JPRS ID: 9189 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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il JULY 1980
(FOUO 10rf~~ )
1 0 F JL
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FO[i OFF1(:IAI. UtiE' UNI.Y
- JPRS L/9189
11 July 1980
USSR Report
ENERGY
_ CFOUO 10/80)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
FOR OTFICIAL USE ONLY
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JPRS L/9189
11 July 19 80
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FOUO 10/80)
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Additional Power From T-175/210-130 Turbines
(D. M. Budnyatskiy, et al. ; ENERGOMASHINOSTRO-
YENIYE, Mar 80)....... 1 ~
Construction Features, Operati.ona'_. Experience With
Loviisa AES Circulating Pumps
(I3. Iofs, et al. ; TEPLOENERGETIKA, Apr 80) . . . . . , . 8
Briefs
Power Transmission Lines 21
FUELS
Availability of Coking Coal Along the BAM
(A. G. Portnov, et al.; SOVETSKAYA GEOLOGIYA,
, Mar 80) 22
- a' IIII - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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ELECTRIC POWER
UDC 621. 165.001.5
4DDITIONAL POWER FROri T-175/210-130 TURBINES
Moscow ENERGOMASHINOSTROYENIYE in Russian No 3, Mar 80 pp 2.4
[~rticle by Candidates of Technical Sciences D.11. Budnyatskiy and Ye. I.
3enenson and engineers V.I. Vodichev and V.N. Osipenko] [Text] Because of sharp fluctuations in the level of electrical consumption
in the OES [integrated power systems] of the European part of the USSR and
thelarge proportion of TETs [Heat and Electric Power Station] within the
total make-up of these power systems, an important and real task is to use
theTETs to regulate daily and weekly OES electrical load schedules and,
specifically, to cover semi-peak and peak loads.
_ One or the ways to transfer loads to the TLTs is to switch off the PVD [high-
pressure heater] while preserving the maximum expenditures of live steam in
- the turbines. Switching off the heating plant turbine PVD's is especially
effec.*_ive (from a thermodynamic point of view) during the peak work period of
the hot-water boilers, as long as both the-electrical and the heat loads
of the turbine can be simultaneously increased when directing the displaced
regenerative steam bleedings into the network heaters. Moreover, all of the -
extra power will be generated in heat consumption, i:e., with a specific ex-
penditure of fuel on the order of 0.15 kilograms of specific heat per kilo-
watt hour. As a result, the power system will realize a fuel savings pro-
portional to the length of operation of the turbine with the PVD switched off.
The technical and economic effectiveness of switching off the PVD in T-175/
- T-1751210-130 turbines has been shown further on.
_ The possibilities of compensating for the underheating of the feed water during
FJD switch-offs have been examined: the use of evaporative value reserves
(heat value) of the power plant boilers relative to the maximum expenditure
of live steam in the turbine. Such a possibility is workable both at block
TETs (by installing turbines in a double-block arrangement with the existing
boilers at an ?vaporative value of 420-450 tons per hour), and at TETs with
cross connections with boiler evaporative value reserves, during periods of
turbine repair, etc.; the installation of peak GTU [gas turbine engines] at
1
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Table 1. Approximate Technical and Economic Indices af Replaceable Types
of Power Installations
Semi-Peak 500-megawatt ~
Indices Power Block (in Mazut) Peak GT-100 Proportionate capital 110 80
investments, in rubles
per kilowatt
Unit expenditure of 0.36 0.48
fuel, in kilograms of
specific heat per
Kilowatt hour
Closing expenditures for 35-40
_ fuel Ct, in rubles per
ton of specific heat .
(for coal assumed for a
TETs with a T-175/210-130
turbine, and liquid or
gaseous fuel assemed for .
replaceable power in-
stallations
the TETs and the utilization of the heat of departing GTU gases in the steam
turbine's regenerative cycle, for example, by switching a special gas-water
heat exchanger into the GTU cycle. The possibility exists in the given case
of switching off the PVD (with appropriate compensation for feed water under-
heating) during the GTU operational periods, i.e., during the maximum electri-
cal load period of the power systems--2-4 hours per day; the use of the best
type of boiler for the conditions under consideration, i.e., a boiler which
would basically not have evaporative value reserves relative to the maximum
expenditure of live steam in the turbine (760 tons per hour), but would possess
heating power reserves making it possible to lengthen its operation with a
nominal expenditure of steam at a feed water temperature.of 160-165 degrees
C, i.e., by switching off three PVD's. In the case at hand, an analysis
shows that additional capital investments in the boiler proper are required
to increase its heating power Qk above the rated, roughly by one third more
than when providing the same Qk increase because of increased steam expendi-
ture.
Based on research carried out in conformity with the heating period (i.e.,
for the conditions when the problem of covering the peak load is the most
acute), the following procedural prerequisites have been set.
2
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Variations in turbines with non-detachable and detachable PVD's have resulted
in an equal power effect in accordance with the size of the available capac-
ity during the power system's maximum load period, and the amount of electrical
and thermal power released during the heating season. Either the 500-megawatt
specialized semi-peak power blocks or the peak GTU has been adopted as re-
placeable types of power install.ations. The type of replaceable power in-
stallation determines, according to the operational mode typical of it, the
total amount of time the turbine works during the year with its PVD's discon-
nected. It is accepted that the additional power obtained from the TETs leads
to a decrease in the power of the replaced electric power stations and the
electric power generated by them. The possibility of even replacing the
generation of electric power in the power system (without decreasing the
capacity of the OES electricity-generating installations) has been examined
as an option.
The total heating surface of the supply line preheaters and the expenditure
of supply line water have been accepted as equal for variations of turbines
with non-detachable and detachable PVD's.
For the installation at TETs.of -peak gas turb-ine equipment (the GT-100 has been
investigated as such a one), they intend to use a combination of one GT-100
unit with a T-175/210-130 turbine. In this case the feed water will be heated
up to a nominal level (230 degrees.G), through the heat of the departing GTU
gases, and the gas temperature for the gas-water heat exchangers will amount
to about 200 degrees C.
The total cost reduction for the power installations considered and replaced
has been accepted as a criterion for the economic effectiveness of the ad-
- ditional capacity.
The following are the basic data: the total length of time for disconnecting
the PVD hotk = 500 divided by 1,000 hours per year--for covering the peak
loads of the power system through TETs and hotk = 2,500 hours per year--for .
covering semi-peak loads; the climatic region is Moscow; the technical and N
economic indices for the replaced types of power installations (see table 1);
the proportionate cost of a gas-water heat exchanger (providing the heating
of feed water to a rated temperature by the departing GTU gases)--2,500 rubles
per gram-calorie per year; the relative decrease in the available capacity of -
the GTU (when switching on the last steam turbine installation in the series)--
3 percent.
An analysis shows that when the air temperatures are tb =-(S divided by 26)
degrees C, which are typical for the operation of hot-water boilers, the
growth in the capacity of the T-175/210-130 unit amounts to 11.0-9.5 megawatts,
or 6.5-5.5 percent of the rated capacity of the turbine. The corresponding
increases in the available capacity (net) of the turbine will be app.roximately
one megawatt less--when using the heating power reserves of the power plant
_ boilers, and three megawatts less--when switching the gas turbine units into
the cycle of a steam turbine plant.
3
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With the necessity for a maximum turbine spiking because of the PVD switch-
off, the steam expelled from the steam regeneration system can be directed
into the capacitor which permits a 7-8 megawatt power gain more than when
the very same expenditure of steam is directed into the supply line pre-
- hea.ers.2
Table 2 presents the basic technical and economic indices for the additional
power of the T-175/210-130 turbine ob tained during the PVD switch-off and ttie
directing of expelled steam into the supply line pre-heaters. From table 2
it follows that: 1. additional turbine power, obtained by compensating for
the underheating of the feed water through the boiler unit heating power
reserves, will have a unit cast of 30-40 rubles per kilowatt, and a unit fuel
expenditure of 0.15 kilograms of specific heat per kilowatt hour. The cor-
resgondizg yearly economic effect may amount to 265,000 rubles for one turbine
unit when replacing the peak GTU (hotk = 500 divided by 1000 hours per year)
and 240,000-520,000 rubles when replacing the semi-peak power blocks (hoCk -
2500 hours per year); 2, when compensating for feed water underheating with
the heat of the departing GTU gases, the unit cost for the additional power
is 35-40 rubles per kilowatt hour and the unit fuel expenditure for the
additional generation of electric power will be equal to zero, because in the
given case the discarded GTU heat is used. The yearly economic impact of one
T-175;210=-130 turbine can amount to from 170,000 to 535,000 rubles in a range
of values hotk - 500 divided by 1000 hours per year.
The results obtained testify to the high technical and economic effectiveness
of a prolonged switch-off of the PVD in T-175/210-130 turbines. Similar
computed data on the effectiveness of PVD switch-offs can also be obtained
for other types of heating plant turb ines. Moreover, at a TETs where there
are power boiler heating power reserves, it is advisable to use the additional
power of the turbines for covering the semi-peak loads and at a TETs, where
peak gas-turbine units will be installed, the additional power must be used
- for covering the peak loads.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Vigdorchik, A.G.; Makarov, A.A.; Vol'fberg, D.B. "Problemy dolgosrochnogo
razvitiya toplivno-energeticheskogo kompleksa" [Problems in the Long-Term
Development of a Fuel Power System], TEPLOF.iJERGETIKA, No 2, 1979, pp 2-6.
2. Terent'yev, I.K.; Budnyatskiy, D.M.; Osipenko, V.N.; and others
"Puti povysheniya ekonomicheskoy effektivnosti moshchnykh teplofikats-
ionnykh turbin i teploelektrotsentraley" [Ways to Increase the Economic
Effectiveness of Power Thermal:Pl.ant Turbines and Heat and Electric
Power Plants], TEPLOENERGETIKA, No 7, 1977, pp 2.6.
6
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3� Budnyatskiy, D.M.; Kukhtevich, I.V. "Tselesoobraznost' otklyucheniya
podogrev;.taeley vysokogo davleniya moshchnykh teplotikatsionnykh turbin
v pe-riod raboty no TETs pilovykh kotlov" [The Expediency of Switching off
tba High-Pressure Heaters of Power Thermal Plant Turbines during the
Working Period at a TETs with Peak Boilers] in "Energeticheskoye mashino-
stroyeniye" [Power Machine-Building], Moscow, NIIINFORMTYAZHMASH, No 7,
19705 pp 48-49.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye". "Energomashinostroyeniye.
1980.
8524
CSO: 1822
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0
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ELECTRIC POWER
UDC 621.311.25:621.039
CONSTRUCTION FEATURES, OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE WITH LOVIISA AES CIRCULATING
- PUMPS
rioscow TEPLOENERGETIKA in Russian No 4, Apr 80 pp 35-41
[Article by engineers D. Iofs, I. Kuyyal.a, I. Timperi, G. Shleyfer, V.
Vistbakka; Candidates of Technical Sciences A.M. Prudovskiy and L.I.
Turetskiy, and engineer P.N. Vorona]
[Text] The thermomechanical equipment of the Loviisa AES reactor in Finland
was supplied mainly by the Soviet Union. The only exceptions to this are the
_ G'rsN's [main circulating pumps] which, b ased on Soviet specifications, were
developed and manufactured by the Finnish firms A1'strem and Stremberg and
supplied to the AES by the Finatom joint stock company to which these firms
belong. The A1'strem firm developed and set up pumps with a packing water
system, and Stremberg did the same for the electric motors of the pump drives
~ with their control systems. The responsibility for the operation of all of
the equipment, including the GTsN's, was given to the Soviet side (the all-
union association Atomenergoeksport).
The GTsN developed by the Finnish firms has specific construction features
which distinguish it from similar GTsN's of other AES's with reactors cooled
by pressurized water. A description of these construction features, data on
the main results of the tests of the GTsN at the producer plants and at the
AES, and information about the two years of experience in operating the GTsN
on the first power block of the Loviisa AES are presented below.
Technical Characteristics and Construction Features
The GTsN (figure 1) consists of two basic components--a vertical single-stage
pump with shaft packing and an electric motor with a flywheel and a non-
reversing device. The specificaticas of the GTsN are presented below.
~
Rated parameters of the pumped heat carrier:
pressure 12.5 MPA
temperature 270 degrees C
Rated productivity 2 cubic meters
per second
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I
Pressure unde r rated conditions
Rotation frequency
Power used under rated conditions
(electrical)
Rated parameters
pressure
temperature
Total mass of the GTsN
Including the electric motor
Total height of the G'LsN (including
the pressure bend)
Electric motor
0.4 MPa
1475 minutes-1
1.1 megawatts
13.7 MPa
300 degrees C
34,500 kg
17,500 kg
6 meters
asynchronous wth short-
circuited rotor windings,
6 kilovolts, computed in
lengthy operation at a
capacity of 1300 lcilowatts
The basic components of the hydraulic part of the pump (diagonal rotor with
four vanes and a diffuser with seven vanes) have been placed in the casing of
the spherical molding; they have an upper lateral suction pipe and a lower
pressure pipe. Such a departure from the traditional arrangement of pump
pipes has permitted a decrease in the size of the casing and main flanged joint,
has increased the reliability of supplying the pumps with packing water, as
long as the shaft packing housing was connected to the suction side of the
pump, and has simplified the configuration of the reactor's main circulating
piping. At the same time such a flow organization has led to a certain lowering
in the pump's efficiency which, under rated conditions, is equal to 0.79.
The shafts of the pump and electric motor have been connected with a rigid
coupling into a single three-support GTsN shaft. A hydrodynamic radial
bearing, placed in the pump between the hydraulic part and the shaft packing,
is used in the lower support; it is lubricated and cooled with water. Ball
_ bearings with oil lubrication are used in the two other supports located in
the electric motor; the lower of them (the radial thrust one) provides the
axle clamping of the GTsN shaft. ,
The coupling has a lengthwise joint; in it are not only lengthwise dowels,
_ transmitting the torque, but also circular dowels, with which a significant
axial force (up to 600 kN), operating on the pump shaft when there is pressure
in the reactor, is transmitted to the electric motor shaft. The presence
between the shaft ends of a 370 mm gap, sufficient for the groove through it
for the packing units and pump bearings, is an important construction feature
of the coupling and of the shafts which are connected by it. Thanics to this,
the potentially most defective pump shafts can be replaced without dismantling
the electric motor or disturbing the shaft alignment and it requires no more
than one shift.
9
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Figure 1. Over-all View of the GTsN
, Key :
1. Pump casing
2. Pump cover
_ 3. Pump shaft
4. Bearing .
5. Shaf t packing
1
L7
%
J
5
4
3
Z
6. Electric motor support
7. Coupling
8. Electric motor
9. Flywheel
10. Electromagnet
Tao spiral wound-on gaskets with a graphite filling are used in packing the
main flanged joint. The packing is secured with 24 bolts which are tightened
with a special device with hydraulic jacks, permitting the necessary prelim-
inary pulling out of 12 bolts simultaneously. It generally does not take more
than two hours, to pack the main flange.
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Figure 2. Diagram of the Pump Shaft Packing
Key:
1. Lower bearing 4. Mechanical packing
2,3. First and second stages of 5. Controlled leaking
the hydrostatic packing 6. Flow through the end packing
i'he shaft packing, situated between the coupling and the lower bearing, con-
sists of a two-stage hydrostatic packing and end mechanical packing (fig-
ure 2). The cold packing water, which has a pressure somewhat greater than
the pressure in the pump, is drawn to the packing at a rate of 0.28 kg per
second (one cubic meter per hour). Approximately half of this total flows
through the hydrostatic packing (this is the so-called controlled flow), in
_ which the pressure is decreased to 0.5 MPa. The mechanical packing, working
under this pressure, has a very small flow--about 0.1 percent of the controlled
f low. The other half of the packing water goes through the bearing to the
f low part of the pump. An additional circulating bearing loop, which includes
an auxiliary propeller and an external heat exchanger (figure 2) installed on
- the pump shaft over the bearing, is intended to increase the expenditure of
= water through the lower bearing. One of the most difficult jobs which gen-
erally must be done in designing a GTsN with shaf t packing is the perception
of the significant axial force operating on the shaft. This problem has been
_ solved in the GTsN of the Loviisa AES with a radial thrust ball bearing and
a system for its electromagnetic discharge. This system has b een constructed
in the following manner (figure 3): a special power-measuring device, which
- useswirestrain gauges, measures the active axial force on the bearing and
forms a signal, f ed into a regulator, which directs the current of a circular
magnet located under the.flywheel of the electric motor. The regulator has
b een built in such a way that a constant force of 35 kN acts on the bearing.
As a result, out of the total directed over an axial force of 550 kN, the
11
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greater part (515 kN) is absorbed not by the bearing but by the electromagnet.
The electromagnet normally feeds on a 380-volt a-c circuit. When this supply
- is lost, the electromagnet automatically switches over to a supply from its -
own system which has an accumulator battery. Besides this, the bearing is
capable of temporarily (for about 100 seconds) absorbing the full axial force
of 550 kN without any practical affect on machine life. All of this makes `
the system, receiving the axial force, sufficiently reliable.
Thanks to the electromagnetic discharge system, it has been possible not to
use in the GTsN the generally-utilized thrust journal with sliding bearings,
which consumes considerable gower and has a complex and cumbersome lubri- �
cation system. Special attention was paid in designing the pump to analyzing the voltages
_ in the elements operating under pressure of the first loop. This analysis
was conducted by a modern end elements method using computer programs de- -
veloped by the joint stock company Finatom. In this analysis, all operational
modes in which a GTsN can operate were examined. It was established that ':he
temperature stresses are fixed for the basic pump elements operating under
pressure (the casing and cover of the pump).
Al1 of the pump elements, which are in contact with the primary heat carrier,
are made of stainless steel, basically of the austend.tic type. Tho pump
casings are made of castings, to the lower part of which have also been welded
cast pressure bends, and to the side suction branch pipes--forged adapters,
to whic~, in turn, are welded the reactor's main circulating piping.
Plant Testsof the GTsN
A special experimental loop was constructed at the A1'stcem firm plant in
the city of Karkhul to test the GTsN by checking its working capacity and
determining the specifications for various, including rated, parameters and
rates for the re-pumped heat carrier. This loop, made of pipes with an outer
diameter of 700 mm, 45 mm long, was designed at the joint stock company Finatom
in 1969; in 1970-71 its components were manufactured mainly by plants belonging
to the joint stock company; at the beginning of 1972 the loop was ready for
tests of the GTsN prototype which had been manufactured by that time.
The experimental loop had a pressure support system with a steam electrically-
heated volume compensator; a support system for the required water-chemical
mode, including a deaerator and ion-exchange filters; a system to dissipate
heat from the circulating heat carrier; a system for pumping packing water;
a system for measuring, recording, and automatically controlling parameters
in which they specifically hoped to use an external computer to process the
recorded data on-line; and a system of automatic guards in case the parameters
moved beyond acceptable levels.
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f
fz
f~
Figure 3. Diagram of the Lower Part of the Electric Motor with a Radial.
Thrust Bearing and Electromagnet
Key:
1. Force-measuring device
2. Electomagnet
3. Flywheel
4. Engine bed
F1. Axial force of 615 kH,
caused by the pressure
in the loop and by the
thrust of the pump
F2. Weight of the rotary parts of
the GTsN, equal to 65 kH
F3. Force of 515 kH, perceptible
by the electromagnet
F4. Force of 35 kH, perceptible by
the bearing
Tests of the full-scale GTsN prototype with standard eZectric motor were
conducted on the experimental loop in the city of Karkhul 3uring 1972-73;
their total length was 1,700 hours. The operation of the pump with various
rotors was checked during these tests. As a result, a rotor was selected
which provided the necessary thrust for the given productivity and the Q-H
characteristic of the pump (productivity-thrust) was improved--characteristic
of axial and diagonal pumps, the dip in the Q-H curve shifted to the area
of slight productivity, far from the pump's operating point.
Ttao types of shaft packing were tested. As a result, the packing described
above which consists of two hydrostatic packings from the Champlain firm
(Canada) and mechanical packing from the Burgman firm (FRG) was chosen for
use in GTsN's supplied to AES's. Great attention was paid to improving the
packing unit of the main flanged joint which resulted in the elimination of
the heat carrier flow in the transitional states which was observed in the
first period of plant testing. Special studies of inechanical vibrations and
hydraulic pulsations were an integral part of the tests conducted. Various
bearings were tested in the GTsN electric motor during this period and the
construction of the stator coil was improved. As a result of the prototype
testing, the reliability of the GTsN was substantially increased.
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Acceptance tests of the GTsN pilot model, lasting a total of 1,300 hours,
was the next work stage for the plant experimental loop. More than 40 cycles
ol heating and cooling in a temperature range from 50-60 to 270 degrees C "
were carried out during these tests. Work was also continued during this
period on impruving the separate pump parts in order to increase their de-
pendability both under normal operational conditions and in emergency situ- -
ations which were imitated on the testing stand.
Representatives of the firm Imatran Voyma as well as Soviet specialists par-
ticipated in the majority of the GTsN tests conducted at the plant. A signif-
icant part of the success of the work on creating so complex a unit as the
GTsN for the Loviisa AES was due to the fruitful cooperation of the repre-
sentatives of Finnish and Soviet organizations at all stages in the creation
of the GTsN, especially at the plant testing stages of the pump prototype
and pilot model.
Testing and Operation of the GTsN during the Start-Up and Adjustment Work
Period at the Loviisa-1 AES
A large number of tests of the GTsN and packing water system under various
operational conditions, including simulations of various emergency modes,
were conducted during the start-up and adjustment work period. Each GTsN
worked approximately 2,000 hours during the start-up and adjustment geriod.
The working capacity of the GTsN and packing water system under AES oper-
ational conditions was verified through the tests conducted. It was estab-
lished that the consumption of the heat carrier, provided by the GTsN, was
sufficient for the dependable cooling of the reactor and that the other major
characteristic of the GTsN--its rundown after de-energization (the rotation
of the GTsN by inertia because of the energy stored by the electric motor
flywheel)--satisfies the requirements claimed for it.
It was observed during the reactor's hot breaking-in period that the power
used by ttie GTsN was greater than on the plant testing stand, and there
were two groups of pumps (three GTsN's per group), each of which had a dif-
ferent increase in power: if for GTsN's 1-3 (for the sake of brevity we will
call them the left ones) it amounted on the average to 135 kilowatts, i.e.,
12 percent, then for the right GTsN's (numbers 4-6) it reached, on the average,
210 kilowatts, i.e., almost 20 percent.
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,
~
Figure 4. Experimental Plant
Key :
1. Model of the sectional I-IV. Cross sections of the
conduit of the steam generator PG measurements of the speed
2. Model of the suction and static pressure fields
conduit
3. Pump model
Two GTsN's (numbers 1 and 5) were dismantled and carefully examined after
completion of the hot breaking-in period. Corrosion deposits were discovered
on the surfaces of the flow part of the GTsN (the rotor and diffuser) which
were especially significant on the entry and exit rims of the rotor, where
their thickness reached 2-3 mm. The presence of these deposits, connected, as
it was later established, with the peculiarities of the water-chemical conditions
in the first loop in the hot breaking-in period and with the magnetism both of
the corrosion and of the metal of the rotor, diffuser, and shaft could explain
some increase in the power used by the GTsN. However, there was a difference
in the capacities of the left and right GTsN's. It was assumed that this dif-
ference was due to the different velocity fields in the entry sections of the
left and right pumps because of the different circulating loop configurations
in which the pumps of these two groups were installed. Indeed, the over-all
lay-out of the first loop is such.that the three left circulating loops in the
scheme are mirror images of the three right loops, while the diff erence between
them`is determined by the different reciprocal arrangement of the piping con-
necting the steam generator with the GTsN, and the steam generator--in the
left loops the steam generator axes have been turned relative to the vertical
planes which are carried out through the axis of the appropriate pipes going
from the steam generators to the GTsN's at 52 decrees counter clockwise, and
in the right loops--at the same angle in a clockwise direction.
To check the accuracy of this hypothesis, they created at the scientific re-
search department of Gidroproyekt [All-Union Planning, Surveying, and Scientific
Research Institute imeni S. Ya, Zhuk] in Moscow an experimental plant with
a model of a sec.tion of the circulating loop from the steam generator to the
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GTsN, on e-third actual size, also including within itself a model of the
sectiona 1 conduit of the steam generator and a simplified model of the entry
part of t he GTsN. A diagram of the unit is presented. in figure 4. Arranged
- in the h e ad tank of this unit, a model of the vertically-situated sectional
- conduit o f the steam generator had a large number of branch pipes for f eeding
water ins ide the conduit. The density of placement of these branch pipes both
on the p e rimeter and by height has produced a pipe placement density in the
conduits of the full-scale steam generator which is substantially irregular.
They als o considered the dif_ferent water inflow speed into the conduit of the �
full-sca 1 e steam generator, connected with a different length, and consequently,
with a d i fferent hydraulic resistance of its pipes during the selection of the
distrib ut ion density of the branch pipes. In the construction of the unit _
they prov ided for the possibility of rotating the conduit relative to its
axis so t hat during the tests the geometric characteristics of both the left
and the r ight loops could be reproduced.
The inte r nal shapes of the section up to the (rotor) entry rims were roughly
reproduc e d in the pump model. The pipe model and the upper cover of the pump
model we r e made of plexiglas which permitted the observation of the flow when
the streams of liquid were dyed. Besides visual observations and flow re-
cording, photography produced measurements of the distribution of the component
velocity vectors with a three-component probe and pressure in the sections
designat ed by the Roman numerals in figure 4.
The tes ts established that the distribution of speeds through the cross-section
in the 1 ower part of the sectional conduit of the steam generator was sharply
irregular . Both for the right and the left loops, the velocity maximums were
shifted r elative to the center of the cross-section to the side opposite the
section with the maximum specif ic expenditure of water entering through the
pipe sti 1 1 of the steam generator. On account of this, in the pump's suction
pipeline during flow rotation, immediately following the outflow from the
sectional conduit, a transverse circulation develops, clearly fixed on the
model and supported down to the entry into the pumps. In the pipelines of the
lef t loop s it is directed (if it follows along the flow) counter-clockwise
and in th e pipelines of the right loops it is clockwise (figure 5). At the
entry in t o the pumps one can also notice some shifting of the velocity maximums
in the up per part of the cross-section of the pipeline which is due to the
influence of the final bend of the suction piping.
The velo c ity circulation in the suction pipeline noticeably influences the
kinematic characteristics of the flow in front of the rotor. The point of
division of the flow parts moving over the different sides from the rotor,
shifts in the left pumps to the right of the horizontal axis which is accom-
plished t hrough the entry branch pipe of the pump at about 60 degrees to the
right one s-�at roughly the same angle on the other side. During the even
entry of water into the sectional conduit or during the artificial levelling
of the f 1 ow before the entry into the pump chamber, the flow in the chamber
is symmetrically relative to this axis.
16
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= Because of this, the following change in the entering velocity triangles occurs.
With the velocity circulation in the pipeline directed counter-clockwise, the
angles of entrance into the vanes of the rotor are increased (the velocity
circulation in front of the rotor is directed to the side of its rotation--
clockwise). If the velocity ciruclation in the pipelines is directed clock-
wise, then the angles of entry to the vanes, compared to a case where there is
no circulation (the plant testing stand), and decreased (the velocity circu-
lation in fron* of the rotor is directed opposite to its rotation). Such a
differenee of entry flow angles to the rotor vanes has quite convincingly
confirmed tne l:ypothesis made earlier concerning the reasons for the difference
in the characteristics of the left and right GTsN's.
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Figure 6. Change of Power of the GTsN during the Heating-Up of the First
Loop after Loading with Fuel
Key:
1. Kilowatts
2. GTsN #4
3. GTsN #l
During the warming up of the first loop before the physical start-up of the
reactor, when a standard water-chemical mode has been set up with the intro-
duction of boric acid and potassium hydroxide into the primary heat carrier,
the characteristics of the GTsN are substantially changed. With the heating
up of the loop, the power of GTsN's #1 and 5(which were dismantled and
cleansed of corrosive deposits after the hot breaking-in period) decreased
with a change of temperature, i.e., roughly proportional to the change in the
18
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density of the heat carrier, while the power of the remaining GTsN's (which
were not dismantled after the hot breaking-in period and thus were "dirty")
decreased signif icantly quicker with an increase in temperature. This is
quite apparent in figure 6 which depicts the change in power as a function of
the temperature of the heat carrier for two GTsN`s--one "Clean one 01) and
one "dirty one (4l4) . In this figure the dotted lines show how the power of the
GTsN must change depending on the temperature of the heat carrier. In the
graph of the change in power of GTsN #4, its step ch ange with temperatures of
120 and 180 degrees C, and with a heating of the loop under a constant temper-
ature, is quite noticeable (figure 7). By the end of the heating-up process,
the capacities of all the GTsN's became almost the s ame as they must be in
accordance with the test stand chzracteristics: the power of the left GTsN's
became 1-3 percent less, and the right GTsN's 1-5 p ercent more than the testing
stand data.
't
1SD
100
1S0
100
SO
9
ft 14 T6 48 60 72 Iy 96 !0! w(1)
Figure 7. The Change of Temperature during the Reac tor Warm-Up Period
after Fuel Loading
Key:
1. Hour
An analysis of the experimental data, obtained during the hot breaking-in
period, during the testing of the GTsN before the physical turn-on of the
reactor and during testing at NIS Gidroproyekt, has permitted us to make the
following basic conclusions:
- --corrosive deposits wer.e observed on the vanes of the rotors and diffuser
during the hot breaking-in period; with the presence of these deposits,
especially significant on the entry rims of the rotor vanes, the velocity
circulation in the heat carrier flow in front of the GTsN considerably in-
fluenced the power used by them, apparently mainly b ecause of the flow separ-
ation during the flow around the entry edges of the vanes;
--after washing off the corrosion products which ha
the influence of velocity circulation fell sharply;
influence the power of the pumps. Apparently, this
19
FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY
d settled on the vanes;
it just about ceased to
was connected with the
~
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fact that when there were no deposits present, especially on the entry edges
oF ttie rotating vanes, there was already no flow separation during their
flow-past.
The water-chemical mode, observed during the hot breaking-in period, was never
repeated again during further operation of the.AES, because the heat carrier
will always contain an amount of potassium hydroxide such that the pH of the
heat carrier under "hot" conditions will be within the limits of 9-10 irre-
spective of the concentration of boric acid. This consideration has permitted
us during the AES starting-up period to conclude that the alkaline mode, in-
stalled for the first time in the first loop of the Loviisa-1 AES before the
- physical turn-on stage and introduced for the purpose of washing out the
deposits produced during the hot breaking-in period will, during the entire
operation of the AES, prevent the appearance on the GTsN elements of deposits
which would impact on the power used by them. This conclusion has been fully
confirmed by the experience of the two-year operation of the first energy
b lock of the Loviisa AES.
The Work of the GTsN during the Two Years of the Operation of the Loviisa-1
AES
During the two years of operation the GTsN's worked very reliably--there was
not one case of a forced shutdown of the AES energy block because of defects
or the inability of the GTsN to work. Some insignificant defects in the
bolted joints of some of the p arts were discovered during the inspection of the
GTsN in the period of the firs t and second loadings of fuel in the pumps..
The appropriate parts of these joints were repaired or rebuilt.
Conclusions
The Finnish machine building companies in a relatively short period of time
have developed and set up at the Loviisa AES the main circulating pump with
shaft packing which has definite advantages over similar pumps installed at
other AES's with reactors cooled by pressurized water. One of the principal
advantages is the possibility of replacing the potentially most defective
units (bearing and shaft packing of the pump) within several hours without
dismantling the GTsN as a whole, and also the use of ball bearings together
with an original system of electromagnetic discharging from the axial force,
instead of the radial-thrust sliding bearings used in similar GTsN's.
The two years of operational experience have confirmed the working ability
and reliability of the GTsN at the Loviisa AES.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", [LOVIISA AES] "Teploenergetika", 1980.
8524
CSO: 1822
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- ELECTRIC POWER
BRIEFS
POWER TRANSMISSION LINES--The 500-kilovolt a-c power transmission lines are
presently the basic intersystem communications in the USSR. Lines with a
750-kilovolt capacity have been put into operation, e.g., the Trans-Ukrainian
line from the Donbass to the Western Ukrainian substation and further on to the
A1'bertirsh substation in Hungary and the Lenin;rad-Moscow line. A 1150-kilo- -
volt VL [overhead line], 325 kilometers long, is being built to handle this
new voltage level. The a-c lines are intended for the mass carrying of electric power. As long ago as 1964, the first 800-kilovolt (+400 kilovolt)
a-c power transmission lir.e in the world--the Volzhskaya GES imeni 22d
c"ezda KPSS-Donbass line, about 500 kilometers long with a carrying capacity
of 750 megawatts--was constructed. Based on the experience of its construction
and operation, they began the construction of the Ekibastuz (North Kazakhstan)-
Center a-c special purpose power transmission line. The line is 2,400 kilo-
meters long, with a voltage of 1,500 kilovolts (+750 kilovolts), and a carrying
capacity of 6 million kilowatts. The intention is to transmit along it about
40 terawatt hours of electric power per year into the central regions of the
country. An even greater a-c voltage (2,000-2,500 kilovolts) is required
for the mass transmission of electric power from the Siberian electric power
stations. One such line would permit the transfer into the European part of
the country of about 250 terawatt hours of electric power which is equivalent
to 160 million tons of Kansko-Achinskiy coal. [Excerpts] [Mosc-w TEPLO-
ENERGETIKA No 4, Apr 80 pp 4-51 8524
CSO: 1822
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FUELS
UDC: 662.664 (-925.16)
AVAILAEILITY OF COKING COAL ALONG THE BAM
Moscow SOVETSKAYA GEOLOGIYA in Russian No 3, Mar 80 pp 38-43
[Article by A. G. Portnov (VNIGRIugol'); V. F. Cherepovskiy (USSR Ministry
of Geology); I. V. Pereyaslavskiy and V. S. Checketkin (Chita Territorial
Geological Administration)]
[Text] The construction of the Baykal-Anur riainline serves as a powerful
stimulus to the development of the productive forces of the northern
Trans-Baykal Reg ion, where the Udokanskiye copper deposits are located
and also where significant reserves of iron ore have been discovered.
The Udokanskiy territorial-industrial comples is being projected on this
basis. In connection with this project, it is necessary to draw upon
large deposits of energy coal and coking coal inasmuch as the only known
deposit, the Chitkanda deposit, because of its small quantity of explored
reserves, cannot be considered the hoped-for fuel-energy base of the
future complex, and industrial amounts of coking coal have been unknown
here until recently.
Unquestionable interest has been aroused in recent years by new materials
on the coal potential of the territory lying to the north of the BAM
route and in the southern spurs of the Kodar Ridge (Fig. 1). Coal was
discovered in this region,in the 1930's and 1940's, and in the 1950's a
small amount of exploration was conducted in certain areas, but the scale
of the coal potential was not established. All of the manifestation6
correlate to small (from hundredths to tens of square kilometers), dis-
connected developmental fields 6f Ju.rassic deposits, which have been given
the name Kodar Coal Regign by the authors. The largest of these fields is
the Apsat (around 100 km The analysis of materials from survey and exploration work permitted one
of the authors of the present article (A. G. Portnov, 1969) to make a
conclusion about the uninterrupted character of the distribution of the
coal-bearing strata within the borders of the Apsat field, to unite the
known manifestations of coal into a single deposit, to estimate the coal
reserve at 1.1 billion tons, and to make the deposit a first-rank target
for geological exploration.
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Fott or-r'lciAL usE oNLY
Figure 1. Diagram of the Distribution of Jurassic Coal-
bearing Deposits of IJorthern Trans-Baykal in the BAM Region.
Key:
(a)
Apsat
1.
Cenozoic deposits
(b)
Chara
2.
Jurassic coal-bearing deposits
(c)
Kurun'-Uryakh
3.
Archean and Proterozoic formations
(d)
Middle Sakukan
4.
Tectonic disturbances
(e)
Upper Sakukan
(a - established,
(f)
Chitkanda
b - conjectural)
(g)
Kemen
5.
Contour of the Kodar coal-bearing
region
6.
BAM route
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~ -
t ~

+
-i- ~

+
+

- +

k)
-

+
~ - .
�
�  � + ~ 4
� t t + t +
Pa3pei no 1-I
F-1, ~`L 2 M{ ~ x n
M L
~b M ' � ~ 9 ia o�o n = t . o
N
" O
~ 11 ~ fJ ~ 14 ~ 15 ~!b ~ 17 a~= l8 1V ~ r o�: o�"v:'. o .
~ ~ ^ , � � _N
Figure 2. Diagrammatic Geological Map of the Apsat Field
(according to materials of the Chita TGU, with additions).
Key:
1. Quaternary deposits 5. Lower non-coal level
2. Diabase dikes and sills 6. Lower coal-beariTig level
probably Upper Tertiary- 7. Basal level
Quaternary 8. Granites and granodiorites
3. Lower Cretaceous deposits 9. Metamorphic sandstone, gneisses,
(upper non-coal level) and schists
4-7. Middle and Upper Jurassic 10. Archean formations--crystalline
deposits schists, gneisses, and granite-
gneisses
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, I'igure 2. Diagrammatic Geological Map of the Apsat Field--Continued.
Key (continued):
11.
Conglomerates
17.
Stratigraphic boundaries
12.
Gravellites
18-19.
Fault disturbances
13.
Sandstones
(a-established,
14.
Siltstones
b-conjectured, and
15.
Argillites
c-under Quaternary deposits)
16.
Coal strata
18.
Faults and fault-shifts
19.
Fault-thrusts
(a)
Geological period
(b)
Lower Cretaceous
(c)
Middle and Upper Jurassic
(d)
Levels
(e)
Upper non-coal
(f)
Upper coal-bearing
(g)
Lower non-coal
(h)
Lower coal-bearing
(i)
Basal
(j)
Lithology
(k)
Thickness in meters
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As the result of search work conducted from 1976 to 1978 by the Chita
Territorial Geological Administration (TGU), the hypotheses were conf irmed
as to the continuity of coal distribution around the area. This work also
refined the representations of the tectonic structure, the quantity and
bedding positions of the coal strata, the quality of the coal. Prospects
for the field were significantly expanded.
The Apsat coal field is located in the territory of Kalarskiy Rayon of
Chitinskaya Oblast, to the northwest of the rayon center, the town of
Chara, with which it is tied by a dirt road. The distance from the field
to the future Chara railroad station is 40 km. The field lies in the basin
of the Apsat River and is transected in submeridional directions by its
tributaries, the Byyiki, the Sredniy, and the Muskumakh. Characteristic
for the region is a sharply broken alpine-type relief with relative eleva-
tions of from 200 to 600 or 700 m.
The f ield is composed of continental deposits, primarily disintegrated
rock formations (75 to 80 percent sandstones, gravellit-s, and conglomerates)
which are bedded on an eroded surface of Archean and Proterozoic formations
and which include itrata and lenses of coal (Fig. 2). In the opinion of
Ch. M. Kolesnikov, the rock is of mid-Jurassic age and is comparable 3
with the Durayskata suite of the Yuzhno-Yakutskiy Basin. V. S. Shul'gina
puts the coal-bearing part of the cross-section in the middle and upper
Jurassic, but also--lying above with erosion and nonconformity with the
non-coal-bearing thickness--to the lower Crtaceous which, evidently,
corresponds more to reality.
ldith respect to structure, the field has a rectangular syncline folding,
almost everywhere bounded by faults (see Fig. 2). Near the breaks in the
rock, the coal layers have a sharp (60-80�) drop toxaard the center of the
_ syncline and, in secti-ns where Archean crystalline formations have pushed
into the coal strata (the northern and western parts of the field), their
bedding is vertical or overturned. In the central part of the syncline
it becomes more even and the angle of drop decreases to 5-15� and, more
rarely, to 20�. Such bedding character of the coal layer permits the
assumption of a flattening-out of the coal strata and intervening rock
at the depth shown in the geological cross-section (see Fig. 2). In the
northern and southern parts of the field arz tound a series of discontinu-
ities of the fault-slide type with amplitude of displacement of 10-15 to
100-130 m, cutting the lower coal level into separate blocks.
The Apsat field, like other fields of the Kodar Coal Region, is situated
at- the convergence of two large tectonic structures--the old Siberian
Platform arLd the Stanovoye anticlinal uplift, which together with other
indicators provides a basis for putting it int2 the Perikratonnoy Group
of N. I. Pogrebnov's tectonic classifications. The accumulation of
coal-bearing sedimentaries is related by the author to the regional
compensating downwarp of the southern borders of the Siberian Platform,
which has led to the origin of such basins as the Kansko-Achinskiy -
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(eastern part), the Irkutskiy, and the Yuzhno-Yakutskiy. The downwarp
has u ccurred in the Upper Triassic-Jurassic (and possibly also in the
Lower Lower Cretaceous) Periods. The territory covered by the processes
of coal formation has apparently exceeded the present area of the f ield
and has irLcluded coal areas located to the east of the latter.
On the border of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous, relatively weak
tectonic movements have 1ed to the rupture in the sedimentary formation
and to partial erosion of Jurassic deposits, which has been expressed in
discontinuity in the bedding of the Lower Cretaceous deposits on the
Jurassic. In the Post-Lower-Cretaceous Period, when the intensive tangen-
tial movements took place on the Asian Continent, the coal-bearing deposits
probably were crumpled in relatively gently sloping folds. The contem-
porary contours and structural forms of the Apsat and of other coal-bearing
areas of the region, undoubtedly arose in the process of Cenozoic tectonic
and magmatic activity which covered a wide territory from the western
edges of Lak.e Baykal to the Aldan Shield. At that time, the single coal-
bearing area was uplifted to a height of 200 m above the level of the
Chara Cenozoic trough and was broken up into separate blocks which under-
went intensive denudation, as a result of which at the present time only
the most submerged of them have been preserved. With this stage of
tectonic activity, evidently, are tied the transformatio*_s of fault-
defined blocks into thrusts, along the planes of which, Archean formations
were pushed into the coal-bearing sedimentaries, and also local effusions
of magma, which had formed diabase dikes and sills on the western boundaries
of the field.
Industrial accumulations of the coal in the field differ in the lower and
upper coal-bearing levels (see Fig. 2), in that the overwhelming quantity
of coal reserves lie with the former. Maximal coal saturation of the
lower level is noted on the northern, eastern, and southeastern flanks,
where fram 3 to 14 coal strata can be worked. The calculated thickness
of the strata everywhere exceeds 10 m, reaching 43-67 m in individual
instances (with the thickness of individual strata I1-19 m), and the
coefficient of workable coal-bearing changes from 4 to 37 percent. In
the west and southwest directions the presence of coal in a level gradually
decreases because of thinning down and tapering off of the coal stratum.
The upper coal-bearing level contains from 1 to 5 workable strata with
calculated thicknesses of 5-13 m, which, in contrast to the strata of the
lower level, are characterized by a very complex structure. The coeffi-
cient of industrial coal at this level changes from 8 to 32 percent.
The quality of coal in the field has been established by tests taken from
the zone of oxidation, and therefore it is not possible to give definite
conclusions about its composition by grade of coal. Macroscopically, the
coal of the lower level represents typical durain-clarain and is formed
by interstratification of semibrilliant, more rarely semidull, lithotypes
with thinner streaks of brilliant vitrinite coal. In the western and
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rva vrrtultit, UJt UNLY
southwestern directions, parallel to the decrease in thickness of the coal
strata, is seen an increase in the vitrinite component in the coal. The
petrographic composition of the coal of the lower level camprises (in
percent): vitrinite 60-87, semivitrinite 1-15, fusainite 2-16, and
leiptinite up to 1. The basic indicators of the coal quality are a s
followa (in percent): analytical moisture 0.6 to 3.0, more often 0.8 to
1.2, ash 7-16, often less than 12, volatiles 18-30, often 22-26, an d
carbon content 85-90. The combustion temperature of a fuel mass (in a
test vessel) was 7600-8700 kcal/ig, and the coke residuum had an adherent,
caked and, more rarely, fused character. In certain tests, the th i ckness
of the plastic layer reached 13-18 mm. The available data permit the
designation of coal from the lower level at grades KZh and K and t o arrive
at a fairly well-founded proposition that in an unoxidized state it is a
good raw material for making metallurgical coke.
The upper level is characterized by significantly higher ash (10-4 0 percent,
often more than 20 percent), a rise in yolatiles (27-33 percent), 1 ess
carbon content (77-87 percent), and the coke residuum has a powdery or
caking characteristic. Presuyqably, the coal is grade GZh and Zh and,
apparently, can be utilized as a basic energy raw material.
The geological reserves of the Apsat field at the present are estimated
at 1.5 billion metric tons. Two coal bearing layers with thick coal
strata have been established. Practically all of the reserves are concen-
trated at the lower level. This is an especially hypothetical est imate
which is supported by insignificant factual data. Unfortunately, t he rate
of explor.atory work at this field is insuffi.cient to permit at the present
time a conclusive estimate of this important area as a field with v itally
scarce coking coals, located on the BAM route.
Available data show that in the northern Trans-Baykal there is a new
coal-bearing region with significant reserves of technological and energy
coal. Parallel with its very advantageous geographical position, i t
serves as a very favorable prospect for industrial utilization in t he
nearest term. From this, it follows that it is necessary to comple t e soon
the exploratory-evaluative work and, first of all, to explain in depth
the character of the coal content and the conditions of the bedding of the
coal strata, and to determine the grades and quality of the unoxid i z ed
coa1. For the solution of these tasks, upon which much of the future of
the field depends (pay-off, plant capacity, and coal utilization, e t c.),
it is necessary in the late stages of exploration to drill several b ore-
holes to a depth of 1000-1200 m, having put them primarily in the eastern
half of the area under study.
The study of other coal-bearing areas of the Kodar Region should be
started, in particular the Middle Sakukan field where, owing to the
general-geological picture, the character of bedding of coal-bearing
strata is more even.
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REFERENCES
1. Kolesnikov, Ch. M. "Continental Mesozoic Stratigraphy of the Trans-
Baykal" in "Stratigrafiya i paleonto3ogiya mezozoyskikh i kaynozoyskikh
otlozheniy Vostochnoy Sibiri i Dal'nego Vostoka" [Stratigraphy and
Paleontology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Deposits in Eastern Siberia
and the Far East], Moscow-Leningrad, Nauka, 1964, pp 5-138.
2. Pogrebnov, N. I. "Tectonic Classification of Coal Basins and Deposits
of the USSR" in "Tektonika ugol'nykh basseynov i mestorozhdeniy SSSR"
- [The Tectonics of Coal Basins and Deposits of the USSR], Moscow,
Nedra, 1976, pp 58-71.
3. Shul'gina, V. S. "Geology of the Mesozoic Coal-bearing Deposits of
the Kodar-Udokan Region," Thesis Report, Second Scientif ic Conference,
Geological Section imeni V. A. Obruchev of the Trans-Baykal Division
of the USSIt Geographical Society, Chita, 1965, pp 27-30
COPYRIGHT: I2datel'stvo "Nedra," "Sovetskaya geologiya," 1980
9645
CSO: 1822
END
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