JPRS ID: 9164 USSR REPORT ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 67
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 50
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVE~ FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-R~P82-00850R000200090050-5
~~~~j _ _ ~ ~
~.~r'{:~~ ~ ~

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FoR oF F?crni, us~; o~v~.v
JF'RS L/9164
27 June 1980
USSR Re ort
p
~ ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CFOUO 1 ~i /80)
_I
:
0
_ FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORIVIATION SERVICE
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
NOTE
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
~ sources are translated; those from English-language ,ources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reaorts, and material enclosed in brackets
[J are supplied by JPRS. Processing ~ndicators sucrt as [Text)
or [ExcerptJ in the first line of aach item, or following the
_ last line of a brief, indicate how the original infocmation was
processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were n~t clear in the
original but have heen supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Go~ernment.
_ ,
For fnrther information on report content
ca11 (703) 351-2938 (economic); 3468
(poi.itical, sociological, military); 2726
(lii=e sciences); 2725 (physical sciences).
+~OPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING QWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JPRS L/9164
.
27 June 1980
USSR REPORT -
ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
(FOUO 11/80)
CONTENTS
- COMMUNICATIONS; COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT INCLiTLING RECEIVERS AND
TRANSMITTERS; NETWORKS; RADIOPHYSICS; DATA TRANSMISSION AND
PROCESSING; INFORMATION THEORY
An Antenna Servo System for a Laser Communications System 1
~ Basic Par.ameters of Bimetallic Waveguides for Radio-Relay
Systems Operating in the 6 GHz Range 16 -
,
IKM-15 Rural Communications Equipment 24
RSL-DSh-ATS Interstation Communications Equipment for Rural
Telephone Exchanges 39
OSCILLATORS, MODULATORS, GENEI2ATORS
Analysis of the Effect of Ionizing Radiation on Self-Excited
Oscillator Frequency Stability 46
PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING COLLECTIONS OF ABS~'RACTS
Papers on Electronic Technology S1 -
RADARS, RADIO NAVIGATIOIV AIDS, DIRECTION FINDING, GYROS
Expanding th~ Limits of the Applicability of a 2~Iathematical
Radar Target Model 55
Multichannel Short-Range Noise Radar Stations with Integral
Scan 59
- a- IIII - USSR - 21E S&T FOUO]
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONT.Y -
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
' COMMUNIGe~TIONS : COMMLTNICATION EQUIPMENT INCLUDING RECEIVERS AND TRANSMITTERS;
NETWORKS; RADIOPHYS~CS; UATA TRANSMISSION
AND PROCESSING; INFORMATION THEORY
UDC 621.369.946.2 _
AN ANTENIIA SEFtVO SYSTEM FOR A LASER COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
_ Moscow RADIATEKNIKA in Ruasian Vol 35, No 3, 1980 pp 25-34
[Article by Z, M, Teplyakov] ~ � -
[Text] The description and certain features of anter.na guidance and -
tracking systems for an inter-satellite laser communication system are -
presented in [1, 2]. An analyais of a las~r servo systzm with conatant
- radiation of the laser b eacon is made and optimization of a process for
mutual aearch and guidance of antennas is examined in [3], ~
Let us examina a communication syatem with direct aignal detection.
In many instances, the e xtert~al background from the daytime sky, reflec-
tions from clouds, etc.; are the main form af interference in laser
communication syst~ms, i t being necessary to use a laser beacon in the
- short pulse radiation mo de to eu.ppress the background [4]. The angle
tracking system may be o~ the single pulse or scanni}~g type, A smaller -
pulse repetition frequency is required far the single pulae system [5],
and, as a reault of this, greater background suppression is possible;
therefore it should be c hoaen for the laser system with direct signal
- detection.
The structural circuit for the single pulse angle tracking system of a -
laser beacon radiating a periodic sequence Qf short pulses is presented
in a general form in Figure 1, where OA is the optical antenna; TsUUM is
the elevation control cir cuit; TsU~, ia the azimuth control circuit;
PR is the prismatic beam splitter; UI is the pulse amplifier; K is the
key; OPI is the pulse seq uence detector; SD is the range tracking unit
and Gg_i is the gate pul se generator. A function diagram of an angle
discriminator in one plarae ia ahown in Figure 2, where UI is the pulse
amplifier, while the shape of the diacrimination curve is shown in
1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
5 6
(f9yM ~Ar-------~ -
~3S1 9H ' ~�c~ K
-~/~yq B~ ~ '
1 ~ ~39 yN ~
OA IIP
f i ~P39 9N ~ ~
~ I (~�51
~ D~ ~39 yN ; ic�c~ K
L___
~B~ -
�C
D
AP 0/IH C,Q f~.;;
P~.cl ~ 10 9 8
~ Figure 1
- Key to Figure 1:
1. OA-optical antenna 7. K-key
2. TsUUM-elevation control 8. Gs_i-gate pulse generator
circuit 9. SD-range tracking unit
~ 3. TsUA-azimuth control circuit 10. OPI-pulse sequence detector
_ 4. PR-prismatic beam-~plitter 11. ARU-automatic amplification
- 5, FEU-photoelectron multiplier control
~ 6. UI-pulse amplifier
~ Figure 3 where Rs ou is the maximum signal strength at the output of
the gating circuit; ~ is the angular tracking error. We consider the
discrimination curve to be linear over the section + s where 2~ is _
the receiver's ang2e of vision.
Key to Figure 2:
, . 1
- 2 ~3y yy 3A 1. Lens
A 2. FEU A-photoelectron multi-
` plier A
1 ~~~a ' ~P~'"a 4 ~ 3. UI-pulse amplifier _
~3y 4, Prism
5 ~ yy 3 C. 5. FEU C-photoelectron multi-
plier C
Pua 2
" Figure 2
2
FCR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
� - F�~A;BI-~~f~1J
1 P1~ea,r
~
p d' ~ ~
' Ol~cleW
, 1
Puc. 3
_ Figure 3
Key to Figure 3:
Rs out~maximum signal atrengCh at the output of the
_ strobing circuit
BackKround Suppression. Let us examine the operation of an angle tracking
system in one plane. Let us find the ratio of aignal strength in the band
of a tracking syatem OFsh and compare this rati.Q (RS/R8h)S with the
corresponding expression for an angle tracking system with constant
beacon signal. For a system with an uninterrupted signal, having a
Poisson photoelectron current at the output of the photoelectron multiplier
from the signal and the background [3,4]
~'e _z ~~nc.N7'w.e~ ~ *IEc
~ ~P,~~~- ~ (1)
~1nc.a~w.x *~%~~Tw.a 1 -F- It~lnc.e
where E8 = 4i'8.n ~jsh�n - ns�ni~4Fah�n~ ~F$h.n a 1/2Tsh�n is the noise
band of the tracking eystem; ~ is the quant~ yield of the photodect~rs;
- and ns,n and nf are the average number of signals and background photons
incident on the prism per second, respectively. It ia taken into con-
sideration in [I] that the constant component from the background at the
output of the photoelectron multiplier doe3 not affect the operation
of the ~racking system; we assume that the power of noises at the outputs
of circuits (A+C)-(B+D) and (A+B)-(C+D) is equal to the sum of the powers
of the noises at their inputs.
Let us examine the pulse system, The spectral density of thc noise
(quantum and background) at the output of the gating circuit is equal
to the [6]
IVo =
- 2qeT2/T = 2 ('�(?'~�0�T~
where T is the pulse duration; T is the pulse repetition p~riod;
a2 = k p~ (n~ ~ .
is the dispersion of pulse amplitude fluctuations; kr is the amplification
_ coefficient from the photocathode output to the output o~ the gating
circuit; l~ns'~ and r~n f'C are the average number of signal and background
phoCoelectrons~ respectively, for time Z at the photocathode output, '
3
' FOR O~FT~IAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
Then
- N0 = 2kp ~~`lT )~T'~~ ~n~ # '~a~~� _
ThQ maximum amplitude of the signal pulse at the output of the gating
circuit ia equal to kr r~n8'C whereas the average strength of the useful
signal is
- P s�out �
Pouir = k p ('~l~'~ (~In~T~p�
~ The ratio of the average signal strength to the strength of noise in the
_ band Q Fsh of a tracking system at the output of the gating circuit
is equal to
~c - kp ~,~/TY ~'1n~t~2 ~,~/T)' ~'N~ct~2 ~n~,~~T ' .
' ` f'~~~ N,~FN 2 ~t~T )'T ~ ~ne -'r aP:u 2AFW n~JR~~ ~ ~2~ !
We assume thar the average signal strength at the input of the prism
_ are identical for uninterrupted and pulse systems. Then, when d Fgh�n -
~ Fah~ we obtain Es = ng.nT~h~n = nBTsh( T/T), where ns Z/T)n8.n.
Fran (2) we have
E (3)
CP,~~c 1 (n~/nc) (Sl T)
tor a system with a pulse signal. It followa from Equations (1) and (3)
- that the power of the background in a pulse system is T/T timea lpss
than ~for a system with a.contitluous signal, i.e, for an increase in
background suppression it is necessary to reduce the duration of pulses
_ T. a:nc~ ~he frequency of pulse repetition Fp = 1/T. _
- ~election of pulse repetition frequencv of the laser beacon, -
Let the receiver be situated on a aCabilized platform having an angular
fluctuation B(t) with a power spectrum ~B (iF)~ 2= e(F) . We consider _
_ that restrictions on the pulse repetition frequency accumulate as angular
fluctuations of this platform, We ~aill describe the laser tracking system
as a ~~near system with two integrators. within the limits of the linear
section of the angular discriminator aperature [3]. The structurai
circuit of the linear�tracking aystem is shown in�Figure 4(where o(and
~ are certain constants;'the key element is ideal) and its equivalent -
transformaticn is ahown in Figure 5, where -
8' (t) = T A(E) -1- T~' 9(t) cos (2~slFnt).
Let us examine the components of tracking system errors. In the first
place, it distorts the spectrum B(F) of the input signal ~(t); we will
call this distortion the dynamic error analogy with the dynamic error -
~ of the continuous tracking system. In the second place, the constituents
~ 8it) cos (2~f1Fpt), with 1= 1, 2, which were formed as a result of
= a sampling of signal B(t) will pass at the output of a pulse tracking
system. These components at the output of the tracking system will create
- a sampling error which also deteYmines the necessary valuea of Fp. =
4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY _
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
" B(tl t~ ~ *
. Sp ~tl tt+l~ 80~~
6(El+ ~(t1 ~r(tl d+,B ~c(EI - P TOT
- o Tpt ' a Q
. P'' ~
Pae. 4 ~ Puc. 5
Figure 4 Figure 5
Let us find the sampling error. Let the spectrum of the i~nput signal
strength be described by the expression B(F; = 1/[1+F/FS) where
F8 is the width of the spectrum over the level of half power; m charac-
terizes the decay rate of the apectrum with the frequency.
For an analysis of the sampling errors let us examine the atructural
_ circuit and Figure 6, where
~ (P) _ �lP 3/7'P~ = -f- aTP)lTP`; (z)
is the z-tr,~nsfonn G(p); z= exp(pT); p= d/dt. On the other hand, we
- have G*(z) a z-1G*(z;l), where G*(z;l) is the modified z-transform of
G*(z; ) at 1 for the function G(p) . Using the z-transform tables,
we f ind _ . .
. Q' (z) _ ((a z-! - az-T )I (1 - z-1)s..
Then the transfer function of the tracking system is equal to
ev (p) ~ (P) - ~1 _ r~~, . _
X~P) = 6+
(P) c 1-1- 0" (z) Q tP) 1_~2 _ a_~) r, (1-- a) z_, .
The system's stability conditions detennine the values of the coefficients
[7] at d> 0, 0, 2 d+~~ 4. For the tranafer function with regard
to error Y*(iGJ), we obtain ~
~ r.; ~i~) f~ I l+ G, `l~) I, -
o ~ 4(!-cesmry� _
1� a? bo - 2(n; } aob�) cos ~T 26, cos 2~,T '
whexe ao = 2- o~ bo = 1- oS. At frequencies close to T= 2 7r 1,
1= 0, 1, 2, th~ denominator may be assumed to be equal to ~ z.
At ut = 1, we have the exact expression jy*(iGJ)~ 2= r(1 - cos G1T) ,
~ The spectrum of the signal A*(t) and the amplitude frequency characteris-
tic of the pulse Jy*(IF)~ and the continuous (G(iF)~ parts of the tracking
_ system are presented in Figure 7.
Let us find the sampling error of a signal as the result of components
e(t) cos (2 7T1Fp) at 1= 1, 2, passing through a quadripole with
a transfer function X(p). The average square of the sampling error is
ro ~
~l~ T= e~F-tF~)}~~~iF)I21Y~(i~12dF.
,_a
5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5
It may be seen from Figure 7 for an instance of small errors that the
behavior of the functions ~G(iF)~2 and ~Y*(iF)i2 in the area of frequencies
_ F"' iFp at 1= 1, 2, is of interest. Then we have
I G li~,)1'' = T2 "4 ~~Tj. T~' �
~ ~ ~C(rf)~
e*~tl+ ~o*(t) Batt) ~y~(IFI)
~ _ ~ ~(FI ~~f ~D[i(F-f ~~(i(f-1f�)]I
~ ~
~*~zf i t
_ a Frt 2F~ F _
Put. 6 Puc. 7
Figure 6 Figure 7
At frequencies F= 1F at 1= 1, 2, (~T)2 1, one ~ay consider
that (G(iGJ)~2'~ a2/~,j2~ Then ~G(i1Fp)~2 = ot 2/(2~1Fp). For the
function ~y*(iL~) 2 in the area of frequencies of F= 1Fp at 1= 1, 2, -
for small sampling errors . .
~Y* ~iFj =(4/~32) (1 - cos 2~FT)2.
To sum up, we obtain
~ ~
a~ = T~! S y (F) (1 - cos 2TFT)~ ~F ~ iir~ _ ~ -
o f=?
~ ~
- 6~; [3 ~ 8(F7 dF - A S e(F) cos (2~FT) dF S e(F) cos (4~FT) dF, ,
o ~
The first integral [9] ia ~ e~F)dF=c~1 dF - _~'rl
~ J (F/Fc)"n -'1qt91n (r. 2n:)�
0
The second and third integrals are calculated using the expression [8]
m m . ,
S ~om (a y) dm _ m-~ ~i exp ab sin ~2k -1) xj X .
b~ Y 2mb ~
� 0 k-1
Sin ~~2k 2rn 1~" ab cos 2m 1~ ,
6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5
FOR OFFIC]'AL USE ONLY
Then, 2 g 92~~Q~ ~0/3.
E' ~ p=
For m~2 [9] m ~
~sin(2k-1)a_ 1 . C~cos~2k-1)aYQ.
2m sin (a/2m) ' L~ m '
k-l k=~
~ m
COS (?k - 1) 2n (2k - 1) Sn _ 1
V m = ~ Slil ~ - sin (5rz/2nt) '
t =1 k=l
Then, 2 4n~a= sin (r/2m) F~ a
e~ 33~ sin (5-/1r.7) ~ '
Thus, for a minimal pulse repetition frequency at low values of E t we
obtain
~ ~2r.a2/3~2e~~ F~ nPN nt = l: -
~lQi 1~3
~7' ( 9~"e! 1 F~ rtpy m 2, ~4)
~ /
a 4a= stn (r./2m) ~l4 �
y"Et ~3;s= sln (5z/2m), F~ RpN m~ 2.
~asking svst m paramerPrA durine transfPr proc aAPA~ After detection
of the laser beacon signal, the angle tracking system is exposed to tran-
aient conditions before switching to the atationary tracking mode. It
- must be considered that a jump in angular velocity d B(t) /dt, equal to
the sUm of the angular speeda of the stabilized platform, and beacon
displacement relative to the receiver affect the tracking system after
detection of the signal. Further, we assume that the prediction for
angular velocity d e(t)/dt is not used to improve the angle tracking system
characteristics.
High c anputational accuracy is not required in analyzing the transients;
therefore, it is convenient to exan~ine the ang1E tracking aystem as con-
_ tinuous. Let ~us analyze the structural circuit of the continuous tracking
system with two integrators shown in Figure 8.
The tracking error is equal to ~~,(p) =A(p) p2/(p2-~.kp-~-h,k)~
- Let us denote the angular translational velocity of the beacon relative
to the receiver by i1(t). For the jump in angula~r velocity S1(t) = S~
we have Sl(P) = np/p and S~(P) ~ A(p) /P =~,p/p . Then
~ ~P) _ - ~o - _
F~~~ kP ~ k+k k Z k= 4k
. CP. 2.) .F 4(
k~ _ .
1
7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5
L'Vl\ VL'L'1V1t1L UJL Vl\Ll
where a= 21TT; FS; ab = 27fFs/F for the second integral, Given
smal l sampling errors, 2 7TFS/F is r� ,1i ~ FP
~ ' .
where a FD is the anticipated maximum difference in frequencies between
the pulse repetition frequency of the slave pul~~ generator of the range
tracking system at the initial ~natant of operation and the pulse repeti-
tion frequency of the signal being received. This difference in frequencies
� is caused by the discrepancy of the frequencies of the pulse generators at
the transmitting and receiver ends of the laser line due to instability
of the generators as well as by the Dopp ler ahift in the pulse repetition
frequency when the beacon is displaced with regard to the receiver,
The formula which was obtained arisea fr om the following anal~gies. It
is possible to express the aperture of the time discriminator in angular
units a2 = 27(Fp'r , i.e., the aperture 2?TF rC of the range tracking
system correaponds to the aperture G of the ~ngle tracking system, while
the angular velocity S'2 ~ is the angular frequency 27f1~ FD, from whence
expression (6) follows:
Th~ square of the relative root-mean-aquare of the angle tracking system's
noise error is equal to [3] (0'sh/S)2 = N~DFsh/Pg~out�
Let us require that the necessary optica 1 signal strength at the receiver
input be identical for the angle tracking and range tracking channels.
In this case, it is possible to write ( s121'-=No~Fsl,Rr psro,,~t��
, I
10
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- for the square of the relative root-mean-square noise error with regard
to range by analogy. It is logical to consider the relative root-mean-
_ square noise errors of the angle and range tracking systems be identical.
Hence, it follows that QFsh = dFBhR� Uaing (5) and (6), we obtain
the expression for the minimum pulae duration ~ a oFo
` ~ t~o F~ � . -
Dynamic and fluctuational errors of the anQle trackin~ svstem.
It is advisable to select the work mode of a �
_ tracking system close to the critical, whereby ~X~~F~~Z -
( ) 2 = 4 ~ [7 ] . The aquarea of the ~
- amplitude-freq}~ency characteristics of the ~
system (X(iF)I are presented in Figure 10 ~ 45 -
- for several values of ~(a mode close to the Q~ F
critical), They are adequately smooth for
D f~ ~f~
0.1 and therefore the characteristics of
the pulae syatem can be identical t~ the Puc. 10
characteristics of a continuous system. Figure 10
It is poss ible to determine the dynamic error ~(t) from the structural
diagram in Figure 6 given the input variable T~(t) . Let us examine
the dynamic and noise errors of a tracking system in the range of values
0.1 - 1 where it is necessary to take the pulse nature of the system's
= operation inta account. Frc,m Figure 6, the average square of the dynamic
error is 2 ~ ~
Q~-J T= e~F)lY*(IF)~2dF. ~ .
0
We consider that Fg QFS~, which is fair, given small dynamic error.
In this case, it is possible to assume that ~ p'* ~~F~ ~2 -(1/p=)(1 - c~s 2~T)2.
- Then
a~ _ ~,T, ~ ~ (F)(1 - cos 2~cFT)2ctF.
On the other hand, it was earlier found that
~
C 6(f= )(1 - cos 2~cFT)2dF = 3~' ai, -
r
~
Then the sqaare of the dynamic error normed with regard to the strength
of the input variable is equal to _
~
_ ~~'(1 /T2) ~ e (F) dF _ Q' Ei . . - � (7)
0
Let us determine the noise band of a pulse tracking system by the
expression 1 _ �
2a ~ ~ Y~ (im) ~ Q(~d~ Isd~o
_ ~Fgh~ ~y~ =p~ ~ ~p~~,
11
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
where [y*(0)G(0) ~2 = T2.
In particular, for 0( = 1~
~
~ sh ';.~f, ~4(1 -COSwT)ZT~~ ( T~T)' dw =3T 43~' ~
It is possible to determine the noise band �or other values of a and ~
by numerical integration. We assume that Fp =~F'~ Fsh where 4'is a
function of Ot and p~. Then, using (4) and (7), assuming a peak factor
of the process d(t) = 4 with a peak value of 8m, we obtain ~cp =
4~'~ / B m and for Fs � d F8h we get =
( ~~';2P~v)~em/QV)~F~ for . m =1~
OF - I~~/p2i3~)~2 1~2/3~113lem~Qw)2~3F~ for m=2; ~8)
~
sh r. ~In (al2m) 114
~ ~~r~~ [sin (5-12m)] ~em~�~)'~~F~ for m ~ 2.
- Let us now examine the noise error determined by the general expression
[3] Or~ = S 2/(P3/Psh)g for the tracking system. Using expression (2)
we find .
CQb 1~_ 2AFw l1 -f- rt~/?t~) aFm 1-F- Rfit/et ,
~ ~res/7' " Fn ~Et
_ where E~ = nsT is the average number of photons of the signal at the
- input of the angle discriminator for time Z. From this equation the
ratio of signal strength to noi~e strength at the output of the photo-
cathode required for a single pulse is equal to
(aEt ~ e 2 nP 2 a 2 g
r
l ~F,=
~IEz -I- *n~T 2 Cay},l FP �sl, . )
We assume that ns = P/hf, where P is the optical signal strength at the _
input of the angle discricninator; h is Planck's constant; f is the op-
tical signal frequency. The average optical signal strength at the
input of the angle discriminator P;r = P~/T h f n, ~~T - F�h f E~.
Using (8), we obtain -
~Et= c(1 -i- 2'qrcF:l~)''2I~.
where c = (1 / ) ( ~ / ~ $h) 2 . Then
pave - ~hf ~FtiI~I) (o~osb)2 ~ 1 -F- (1 -f- 2~izFT/c)us~. (1C) -
Let us examine the instance when the tracking system band is determined _
by dynamic error and not by transients. [The ratio B~/~ is large
or a prediction of the angular velocity d A(t)/dt is introduced into
the system.] Then it is possible to optimize the tracking syatem as -
follows.
We consider that the resultant dynamic and noise errors cjo not exceed
the angle discriminator aperture + S, i.e., (a o"eh)1~2 ~~'/r~,
Assuming that d gh o'z, we find the minimum value of Pave� Then
�~~(1 I/a)=~'�/r;: ~~'~~:~)~4 ;~il ' )�)%1; c~(1 -}-~).-=o21r~: o;~ -:~~lr~(1+.~),
Using these expressions as well as (8) and (10) for the instance~s when
the background may be neglected, we obtain
~ 12
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY _
I
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
(nro~~?p~~~ ~~m~s)2hfF~ (1 -f- a)2/a for ~ m =1;
2~2 y2/3~~~1 ~.~to 3~~ZI3T~ ~em/s)z~a h fp~ ~1 +~~sia~~ for m= 2;
Pa~ sin (n/2,n) ~~2 am ~~2h F~~ + x~s~a \
- 2'~ [sln (Sz/2nc) ] ,~~t~s~, ~ b ~ .f ~ f~r m ~ 2,
where ~ and ~'/r0 are the required maximum and root-mean-aquare resultant
tracking errors. The minimum values of PBVe are reached at ~ ~ 1(m = 1),
3 (m = 2) , 4(m 7 2) . Then we finally have -
~4~ro~~1~2'~~ ~~ml$)2hf F~ . for' m = 1; ~ ~
p_ - 3( g
2~ 1~3 (n ror,~~~2j~) ~ emis)1'`3hf F~ ~`o~ "t = 2:
ave`. 5,2
5n Ssln (a;?.n)1tla ra gm
2~sin (5n/2m) J~3u-~, ~
a~ hf F~ ~Po~'' m~ 2.
Let us compare the valuea PaVe which were obtained with the necessary
optical signal atrength Pn at the angle diacriminator input for a laser
beacon in continuo~s operating mode. We will determine the value .t,~ _
pave~Pn �~g2 the value of Pn is determined in [3], in this case
1.9~' yJ. In the general instance it is poasible to determ~ne that
d Feh/ QFgh~n� A graph of the change in ,t,l for m--~ oo is presented
in Figure 11, ~
- Let us examine a typical instance when the apectrum of angle flunctuations
of the stabilized platform is described by a aecond order system 8(F) _
1/[1 +(F/FS)4], From Figure 8 we find a tracking system with a continuous
signal - -
tI~P)=~(P> ~ p~
~ ~P) P~ -I- kA -I- k~k ' ~/L/ (1~~ 1-
~o~
c
w' (k' - 2~r~k) -i- (krkY .
k
The amplitude-frequency characteristic of the
tracking system is close to the maximl.y flat
;s characteristic at k~ k/2. Then we obtain
I H(iW ) ~ 2= c~4/(W4 + k4/4) . The dynamic
! ~ ~o error is equal to
Pru. 11 00 .
� S 6~F) I H(~F) I?dF ~ (2nF)~dF
Figure 11 u S I1 (FIFc)`I !(?nF)' k`/4] ~
c ~"~~2 ~2~ (k/2 ?2n - Fc)
~kl`1 y~2a)4-F~ ~
For kl = k/2 we have QFsh,n = 3k/8, _
13
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
The relative dynamic error is equal to
_ n � 4CFo~.~,(3 1~2n- Pe -
Eo_a~, I J 1-~-~-o`' ~~~F`-F` ~asf~u.N/3~?n)'--F~ ~
u
When the dynamic error is small, 4QFSh~n/3 7 F~, then
' ~Fsh n 31~~~F~/4e~~`,
Taking the following substitutio s into consideration [3]: -
E~b = 4 0"~ m and Cl sh cf � we have
P 2hf OF ~ a~2 21/63a 8~~~0~~ \2!3 ~1 ~~~a~3
" Ti s?+'n Q.th c 4~ r: l a
~ !I f F~ ~ ,
Given an optimum value 3, we obtain ,[4 = 2.3/~ 2~3
Let us examine the instance when the background is significantly greater
than the quantum noise. Then, from (IO)
l
7' ~lr~ h*~ ~
b
~ ~2,~n~AF,,~~~i~.
~
By analogy, for a tracking system with a constant signal, we have
P~ = h~ Ca~~ (2~n~OFy,.~).'~~.
As a result; we obtain ~u =[(T/T) ( aF h/4 FSIl�n) ]1/2� In particular,
for m ~ �c( _ [ ('C /T)1.9/P~ 1/2 y,]1/~; for m = 2, .~t = [ (T/T)2.3/ ~2/3 ~ ~1/2.
LITERATURE
1. Ward, J. H. EASCON-75 Conf., Washington, USA, 1975.
2, Barry, J. D., et al. Tran~. IEEE, 1976, V. COM-24, N 4.
3. Teplyakov, I. M. Paper No. 77-35, XXVIII Congress of the International
Astro~autical Federation, Prague, Czechoslovakia, 1977.
4. Teplyakov, I. M. Paper No 76-189, XXVII Congress of the International '
Astronautical Federation, Anaheim, California, USA, 1976; Acta ;
Astronautica, 1979, vol. 6, p 499.
5. "Sovremennaya radiolokatsiya" [Modern Radar] (Trans, from the English),
Moscow, Sov. Radio, 1969.
6, Levin, B. R. "Teoreticheskiye osnovy statiaticheskoy radiotekniki"~
[Theoretical Fundamentals of Statiatical Radio Engineering], Moscow,
Sov. Radio, 1966.
7. S lansky, J. RCA Rev. , 1957 , vol , 18, No. 2.
8. Beytmen, G.; Erdeyn, A. "Tablitsy integral'nykh preobrazovaniy"
- "Tables of Integral Transfers] (Tranalated from the English), Moscow
Fizmatgiz, 1969.
14
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
9. (~radshte}�n, I. S.; Ryzhik, I. M� "Tablitsy integralov, summ,
ryadov i proizvedeniy" [Tablea uf Integrals, Sums, Progressions
and Products], Moscow, Fizma~giz, 1962.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'atvo "Radiotekhnika," 1980
[217-9194]
9194
CSO: 1860
15
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
~
rvc~ urc i~.icu, u.~i+ va~a,.
UDC fi21.372�$23
BASIC PARAMETERS OF BIMETALLIC WAVEGUIDES FOR RADIO-RELAY
SYSTEMS OPERATING IN THE 6 GHz RAN GE
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 3, 1980 pp 36-38 manuscript -
received 29 Nov 78
[Article by Yu. I. Isayenko and V. V. Malin]
[Text] The increase in the traffic-~h3ndling capacity of radio-
makes ever greater demands on the
-
quality of the waveguide line. In conriection with this, it
has become necessary to develop new (bimetallic~ in particular)
waveguides that possess considerably higher parameters in com-
parison with copper waveguides. The design features of circu-
lar bimetallic waveguides with a 70-mm internal diameter and
the results of an analysis of these waveguides on a transmit-
ting wave H11 in the waveguide lines of a radio-relay system
in the 4 GHz range are cited in [ 1] .
It is interesting to examine the electrical parameters of bi-
metallic waveguides in connection with antenna waveguide lines i
now being introduced into radio-relay nets operating in the i
6 GHz range . I
Certain questions about the construction of multiwave waveguide ;
lines in the 6 GHz range and, in particular, about those that _
utilize bimetallic waveguides are analyzed in [2~3].
The utilization of bimetallic waveguides in radio-relay sys- ,
tems of various frQquency ranges will provide considerable
savings of the copper that is in short supply and will make it
possible to consolidate the elements of the antenna waveguide '
line.
16
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
~
F~R OFFICIAL USE ON'.,Y
Electrical Parameters.
The ohmic losses of the ~bimetallic waveguide in the 5.6 to 6.2
GHz frequency banc~ (the working frequency band for systems
opPrating in the 6 GHz range) do not exceed 1.4 dB in a line ~
1;~0 m long. -
The excitation level of the reflected wave H11 is calculated
according to formulas obtained from the general work equations
for a waveguide 70 mm in diameter [4~]: -
IT~- = 0, 025 bo/as -f- 0,11 2/a~ ~
f =5,6f#~i2,
(1)
0, 026 bo f as 0, 09
b~,1/c~ ,
f = 6.2~tiz.
The values for So and b2 are equal to their values in [1]. The
results of the calculations are cited in table 1.
The levels of the wave H11, reflected from the individual junc-
tions~ are measured with the aid of a type-IP-6 pulse reflec-
- tometer. The levels are less than -60 dB, which corresponds
to the calculated data.
The Excitation Level of the Cross-Polarized Wave H11.
The analysis cited in [1] has shown that the level of a cross-
polarized wave in a line built up from waveguides with low
ellipticity depends upon the angle of rotation of the H11
wave s exciter. The highest cross-polaxized wave level is
obtained with the exciter in the optimum position, if half of
the waveguides have the same position for the ellipses and are
turned 45� relative to the other half, which have the same po-
sition for the ellipses. In this case the amplitude of the
cross-polarized wave is -
Al =0,15 3z ~
~ii ag ) . . ~2~,
where z is the length of the line, kz-�~~/a~ ~ a is the
radius of the waveguide ~ �11=1 . 841. k=2~r/a and 3=DMAx-DMIN �
_ The average ellipticity of the bimetallic waveguide is
~0.04 mm. The direction of the ellipsis' axes changes along
17
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
. r'~K ~r~r�lc:l~u, u5r; ULVLY
~ the axis of the waveguide. In accordance with [1], waveguides
with a constant ellipticity approximately e~ual to 0.02 mm
- are , from the point of view of the cross-polarized wave ~ equi-
valent to +hose indicated.
With an average line length of 75 ms the highest cross-
p~lariz,ed wave level in accordar~ce with (2) is approximately
-35 dB. However~ the position of the waveguides in ttie line
is random. For this reas~n, an estimation of the probability
of exceeding the given cross-polarized wave level was carried
, out according to the method irz [1] . Within the limits of -35
to -45 dB the level o~ the cross-polariz e d wave can be found
with a probability of 0.4 percent. Expe rimental studies on
the line have confirmed the calculations.
s .
~ YpOBCH6 BO.7H, J(b, H8 48C70-
Tm soaxa TB~, rru
5.6 ~ 6.2
1fu I -79.5 I -79,5
01 I -58 I -58
I -61,5 I -62
H~~ .I -57 I -56~6
~
J12~ ( -72.5 I -7l
}
01 I -55 ( -55~5
QI I -62.5 I -67
E~ I =69 I -7l
~ I -69 I -71
N3 I - I -8~.5 '
H3~ I - I -3~,~
~
Table 1
1- Type of wave; 2- Level of wave, dB, at frequency,GHz
18
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
f 2
Trn nap~-
am~op TI'a I B~ I Bi I B~ I Ba
~WIBY
E
1 I 6�2 I 0 I O.n I 0 I 3~~0.'~i
6,6 0 0,29 0 0,0058
- 01 I 8,2 0 I 0.71 I 0 I 0.00~2
~ I 8.2 ~ 0 I 0.75 I 0 I /.20
r
~ 6:Z ~ 0 ~ 0:0.~35I ~ ~ ~:W0~60
I b.b I 0 I I.3 I 0 I 0.28
Ol 6,Y 0 1,2 p 0,40
. H~~ I 6.2 I 0 I 0.08 I 0 I 0.0018 '
Eil I 6~~ I O.~ I 0~ I 0~:2 I 0~ -
- ~ I fi.2 I 0,20 I 0 I 0.21 I 0
l
~ I 6~2 I ~ I ~ I 0.11 I 0
~ I 6.Z I 0 0 0,027 I p
Table 2
- 1- Type of parasitic w~,ve; 2- Frequency~ GHz
.l In this manner~ the method of assembling lines cited in [1]
~ can also be applied in the 6 GHz range. The application of
precision waveguides makes it possible to obtain a cross-
polarized wave level not lower than -35 to -40 dB. The meas-
urements that have been carried. out have shown that a line
tuned to the ~ GHz range keeps its high pasameters when
switched to the 6 GHz range by rotating only the exciter of H11�
The Excitation Level of Parasitic Waves.
Parasitic waves Ea� H21 ~ Ho,, E� and H� can propagate in the
waveguide in the 6 GHz range. We will examine the basic non-
uniformities of the waveguide and the paxasitic waves they ex-
cite.
19
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5
rox or~r t~:ta, u5~ UNLY
A non-uniformity ~.n the diameters of the waveguide ends leads
to an excitation of direct and reverse waves E11 at the butt
junctior~, while ellipticity of the waveguide's ends leads to
the excitation o~ direct and reverse waves E� and H�. The
rad~.al displacement, deflection and curvature of the wave-
gui@e axes at the junction lead to an excitation of direct and
reverse waves Eo, ~ H21 and Ho,. The fluctuation in the diameter
along the axis of the waveguide generates direct and reverse
wave s E� and H,, .
Calculation of the Levels of Parasitic Waves Excited on the
Waveguide Non-Uniformities. Butt Junctions.
The theoretical estimation of the average energy (W) of para-
sit~c waves excited at one butt junction was carried out ac- _
cording to a formula obtained from the general equations [4]
for a waveguide 70 mm in diameter:
?Y~t = Bo bp/as Bl b~~a1-}- B= ~/a~ Bs 9z ,
. (3)
where So , S' and S; are the average values for the squares of
the amplitudes of the zero, first and second harmonics of the
Fourier series function &(~P) characterizing the step in the
first junction; 6~ is the average value for the squaxe of the
axis deflection angle in the joined waveguides. Values for
- the coefficients B; are cited in table 2 for two frequency
values. The fact that certain of the coefficients axe equal
to zero means that the corresponding harmonic does no ~ take
part in exciting the given type of parasitic wave. The
index pertains to the direct parasitic wave~ while app~ies
to the reverse parasitic wave.
As a result of a statistical analysis of the measurements of
the waveguide ends, we obtained:
Y~o= o,o~ ~~M; 8; =o,os a2 =0,02 b~~; Y e'~o,ooos rad .
The results of a calculation according to (3) are cited in
table 1.
_ For a waveguide line with n butt junctions, the average value
for the energy of the resultant reflected wave or the result-
ant parasitic wave is n times greater than for one junction.
Gradually Sloping Waveguide Non-Uniformities.
As the analysis has shown~ the non-uniformities are the deflec-
tion of the waveguide axis~ the fluctuation in the diameter and
- 20 ~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5
FOR O:FICIAL USE ONLY
the variable ellipticity. The amplitudes of the direct para-
sitic waves at the output of a waveguide of length L accord-
- ing to [4] are:
AI-e ~sIL Fit./ x -
_ ~
' x ! fZ~ ~-t (S�-dJ)= dz, (4)
0
wherel(z) is the function characterizing the non-uniformity:
for a waveguide with a defleated axis Z(z)=x(z) [x(z) is the
curve of the axis]; for a waveguide of fluctuating diameter
I d D (z)
1~z~ 2 a d z
(D( z) is the diameter) ; for a waveguide with fluctuating el-
lipticity
1 d 3 (z)
1 ~z~ 4a dz
(3(z) is the e~lipticity); F11j are the so-called coupling
factors. The general equatioris for them are given in In
table 3 the values for the chief parameters of formula (4) are ~
cited.
Values for the curve of the axis x(z)~ the fluctuation in the
diameter D(z) and the fluctuations in ellipticity 3(z) which -
are necessary for the calculation according to (4) were meas-
ured for a set of waveguides with the help of specially de-
veloped equipment. As a result of the calculations, the fol-
lowing average values (for the set of waveguides and for the
- range of frequencies) of the wave levels have been obtained
for a single waveguide 5 m in length: Eo,~-55 dB~ Hol~-64 dB,
H?~~-53 dB~ El,~-66 dB and H31~-70 dB. For a waveguide line con-
sisting of n waveguides, the average value for the energy of
the resultant parasitic wave is n times greater than in a sin- -
gle waveguide. The levels of the reverse waves, as the analy- -
sis has shown~ axe considerably less than those of the direct `
waves and therefore are not conducted. ~
In a line 100 m long, the average level (taking into account
the non-uniformity in the butt junction and the gradually
sloping non-uniformities) of the waves comprises: Eo, of approx-
imately -~0 dB; H21 of -38.5 dB; Ho, of -41.5 dB; E� of -51.5 dB;
and H31 of -57 dB.
21
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
3
- Tun ~ Txn a~A~ropoA� I CCUI ~~~-~j~ I p~~~ ~ _
eonxd nocTx
E� I K{~tlONlHB OCH I 5,6 I 0.097i I 1 1.570
i 6,2 0,0&53 i 1,740
N,~ I To M[e I 6.2 I 0.226 I i 3.863
I 8
hl~~ To ~ce ~ 5,6 ~ 0,627 1 0.523
6,2 0.489 1 0,628
7
E� I IlynsceunA Aae� I 5,6 I 0,627 0,571 _
weTpa 6,2 0,489 0,417
E~~ I Ilepewertxaa 9n� I 5,6 I 0,627 I O,b7l _
JINIITN'iNOCTb 6,2 0,489 0,~71
' I 9 i b.6 -
H, ~ To ace -
6,2 0,692 0.330
I '
Table 3
1- Type of wave; 2- Type of non-uniformity;
3- Frequency, GHz; Curvature of axis;
5- Same; 6- Same; 7- Fluctuation in the
diameter; 8- Varying ellipticity; 9- Same .
The values obtained for the cross-polarized wave levels, the
reflected wave H11 and all the parasitic waves for a bimetallic
waveguide line ~show that bimetallic waveguides in both the 6
and 4 GHz ranges possess very high electrical parameters.
Bimetallic waveguides in combination with other waveguide ele-
ments with improved parameters were tested in the experimenta].
section of the "Kurs-b"~ r�adio-relay system. As a result, they
were able to insure (from the point of view of introduced -
noise ) a traffic-handling capacity for the radio-relay system
of more than 1320 audio frequency channels.
Conclusions.
1. The bimetallic waveguides 70 m in diameter and up to 120 m
in overall length that have been developed and put into pro-
duction provide for the organization of more than 1320 audio
frequency channels in the 6 GHz range when the "Kurs-6'~ equip-
ment is utilized.
# Research in the experimental szction was conducted under the
guidance of B. S. Nadanenko. _
- 22
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
�
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -
2. Bimetallic wave guides may be employed as unifying elements
in long waveguide lines with small l~sses in the 4~ and 6 GHz
ran ge ~ .
3. mixed waveguide lines for the simultaneous transmission of _
signals in the 4 and 6 GHz ranges may be constructed on the ~
basis of' bimetallic waveguides.
BI BI,I O GRAPHY
1. Isayenko ~ Yu . M., Malin, V. V. and Kokonin, A. P. "Bimetal-
lic Circular Waveguides for Radio-Relay Lines,"
ELEKTROSVYAZ'~ No 9, 1978.
- 2. Nadanenko, B. S. and Tartakovskiy~ L. S. "mransient Noise
in Waveguide Lines of Radio-Relay Trunks," ELEKTROSVYAZ',
No 1, 1973~
3. Nadanenko ~ B. S.~ Khrichevskiy, V. N. and Polushin ~ G. P.
"The Application of Multimode Waveguide Sections in Radio-
Relay Systems," Proceedings of tr.s Fifth Colloquium on
Microwave Communications~" Budapest~ 24-30 Jun 74,
4~. Katsenelenbaum, B. Z. "Teoriya r.eregulyarnykh volnovodov
s medlenno menyayushchimisya parametrami," [Theory of Non-
Regulax Waveguides With Slowly Varying Paxameters], Moscow, =
AN SSSR, 1961.
[222-9512] .
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel.' stvo "Svyaz' , " "Elektrosvyaz' , " 1980
9512
CSO : 1860
23
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICLAL USE UNLY
UDC 621.376.56
IKM-15 RURAL COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 3, Mar 80 pp 1-7 manuscript
received 2 Jul 79
[Article by Yu. A. Alekseyev, I. A. Lozovoy~ P. V. Mel'nikov,
V. F. Myagkov and L. A. Chernyshev] E
[Text] The development of digital technology for the trans-
mission of telephone communications has proceeded by means of
the utilization of 32 channel intervals in pulse-code modulated
(PCM) transmission systems posse~sing a transmission rate of
2048K bits/sec~ and the utilization of a 13-segment coder with
a non-linear logarithmic response of the type A=87,6. These
basic principles have received wide dissemination, and the
International Consultative Committee on Telegraphy and Tele-
pi~ony (CCITT) has formulated a number of recommendations regu-
lating the characteristics of the telephone channels ~ the -
structure of the cycle and other paxameters of equipment with
PCM. The IKM-30 equipment (possessing a transmission rate of ,
20~8K bits/sec and satisfying the recommendations of the _
CCITT) as well as a number of other higher-order transmission
systems, for example, the IKM-120, have been put into produc-
- tion in recent years both in our country and abroad,
;
- At the present time, IKM-12M equipment is being employed in
rural exchanges for the organization of trunk lines between �
stations. This equipment does not link up well with broadcast -
system equipment built on the basis of the IKM-30. Moreover,
the 7-bit coding used in the IKM-12M does not insure the neces-
sary transmission quality of telephone signals when there are
= a great many retransmissions and repeat PCM conversi.ons . ~
Therefore, instead of modernizing the IKM-12M equipment, a de-
cision was made to develop the IKM-15 15-channel PCM trans- -
mission system. It possess~s characteristics that are more
suitable for link-up vvith higher-order transmission s~~stems-- '
the TKM-30, IKM-120, etc.
- 24
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
I
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Modern integrated circuits and a number of technical and de-
sign solutions which insure high adaptability for industrial
production have been employed in the development of the appa-
ratus. Commercial production of the IKM-15 equipment is plan-
ned for 1980,
Purpose.
' The IKM-1 J 15-channel PCM transmission system is intended for
the organizatiori of interoffice trunks between rural two-
motion selector or crossbar-type automatic exchanges along
KSPP ix4~x0.9 or KSPP 1x4x1.2 cables or along a VTSP [further
expansion not provided]. The IKM-15 equipment makes it pos-
sible to organize: 15 audio-frequency channels; from 15 to 4~5
remote signal channels; four 100-baud or two 200-baud telegraph
channels; or one second-class broadcast channel instead of two
audio-frequency channels. Besides the interoffice trunks,
~ lines are made available to the exchange's rural subscribers,
_ which connect them to the automatic districtexchange~ bypassing
the terminal station. A subscriber's set in the IKM-15 equip-
ment is utilized for this.
There is a telegraph matching unit in the IKM-15 equipment
used for the organization of teTegraph channels . This unit
- converts the telegraph impulses that arrive at its input into
signals that axe suitable for input into the equipment's dis-
tribut.ion circuit .
The IKM-15' s broadcast channel is organized by replacing the
individual equipment for the ttivo audio frequencies with equip-
ment for the broadcast chann~l. The broadcast channel is a
duplex channel. The direction opposite the transmission of the
of the broadcast channel is used for monitoring the transmis-
sion quality.
Instead of one audio-frequency channel, it is feasible to or-
_ ganize in the IKM-15 equipment a 6~K bits/sec digital data
transmission channel whose parameters correspond to the CCITT's
recommendation G. 732. Furthermore, provisions have been made
for the feasibility of working with electronic matching units
(SU-IKM) which in the future will replace the relay assemblies
of the trunk relays that belong to the automatic exchange . In
this case, each audio-frequency channel will be given three
signal channels .
The IKM-is equipment insures transmission along the line at
the ra~te of 1024K bits/sec. Two such signals may be combined
into one common stream at a rate of 20~8K bits/sec, or eight
IKM-15 si~als at a rate of 8448K bits/sec. This corresponds
to the accepted standards for the IKM-120 equipment.
25
FOR OFFICIAL USE ON`LY
�
1
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
rux urr.~~tEU. u~~ uivLr
The characteristics of the coders in the IKM-15 and IKM-30
- equipment arP identical. Therefore, it is possible to connect
two IKM-15 outputs in order that a standard IKM-30 may be in-
stalled at the opposite end of the line. IKM-15x2 and IKM-15x8
connecting equipment is now being made on the basis of the
II4v1-15. It will be able to interact directly with the IKIVI-30
and IKM-120 units.
Technical Specifications.
The transmission rate for a di ital signal at the output of a
terminal station is 1024K bits~sec. The equipment's range is
50 k.m, but with the application of serviced stations the range
_ increases to 100 km. The maximum distance between intermediate
stations for KSPP 1x4~x0.9 cable is 7.2 km and 7.4~ km for KSPP
1x~x1.2 cable. The intermediate station's regenerative re-
peaters are equipped with compensation amplifiers that have
automatic gain control and automatically retune when there is
a chan~;e in the length of the regeneration segments, from 4~ to =
7.5 km for KSPP 1x4x0.9 cable and from 4.7 to 7.4 km for KSPP
1x1~x1.2 cable. In this case, the attenuation in the regenera-
tion segment is within the limits of 26 to 4~6 dB. -
- Lottd~peaker service communications are organized through a
phantom circuit between terminal stations as well as between a
terminal station and any intermediate station . Its range with-
out intermediate amplification is up to 50 km.
The signal formed at the terminal station for transmission into
_ the line has -~he iorm of a rectangular pulse with an amplitude
of 3 B and a duration equal to the time interval t;=0.98 �sec
(fig. 2) .
U,B
~
~ tn=0~9Bl~iec -t
F''lg. 1
- Z'he IKM-15 equipment is built according to the principle of
time-division allocation of the channels~ and therefore one of
its characteristics is the time spectrum~ which is the sequence
of time intervals combined into the channel intervals and cy-
cles (fig. 2).
The cycles with a duration of 125 �sec follow one after another
- at a frequency that is equal to an 8 kHz discrete frequency.
Each cycle contains 16 channel intervals 0-15~ and each chan-
nel interval consists of eight timing intervals. There are 128
26 -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
timing intervals in all in the cycle. The channel intervals
from the first to the fifteenth contain information relating
to the corresponding audio-frequency channels. The informa-
tion in these channel intervals is registered in the form of
8-bit binary-coded combinations P1-P8.
Channel interval 0 is intended for the transmission of syn-
chronous signals serving to determine the beginning of the cy-
cles and the supercycles, as well as for the transmission of
information coming from the signal channels [channels for the
transmission of control and interaction signals of the auto-
matic telephone exchange] and telegraph channels. The signal
of the cyclic synchronization is registered in the form of the
fixed combination 110 in the time intervals 6-8.
~ _
fSA'N OKN 1KN 1XN 3KN ~FKN 11XN 12XN 1,~XN 14KN 15X!l OK!/
t
~!(N M Z t
Tt(NKII a - ~TS MHC
3 4 .
D/fN 1KN �
B C98 eTp~ CuNxpocuzHVn
~
~
1 1 0 P1 P2 Pd P4 P5 P6 P7 Pg
e TNl 7NZ TN3 TH4 TN5 7N6 TH7 TNB TH~ ~
~ 9TNN-7gMXC 'SM=OS~BMHC , ,
Fig. 2
1- Channel intervals 0-15; 2- Time of cycle 125 ,usec; 3-
Channel interval 0; 4- Chan~_.C~ iu i.erval 1; 5- Control and
interaction signal; 6- Telegraph; 7- Synchrosignal; 8- -
Time intervals 1-8; 9- Time interval T;=7.8 �sec; 10 - Time
interval t;=0.98 ,usec. -
A supercycle is formed by 16 corisecutive cycles . Iri timing in-
terval 1, channel interval 0, a supercycle synchronization sig-
nal is transmitted at the beginning of each supercycle. That
signal insures the proper distribution of information along
the control and interaction signal channels upon reception. -
In accordance with the principle of time division of channels,
the information that comes from the control and interaction
channels is registered in time intervals 2-4 of all I6 suc-
cessive cycles: in time interval 2 is registered the informa-
27
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
rox or�r~lc;la~. u~r. UtVLY
tion fr.om the 16 channels of the first group; in time interval
- 3 is information from the second group; and in time interval
is information from the third group.
Iriformation arriving from the telegraph channels is registered
in time interval 5, channel interval 0. The basic audio fre-
quency channel parameters of the IKM-15 equipment satisfy the
standaxds of recommendation G. 712: the input and output levels
of the audio-frequency channels axe -13 and +~.3 dB, respective- ~
ly; the gain of the audio-frequency channels is set with an ac-
curacy of �0.3 dB, and the stability of the gain over the
course of a month is �0.5 dB; the amplitude-frequency response
of the overall line attenuation a of the channel is laid out
in the scale depicted in fig. 3a--the amplitude-frequency re-
sponse norm corresponds to 1/5 the CCITT's norm for the audio-
- frequency channel; the immunity from total pulse modulation dis-
tortion (the S/N ratio) as a function of the relative level of
the input signal r is not less than the values in the scale in
fig. 3b; the level of weighted noise in the open channel does
not exceed 500 pW at the zero reference level; the immunity
from audible crosstalk is not less than 65 dB.
_ ea ~
rJ '
1,0 / ~
. ~~5 '
f Hz
~ 1000 2000 8000 ~F000 i
0, 5 ,
S/N, B6
~6)
30
20
.D
0 10 -20 =d0 -40 ds o
Fig. 3 -
Power supply to the IKM-15 equipment is accomplished through a '
- power source common to the automatic exchange with a voltage of
60 V, +20/-10 percent. The remote supply for the intermediate
station is carried out by means of a phantom circuit from one
28
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
terminal station. At each intermediate station and terminal
station feeding the line from opposite ends, loop equipment is
installed. It is controlled by means of reversing the current
from the remote supply. The power requirement for a line of
maximum length does not exceed 180 W.
The block diagram of the IKM-15 equipment is depicted i:~ fig.
4. The apparatus consists of terminal stations 1 and 2 and
the line equipment.
5-60B1 n~ g, 5-60B1 KOCC
~ ~ , AuHe~~,vsw m,pa~r,n !
~v )6J ~ I 11 i2 I 76C
~ I2~ 8 8 ~ ~ ~ ,Zc
`~Jo `'`yK ~ 8 B o 1
` I~~. Lf'oi~~ u 60AT < < ~Y 60AT ~ 69X :
_ I ~ (rJ ~ I S
~ ~
_ I3~ ~ ~ 14
~ ~ ~ L /(OBE/16NOA AUHUi7 ~ I J 3 p
l$15 ~ ~ i N 0 p
~ ~ j . ~ � I � ,s fi
4~ f C I ' I 44i
I ~ ~
' co~ ca~
. ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ ' I oc
18 .
' � Puc. 4 ~ .
1- To automatic telephone exchange; 2- Control and inter-
action sig~al channels; 3- Audio-frequency channels; 4-
Te].egraph channels; 5- Minus 60 V to general station alarm
signal unit; 6- Line circuit; 7- Alarm unit; 8- Multi-
plexing and encoding unit; 9- Line terminal unit; 10 -
Line regenerative amplifiers; 11 - Intermediate station 1;
12 - Intermediate station 2; 13 - Intermediate station 3; 14-
Cable line; 15 - Low-frequency terminal unit; 16 - Matching
telegraph unit; 17 - Service equipment; 18 - Terminal sta-
tions 1 and 2.
. Each terminal station consists of:
--an alarm unit which insures the power supply to the termi-
nal station and provides the alarm when there is a breakdown
in any of the terminal station's units. The alarm signal is
then transmitted to common and general station alarm signal
~.~ni ts ;
--a multiplexing and encoding unit intended for time division
and distribution of the channels as well as the analog-to-
digital conversion (encoding) of the audio-frequency signals;
29
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
i'VK UrC1l.1NL uJC v1rL1
--a low-frequency terminal unit assembly containing 15 low-
frequency terminal units which~ when the connections are made
hetween the channels of the IKM-15 equipment and the automatic
exchange units~ convert the four-lead channel terminals with
levels of -13 and +4.3 dB at the input and the output into
two-lead terminals with levels of 0 and 7 dB or 0 and 3.5 dB.
Furthermore~ on signal from the trunk exchange, the units pro-
vide for automatic tandem switching into a four-lead mode
- with levels of -3.5 and -3.5 dB (low-frequency terminal unit
II} or into the two-lead mode with levels of 0 and -3.5 dB
_ (low-frequency terminal unit I);
_ --a block of matching telegraph units which provide for the
match-up of telegraph signals with the IKM-15's digital infor-
mation transmission channel;
--a service equipment block which se~~ves for the organization
of service communications on the phantom circuit and which con-
tains the intercommunications equipment for communicating on
the telephone channels, as well as switching equipment for
monitoring the audio-frequency and control and interaction sig-
,
11C11 V1~I..IJLlllil>I � ' ~
The line equipment consists of:
--a line terminal unit intended for the regeneration of of the
digital signal taken from the station section of the cable line,
for the remote power supply of the line regenerators~ for the
reception of voice-frequency service calls, for the lead-in of
cable and for protection from dangerous voltages. The line
terminal unit is made in two configurations: the first contains
a remote power-supply unit, while the second~ instead of the
remote power-supply unit, contains a remote loop that makes it -
possible to form the circuit of the terminal station;
--intermediate stations, each containing two line regeneration ~
amplifiers (one for each direction of transmission) for the re- '
generation of digital signals transmitted along the cable ~ine;
the line regeneration amplifier in the IKM-15 c~ntains an amp-
lifier with an automatic compensator and automatic level con-
trol~ which make it possible to connect the intermediate sta-
tions in to the line without worrying about the length of the _
regeneration segments (within the limits of the standards cit-
ed above). In addition~ further attenuation of the regenera-
- tion segment to the nominal level through a collection of phan-
tom circuits is not required.
The audio-frequency signals from the automatic exchange's sub-
_ scribers arrive at the low-frequency terminal unit of terminal
station 1. The low-frequency terminal unit's outputs are con-
_ 30
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
nected with the four-lead terminals of the multiplexing and en-
coding unit. The encoded binary combinations that correspond
to the instantaneous values of the telephone signals leave the
output of the multiplexing and encoding unit and arrive at the
line through the line terminal unit. The binary digital sig-
nal passing down the line is regenerated at each intermediate
- station. At each following regeneration segcnent the signal is
transmitted in exactly the same form it had at the output of
the multiplexing and encoding unit. While passing through the
last regeneration segment, the binary signal is restored by the
final regenerator of the line terminal unit~ and a signal ana-
lo~ous in form to that at the output of terminal station 1 is
received at the input of the multiplexing and encoding unit of
terminal station 2.
A reverse transformation of the signals takes place in the mul-
tiplexi.ng and encoding unit--from digital to analog form--and
the signals are distributed on the audio-frequency channels.
The telephone signals from the output of the multiplexing and
encoding unit are sent to the subscribers of the automatic ex-
change through the low-frequency terminal unit. The control
and interaction signals for the automatic exchange arrive at ~
= the multiplexing and encoding unit through the control and in-
teraction signal channels.
Si~als from the telegraph sets axrive at the inputs of the -
matching telegraph unit block which is connected to the multi-
plexing and encoding unit through reception and transmis~ion
circuits.
The block diagram of the multiplexing and encoding unit is
represented in fig. 5. The audio-frequency signals arrive at
the inputs of the low-frequency filters FI-F15. These filters
impede the components that are outside the range of audio fre-
quencies. From the filter outputs the signals proceed to the
- keys of modulators M1-M15 which then form pulse-amplitude modu-
lated (PAM) signals consisting of pulses with a 3 � sec duration -
and a reception frequency of 8 kHz.
Each of the 15 switches MI-M15 operates at various moments in
time, shifted 7.81 ,usec relative to the adjacent channels. The
outputs of all the keys are joined together, and~ thus~ a11
the individual PAM signals operating at vaxious channel inter-
vals of time are united in a group PAM signal. The group PAM
signal arrives at ~he input of the No 1 amplifier which charges
czpacitor C. Capacitor C insures the formation of a flat crest
on each PAM signal arriving at amplifier 2.
31
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFF'IC1AL USL UNLY
I '
r
3 4 6 9
o- Mf 9j K1 C y> Rodep l~APD K 60AT
o c ' =6
4 n ~
~ a 15~ ~ .
~ M/5 12 13 14 '1 c 16
- lfC 3/I QN CS'O ' ~a
18 ~ 15~v .
Kn111
~ a / ~ 16
- i~c.3 20 2~ sz
- � o . ~ ,QeKade 1(!!PM PAP om 60/17' ~
o C
~ z ~ 23
~13 < ~ Xn/115
Fig. 5
1- Inputs of the audio-frequency channels; 2- Filters F1-F15;
- 3- Modulators M1-M15; 4~ - Amplifier 1; 5- Key 1; 6- Capa-
citor C; 7- Amplifier 2; 8- Encoder; 9- TsPRD [digital signgl
transmission 10 - To line terminal unit; 11 - Alarm control
_ unit; 12 - Power supply; 13 - Digital data; 14~ - Control and
interaction signal unit; 15 - Control and interaction signal
channels; 16 - Audio-frequency channel outputs; 17 - Filters
F16-F30; 18 - Reception keys 1-15; 19 - Am lifier 3; 20 -
~ Decoder; 21 - TsPRM [expansion not provided~; 22 - Reception
regenerator; 23 - From line terminal unit.
The signal from the output of amplifier 2 proceeds to the coder
input. The coder digitally converts an infinite set of amp-
litudes of the PAM-signal pulses into a sequence of eight-bit
_ binaxy-coded combinations. During operation, the coder meas-
ures the amplitude of the arriving PAM signal. The result of
the measurement of this amplitude is presented in the form of
an encoded combination that corresponds to a certain small
range of amplitudes--to the so-called quantization interval--
within whose limits the arriving PAM si~al appears. The en-
coded combinations appeax at the output of the coder in the
. form of a binaxy digital signal.
The IKM-15's coder performs a non-uniform quantization of the
input signals. The law of quantization interval variation
(the compressor response) is giv~n by line-segmented curve 2
in fig. 6, which consists of 16 segments: eight axe for the
positive values of x and eight are for the negative. The com-
pressor curve for O~x~1 is shown in fig. 6.
32
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
. ~ . . . . . , . '
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
As can be seen in fig. 6, the quantization intervals within the
limits of the first segment IC are equal to 0,=1/32; within the
limits of the second segment ~~=1./64. In each successive seg-
ment the quantization intervals decrease by one half: ~,=1/128,
04=1/256~ os=1/512~ 06=1/102~, 0~=~s=1~204-8. The seventh and
eighth segments have the same slope and dimensions (fig. 6a) .
Upon examination of the overall compressor curve (fig. 6a) ,
four se~nents in the center of the curve form a section of
straight line . This section is frequently called a single seg-
ment. When this allowance is made. the curve has 13 segments.
The 23-segnent broken curve approximates logarithmic curve 1
(fig. 6) with a rectilinear initial segment. The analytic ex-
pression for curve 1 is:
Ax ~
d= 1-~-1nA ~~x~ A'
~ 1-f-1nAz 1
y- 1-f-InA A Sx~l, .
~wh2re A - 87,6.
The binary signal from the coder's output axrives at the digi-
tal transmission signal processor ( TsPRD) ( see fig. 5), which
varies the signal's statistical characteristics. Digital bi-
nary signals from the digital data unit and the control and
interaction signal unit also arrive at the in~ut of the digi-
ta1 transmission signal processor. These signals contain in-
- formation from the telegraph channels and the remote signal
channels, respectively. Signals from the digital data and con-
trol and interaction signal units are included in the group
signal until it is processed. After the group signal is pro-
cessed in the digital transmission signal processor, the syn-
chrocombination I10 is introduced into it. The group signal
from from the digital transmission signal processor asrives at
the line through the line terminal unit. The group s ignal from
the line, having passed the line terminal unit, axrives at the
input of the compression and encoding unit's receiving unit.
The receiving generator at whose input the signal arrives is a
simplified regenerator without an amplifier. Tt separates the
timing frequency from the signal and forms it into a pulsed
time sequence with a frequency of I02~ kHz. This sequence is
necessary for the operation of the receiving station's genera-
tor equipment. The group signal from the receiving regenerator
33
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5
FOR OFFICIAL U5B UNLY
arrives at the TsPRM unit which carries out: the synchroni-
zatior. of the receiving station by means of a synchrosignal;
reverse processing of the group signal; and the separation of _
the digital signals for the decoder~ the digital data unit and
the control and interaction signal unit. The digital data and
control and interaction signal units direct the telegraph sig-
nals and the control and interaction signals to the outputs of
the corresponding channels.
=y .
. 4
f y ~
t
2
i. ~ 6c i 7e~ ~ Cc ec 7.� Q~
r -s o ~ ~ r
iv aa
~ ,
~ -Y
dC X'6C dt~l~bf A~'1/32
~fC ~ .!C ?C ~ 1C _
s
/ 1
~ J! 6 S ~ I
ue ~
Fig. 6
The digital signal arrives at the input of the decoder. Each
coded combination causes a pulse to appear at the dec~oder's
output. This pulse possesses an amplitude very close to the
amplitude of the signal changed by the coder. As a result, a
group PAM signal corresponding to the group PAM signal at the
input of the coder appears at the decoder's output. Having
passed through amplifier 3, the PAM signal axrives at receiver
- keys 1-15~ which carry out time division of the group PAM sig-
nal on individual circuits with the help of command impulses.
These impulses close the receiver keys in turn at those mo-
- ments in time when a pulse destined for the engaged individual
circuit appears at the output of amplifier 3. The individual
circuits contain LF filters (F1.6-F30) and amplifiers from
~vhose outputs the audio-frequency signals then reach the sub-
scribers.
34
FOR OFFTCIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5
FOR OFFICIAL OSE ONLY
Contained within the multiplexing and encoding unit is an
alarm control unit which monitors the operation of the IKM-15
and sends out an alarm when there are breakdowns of various
line segments. The multiplexing and encoding uni t also con-
tains power-supply equipment which provides the multiplexing
and encoding unit assemblies with the nominal vol tage re-
quired for operations.
The block diagram of the line terminal unit is de picted in
fig. 7. The line cable leads to the cable input assembly of
the line terminal unit. The cable input assembly provides
all units of the terminal's equipment with protec tion from
dangerous vol�tages induced in the line . The central points of
the line windings of the transformers form a phantom circuit
to which the remote power-supply or remote-loop devices axe
connected. The voice-frequency ringing set and the service
communications input-output axe likewise connecte d to the phan-
tom circuit.
The signal from the multiplexing and encoding uni t passes im-
mediately to the unit's line transformer and farther on is di-
rected into the line . The signal from the station segment of
the line is directed through the multiplexing and encoding unit
to the input of the terminal regenerator, which re stores the
signal. A binaxy group signal from the output of the terminal
regenerator proceeds to the input of the receiver portion of
the multiplexing and encoding unit.
a
~ 2 3 x b~J.'~
1 J?~Ht.�a i BXy ppT
i
~ 5
om 69K
8 7 8
,qn nrs M~
Fig. 7
1- Line; 2- Cable input assembly; 3- Terminal regenerator;
4- To multiplexing and encoding unit; 5- From multiplexing
and encoding unit; 6- Remote power supply; 7- Voice fre-
quenc y ringing set; 8- Local power supply.
The remote power supply insures that direct current arrives
at the phantom circuit to supply the regenerators at the inter-
mediate stations. At the station opposite the remote power
supply a remote circuit is installed in the line terminal unit.
35
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
rux urrl~lrw uac vivLi -
The current from the remote power supply then flows through
this remote circuit unit. The remote circuit carries out re-
mote switching of the terminal station's circuit on a signal
from the opposite terminal station. The line terminal unit
also includes a local power supply unit which puwers the as-
semblies of the line terminal unit.
Design and Assembly.
The elements of the IKM-i5 are designed so that thzy can be
mounted in an angle-bar rack up to 2600 mm in height. The
width of the rack center-to-center at the mounting holes is
600 mm. An example of the elements' arrangement in the rack
is presented in fig. 8.
~
rl
~tr7.r.x r'~Fr',a~ I I
- '>.h~, K E ~ (
4: r ~ ~
* ^ ~ I
' t
s,r
t i~~' 3~~~,~ a
r;
~ , R
,~p`'v ~ ~,g: ~ Y
~ ~'+;:.r
, ~ ~ ~ ~ 5
~;;,M E ~ ~ '
4 Y1 a~� R Y'i',tM1" ,
C~ (
~ F
, x^~~.~~. .
s
The equipment units consist of elements connected to the units
by plug connectors. The units are likewise fitted with plug
connectors which serve as alignment guides. By vir.tue of
these plug connectors, a damaged unit (or element) can easily
be removed and replaced with one in good working order. Pro-
visions have been made for different element arid unit connec-
tions, dependent upon the operating conditions. The IKM-15's
36
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
terminal station has 12 unit configurations, depending upon -
its purpose: for operating two-motion selector or crossbar-
- type automatic exchanges with or without a broadcast channel;
with electronic matching devices or with the organization of ,
$ telegraph channels.
The line equipment provides for two versions of the line ter-
minal unit and for varying numbers of intermediate stations:
depending upon the lenp i,h of the line , the numb~r of inter-
mediate stations may vary from one to seven.
The equipment also includes so-called "expansion sets" which
are collections of various elements. These make it possible
to build up the terminal station's rack-mounted equipment to
four sets and to build up the intermediate station's regenera-
tors to two sets.
_ Operation of the IKM-15 Equipment.
No adjustments are required during the installation and ope-
ration of the IKM-15 equipment. When designing and preparing
- the line for operation it is nece~sary to certif'y the line and
the terminal equipment. For this, a line set is used which
consists of a telephone call set that operates on the phantom
circuit and a universal line measurement instrument that in-
sures the me asurement of attenuation in the cable and the
measurement of transients at a frequency of 512 kHz . When the
line is certified with the aid of the universal line measure-
~ men t instrument, the interference immunity of the regenerators
is also checked. The universal line measurement instrument
provides for the same measurements at frequencies of 352 and
1024 kHz for the IKM-12M and IKM-30 installations.
Routine maintenance checks on the condition of the line should ~
be carried out once each year. During operation, checks on
the function of the trunk lines are carried out on the side of ~
the automatic exchange' s instruments with the same frequency
tha� they are carried out during the operation of the automat-
ic telephone exchange. .
The certific ation and routine maintenance checks on the IKM-15
terminal equipment are caxried out with the help of a PEI-I
_ performance measurement ins ~rument which makes it possible to
measure the basic characteristics of the audio-frequency chan-
- nels: the overall line attenuation, immunity from quantization _
distortion and crosstalk between channels.
The installation's service equipment makes it possible to se-
quentially switch all the channels over to jacks~ to which axe
connected th~ measurement instruments or telephone call sets
37
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
Nux ur~r~lc; ~a~. u~~ UNLY
that form a part of th~ service equipment. The service equip-
ment block makes it possible to check the installation' s sig-
nal channels with the help of an automatic telephone dial and
a switching unit.
Equipment repair is accomplished by replacing the malfunction-
ing units with serviceable units from the spare part, instru-
ment and accessory kit. The malfunctioning units taken from
~i;he line are repaired in special equipment laboratories . The
- determination of the malfunctioning unit is accomplished from
the terminal station with the aid of circuits which can be
set up automatically from the station with remote power-supply
equipment.
Test operations of the IKM-15 installation have shown both
- high reliability for the equipment and stability for its paxa-
' meters during operation as well as its conformity to the re- -
quirements of the CCITT .
BI BLIO GRAPHY
1. Polyaka, M.U.,ed. "Apparatura uplotneniya IKM-12M dlya
sel'skoy sv~razi" [IKM-12M Multiplexing Equipment for RuraZ
Communications], Moscow~ Svyaz'~ 1976.
2. Gurevich ~ V. E., Lopushnyan, Yu . G. and Rabinovich, G. V.
' "Impul'sno-kodovaya modulyatsiya v mnogokanal'noy svyazi"
[Pulse-Code Modulation in Multichannel Communications] ,
Moscow, Svyaz' , 1973 �
3. Lopushnyan, Yu . G. , et al ."IKM-30 Equipment for the Mul-
tiplexing of Urban Telephone Cables," ELEKTROSVYAZ' ~ No 2,
_ 1977�
[ 22z-9512] -
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz'," "Elektrosvyaz' 1980
9512
- CSO: 1860
38
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 62i.3~5�3~
RSL-DSh-ATS INTERSTATIpN COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT FOR RURAL
TELEPHONE EXCHAN GES
Moscow ELEKTROSVYAZ' in Russian No 3~ 1980 pp 13-15 manuscript
received 18 May 77 �
[Article by L. A. Berezovich and L. M. Brener]
Text] During the 196o's~ the two-motion selector ATS-100/500
- ~(100/500M) uni~s were widely used in rural telephone exchanges
(RTE's). In order to incorporate the physical trunk lines
- into the ATS-100/500 equipment, there were inductive sets in
the ~~;runk relay which were also suitable f'or incorporating the
t~~,.ii~mission system' s high-frequency channels . The sets
possessed considerable shortcomings, chief among which were:
the lack of a signal with which to hold the opposite automat-
ic exchange, which is not acceptable for the two-way use of
lines and channels, particularly when the terminal stations
and tandem exchanges are unattended; the absence of a signal
with which to monitor the channel's serviceability; inadequate
immunity from pulse-type noise; the impossibility of joint
operations with local communications equipment, that is, upon
automation of the trunk exchange .
In order to eliminate the sh~rtcomings listed and to reduce
_ operational expenditures for servicing interstation communica-
tions in the rural exchange~ new trunk relay sets have been
developed for rural automatic exchanges of the crossbar or two-
motion selector systems. _
The Leningrad branch of the Central Scientific Research In-
stitute for Communications in conjunction with the Sverdlovsk
affiliate of the Central Design Bureau ha:: developed trunk
relay-two motion selector-automatic telephone exchange (RSL-
DSh-ATS) equipment which incorporates trunk relay sets for two-
motion selector automatic exchanges. The trunk relay sets in-
cluded in the RSI,-DSh-ATS equipment are designed for operations
along physical interstation lines as well as along the rural -
39
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
1
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
i
telephone exchange's HF t~ansmission channels with a signal '
channe2 outside the voice-frequency band. These sets make it
possible to establish terminal and through connections in the
presence of AON [automatic number identification ] equipment at
the stations and without it. These sets operate in conjunc-
tion with similar assemblies of the two-motion selector and
cr~ssbar automatic exchanges and can operate with the old-type -
sets until the district trunk exchange is fully automated.
Thus, the principle of continuity is maintained and the feasi-
bility of gradually replacing the s~vitching equipment in the
- rural district is insured. The RSL-DSh-ATS racks are univer-
sal and make it possible to accomodate both inductive and voice
- sets; they can be mounted on the floor as well as in standard
metal racks of two-motion selector automatic exchanges instead
of the old trunk relay racks.
- t
~
{
~
1
~
~
J
t
; 1
T; , `
~~~a`.`
~ ~"_+~R.~wd~~~, '
~
1 r
~ t ~ _
2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
The RSL-DSh-ATS equipment contains: the RSL-DSh-ATS rack
(fig. 1) with two G-2600-K generators and signalling devices;
a mounting plate for the RSLI-D [further expansion not provid-
ed] set (fig. 2); a voice set mounting plate RSLUT-D (fig. 3)
with a P-2600-2 receiver; and a PP-RSL control panel with
_ movable cart (fig. 4), The technical data for the component ~
parts of' ~the equipment are cited in table 1.
-
~ ' ~ y; ; . ; s ~
~i..
t
~ ~
y:
w
r
3
,_._...~.---F~
~ . I
,iM'~!~'~!"~'~
_ , . ~jftll. .
~ . .
11I/
J ~ ~ " i,,,... ' ' . -
. . . . ~ ~
.C , ' � ' ~ -
There are 20 remavable rotating mounting plates installed in
any combination on both sides of the RSL-DSh-ATS rack. The
receivers axe inc.luded in the plate assemblies and the gene-
rators in the rack, but they may be ordered sepa.~rately as
operational spares.
Angle brackets installed in the rack's top and bottom faces
are included in the equipment kit for mounting the rack in
standard metal -frame two-motion selector automatic telephone
exchanges. The rack dimensions with the angle brackets axe
26oox55o~378 mm� The center-to-center installation distances
axe 233o mm for the height, ~00 mm f~r the width.
41 -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY -
As was pointed out earlier, the RSLI-D assemblies can be used
both on physical lines and in transmission channel systems
with a separated signal channel. In the latter case~ the in-
teraction signals are transmitted along the signal channel at
a frequency of 3800-3850 Hz with a pulse-length code adopted
- for transmission by inductive methods.
The RSLUT-D sets are free from the shortcomings inherent in
sig~al transmi~sion by inductive methods. The interaction sig-
nals are transmitted along two si~al channels~ one of which is
formed by the transmission system and the other of whicli is -
formed directly by the assembly at a frequency of,2600~Hz. The
signal code is devised in such a way that the 2600 Hz signals
_ are transmitted when voice signals axe not being conducted
along the channel. This reduces the possibility of spurious
cycling of the receiver due to voice signal currents. The 2600 -
- Hz frequency is transmitted at a level of -26 dB in order to
protect the transmission system's group circuit from overloads.
~ - ry 2I~H ~ ~ ~ I; Z 9 6B~H � 13
~ PC/!l1;Q ~us. nuyuA PCAN ~Q PC~7T-N
unu BvNa-'
b~H 86`H ( yQn I ~ k AMIC
15
- ~ `~8 1 ~
i7NM grM I ~
I ~ 1~11M SB~M ~ 5 ~
\ I
~ 1 C ' PCAT-v
~/1!,',y Il
QTdM I,/
~ly ~ I M7C ~ R
e~
~ . I ~ ~
( /If'M
6~i! d~prH ~1~fBa I . ~
i i
10 ,q/i+ \
� ~ ,o
_ ~/!1, 1~ PCA~~,Q By~raHan I F,^/lyT ) ~ . 6/,'N
Y 40C2I ' I /
. Fig. 5
1- Preselector; 2- First group selector; 3- Terminal station
No 1; Terminal station No 2; 5- Final selector; 6- Incom-
ing selector; 7- Trunk offering selector; 8- VGM [expansion
not provided]; 9- RSLI-D; IO - RSLUT-D; 11 - Physical line or
HF channel; 12 - Central office; 13 - RSLT-I; 14 - First trunk
group selector; 15 - RSLT-VM; 16 - From automated toll central
office; 17 - Trunk exchange; 18 - Second and fourth trunk
group selectors; 19 - First and second trunk group selectors;
20 - Second and fourth group selectors; 21 - Incoming selector;
22 - HF channel.
42
FOR OFFT_CIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Ta6nNqa 1
1 2 3 17�rp�' 4
bnexre
HBXNtN008HN! I'a6apNrd, M8CC8, TOHi~ A~
O60pyAOBaHNA MM NI' npx xa�
npaxe-
ser 60 B
6CTarxe PCJI�AW�ATC ?200X550X378 100 O,b
16r~ nnaT)
Bllaara PCJIN� 516X160X1~0 11 0,45
7flnara PCJIY~,Q 616X160X1~0 9 0,2
lc nDxewuuKO~)
Biiynar fIII�PCA 384X507X350 18 O,b
pTene~cKa ~96X7~OX421 lb
10re~iepatop I'-260p~i( USXI~RX27 0,2 0,03
11fipXlyHNK R-~600~2 I~SXII2X~7 O,R 0,03
Table 1
1- EquipmF:nt designation; 2- Dimensions~ mm; 3- Weight, kg;
4- Curren~t requirement, A~ at 60 V; 5- RSL-DSh-ATS rack
(without mo~~nting plates) ; 6- 1Vlounting plate RSLI-D; 7-
Mounting pla.te RSLUT-D (with receiver); 8- PP-RSI, control
panel; 9- Cart; 10 - G-2600-K generator; 11 - P-2600-2 receiv-
er.
During two-way conversations on the signal channels, signalling
frequencies are transmitted. This makes possible the uninter-
rupted monitoring of the channel's working order.
entral office or Terminal or junction
junction center of automatic exchan e
TS-100/500~ (100/ Connecting Two-motion se- rossbar sys-
500M), ATS-54 (54A) line lector ATS-100/ tem ATSK-50/
utomatic exchan e 00 100 OOM 200M
RSLI-D Physical line RSI,I-D or RSL- RSLI-K -
or HF channel 100/500
RSLUT-D HF channel RSLUT-D RSL-VCh
RSL-100/500 Physical line RSLI-D
or HF channel
Tab1e 2
- 43
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000200090050-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000200094450-5
rolt or~N1~tA~, u~~ uaLz
i
~ I ~ ~
~ I
I~ �~i 4-i N 4-I N ~ Vl N�~ ~
~ I H O L~ cr-i Q~~~ ~ UJ O i N~~(d �rl
�-~co~ i ~ i o~WW3a~iaNi~a~iu~�-~a~~ +~c,-~
a~ o�~ cv a~ cv w~ a~ cd o
I T1 ri r1 H rl 'U H 40 4D O N O O
E-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U N ~ f-1 .r-{ I ~ ~ CQ ~-I
- ~ o ~ i i o o ~ .o o ~ a a~
~n u~ s~ s~ a~ c~ a~~ o a~ P
f/~ 40 -F~ ~ ~--i ~ rl ~ ~ W O f-~ N N ~
c~ ~ ~ .-a a ~ a r-`~i m ~ ~ a a ~ ~ a~ a~ ~
i a~~a~..~~�-~~s~a~~ - os~u~~n~> ~
r~ ~ v~ix~~~ i ~cdcd~Q -o ~ ~~N~N~H40
~ ~b ~b ~b ~ i a~ o ~ cd cd
..tin~ ~ a-�~r,~�~�~~ w+~Nb a~a N~
q a~ o~ r-I m.-~ ~n m oo N.w C~+' a~ ~ a~
p cd ~n i~ o a~ rn~
u~ tw ~ �-N~a1 0 0 ~ ~ ~cv~
a~~~an~bo~na~~~ a~o ' -
c~ v1 z ~ �~t ~ ~ ~d a~ - 4D a~ ~ o
+~otn+~ i i ~a~~+'~n~NP4~~~~
a~ ~ cd ~ a+~ a cd cn b�~ o�~
~ ~ c~ ~ a~ ~ o Ln~ ~ � ~ cn ~
p ~ a~ 4-~ N ~ o ~ ~ ~ r-i ~ ~ ~ - ~n -f~ o
c~ cv~b r-~oo o~ocdmoo~+~�~a~ -
3 r-I O�~ U U1 tf~ ~
F' U N > ~ o ~ ~ ~y ~ ~~d o ~+~~cn�~ ~ v~�~ ~n
r1 ~y�r-I ~I UI ~ U~ O~ rl
�ri -F' �ri N ~rl 4-I �~-I r--I ~ ~-1 (6 ~I-~ ~ 40�r-I cd S i 'J rl - (d
O ~ i-~ O 'd 4-t � ~ A ~1-~ (d ~ �ri f-1
m~.~ 3~~ a~ a~ ~ ~ c~~., m~
~d m o a~ ~ cn ~ a~ o s~ a~ o o~+~
~~;~ab~a~oo aa ~+~a~b _
~ ~ ~ O�~ oA 4-~0~~~ c~d N
+~~�~,�~~+~~cdaN~ ~o
~ o a~ o~ s~ i cd i i i o r~
cd ~ ~ S~ ~ a~ a~ a~ 4A ~ x~ 40 a~ ~d ~�3
~~~,a~ ~b~~~ao~~b~rnocvo~
0 0 4-, o�~ o~.-~ cv c~ a cd - ~
.~�~~~o~~s~+~ cn9 ~~~.~m~~oaNi
U ~~c~i a~~o?~~+~+~A~~^ ~ i v~3a~cd~?~
i~ i ~n ~ ~~~~d~�~�~ cn~ c~ c~ o o+~ ~ o ~
~ ~ a~ a~ ~ a~ ~ ~ ~ a~ c*'~ ~ a~ a~ ~
A~ A E-+ O t-i U�rl i-i ~ ,a S-~ -t~ -4~ N U fA S-~ O o U
NN
~ ~
8 N op O M
I I d I I I I 1 h~ d R 1 N_,~ ~ ~
r N
V
0.
Fi o ~
N~ a~ ~ i~ O ~ ~ ~ o I I I I ~ I: ~
ti. ~
_ Q ti ~
duZ j, od i~ ~~RS c=tt1 su ~da a..= = Cio Ky, po m~pS=dA -
ms7C 0 CX Ya SZ~aui~ aaiA u,~ ~ i- p S.C v.�1v~ F
O S' 6 p A W~ x Y � O P. C K C n T d X X N ai Y X ~ C1
m v~s r o
' y ~,~q M W y, W qa y >.q ~KP~~ q= K~ Y. po n nzo Av~ ~~q ~o
~ ~ wu~ ~ 5qs~ ~ z~ ~-~1~~ nm ~et m..u qqy S`rm nes`�o�uRO a
M a~E 7! ua~ oR fiY~p~ C~K ~o0.T~T ~m t9y^ya�'urWVduii C� mFXa`d y~
~ d pS0 U irJ V U OG ~tl C p~ ~ ~~ff t~. q~y C~N=q d~ SS C ~ C~~ 6~ S
B ~ V~ ~e N p N IO 0 G~' L.N!9 $ L O d ~ K R q
a r a p V K cm xr, a. m cn
~0 O a~ O ~uA~ R u C j~ ~ ~ V un~poGC[Gc(~o~C i~ ~p q ~ R
~ ~V O ~OUO ~r Iq~ Ap~~7+7~7La V~E~+ Y 94 am Cri
~ ~gy 0 M S ~S ~RS m ma~ ~R VP~CCGqCCNp~ ~FWKpO~~r~. tiN
~~Q abn~s~~p !~!1�~ad~CMx ~4ci�caGvaeHuR~ a~emz~u~76YSUf~soa~inq~aY
~ ~4xb~MpP~lao7p~v~p�~~zu~71~u~~V10V1laWW~NpU~OW ~m Mo:aMcOas.V~
K(a G4~xWraqum?'Ca