JPRS ID: 9186 WEST EUROPE REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200100017-0
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 86
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 17
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9186
10 July 1980
West Euro e Re ort
p p
(FOUO 30/80)
FBIS FORElGN BROADCAST IIVFORMATION SERVICE
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NOTE
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign ~
' newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasi.ng and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the _
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
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mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied a~ appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
The conCents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.
For further information on report content
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JPRS L/9186 ~
10 July 19 80
WEST EUROPE R~PO RT .
(FOUO 30/80)
CONT~NTS -
THEATER NUCLEAR FORCES
FRANCE
_ Cost, Effec~ of Giacard's Defense Plans Weighed
(Francois d'Orcival; VALEURS ACTUELLES, 2 Jun 80) 1
COUNTRY SECTION
FRANCE -
ONERA 1980 Aeroapace Program Outlined
(Jacques Marisaet; AIR & COSMOS, 24 May 80~ 6
Second Ariane Launching Operation Deacribed
- (Pierre Langereux; AIR & COSMOS, 24 May 80) 10
~ Construction of 15 Ariane Launchere Noted
(Pierre Langereux; AIR & COSMOS, 24 May 80) 14
J New 'Ariane Chain' Development Deecribed -
(Pierre Laagereux; AI8 & COSMOS, 24 May 80) 17
Second Launch Pad for Kourou by Mid-1984
(Pierre Langereux; AIR & COSMOS, 24 May 80) 21
Third Phase of Roland Teeting Soon To Be Coanpleted
(Jean de Galard; AIR b COSMOS, 26 Apr 80) . 25
New Support Concept Discuassd in Outline
(Septime d'Htimieres; ARMEES D'AUJOURD'HUI, Ma3T 80) . 31
Brief Overview of New Logistics Brigade's F~nctions
(Rene Piard; ARMEES D'AUJOURD'HUI, May 80) 31~
- a [iII - WE - 150 FOU01
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rva vrr i~i.u, U~~ VLVLY
Briefs
CGT Fund Uae Suepected 39
ITALY -
CONFINDUSTRIA Report on Productivity; Coat, Pricing;
Inf lation ,
(Mario Piccinini; IL SOLE-24 ORE, varioue dates) 40
SPAIN
Suarez Charged With Lack of Leadership
(Juan Tomas de Salas; CAHIDIO 16, 25 May 80) 68 ;
Euskadi's Interior Councilor on Organizing Police Force
(Luis Maria Retolaza Interview; CAI~IO 16,
25 May 80) 70 ,
Extreme Right Reportedly Organizing M~litary Groupe
(CAMBIO 16, 25 May 80) 75
Briefs
PCE-Euskadi Loaea Members 81
_ Police on Coeta del Sol Watch 81
~
- b
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THEATER NUCLEAR FORCES FRANCE
COST, EFFECT OF ~IS~CARD'S DEFENSE ~ZANS WEIGHED
Paris VALEURS ACTIIELLES in French 2 Jun 80 pp 20-22
[Article by Francois d'Orcival~ .
[Text] The UDF jFrench Democratic Union] report on defense
came out a week late. If it had been released on 19 May, the
day of the Wilna meeting between Giscard d'Estaing and ~ _
Brezhnev, it would have projected quite a different light on -
that tete-a-tete. In diplomacy, says a career man, the ex-
pression of force has to F~e as closely bound to a willingness
to talk as are the two sides of a coin, The French president
had left with the appearances of a man "travelir.g light."
But 8 days later, on 27 May, it was learned that he had ap-
proved the orien.tation of a document containing specific
signs of the force tfiat fiad been lacking.
The UDF report does in fact set a serious objective for
France's military program: spending should be close to 20
_ billion francs more this year (107 billion instead of 88
billion). That is a 20 percent increase over the current
budget. "That is the minimum price to be paid for the de-
fense that France wants to have."
- These figures are eloquent--especially when the same report
states that "the neutron bomb" should form part of our over-
all deterrent force. And that France should therefore build
the neutron bomU.
The Neutron Weapon
For 20 years tfie Soviets have been campaigning agaxnst the
production of this weapon. First Nikita Khrushchev, and then
Leonid Srezhnev. And tfiey fiave fiad some success in their
1
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campaign since, in order not to displease th.em, no western
nation has yet included tfiE n~ntron bomb in its arsenal.
Until now tfie S~aviet gener-al staff fias been pleased with this
comfo~table situation, in wi~icFi the east prepared battle plans,
and the west p~epared "no-battle" plans. The east held the
initiative and tfie west was legt with the surprise. Using
this assymmetry, the Soviet Union toppled the old balance of
forces for its own benefit.
~ The west, unless it were to admit defeat, had to change its
language and its ~netfiods. Tfiat is exactly what it has done.
"The best way of beating an enemy is to attack him with his
. own strategy," said the Chinese, Sun-Tsu.
Under its academic appearance, the report signed by Jean-Marie
Daillet, cliairman of the UDF's defense cammission, holds all
the keys to tfie new strategic debate. These keys are called
"qraduated dete~rence," "deterrence by battle," "enlarged
sanctuary," "forward battle," and "antiforce weapons."
These concepts are not the UDF's property. They were official-
ly used for the first time 4 years ago, on two occasions, be-
fore the IHEDN jInstitnte for-Advanced National Defense Stu-
dies]. First by General Mery, armed forces chief of staff on
14 March 1976, and tfien by Giscard d'Estaing on 1 June 1976.
The chief of s-tate fiad spelled out his four-point doctrine:
the strategic nnclear force is necessary but not sufficient
in itself (."gradnated deterrence"); the securYty of Europe is
vital to France's- secnrity (""enlarged sanctuary"); the French
army must be capable of taking part in tfie battle of Europe -
to defend tfii:s mntual secnrity ("forward battle"~; and final-
ly, France must fia~e a powerfnl intervention force.
The reaction was considerable. The chief of state was
attacked on two points: fie was accused of liquidating the
Gaullist philosophy (wrongly interpreted as the defense of
France alone~, and he was accuse3 of wanting to join NATO
once aga.in.
- The president and his chief of staff remained silent; neither
of them spoke any~moxe about "doctrine." The government had
its military program lata~passed, began--at the request of Mr
Chirar_ and Mr Debre---work on a sixtfi nuclear submarine, and
began a st~uctnral reform- of tfie artny, leaving philosophy ~
_ aside. At least in appearance.
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The sentence closing Giscard d'Estaing's 1 June 1976 speech
had been forgotten. Quoting Louis XV at ~ontenoy, putting
an end to the debates o~ fiis staff off3cers, he said: "Gentle-
men, I have chosen the policy; it will quide the action."
This meant that tfie chief of state fiad defined the strategy,
and the armed forces were,to put it in practice. The military.
left the stage, and tfie politi:cians then ~nade their entrance.
The Daillet report is tfie result of tRis work.
This 70-page report entitled "A Defense Doctrine far Fr.ance"
was under discussion fcr 18 montfis, announced for last winter,
delayed, leaked ont, and completed in its ~irst version on 10
March.
~ts main drafter, Mr ~ascal Fontaine, last year co-authored
a work of strategy with Lt Col Doly, entitled "Euroshima"
(see our 27 Aug 1979~ issneJ. The working groups were made up
of both. civilian and military representatives. Among them
were deputies, diplomats, and experts. Some members were:
Mr Max Le.jeune, former ministe~ of defense, Admiral de Joybert, f
former chief of staf~ o~ tfie na~y, ~eneral Grigaut, former
chief of staff of tfie air force, General Thiry, Admiral
Delahousse, General.Caillet, former direotor of the IHEDN, and
General Seauvallet of tfie national defense secretariat.
The central i:dea of tfie document is the rejection of the
nuclear� "all or not&i~ng" concept, of the doctrine of massive
reprisals, accordi~ng to w~iicFi an~ adversary attempting an
aggression, no ~natter of what sort, is tfireatened with atomic
blasts. That is sui'ci`dal, and not very credible, says the
report.
The explanation lies in tfiis one question: what chief of st~te
would coolly decide to respond to a conventional or limited
Russian aggression by a reprisal measured in megatons against
the Soviet people, knowing full well that this would i~nedi- ~
ately mean a holocaust for fiis own people?
f. �l.
A'`r~~srisa~ must necessarily be of the same nature as the
attack.. The strategic nuclear force (subniarines, missiles,
heavy bomliers) protects the population and it is therefore,
for the enemy, an antipopulation weapon. But it is only
that.
The report spells this point out clearly: "I~ the strategic
nuclear fQrce is indeed a deterrent when it is a matter of
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protecting the natianal sanctuary against a nuclear aggression,
on the other hand it is mnch less so if the enemy, speculating
on its limits and its random nature in other hypotheses, be-
gins o~erations against grance's allies and neighbors, aiming
particularly at maritime communications and threatening all
of Europe, and consequently France, with strangulation."
Defense for that rea~~on can not be based on a single weapon
system, but on a~u11 panoply. Tfiat is exactly what Raymond
Hourgine pointed ont in"bALEURS ACTIIELLES on 4 February 1980
in his article, "Total Defense." The nuclear panoply must
include a"strategic anti:popnlation cover," and "antiforce
weapons" so that it can act~~elsewhere, and in particular, to
protect our "~erman buffer zone."
"Over 20 years ago tfie doctrine of massive repr~5als lost its
credibility, and conseqnent].y its doctrinal value," says
Mr de Rose, former ambassador of ~'rance to NATO, in the latest
issue of POLITIQIIE TNTERNATIONALE. 20 years ago, the strate-
gists had no choice: nuclear~weapons were so imprecise that
their power had to be fiuge so tfiat they could reach their
targets. Deterrence was based~~ tfie destruction of cities
since these weapons could not strike purely military targets
~~ith any precision.
A technical r~volution took place: nuclear weapons were
miniaturized and th~ir precision, which had been counted in
kilometers, is now evaluated in terms of hundreds of *~ieters.
They can now (~ar-ticularly the neutron weapons) be matched
to their taryets. "And so take part in the battle," concludes
the UDF report.
This idea of battle is a strategy that contradi~ts the strate-
gy of deterrence, maintains Mr Chirac.
The head of the RPR IRally for the Republic] is still under
the influence of the "~allois doctrine," according to which
~ France can have only a system of nuclear weapons and an inter-
vention force: schematically, sul~marines, police, and para-
troopers. That is a concept of deterrence frozen by the "no-
battle" reflex.
Producing neutron bombs, says Mr Chirac, would mean once
again replaying the scenario of th~ war before last.
"The di~lectics of deterr~nce," answers the Daillet report,
"excludes in principle the escalati:on of conflicts up to a
battle that would mean its failure, but it is also true that
~
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a systematic refusal to engage in battle would be contrary
_ to the concept of deterrence."
That is particularly true in tfie German psychology. France
can only hope for German confidence in its nuclear commitment
(which would deter it from a new Rapal lo with Soviet Russia)
if the "Forward battle" with its allies on the eastern front
is included as pa~t of tfie~French strategy.
The UDF report identifies very clearly the "political-
military threat": the Soviet Union, "now capable of carrying
the weight of its arms to any point of the globe." Against
that threat, Giscard d'Estaing's ambition is to make France
the ~rotector of ~ree Enrope. There can be no strategy with-
out means. Our military~ spending is today about 3 percent
of the PNB jGross National Product~ . '.?'fie UDF wants it to be
increased to 4 percent. Tt is the extra 20 billion francs
that will make tfie difference. -And that would change the
appearances o~ a Warsaw meeting.
COPYRIGHT: 1980, "Valeurs actuelles"
7679
CSO: 3100
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COUNTRY SECTION FRANCE -
ONERA 1980-AEROSPACE PROGRAM OUTLINED
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 24 May 80 p 16
[Article by Jacques Morisset] .
[TextJ The 1980 program of the National Bureau for Aerospace Studies and
Research (ONERA), as in every year, shows research direcrions and subjects
but also enters into a budget whose broad outlines are themselves indeed
revealing.
The Burea's operating budget rests upon direct government participation
and upon contracts awarded. This year direct govermnent participation
amounts to 245 million francs, of which 233 million come from the Ministry
of Armed Forces, 6 million from the Ministry of Transportation, and 6 mil-
lion from the State Secretariat for Research Lcompared with 228 million
francs in 1979); contracts represent 257 million francs, to which must be _
added 7 million francs for accessory products, or a total of 264 million
francs (compared with 198 million and 6 million in 1979), it being under-
stood that these are only estimates; thus the grand total will amount to
509 million francs, compared with 432 million in 1979, which represents a
probable increase of 19.8 percent in current francs. (As a matter of fact
the greater part of the contracts are financed dirsctly or indirectly by
the government.)
How is this budget allocated? Aeronautics, properly speaking, will account
for almost half of it, provisional distribution being as follows:
--aircraft, helicopters, and airborne equipment--169 million francs, or
33 percent;
--turboengines, nuisances (noise and pollution), and materials-- 80 million
francs, or 16 percent;
--strategic and tactical miss~.les and associated equipment--145~million
francs, or 28.5 percent;
--space (launchers and satellites)--13 million francs, or 2.5 percent;
--extra-aerospace field--13 million francs, or 2.5 percent; and
--multi-purpose ob~ectives, that is, basic research--80 million franca,
or 17.5 percent.
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_ _
The investment budget amounts to some 70 million francs (compared with
72 million in i979, of which 15 million were for Le Fauga); of this
_ 70-million sum, 61 million came from the government (56 million from the
;~Iinistry of Armed Forces, and 5 million from the Ministry of Transporta-
- tion), the 9-million remainder representing the Bureau's own resources,
- but are dependent upon wind tunnel tests.
The allocation is approximately as follows:
--Chalais-Meudon (wind tunnels)- 5.5 million francs;
--Palaiseau (energy-related test installations)--9 million francs; -
--Modane--14.5 million francs;
--Le Fauga--6 million francs (of which 4 million are devoted to the devel-
opment of this center);
--Chatillon (physics, materials, and structures laboratories)--23 million
francs;
--CERT [Center for Technical Studies and Research?] (Toulouse)--7 million
francs; and
--General facilities (particularly a numerically controlled machine for
rapid fabrication of necessary models)--5 million francs.
Last, staff is practically unchanged at 1987 persons.
Research Subjects
In the aeronautics field, properly speaking, there is, of course, a
"common [tree] trunk," exemplified, for instance, by basic aerodynamic
studies, (flow, supercritical profiles, and so forth) and by consideration
of cryogenic wind tunnels which constitute one solution to the problem of
attaining high Reynolds numbers; such work is, in fact, of as much benefit ~
to combat aircraft as to tran~port aircraft. The CERT is continuing
~ development of pilot scale elements: blast wind tunnels and "constant"
wind tunnels; moreover, the T2 wind tunnel is of possible use in cryogenic ,
testing and tests of adapted instrumentation. ONERA is thus preparing to
participate in development of the future European wind tunnel. Preliminary
calculation techniques have been developed but putting them into use rests
upon the capabilities of com;~uters; in that area obsolescence is rapid,
data processing technology evolving rapidly. Whence the necessity for
developing high-performance facilities, in the face of the needs of coope-
ration and the pressures of European competition.
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That remark is as valid for the Airbus program as for the studies related
to motors. In f act, 80 percent of the time ONERA's computer is working
for Germany. For example, there should be noted the installation, at the
request of the DTCA [Technical Directorate for Aeronautical Construction],
- of a data bank related to estimating weight.
As for materials, studies and research are of course continuing on light
alloys, but to be noted are the efforts directed to composite materials
(methods of characterization, aging studies, adhesives, and verification
of the durability of products) and the need to accentuate the effort already
devoted. The structural calculations for the method of finite elements are
close to completion; studies of lightning strikes are also continuing, in
cooperation with the EDF [French Electric Power Company], the CNRS [National
- Center for Scientific Research], and the CEA [Atomic Energy Commission] and
have already enabled some success to be achieved by manufacturers who have
need to protect the avionics of their airplanes. The problem has been
complicated by the advent of composite materials which must be metallized;
in fact, there is a trend toward "electrostatic qualification."
In thefield of combat aircraft, work in five directions is abserved~
- --general automatic control, which w ill lead to automatic flutter controls
when carrying external loads (research in cooperation with the United
States), and studies of flight in turbulent atmosphere (low altitude
penetration), piloting upon objectives, and of special control surfaces
(establishing direct lateral forces to facilitate firing);
--flying at large incident angles, which poses aerodynamic and mechanical
flight problems (non]jr?eacity of equations);
--the long term RAPACE (Aerodynamic Research for Advanced Combat Aircraft)
is being conducted in cooperation with Dassault;
--studies of supercritical prof iles and wings with Dornier and AEROSPATIALE
[National Aerospace Manufacturing Company]; and
--studies of radar signatures and equivalent surfaces.
In the f ield of civil aircraft research is directed to the Airbus program
and its derivatives; it is being carried out at three levels: "adapted"
profiles and wing shapes in plan (sff orts are being devoted to verify the
calculation programs being used) within the scope of an exploratory research _
subject in cooperation with AEROSPATIALE; studies of complete wings (calcu-
lations and wind tunnel tests) again in cooperation with SNIAS [=AEROSPATIALE],
and beyond short term applications; s:udies of variable aerodynamics for
the pur~ose of decre~sing the tail-in loads of action on the wing extremi-
ties, whence very advanced research on control surfaces actuated by wide
bandpass actuators; studies of interaction between propulsive jets and
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r~n vrr l~teu., u,~. UdLY
nacelles (optimization of geome~ry) with tests upon models at Modane S2
. and S3 and Le Fauga F1, which wi1Z enable representative Reynolds numbers
to be obtained by means of circu~t pressurization; studies of lift aug-
mentation, still for the Airbus, at the request of the industry; and, last,
studi.es of the "prop-fan" and propellers, in the wide sense of the word,
with application of new materials, wtth probable benefit for transport
aircraft of the third level. -
COPYRIGHT: A. & C. 1980
11706
CSO : 3100
~
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COUNTRY SECTION FRANCE
SECOND ARFANE LAUNCHING OPERATIOfi DESCRIBED
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 24 May 80 pp 29-30
[Article by Pierre Langereux]
[Text] Following upon the successful firing of the new European launcher ~
Ariane [Ariadne] on 24 December 1979, the second of the four flight tests
of the rocket was supposed to take place yesterday, 23 May 1980, at the
Kourou base in French Guiana. This second firing (L02) was to have been
- made in daytime, within a 3-hour time slot between 0830 and 1130, Kourou
time, or between 1330 and 1630 hours, Paris time.
This launch preparation, which began 2 April 1980, mobilized the entire =
staff of the Guiana Spaee Center (CSG), about 700 persons, and a special
_ detachment of Z50 from the CNES [National Center for Space Studies] and
manufacturers which constituted the launching team. The CNES, having
learned mueh from the first thrilling launch,. this second launch prepara-
tion took about 1 mc~nth less than that for the first (56 working days).
Thus it was effected in 33 working days for preparation of the launcher '
(and a lit~le less for the payload) by three teams working without inter-
ruption from 0600 hours in the morning to midnight, every day except
Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. The three launcher stages were succes-
sively erected on the launching pad on 4,8, and 14 April, followed by the
equipment co~artment on 15 April. A test of the chronological ~equence
_ of the cryogenic third stage was performed on 30 April, followed at the
beginning of May (J-12) by an overall inspection of the launcher and
erection of the complete payload (L02 assembly). The complete rehearsal
of the launch effected on 16 May (J-5) proceeded satisfactorily as did
the review for flight suitability on 19 and 20 May. The countdown therefore -
began as p~anned on J-1, at precisely 27 hours 5 minutes before ignition
of the launcher.
The second Ariane rocket (L02) is identical with the first (LO1). It is
- a launcher of conventional design, with three stages, 47.4 meters high,
and weighing 210.5 tons at take-off; of this weight 90 percent consists of =
the propellants (fuel and oxidant; st~uctures constitut~ a Iittle less _
than 9 pareent of the total weight and the payload less than 1 percent).
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The L 140 first stage is propelle3 by four Viking 5 turbopump motors
developing 2~5 tons of thrust at take-off. It burns 147.6 tons of pro-
. pellant (UDMH [unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine] and N204 [nitrogen tetroxide])
_ in 146 seconds of flight. _
The L 34 second stage has a single Viking 4 turbopump motor of 72 tons
thrusts (in vacuum), an~~ burns 34.1 tons of the same propellants in 136
sp~o~ds of flight.
The H 8 third stage is of cryogenic propulsion (liquid hydrogen and liquid =
oxygen), the first such constructed in Europe. It has a HM 7 turbopump
motor of 6 tons thrust (in vacuum) which burns 8.2 tons of propellants `
during its 545 secands of flight. -
- The equipment compartment (326 kilograms) combines, around a computer, all
the electrical and electronic flight control equipment (sequencing, guidance,
- piloting, localizing, telemetry, and remotely controlled destruction) except
for power supply and operating elements distributed in the stages. The
_ compartment also serves as the carrying structure for the payload (1.7 tons
- maximum) and the metallic nose cone which protects the satellites while
they traverse the atmosphere up to its separation at about 120 kilometers
~ altitude.
Y
This second test flight (L02) had two main objectives. _
First, to confirm the results of the first launch which had already pro-
vided a strong presumption of satisfactory operation and performance of
the launcher. But definitive operational qual:ification of the Ariane
launcher will be established only after at ~east two successful firings.
The 23 May launch was therefore a decisive step toward suc~~sful completion
of the launcher development program and its entry into service, now planned
- for the summer of 1981. ~
But for the first time the Ariane launcher carried a real payload in
addition to the CAT technological capsule installed specifically--and arily--
for the flight tests. In this case there were two German satellites: the
_ scientific Firewheel satellite devoted to study of the magnetosphere, and
the small AMSAT-Oscar 9 satellite of amateur radio operators. ,
The launch of this second Ariane rocket therefore introduced a new element '
for the teams responsible for the launcher and the launching area who now -
had to adapt to the requirements of Ariane users, particularly in the matter ~
_ of the firing time slot and in preparation of the payload in the new instal-
lations (payload preparation units) constructed for that purpose at Kourou.
Launching the rocket is not an end in itself but simply the means of ful-
filling a mission: placing satellites in orbit. Aenceforth the customer
will be king at Kourou!
11
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~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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-
The Ariane Rocket-Principal elements
Key :
1. payload 2. Nose cone separation plan 3. payload-third stage
separation plane 4. Nose cone 5. equipment 6. payload adapter -
7. equipment compartment 8. gas tight barrier 9. antennas
10. Third stage liquid hydrogen tank 11. anti-sloshing baffles
12.~ Third stage liquid oxygen tank 13. acceleration rockets _
14. attitude control and ro11 control systems 15. Second-third stage
separation plane 16. Third stage motor support 17. HM7 th~rd stage motor
18. Helium spheres for pressurization of third stage tanks 19. Helium spheres
for pressurization of second stage tanks 20. Second-third inter-stage
skirt 21. Second stage forward sk,irt ~2. Retrorockets (3 for second-
third stage separation) 23. anti-sloshing baffles 24. N204 tank for
second stage 25. UDMH tank for second stage 26. Second stage motor
support 28. First-second stage separation plane 29. Second stage
toroidal water tank 30. First-second inter-stage skirt 31. Viking 4
second stage motor 32. Retrorockets-eight for first-second stage separation
33. Electrical cable gutters 34. First stage nitrogen peroxide tank _
35. First stage nitrogen tetroxide supply pipes-four
36. First stage inter-tank skirt 37. First stage UDMH tank
38. I'irst stage motor support 39. First stage toroidal water tank
40. Stabilizer fins 41. Fairings 42. Viking 5 motors-four-for first
stage
COPYRIGHT: A.:& C. 1980
11706
CSO: 3100
1
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_ COUNTRY SECTION FRr1NCE
::ONSTRUCTZON OF 15 ARIANE LAUNCHERS NOTED
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 24 May 80 p 34
[Article by Pierre Langereux] ~
[Text~ Canstruction of 15 Ariane [Ariadne] rockets has already been com-
mitted. This represents a number practically equivalent to all other
rockets built in Europe in the last 20 years.
In addition to the first four rockets (I,O1 to L04) of the development pro-
gram, intended for the test flights for final qualification of the launcher,
there are in fact 11 operational Ariane launchers (L5 to L15) now under
cons tructi:nn.
These include the construction of a just mass produced lot (called "the
promotional series") of six rockets (L5 to L10) whose production was
definitely decided in April 1978 by the member countries to avoid an
inte:ruption between the tests and operational launches. This phase
covers the manufacture and launching, under the responsibility of the
ESA [Eurogean Space Agency] of six rockets (including one spare) for the
launches planned in 1981 and 1982 (but s,ome have been deferred until 1983). .
Five rockets have been allocated to specific missions: one for the INTELSAT
. organization for launching one of its INTELSAT 5 satellites, three for the
European EXOSAT and ECS 1 and (a double launching) MARECS B and SIRIO 2
satellites, and one for the French TELECOM lA satellite (in lieu of the -
SPOT plann,ed for 1984).
Within the scope of this promotional operation there have also been built
certain new installations on the Kourou base for preparing and storing of
payloads (,satellites and apogee motors) prior to launching. These units
for payload preparation (EPCU) comprise four specialized buildings. They
will be fully available for the L03 firing but a portion of the installa-
tions and facilities was already used for the L02 firing. Construction of
a second p~roduction run of five additional launchers (L11 to L15) was
decided i~n July 1979 with commencement of long term provisions, the ESA
member countries having here, too, wanted to assure continuity of opera- ~
tions beyond 1982.
lI~ _
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. v�~ vi a ivi[W UJLi VL~Ll
Production and launching of tnis second production lot of rockets (starting
with the seventh operational launcher), as all that follow will be assured,
not by the ESA, but by ARTANESPACE, a private corporation established under
French law on 26 March 1980 with capitalization of 120 million francs dis-
tributed among the CNES [National Center for Space Studies], the principal
_ stockholder (34.2 percent), 11 European banks, and 3b firms from 11 countries
among the principal manufacturers in the Ariane program. France holds the
ma~ority of stock in the ARIANESPACE firm (59.45 percent), whose board of
directors includes seven Frenchmen among its 12 members. Four members
represent the CNES, three the principal German manufacturers (MBB [Messer-
schmitt-Bolkow-Blohm] and ERNO), and three the other European manufacturers;
there are also four advisors who have a consultative voice, one of whom
represents the ESA. The president general manager of ARIANESPACE is
Frederic d'Allest, di~ector of launchers at the CNES and by virtue of that
office the chief responsible official of the Ariane program. In this task
he is assi.sted by two assistant general managers, including Klaus Iserman
of Gerniany, to whom will be attached industrial management (production and -
project team) assigned to Claude Kuievre; operations directorate (trans- ~
portation, logistics, and management of launch facilities) occupied by
Herbert Palmiere, and the ARIANESPACE commercial directorate.
ARIANESPACE STOCKHOLDERS
(provisional)
France 59.25% '~Switzerland 2.70�6
CNES 34.00 Contraves 2.15
~1~rospatiale 8.50 C.I.R. 0.15
9HP 8.50 F.F.A. 0.10
MATRA. 3.70 Union des Banques Suisses 0.30
Air~Liquide 1.85 Spain 2.50%
Comsip 0.10 CASA 1.9
- Crouzet 0.10 gener 0.6
Intertechnique 0.10
SAFT 0.10 United Kingdom 2.40%
Sfena 0.10 British Aerospace 0.85
Sfim 0.10 Ferranti 0.85
Sodetag 0.10 Avica 0.30
Credit Lyonnais 0.50 M~dland 0.20
BNP 0.50 Barclays Bank 0.20
Societe Generale 0.40 Sweden 2.40%
Paribas 0.40 Volvo 1.60
Banque Vernes 0.20 SAAB-Scania ~ 0.80
Germany 19.60% Netherlands 2.20% ~
MAN 8.1 Fokker-VFW 2.20
ERNO 5.6 Denmark 0.70%
Dornier 2�$ Rovsing 0.50
M'B'B' 2'8 Handelsbank 0.20 -
Dresdner Bank 0.3
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~ ARIANESPACE STOCI~iOLDER (continued)
Belgium 4.40% Ireland 0.25%
SABCA 2.6 Adtec 0.15
ETCA-ACEC 1.1 Aer-Lingus 0.10
F.N. 0.7
Italy 3.60%
SNIA-Visccasia 1. 60
Aeritalia 0.90
Selenia 0.90
Instituto San Paolo
di Turino 0.20
ARTUS and SPACE
The ARTUS firm of Avrille, France is participating in the Ariane program
as a aubcontractor to SABCA of Belgium for furnishing high performance
speed reducers providing, through the intermediary of the hydraulic system,
control of the control surfaces of the rocket's third stage. The device,
cooled by helium consumes 27 watts. It weighs less than 2 kilograms, has
a diameter of 100 millimeters and a length of 120 millimeters, and provides
power output of 400 watts at 450 revolutions per minute. Perfection of
this equipment required 4 years of studies and tests at ARTUS which made
use of its long experience in the field of studies and construction of
electronic equipment for servo applic:ations, numerically controlled
actuators (rotary and linear), motor.�s, torque mntors, and so forth. ARTUS
is also participating in the Ma~ic and Super 530 missile programs, the
ATLIS laser pod program, and the Airbus, Mirage F1, Mirage 2000 and Mirage
4000 aircraft programs.
[Text by Gerard Co11en]
INDUSTRIA and ARIANE
Within the SEP [European Propellant Company] group Industria is devoted to "
production of electrical, mechanical, and hydraulic components, some of
- which are intended for the Ariane launcher. The SEP acquired control of
Industria 3n 1968 within the scope of its diversification. Today, after
periads of uncertainty, Industria employs 74 persons and has business
volume of some 14 million f rancs, almost all in the aerospace sector, with
the parent company accounting for only 15 percent.
In general Industria products are concerned with fluid circuits: kerosene,
hydraulics, and radar cooling. Thus there are valves, elect:ically operated -
valves, cocks, and pressure nwitches. Industria also produces electrical
components such as limit switches, micromotors, motor reducers, electrical
jacks and rotary actuators, and thermocouple termperature sensors. These
products a~re made in a mechanical shop (often working to the hundredth of a
millimeter) where some numerically controlled machines programmed on a
Mitra 15 are observed.
COPYRIGHT: A.& C.1980
11706
CSO: 3100 16
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_ _
COUNTRY SECTION FRANC~
t NEW 'ARIANE CHAIN` DEVELOPMENT DESCRIBED
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 24 May 80 p 35-36
[Article by Pierre Langereux]
[Text] For 2 years France has been undertaking the development of a family
of Ariane [Ariadne] launchers which will make possible between now and the
' end of this decade, tripled performance and 60 percent reduction in launching.
costs in comparison with the present version of the European launchers
(Ariane 1). ~
Development of this "Ariane chain" will be effected in successive stages, ~
starting from the Ariane 1, by using proven or easily attainable technolo-
gies, and adapted to European financial resources.
The CNES [National Center for Space Studies] has thus proposed to the ESA
[European Space Agencq] a short term Ariane launcher improvement program
which was supposed to have been adopted by the ESA Council at its meeting
on 26 July 1979 and financing of which (66 million accounCing units, or
about 360 million francs, for the basic program) was supposed to have been
approved by the member countries of the council on 21-22 May. France then
decided ("17 April 1980) to finance this program up to constructing the
Ariane 3 rocket.
The presently committed improvement program covers development of two new
versions: Ariane 2, which will be able to place a 2,000-kilogram payload
into geosyn~hronous transfer orbit, and Ariane 3, which will be able to
place, into the same orbit, a 2,420-kilogram satellite or two 1,135-
kilogram satellites (STS~/PAM-D class), which is performance 40 percent
greater than that of Ariane 1 at 20 to 25 percent lower cost.
The Ariane 2 launcher will be obtained by keeping the first two stages ~
(L 145 and L~ 34) of the Ariane 1 but with increased thrust from the motors
(by increasing the pressure to 48.bars) and by increasing by 25 percent~
the quantity of propellants for the 48 cryogenic third stage, which will
thus become H 10 with, at the sa~e time, increasing by.about 4 seconds the
specific impulse of the HM 7 cryogenic motor. The Ariane 3 launcher will
retain these improvements, and in addition will have two solid fuels (7 tons)
boosters of 70 tons thrust each for take-off.
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Ariane 2 and Ariane 3 will be available in the middle of 1983. But interim
Ariane 2A and Ariane 3A versions, not yet having improved Viking motors,
will be available in October 1982.
~ The improvement program also includes other options assaciated with the
Ariane 3 such as new nose cones including one of large diameter (3.6 meters),
a new double launching system (SYLDA 2), and construction of a second
launching pad, ELA 2(see following article), and so forth.
The CNES also contemplates recovery of the first stage to save 10-15 percent
(at least 10 million francs) in the cost of the launcher by reusing the two
propellant tanks, the skirts, the motor support, and the turbopumps. The
stage in its 80,000-meter free fall would be braked by parachutes, first at
5,000 meters (redirecting and stabilizing parachute) and then at 1,500
meters (descent parachute) to limit the velocity at impact upon the sea to
12-15 meters per second. The recovery of the Ariane first stage is to be
tested during the first operational firing (L5) in the summer of 1981. If
the operation is satisfactory--and profitable--it may be exploited starting
in 1983.
Over the medium term, in the beginning of 1985 a new Ariane 4 version is
planned having the same upper stages as Ariane 3(L34 and H 10) and a first
stage (L 210) of the same diameter (3.6 meters) but lengthened to carry
35 percent more fuel. Also planned is a nose cone of large diameter
- (3.6 meters) and a height (7.5 to 11 meters) adapted to the payload.
The development would cost 400 million francs but Arfane 4 will have
performance double that of Artane 1--a satellite of 3.3 tons or two
satellites of 1.5 tons each--at 45-percent lower costs.
Over the long term, at the end of 1990 the Ariane S multipurpose launcher
may be built by retaining the first stage (L 210) and the third stage (H 10)
of the Ariane 4 with a'new cryogenic second stage, H 45 (45 tons of liquid
hydrogen and liquid oxygen) equipped with a new motor, HM 60, with 60 tons
of thrust capable of being increased to 80 tons.
The motor concerned is cryogenic of inedium pressure (100 to 150 bars) with
- diverted flow, single nozzle and double tur'bopu~s, which will be designed
to operate for 360 seconds with specific impulse af 445 seconds. It will
take 10 years to perfect the HM 60 motor, the preliminary development of
which the CNES has been authorized to undertake since 17 April 1980. More
than 100 million francs is being devoted to the early work, the general
contractor for which is the SEP [European Propellant Company], with the
~ view toward French-German cooperative development (with MBB [Messerschmitt-
Bolkow-Blohm]). ~
The configuration of the Ariane 5 is still evolving, but in its three-stage ~
version--L10/H45/A10 [sic-L210/H45/H10?] with very large nose cone of
S meters diameter--it would be able to launch 5.5 tons into transfer orbit
~ at a cost 60 percent lower than that of the Ariane 1.
~ ~ 18
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In its three-stage [sic-two stage?]--L210/H45--version alone the Ariane
5 would be able to place into low orbit large automated stations (TRISAT
project) or a mini-shuttle of 10 tons with. five astronauts (HERMES project).
~The "Ariane Chain"
La � fiiiere Ariane � ~ ~
~
. r
Hm i ?
~ - ~ ' ~
~ ~ ;
~
M tY f '
1 I~ H 10 M10
- ^r ~5 N ~9
i,
~ p -
j 3~ l 31 l 3~ l 74
f
;
I � � , ' r
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i i~s ` t us ' ~ ws ~ z~o ~I ~:m ~:~o ~
i i i f~ 1
~ . ~ I
� , ~
i � ~
i ~ ' I 'I
~ , i,
1~�_ 1~~' . .
19l0 19t] 19~] ' 1!!1/19t5 1990
ARIANE 1 ARIANE 2 Ap1ANE ~ ARIANE 4 ARIANE 5 tnU~p~ ARIANE 5 Ii1uq~
' I100 ry ~n u~mint ~t000U~ fll ~fMfl~ri rt750 ky ~e Inndnl s]I00 kq ~n unnl~n I~nceawnt doubN NERME4 vol A~Oi~I
' 5500 Mq m u�ulnt
Ariane 1 Ariane 2 Ariane 3 Ariane 4 Ariane 5 Ariane 5
1,7000 kilo- about 2,000 about 2,350 about 3,300 3-stage 2-stage
- grams in kilograms kilograms kilograms double launch HERMES
transfer in trans�er in transfer in transfer 5,500 kilo- manned
' grams in flight ~
transfer ~
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Conllpurstlon~ d~ I� p~nopli� d~ eolM~~ ~tudlN~
pour I� tu~it - Arlan~ �~fin d~ s'~d~pbr ~u: div~n . .
~ataillh~ d~~ ~nni~~ ~0 ,
. ,O'' 8 ~ ,
8~e~h1 ~ ~
48 A ,
Configurations of the assortment of nose cones under study for the Ariane
rockets in order to adopt to the various satellites of the 1980 decade
COFYRIGHT: A. & C. 1980
11706
CSO: 3100
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COUNTRY SECTION FRANCE
- SECOND LAUNCH PAi1 FOR KOUROU BY MID-1384
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 24 May 80 pp 36-37
[Article by Pierre Langereux]
[Text] The project file for construction of the second Ariane [Ariadne] ~
launching facility (ELA 2) at Kourou will be presented in June to the
Administrative Council of the CNES [National Center for Space Studies]
before being submitted for approval of the French government next autumn
and to the ESA [European Space Agency] Council between~naw and year's end.
The cost of the pro~~ct is at present estimated to be in the vicinity of
400 million to S00 million francs.
If the decisions are favorable the heavy civil engineering work could begin
in the su~er of 1981, which would permit the ELA 2 to be available during
the first half of 1984 (a little later than planned) for a launch of the
Ariane 3 rocket. Conditioned upon some additional facilities the ELA 2
will also be able ~o launch Ariane 4 rockets in 1985 but major modification
would have to be effected in order to launch the Ariane 5 version from this
new launching pad.
The availability of a second launching pad at Kourou, however, will provide
confirmation of the commercial, operational nature of Ariane launchings by
avoiding a prolonged shutdown of operations in the case of serious acciden~
at 2he present launching pad.
The entry into service of the ELA 2 will in fact increase the launching
capacity of Kourou to one firing monthly or 10 annually with the Ariane 3
and 4 versions and to reduce the interval between launchings to 1 month,
whereas the present ELA 1 launching pad, limited to Ariane 1, 2, and 3 ;
rockets, per~ni.ts only five, or at most six, firings annually, with a ~
minimum interval of 2 months between firings.
However, the CNES states that the ELA 1 launching pad will remain active
until the last of the Ariane 3 versions in 1987!
The original decentralized design of the ELA 2 launching pad will permit
increased rate of firings because assembly and inspection operations for
21 '
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the launcher and the launching operations will be performed in separat2
places. Al1 operations preceding the launch ing (erection of the launcher,
electrical and fluid inspections) will be effected in 20 to 25 days in the
launcher assembly and inspection area while operations related to launching _
_ (final inspection, installation and inspection of the payload, preparation
for firing, and chronology) can be limited to about 15 days at the launch
site. The launcher can be transported between the assembly and launching
areas (850 meters apart) in 1 hour by means of a transport vehicle on
rails: the launcher will be placed upon the launching table (which has
been made movable), rigidly connected to a supporting structure of strong
construction moving upon two rails with railroad-type bogies. Initially
there is planned a launch table for ;he Ariane 3 rockets with the possibility
of having available a second table of Ariane 4 type later on.
The new launcher assembly and inspection installations will include (in
addition to the ELA 1 installations) a bay for removing stages from storage,
an erection bay, a launcher assembly dock with facilities for inspecting
the fluid tightness of the stages, an inspection and launching center (with
complete inspection bench), and associated service facilities (stores,
offices, and air, nitrogen, and helium storage). This area may later on
be supplemented with a simplified inspection bench for electrical tests
of the launcher and by a second assembly dock so that two rockets at a
time can be prepared at ELA 2.
The new ELA 2 launching area will ma.inly include a launching block with
its jet deflectors, a fixed umbilical tower (with services, connections, -
controls, and supply lines for the launcher, a mobile service gantry
sheltering the launcher and in particular the upper part (around the
payload), as well as areas for storage and transfer of the propellants
(UDMH [unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazineJ, N204 [nitrogen tetroxide], liquid
hydrogen, and liquid oxygen) which will in part be common to the two
- launching pads.
Also planned is a major expansion of the payload preparation facilities
(EPCU) to maintain the rate of one firing per month, which presupposes the
presence at the same time of two to four satellites on tYie launching base.
This expansion will essentially consist of a new building for satellite
preparation and enlargement of the present assembly building to permit,
starting with the Ariane 4 firings, assembly of payloads under the nose
cone and transfer of the complete unit to the launch area in order to
. eliminate operations upon satellites in the launch area.
22
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r.i.� v~ r iva~a~+ ~?L v~tL?
TIUIE
(1) PLA NN/NG DE'S OPE A TIONS "E"""�"T'�" < 7) .
_ ~ 6~ LANCEUR N' 2 LANCEUR N' 4 I
( C~ F~
(3) ZONE DE PREPARATION S ~~EURN'1 LANCEUR~] .
~ F=-
(4) Transport ~ i ~ (1)
~ Pl~nninp dn on~rNion~
(5) 20NE DE LAWCEMENT ~ K�'"��'~�� a.�=.".
~~mbl~~ d~ I~nam~n4
(8) . `r~i~9) ~ri er~i �n ..n~c. - eu t .t
~ iron ~ rat ~ ~rou ~ roit EI.A 2- oour uswN
Iu~qu ~ dlx Un pu ~n
- un p~r mol~ - ~
t Mola aa+tly d~ 106/
1. Plan of operations at Kourou with two launching complexes in service--
ELA 1 and ELA 2--to provide up to 10 firings annually--one per month-- ~
starting in 1984
2. Plan of operations 3. Preparation area 4. Transter
5. Launch area 6. Launcher No 1 7. Reinspection table .
8. 1 month 9. expansion unknown
La nowd �numbl� d~ '
K~~ n~ ~ e ~A~ ensemb e_.-de lancement ;
souvrau Ws d~ dr (w ~C L a 2
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Awn N la tour d~ 4 ..f..f..J �
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~nhnM I~ I~ne~ wt
Mnsi~ N ~Ilnwtl~M ~ ~ 'P~~.+.. r i� ,
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Q an.e~w~.iuma~. . ,
Q ?oi~i0u~ M manup~ e
Q T~01~ dt Imctm~nt mo0il~ ~
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Q Lat.q~ dn rpM Ewaq ~ ' _ `~C \ _ ~1 ~
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~ ~ f~xkaq~ UOMN IEIA~ H ELA21 � y ~ ~ ~ 1 / ~ ~
l4~1~ �
9Q Ain d~ Iw~nm~nt ELA~ ~7 . ~1':
- A. ELA 2 Launching complex ,
B. The new ELA 2 launching complex at Kourou will include a new launch
pad (center) installed approximately 600 meters from the present ELA 1
launch pad and oriented differently and a new assembly area (left) from
which the launcher will be transported to the launch pad, 850 meters away,
by the launching table which is mobile on rails. Only the upper portion of
the mobile launching tower which encloses the launcher` is closed and air '
conditioned.
_ 23
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1. EZA 2 umbilical tower 2. deflector and flues 3. assembly gantry
4. mobile launch table 5. rear preparation area and launch center
6. ELA 1 assembly area 7. Europa fuels storage
8. UDIrIli storage ELA 1 and ELA 2) 9. ELA 1 launching area
~ ~ ~ . .
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t ~ '
~4~
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KRO
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_ Situatlee ~Mlral~ d~~ p~~ d~ d? ELA 1~t ELA 2 su? 1~ dt~ d~ Kourou. L'Impl~ntadon d~ I _
1'ELA 1 nhudt~n I~ ~ivirtlen, i t,5 km. ~u ~ud. d~ I~ RN 1
~ 1. fuel storage 2. 6riane assembly 3. illegible
~ 4. Diamant [Diamond] 5. RN 1[National Highway No 1?]
6. Meteo rlogical station 7. relocated RN 1 -
8. General location of ELA 1 and ELA 2 launching pads at the Kourou site. `
Installation of the ELA 2 necessitated relocation of RN 1 2.5 kilometers
farther south.
COPYRIGHT: A..& C. 1980
11706
CSO: 3100
2!~
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COUNTRY SECTION FRANCE
THIRD PHASE OF ROLAND TE~TING SOON TO BE COMPLETED ~
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 26 Apr 80 pp 58-59
[Article by Jean de GalardJ
[TextJ The surface to air weapons system Roland, which is used for defense
against planes flying at medium, low and very low altitudes, was researched
_ and developed by two members of the economic group Euromissile, Messer-
schmitt-Bolkow-Blohm and Aerospatiale.
Used by French and Ge~nan ground forces, today it equips the 54th artillery
regiment stationed at Verdun. A surface to air artillery regiment, the
54th R.A. is one of the First Army Corps elements, i.e., artillery units '
which are directly under the orders of a general in co~a:id of ~the corps'
artillery. Its mission is to participate in the corps' armored and
mechanized anti-~ircraft defense.
The system is proposed in two versions: clear weather and all-weather.
Currently, the first system is the one employed by the 54th R.A.
In order to set up the f irst phase of the system's tactical experiments,
the first test series Roland AI~-30 was 3elivered to the surface to air
artillery applications school in Nimes during April 1977. In December of
the same year, the first operational system appeared.
The second phase of tactical experiments began in 1978 with the delivery
of the first tanks equipped with the Roland AM~C-30 system to the school
in Nimes, the E.S.A.M. (the Advanced School oi Appliced Tactics), and to
the 54th regiment.
The third phase of the tactical experiments began in 1979 with the 54th _
regiment in Verdun, where the unit was declared operational, and the
57th artillery regiment began receiving its first units.
- Currently this third phase at Verdun is about to be completed. The final
testing will be concluded duri.ng the month of June at the Landes Testing ~
Center (CEI~~, with the opening of the regiments' first target practice
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training camp. During that month about 20 missiles will be fired. Several
months later, at the CEL or CEM (Mediterranean Testing Center), a new
_ barrage of missiles will be launched.
Each one of these three phases is designed with a particular experimental
objective in mind: in Nimes, for example, the operational use of the
weapon was examined; tactical maneuvers at the section level (four Roland
AMX-30 weapons) were studied at Verdun in 1978-79, and from October 1979
until this June battery and regiment maneuvers are the object of the _
experiment. In view of this, the last couple of months have been high-
lighted by the regiments' partic~pation in a series of exercises designed
to test both material and crew. During the exercise Saone 79, the 54th
R.A. set up a battery of Roland AMX-30 tanks, each one of which travelled
an average of 300km. This was also the case at the end of 1979 during a
field maneuver in Suippes which lasted several days. More recently, a
- battery of the 54th R.A., in conjunction with the 4th division armored
vehicles, took part in a maneuver which lasted several days at the Mailly
camp. This past week, the First Army/FATAC took part in a combined
3 day maneuver named Falcon 80. In eight eastern departments, surface to
air artillery regiments of the First and Second Army Corps, as well as
important air elements, took part in this maneuver.
In June, at the CEL, the f irst target practice training camps will get
underway with the participation of four tanks and all the crews.
At the heart of the army corps, three surface to air artillery regiments -
are envisioned: one Hawk missile regiment and two Roland regiments; one
of these wi11 be the 57th R.A., equipped with four homogeneous batteries;
the other is the 54th R.A., called a mixed regiment because it will be
made up of one battery of twin 30mm weapons mounted on AMX-13 chassis.
Two of these three batteries are currently in operation in Verdun; the third
will not be ready for several years.
One Polazd battery is made up of t::e firing sections. ~ach section is in
turn composed of four weapons and commanded by an officer who also has use
of a support unit. The weapon represents the f iring unit and it is made
up of two firing teams; in the first, the squad leader and the gunner are
noncommissioned officers, the pilot is a soldier from the ranks. In the -
second team (which is transported on board a VAB and follows the Roland
ANIX-30 like its shadow), the squad leader is a noncommissioned officer,
but the gunner and the driver are from the ranks.
The minimal surface defended by a section (four weapons) is 70km2, with -
a minimal dis~tance between the weapons of 21an; the maximal surface is
around 1801an , with a maxLnum distance between weapons of around 4km2
On the average, each Roland section protects a surface area of 1001~
and the weapons are 31an apart. This separation creates an isolation for
each gun leader and, therefore, necessitates good cammunications for the
command.
26
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Maintenance is performed on two levels: On the one hand, the tactical _
and technical section chief is responsible for automatic checks that test
correct functioning; the "autotest" is even done on board the Roland.
On the other hand, it is necessary to differentiate between the AM}C body
and the turret.
Chassis maintenance for the AMX-30 is done at battery level and at regiment
level. Maintenance is performed on the turret at battery level. Currently,
an inspection every 200 hours is envisioned, and the feasibility of
putting the kinds of tools that would make a complete test possible
(calculator, electronic logic, liydraulic, radar) in front is being studied.
In addition, there is a"Roland support detachment" at the lOlst GRMCA
(army corps material maintenance group) which maintains test benches and
also has the technical assistance of the contractors (around six people
from Euromissile and two from GIAT). As in any research and development,
information that has been gathered leads to technical modifications;
very often minor, but n~erous nonetheless. And, as in any operational
set up that is just beginning, the main problem is one of getting spare
parts.
The simulator left at Verdun permits permanent instruction of squads
without having to use aircraft. Three magnetoscopes--each one having
15 programs--offer possibilities for 45 sessions. Instruction for gunners
lasts about 2 months, 8 sessions per month, 15-20 minutes each. During
_ one session about 10 programs can be accomplished. This is a minimum
because the eff iciency of the Roland weapons system is linked to the
personnel who operates it. It is an efficient and sophisticated means of
defense which demands a thorough understanding. The cannons of '40 have
been surpas~ed. A Roland checklist consists of 79 operations and the
check takes 40 minutes!
27
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