ztah ae 0.0860 Toe as done by the Swedish
_ Miniatry of Industry, the higher h3~pothesis would supply the equivalent of
500,000 tons of oil per year in 1990, and 5 million tons annually in 2000.
Theae figures are used by the Secretary of State for Energy in his draft
budget for fiscal year 79-80, but Kurt Heden, in charge of the NE bioenergy
- program, is less specif ic in hia predictions since he estimates as between
1 and 25 mill~on tep the share of energy--producing forests in the energy ~
supply.
The necessary energy-producing forest area~ranges between 0.3 Mha and 1.25
Mha, as determined by the degree of uae. The inventory of lands capable of
supporting such single cultivations indicates that about 1 Mha is available
according to the study conducted by Profeasor Siren. The distribution among
types of land is as follows: 1/3 fallow land and abandoned agricultural
land; 1/3 swampy undergrowth and lake shore land; and 1/3 awamp. But 1 MY~a
of swampland can be used.
The selection of the areas to be cultivated exclusively for energy purposea
will be difficult since 0.3 Mha of forests are planted every year, and the -
land can be uaed more profitably for other harvests. The distance between
the land and the use centers, the availability of sufficient irrigation,
and the critical limit under which other energy sources would be more -
economical, are some of the obstacles which should be overcome by biological,
technological, and economic research.
Aside from the work of Professor Siren, wiich absorbs over 3 years more
than half of the budget appropriated for energy-producing forests, a detailed
inventory of the lands available for such cultivation is being conducted
by the Waters and Forests School (Professor Hagglund, Umea) with a budget
of 1.1 Mkra.
In addition the firm SIKOB, specializing in agricultural equipment, is
studying designs for new tractors and other forest machi~2es applicable to
26
FOR OFFICInL 1JSE ()NLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFi~ICIAL USE 1NLY -
energy-producing forasts. The NE Commission has appropriated 300,000
Mkre for these activities. The influence of energy-producing forests on
acenery is not neglected since NE provides 50,000 kra for a study of this
question.
The effect of fertilizere on the surrounding flora and f auna ia being
studied for one year by 3 teams of the Waters and Forests School at Uppeala,
with a total subaidy of 452,000 krs from NE. To reduce the cost in fertil-
- izers and improve the reaistance of trees to insects and diseases alders
may be selected since they can f ix nitrogen. Work on this tree is conducted
at the Univeraity of Umea (78-79 budget: 172,000 krs),
In view of the high potential of energy-producing forests and of the
immensity of the work to be done before this energy source can be used
rationally, and above all profitably, Sweden participates very actively in
the common research program od IEA as the coordinating country. Sweden
pays annually 200,000 krs toward the implementation of the forest biomass
`
program.
Forest Energy
This term designates the potential energy represented by wood (branches,
stumpa) or leaves made available as waste by forestry.
The potential of Foreat Energy in Sweden
During the periods of forced isolation endured by Sweden timber and waste
have been found to be excellent subatitutes for imported fuels. The total
reeourcea of Sweden in sawmill timber are estimated at 2.3 x 109 m3 sterea
or 3 x 109 eteres, including stumps, branches, leavea, and other dry
needlea. In the atmosphere (25 percent humidity) this represents 500 Mtep.
This figure ahould be compared to the annual Swedish hydrocarbon imports
of about 35 Mtons. Roughly the annual deforestation corresponds to a
total of aome 84 million s~ares. Of this total 3 Msteres are difficult to
use, and 6 Msteres are left on the spot.
Ultimately the annual felling of forests amounts to 75 Msteres, i.e. 14
- Mtep in a dry atmosphere.
The waste from tree felling, transport, and sawing is estimated theoretically
at 46 million m3 (1). For various reseone this waste is not totally
coverable. When the only method of transportation of the wood is rafting
recovery is impossible. From the viewpoint of economy one obstacle is the
transportation coats which exceed the savings dreived from the use of waste.
Biomase conversion for other purposea may not be profitable. The quantity
of energy provided by waste is not certain since for example the calorific
value of bark ia zero when the humidity ratio ia above 75 percent. The
recovery
27 �
FOR OFFICIr~I. USE UNLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
recoverable. Wt,.en the only methcd of transportation of the wood is rafting
recovery is impossible. From the viewpoint of economy one obstacle ia the
tranaportation coata which exceed the savinga derived from the use of
waste. Biomass conversion for other purpoaes may not be prof itable. The
quantity of energy provided by waete is not certain since for example the
calorific value of bark is zero when the humidity ratio is above 75 percent.
The recovery of atumps and roots posee 2 problems. The first problem is a
matter of besuty since deforested land will ahow large gaping holes, and
the second problem is mechanical since the presence of stones retained by
- roota heavily damages blades in the sawing operation. Finally the elimination
of waste deprives the soil of a significant nutrient frac~ion.
In summary, after the biological and ecological restrictions have been
- eatablished only 34 million m3 of waste are left. Because of these
technical limitationa only 22 Mm3 of waste can be used. The needs of the
papermaking industry absorb 13 Mm3, which leaves about 9Mm3 of waste usable
as fuel, i.e. 1.5 Mtep. All these f igures are provided by NW in a report
dated June 1977. Professor. P.O. Nilsson, a collaborator in a great pro~ect
called Total Use of the Tree and specialiat in forest energy, estimates the
energy value of waste at 2 Mtep.
Special attention must be given to the recovery of bark and sawdust, which `
is easy since they are produced as waste in the wood treatment plants. Thus
7 Mm of bark are available every year, the equivalent of about 0.6 Mtep.
90 percent of the bark is used as fuel or as raw material in some industriea.
Sawdust (1.4 Mm3 or 0.06 Mtep) is used practically in totality as raw material
or fuel.
- The Pro~ecta
NA has appropriated 10 Mkrs, i.e. 10 percent of the budget for the 1978-81
period for the item Forest Energy of its National Fuels program. The
principal pro~ects concern the mechanization and rationalization of felling
and tranaportation. The progress which may occur in this area will influ-
ence the parallel development of energy-producing plantatioi.s.
But to date the most important pro~ect has been that concerning the total
, use of wood, started in 1973 and implemented between 1974 and 1977. Its
purpose was to inventory the quantities of wood ~bondoned on the spot after
use, and the possible methods of collection, transportation, and use as
fuel or raw material of this waste. One of the conclusions of the study
was that short-rotation, energy-producing forests would provide fuel at a
cost higher than the recovery of forest waste, and that very intensive
mechanization alone would result in a drop in prices. The budget applicable
to this 3-year pro~ect was 12 Mkrs granted in equal shares by the Adminis-
tration for Technological Development (STU), the Waters and Forests Service,
and the professional forestry organizatinns. This budget will be increased
by the 19-20 Mkrs which were paid by enterprisea for collection, conversion,
and treatment.
28
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Professor P.O. Nilsson is now conducting for NE a study intended to establish
the conditions for the recovery of forest waste to produce energy. Three
Mkrs have been authorized, for this study since 1977.
The ecological balance of foresta, which ie disturbed by the removal of
waste, ia also the sub,ject of studies financed partially ae the item Ecology
in the NE program with 3 Mkrs, partially by the Environmental Protection
Agency (SNV ~ Naturvardeverket).
Other Ty?pes of Biomasa
The biomass energy potential is available in two forms: that of a biomass
cultivated or produced solely for its energy properties, and that of waste
re~ected in an acCivity other than energy production.
Aa a complement to energy-producing forests other rapid-growth plants are
to be studied from the viewpoint of energy production. The sunflower is an
annual whose growth reachea 79-104 g/m daily with a photosyntheais effi-
- ciency of 75 percent. Other likely plants are hollyhock or stalked plants
(Polygonum cospidatum and Polygonum sachalinense) which grow readily in
waterlogged eotl. Sugarbeets and even English.turf (ray grass) may
constitute uaeful fuels to the extent where energy-producing cultivation
can benefit from the progreas in agricultural output for energy purpoaes, -
and are being studied technologically and economically by Kockums Agrar.
Five hundred 3nd ninety thousand kre have been appropriated by Ne for this
- research in 1978.
Drying and storage plants are equipped with solar pickups and make exten-
sive use of the greenhouse effect. NE has paid 240,000 krs to the community
of Umea to study the feasibility of atructures of this type. In his pre-
aentation of the partial report the peraon in charge stated that: 30
percent of the dry substance could be economized (also improving the pro-
tection against insects); aimple computerized automation permitted the
aelection of the humidity ratia on the basis of the fuel being dr;ied and
provided for uniform fuel quality; and for a plant handling some tens of
thousande of tona the operational costs are estimated at 2 Mkrs per year.
Reeearch on algae, especially Dunaliella, are conducted by the tesm of
Professor Carl-Goran Heden. The appropriated budget is larger than 1 Mkrs
- aince 1977. The straw produced by cereal harvesting amounts to 5.5 M tons
per year over 1.6 Mha. With a calorific value of 3,700 kcal/kg straw
constitutes the equivalent of 2 Mtons of oil per year. Also, straw is -
completely uselesa in agriculture, but its recovery must be very economical
to compete ~iith other energy sources. The conversion of straw and other
energy sources. The converaion of straw and other biomass products to
_ powder was awarded a credit of 1.2 Mkrs between 76 and 78 (Professor Abom,
Chalmers Polytechnic Institute). But to our knowledge the recovery of
straw is not the sub~ect of a specific atudy.
29
FOR OFFICIti;. USE UNLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFi~ ICIAL iJSL ONLY
In contrast the atudy of the feasibility of the use of some types of reed
as energy source has bePn supported by a credit of 400,000 krs aince 1977
(profeseor Sven Bjork~ Lund). Finally the entry Miecellaneoua Types of
Businesa llas been awarded a budget of 3 Mkra.
Basic Reaearch on the Use of Biomass Energy and Biological Processes
Baeic research ia under the National Basic Sciencea Research Council (NFR).
Thia organization receivea the amount of 3 Mkrs for the 1978-1981 period.
The general budget of NFR containe a 1.4 Mkrs credit for 1979 for research
linking biology and energy. A relatively small portipn (0.5 Mkra for 1979)
of the common program Energy-Connected Basic Reaearch conducted by NFR, STU,
and Studavik Energiteknik A.B. is devoted to bioenergy.
The results of the present research may determine the choices open in bio-
energy and therefore the research sub~ects are the broadest possible. Four
lines of activity have been determined: enzyme and cell techniques,
photosynthesis and biomass, and finally cell energy.
Some of the most important projects for which all the credit sources are
conaolidated are:
Study of the catalysis mechaniams and structures of photorespiration control
enzymes: Professor C.I. Branden, Uppsala, for 1978-81, R. Branden, lecturer,
Goteborg;
Relation among nitrogen fixation, photorespiration, and photosynthe~is by
algae: Profesaor Bergman, Uppsala;
~nergy use of nitrogen fixation by the alder: Professor Eliasson, Umea; -
the application of these studies to energy-producing plantations by the
same team is also aupported by NE;
Metabolism and butanol-and acetone-formation control mechanisms in micro-
organisms in anaerobic medium: Professor Gatenbeck, Stockholm;
Development of enzyme or microbe strains to produce liquid fuels (ethanol,
butanol) from biomass (cellulose): Professor K. Moabach, Lund; -
Manipulation of the genetic code of Bacterium subtilis for energy purposes:
Profesaor L. Philipson, Uppsala;
Study of photosynthesis mechanisme: Professor P.A. Albertsson, Lund,
Profesaor Egneus, Goteborg; and
Relation aruong hydrogen production, nitrogen fixation, and photosynthesis
by Rhodospirillum: Profesaor H. Baltscheffaky, Stockholm.
30
FOR OF~ICIt,L U5E ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
FOR OFFICIAT. [ISE ~NLY
The Role of the Government in Bioenergy Development
It will be recalled that the Director General of the National Agency for
Induatry (SIND) is the chairman of the Commission on Solar Energy and Oil-
- Subetitute Fuels.
The National Agency for Induatry (SIND) examines closely the problems
arising from the large-scale use of biomass as energy source. Through NE,
which ie adminietratively under the Miniatry of Induatry, SIND hae promoted
the develppment of energy-producing foreste. But, according to Mata
Ho~eberg, energy director at SIND, the biomass will replace only a amall
percentage oF fossil fuels, aad the largest number of ineans at the lowest
price muat be sought to reduce the dependence on petroleum products.
Plants using new technologies or new compounds can be financed up to 50
percent by SINDo thus 11 Mkrs have been invested in 1978 to permit a saving
of 24,000 tons of oil per year. -
SIND encourages the use of chipa as fuel since the technologies are available
at thie time, but the organization (distribution, drawing of contracts,
product atandardization) ie lacking.
It is absolutely certain that communities must have a more important part
- in biomase production and in the planning of their needs. A survey is
being conducted on this matter in the communities.
_ Conclusione
- 'Clie potential importance of Swedieh foreetry hae inducad the Government to
finance reaearch demonatrating the real poesibilities of forest energy, i.e. -
~ of the recovery of waste at all the levels of timber use, and the longer-
term posaibilitiea of energy-producing plantations. The change to the
large-scale use of foreat energy would reduce hydrocarbon imports by about
lU percent. The hopes derived from energy-producing forests and their
effects on the enviromm~nt are lesa well known, but very recently Kurt
Heden indicated that the Swedish oil importa could be reduced by 20-30
percent by the end of the next decade, provided that the~decisions on ~
investments are made now. Government intervention is primarily in the form
of financial support of pilot plants and assiatance in the creation of a
market for vegetable-origin fuels. Along this line two experimental
' pro~ects have been authorized oa 20 July 1979 by the National Administration
for the Development of Energy Sources (NE).
In the NE biomasa program, and more apecifically in the energy-producing
foreste subprogram it was decided to start in the apring of 1980 large-scale
plantationa to experiment on different varieties (birch, alder, and
eepecially willow and poplar) capable of rapid growth and high output.
Tests will also be conducted on the adaptation of inechanical equipment and
different irrigation methods.
31
FOR OFFICII,;, USE U1~LY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4
.
FOR OFFICIAL iJSE ONLY
One project is aesigned to the Public PropertS? Administration (Domanverket)
which will use a block of some 100 hectars on the territory of the
Surahammar community. Independent owners and cooperatives have asaociated
to conduct the eame experiments on 100 hectars divided into lote of. 10-20
ha. The first resulta will be recorded in 1983. Over a period of 5 years
the budget neceesary for each project is estimated at 10-15 Mkrs. The
scientific responsibility for the work will be in the hands of Professur
G. Siren of the Stockholm Agricultural School. The ob~ect of these pro~ects
is to present the economic, technical, and ecological conditions of the
use of energy-producing forests to permit a political decision by 1985.
Let ue repeat that at the international level Sweden is the coordinating
country for the IEA energy-producing forest pro~ect. The other types of
biomasa are the sub~ect of knowledge-acquiring research, but apparently no
industrial effort is now in progress. -
COPYRIGHT: D.G.R.S.T., Paris, 1980
9456
CSO: 3102 END
32 .
- FOR OFFICIr",;, USE UNLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090033-4