JPRS ID: 9197 USSR REPORT MATERIALS SCIENCE AND METALLURGY

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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200100028-8
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• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
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• Content Type: REPORTS

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FOR OI~F~CIA(. USF: ONLI' -
JPRS L/9197
17 July 1980
U ~S R Re ort _
p
MATERIALS SCIENCE AI~D METALLURGY
CFOUO 4/80)
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r~ux ur~r~l~1tiL u5r; VLVLY
JPRS L/9197
17 July 1980
USSR REPORT
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND METALLURGY
(FOUO 4/80)
CONTENTS
COATINGS
Developments in Metal Electroplating 1
FERROUS METALLURGY
Technical Progress at Construction Projects of Ferrous
Metallurgy 6
FORMING
Electrohydraulic Impulse Pressure Shaping of Metals 10
WELDING
Microplasma Welding 13
MISCELLANEOUS
_ The Synthesis of Titanium Nitride in a Nitrogen Atmosphere
With High Pressures and Laser Radiation 17
*~Iaterials and Processes in Space Technology 22
Ferrites and Their Bonding to Metals and Ceramics 26
- a- [III - USSR - 21G S&T FOUO]
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COATINGS
DEVELOPMENTS IN METAL ELECTROPLATING
Vil'nyus ISSLEDOVANIYA V OBLASTI OSAZ~IDENIYA METALLOV in Russian 1978
pp 230-233
[Foreword and Table of Contents from the symposium "Issledovaniya v oblasti
osazhdeniya metallov. Materialy k XVI respublikanskoy konferentsii
elektrokhimikov Litovskoy SSR~~ published by the Institute for Chemistry
and Chemical Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithu~nian SSR,
233 pagesJ
[Text] Foreword
The papers published in the present collection deal with problems
concerning the production of inetal and conversion coatings; the papers were
prepared for the 16th Republic Conference of Electrochemists of the Lithua-
nian SSR, which was organized by the Institute for Chemistry and Chemical
Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the Lithuanian SSR.
Most of the papers arP concerned with examining the principles and mechan-
ism of inetal and metal alloy electroplating processes. Some of the studies
_ examine various problems in connection with metal plating by chemical
reduction and with the processes of chrome plating. A few reports are con-
cerned with the anodizing of aluminum and with the electrochemical staining
of steel and aluminum.
. For the most part, the ma.terial of the collection is arranged in accordance
with the metals deposited. The first study, which is concerned with gen-
eral problems concerning electrochemical reactions, is followed by studies
of two ~ajor processes--copper and nickel plating--the subject of most of
the papers submitted. A few papers report on research concerning single-
crystal electrodes. In addition, there are reports on electrodeposition
of cobalt, cadmium, tin, manganese, gold, and several alloys. The follow-
ing section of the collection contains papers on research concerning produc-
_ tion of coatings without the use of an external power source--chemical
metal plating, plating of plastics, chrflme plating--and also studies on the
electrochemical surface treatment of aluminum and steel.
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The collection reflects certain research trends in the fields of electro-
chemistry and plating, which are being pursued at the Institute for
Chemistry and Chemical Technology of the Academy of Sciences of the
Lithuanian SSR and at the univ~ersities of the republic. We hope that the
~aterial presented will be useEul to the scientists and the workers in
industry who are engaged in researc.h in the field of electrolytic
_ meta~lurgy.
Contents
1. r ore�aord
. 2. Deikas, ~.r1.; Vishomirskis, R.`~I. "On the role of Diffusion Constraints
in the Reduction of Hesacyanoferrate Ions."
3. Iozenas, A.L.; Steponavichyus, A.A. "The Steady-State Potentials of Cu
in ~1lkaline Triethanolamine Solutions."
4. hrotkus, A.~.; Survila, A.A. "The Impedance of a Copper ~lectrode
Under Forc:d Convection Conditions."
5. Dzhyuve, A.P.; Yasulaytene, V.V.; i,Iatulis, Yu. Yu. "Examination of the
Initial Stages of the Electrocrystallization of Copper From Sulfuric
Ac:.d Solutions."
6. Valentelis, L.Yu.; Skarzhinskene, Z.P. "The Behavior of Disodium Salt
of 3,3-Disulfodipropyl Disulfide in an Acid Electrolyte for Copper
Plating."
7. Gudavichyute, L.Yu.; Valentelis, L.Yu.; Cheyka, A.A. "The Action of
Janus Green in the Electrodeposition of Copper."
8. Yuryavich~ute, I.R.; Pilite, S.P. "~xamination of the Process of
Electroprecipitation of Copper From Fluoroboron Copper Plating Electro-
lytes."
9. Yankauskas, S.B.; Pilite, S.P. "Investigation of the Electrode Pro-
cesses in Fluorosilicate Electrolytes for Copper Plating."
10. Yanushevichene, Yu.A.; Prantsulite, R.G. "Examination of the Catho3e
Processes in a Sulfamate Electrolyte for Copper Plating."
11. Butkene, R.V; Motskute, D.V.; Steponavichyus, A.A. "The Behavior of
n-r~.minophenoxy-2-Butynol-4 in Alkaline Copper Plating ~lectrolytes."
12. Davidonene, Ya.Yu.; i~iikalayskayte, A.P.; Zhitkyavichyute, I.I. "Exam-
ination of the ~lodified Surface of Cu Electrodeposits and of the Ad-
- hesion to It of Polyurethane Foam."
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13. Dzhyuve, A.P.; Matulenis, E.L.; Sel'skis, A.Yu. "The Structure of
Thin Layers of Electrolytic Nickel Obtained on Copper Base Layers."
14. Uzhyuve, A.P.; Gal'dikene, O.K.; Kargaudene, A.B. "The Effect of
Butynediol and Its Isologs on the Structure and Physical-hlechanical
Properties of Nickel Electrodeposits."
15. 'Lheymite, O.S.; Rastyanite, L.A. "The Cathode Behavior of Various
Derived Aromatic Sulf~nides in Nickel Plating.''
16. Kachyukaytis, K.P.; Petrauskas, A.V. ~'The Kinetics of tihe Inclusion
of Sulfur in the Electrodeposits From a Nickel Plating Electrolyte
With Admixtures of Sulfo Compounds and Zinc Ions."
17. Nivinskene, O.Yu.; Motskute, D.V. "Determination of Admixtures in
Various Unsaturated Aliphatic Compounds Used in Electroplating."
18. Perene, N.S.; Ragauskayte, R.A.; Taytsas, L.I. "The Deposition of
Nickel and Nickel-Ceramic Coatings at High Current Densities."
19. Ramanauskene, D.K.; Yuryavichene, M.I.; Skrobotskaya, V.V. "The
Effect of the Electric Conductivity of Micropowders on Their Copreci-
pitation With Nickel and on the Structure of the Coatings." -
20. Mikaylene, Ye.S.; Kampan, S.A. "The Effect of Solid Impurities on the
Roughness of the Coatings."
21. Mikuchenis, K.S.; Matulyauskene, L.Yu.; Karpavichyus, A.P. "The
Interaction Between Citrate and the Cobalt Cathode in an Alkaline
Cobalt Plating Electrolyte."
22. Statulyavichyus, G.L.; Shivitskis, Yu.P.; Butkyavichyus, Yu.P. "Ttie
Kinetic Parameters of the Transfer Reaction in the Electroprecipita-
tion of Cadmium From Sulfuric Acid Solutions."
23. Samulyavichene, y.I.; Shivitskis, Yn.P.; Zhitkyavichyute, I.I. "The
Effect of the Composition of Tetracyanocadmiate 5olutions and of the
Electrolysis Conditions on the Structure of Cadmium Coatings."
24. Vaytkevichyus, Ye.B.; Shivitskis, Yu.P. "The Effect of the Electro-
lysis Cor~ditions on the Cathode Polarization and on the Rate of Pre-
cipitation of Cadmium From EDTA Solutions."
25. Zhukauskas, R.-S.M.; Krizhanauskas, N.V. "Obtaining Single-Crystal
Zinc and Cadmium Electrodes."
26. Zhukauskas, R.-S.M.; Latvis, V.K. "The Surface Gradation of Single-
Crystal Copper and Zinc Electrodes."
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27. Gal'dikene, O.K.; Katkus, A.A. "The Nature of the Cathode Polariza-
tion of Tin in Sulfate Electrolytes Without Admixtures."
- 28. Patatsicas, A.A.; Vishomirskis, R.M. "The Effect of Various Admixtures
on the Kinetics of Germanate Reduction." ~
29. Shulyakas, A.K.; Yanitskiy, I.V.; Vishkyalis, Y.I. "On the Reduction
of Seleniferous Admixtures in a Manganese Electrolyte."
30. Piolchadskite, O.A.; Vishomirskis, R.M. "On the Kinetics of the Pre-
cipitation of Gold From Tetrachloraurate Solutions."
31. Fishel'son, N.S.; Khotyanovich, S.I. "Measurement of the Porosity of
Coatings of Precious Metals."
~ 32. ~arkala, PoP.; Skuchas, V.Yu.; Kaykaris, V~A. "Examination of the
Electroprecipitation of a Silver-Indium Alloy From a Dicyanoargentate-
Thiocyanate Electrolyte."
33. Narlcyavichyus, A.A.; Buoyalis, Yu.S.; Byarnotas, A.K.; Butkyavichyus,
Yu.P. "The Effect of Tungsten Ions on the Cobalt Plating Process."
34. Urlovslcaya, L.V.; Rachinskas, V.S.; Dzilbute, U.V. "Examination of
the Structure of an Electrolytic Cobalt-Tungsten-Manganese Alloy."
35. Vengris, T.A.; Yuzikis, P.A.; Virvinskaya, F.D. "The Anodic Dissolu-
tian of Plumbous Brass in a Phosphoric Acid Electrolyte."
36. Vashkyalis, A.; Yagminene, A.; Prokopchik, A. ~'Chemical Nickel
Plating [dith the Use of Hypophosphite in Highly Alkaline Solutions.r'
37. Panumis, V.V.; Shalkauskas, M.I.; Prokopchik, A.Yu. "The Periodic
Fluctuations of the Steady-State Potential of a Copper Coating in the
Frocess of Chemical Copper Plating."
38. Petretite, L.I.; Rozovskiy, G.I. "The Inhibitory and Catalytic Effect
of Palladium Compounds on the Oxidation of Tin."
39. Yagminas, A.I.; Syrus, V.P.; Skominas, V.Yu. "Examination of the
Localization of the Pigment of Electrolytically Colored Anodic Oxide
Films of Aluminum and Its Alloys."
- 40. Stakenas, A.R.; Ragalyavichyus, R.Yu. "Examination of the Effect of
Tungsten Ions on the Process of Anodic Coloring of Aluminum."
41. Milcshis, Yu.I.; Paletskene, V.M. "Electrochemical Coloring of Stain-
less Steel." ;
42. Sheshkus, Yu.I.; Sharmaytis, R.R. "The Effect of Temperature on the
Process of Chrome Plating of Zinc in Chloride Solutions."
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43. Sudavichyus, A.A.; Moteyunas, I.-A.L.; Sharmaytis, R.R. "The Phase
Composition of Films Obtained in the Chrome Plating of Zinc in Solu-
tions With Various Anions."
44. Rekertas, R.V.; Sharmaytis, R.R. "Examination of the Acid Properties
of Chrome Plating Solutions."
~45. Iozenene, B.I.; Pechyulite, A.V.; Burokas, V.A.; Kaykarene, Z.Ao "The
Effect of a Phosphate Layer on the Process of Electrodeposition of
Water-Soluble Lacquer."
COPYRIGHI': Institut khimii i khimicheskoy tekhnologii Akademii nauk
Litovskoy SSR
[100-8760]
8760
CSO: 1842
~
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FER1t0US METALLURGY
TECHNICAL PROGRESS AT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS OF FERROUS METALLURGY
Moscow TEKHNICHESKIY PROGRESS NA STROYKAKH CHERNOY METALLURGII in Russian
1980 signed to press 4 Dec 79 pp 3-4, 255-256
J [Introduction and Table of Contents from the book "Tekhnicheskiy progress
na stroykakh chernoy metallurgii" vy V. I. Buresh, G. P. Klimenko and G. V.
Mochalova, Stroyizdat, 1,600 copies, 256 paqes]
[Text] General S~:cretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the
Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet L. I. Brezhnev said in his report "The
Great October Revolution and Human Progress": the 24th and 25th CPSU Con-
gresses determined the strategy and tactics of communist construction at
the modern, very important stage of our history. A course was taken in the
field of economics toward intensive growth of social production ar.d toward
an increase of efficiency and quality of all economic activity. An even
more effective factor of developing the national economy is scientific and
technical progress."
In implementing this course, Soviet ferrous metallurgy has achieved sig-
nificant successes. It now represents a highly developed sector of indus-
try, equipped with powerful modern units.
The Soviet Union occupies~first place in the world in production of iron
ore, coke, agglomerate, pig iron, steel, steel pipe and ferroalloys.
The world's first powerful continuous stripping complexes using self-pro-
pelled rotary excavators, mainline transporter belt conveyors and canti-
levered spreaders were developed at the iron ore and manganese quarries of
the Soviet Union. For example, rotary complexe s with productivity of
5,000 m3/hr are aperating at the Mikhaylov Mining-Enrichment Combine.
The Soviet Union surpasses the major capitali.st countries in the number of
blast furnaces operating under increased qas pressure at the furnace top.
There were approximately 110 of these blast furnaces operatinq in our coun-
try by the beginning of the Ninth Five-Year Plan and more than 95 percent
of pig iron was smelted on them.
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Natliral gas began to be used for the first time in the world in blast-
furnace production in the USSR, which permitted a significant reduction of
the ~pecific consumption of coke.
Tens of converters with capacity of 25, 100 or more tons are now operating ~
in the country. -
Soviet ferrous metallurgy has at its disposal for rolled steel production
modern hot and cold rolling mills, including powerful cogging mills, the
highly productive wide-sheet hot rolling mills 2,000 and 1,700 and the four-
spanned wide-sheet cold rolling mill 2,500. Approximately 85 percent of
thin sheets are produced in the USSR on continuous and semicontinuous mills.
The Soviet Union has occupied first place in the world since 1961 in the
volume of steel pipe production. Almost all methods of pipe manufacture
known in worldwide practice have been assimilated in Soviet industry.
New Soviet pipe-rolling and pipe-welding units correspond in their speci-
fications to the world's best models and some units even surpass them.
An effective method of thermal rolling of pipe, developed for the first
time in our country,has been introduced at enterprises where cold-deformed
pipe is produced. This method includes preliminary heating of the billets
and treatment of them on cold-rolling mills. This permitted a 1.5-1.8-
_ fold increase of cold-rolling mill productivity for pipe manufacture from
stai.nless and some alloy steels.
Metal product production has a wide nomenclature of articles. Approximate-
_ ly 80 percent of inetal products and calibrated steel are produced at fer-
rous metallurgy enterprises. Calibrated steel is manufactured in new shops
on automated production lines; the drawing operation has been combined with
metal shot cleaning of the rolled steel of scale. Installations for induc-
tion recrystallization annealing of bars and also through furnaces with
roller hearth have achieved wide distribution in comt=ination shops. Multi-
position automatic combines and automatic production lines are used to man-
ufacture fasteners.
Contents Page
Introduction 3
Section 1. Directions of Technical Proqress in Soviet Ferrous -
Metallurgy
Chapter 1. The State of Ferrous Metallurgy in the USSR at the
~eginning of the lOth Five-Year Plan 5
Chapter 2. Ferrous Metallurgy in the Decisions of the 25th CPSU
Congress 29
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Section 2. Improving the Technological and Design Sotution in
Construction of Ferrous Metallurgy Enterprises
Chapter 1. ~Main Trends of Technical Progress in Construction of
Ferrous Metallurgy Enterprises 33
Chapter 2. Progressive Technological and Design Solutions of the
Above-Ground Part of Buildings and Structures 36
Chapter 3. Erection of Single-Story Buildings Using Three-Dimen-
sional Rr~ofing Structures af the "5truktura" Type and Use of
Pneumatic Sheathing 51
Chapter 4. Introdu~tion of Progressiv~ Design Solutions and _
Effective Materials in Developing the Undergr~und Parts of
Buildings and Structures 57
Ghapter 5. Construction of the Underground Parts of Buildings
, and Structures by the Lowered Fit and "Wall in Ground" Methods
Using Thixotropic Mortar 71
' Section 3. The Main Methods of Mechanization and Industrialization
of Construction Jperations
Charter 1. Standardization of the Overall Dimensions of Reinforce-
ment and Reinforced Concrete Structures of the Underground
Parts of Buildings and Structures 91
Chapter 2. Industrial Methods of Form and Reinforcement Operations _
of Monolithic Reinforced Concrete Structures 95
Chapter 3. The Experience of Installing Short Smooth Bolts in
Drilled Boreholes of Finished Foundations 113
Chapter 4. Mechanization of Placing the Concrete Mixture in
Monolithic Structures 120
Chapter 5. Introduction of the Method of Preliminary Heating of
the Concrete Mixture During Winter Construction 125
Chapter 6. Progressive Types of Covering the Floors of Metallur-
gical Enterprises and Industrial Methods of Performing Them 129
Chapter 7. Explosive Operations Under Existing Shop Conditions
by the Hydraulic Explosion Method and Use of the Method of
Thermal Packing of Soils 131
Chapter 8. The Leading Experience of Erecting Buildings and
Structures 133
Chapter 9. The Use of Progressive Structures, Materials and
Effective Methods of Rpofing Operations 161
Chapter 10. Leading Experience of Mechanical-Installation and
Starting-Adjusting Operations 169
- Section 4. Leading Methods of Organizing Construction of Large
Metallurgical Complexes
Chapter 1. Preparation, Organization and Planning of Construction 184
~ Chapter 2. The Experience of Organizing Operations 3y Network
Assembly Schedules Using Computers 189 =
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Chapter 3. Organization of Dispatcher Control, Accounting and
Operational Management of Construction 200
Chapter 4. The Operating Experience of Party Staffs in Construc-
tion of Metallurgical Compl~~xes 210
Chapter 5. Organization of Cons~truction and Interconstruction
, Socialist Competition 211
SPCtion 5. The Central Apparatus of the Ministry of Construction
of Heavy Industry Enterprises of the USSR--the Organizational-
Technical Staff on Fulfilling the Decisions of the 25th CPSU
Congress on Further Development of Ferrous Metallurgy
Chapter 1. Participation of the Ministry in Development of Annual
and Five-Year Plans for Construction of Ferrous Metallurgy
Enterprises 219
Chapter 2. Tying the Plans for Construction of Ferrous Metallurgy
Enterprises to Those of Material-Technical Support, Mainten-
ance of Workers, Housing Construction and Construction of
Capacities for Production of Progressive Structures and -
Effective Materials 220
Chapter 3. Improvement of Operational Management 229
Chapter 4. Dissemination of Leading Experience 233
Chapter 5. Organization and Management of the General Ministry
- and Intersector Socialist Competition 237
Chapter 6. The Experience of Joint Work of Party Committees of
the Ministry of Construction for Heavy Industry Enterprises
of the USSR, the Ministry of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR,
the Ministry of Installation and Special Construction Work of
the USSR and the Party Bureau of Soyuzglavmetallurgkomplekt
of Gosnab of the USSR in Monitoring the Construction of
Ferrous Metallurgy Enterprises and Putting them into Operation 240
Chapter 7. The Main Trends to Ensure Further Technical Development
of Construction of Ferrous Metallurgy Enterprises Provided by
the 25th CPSU Congress 241
- Appendices 247
Bibliography 254
(141-6521]
COPYRIGHT: Stroyizdat, 1980
6521
CSO: 1842
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FORMING
,
ELECTROHYDRAULIC IMPULSE P~ESSURE SHAPING OF 1~TALS
= Kiev ELEKTROGIDROIMPUL'SNAYA OBRABbTKA METALLOV DAVLENIYEM in Russian
1979 signed to press 22 May 79 pp 2, 152-153
[Annotation and table of contents from collection of scientific works, _
Izdatel'stvo Naukova Dumka, 160 pages]
[Text] This collection presents the results of theoretical and experimen-
tal investigations of processes of the electrohydraulic impulse (EG)
- pressure shaping of inetals. Questions relating to the physics of the
EG effect on metals and to the technology for the high-speed shaping
of inetals are discussed. Special equipment is described and results
are given of experiments. The economic effectiveness of introducing EG
shaping is considered.
The collection is intended for scientific and engineering/technical per-
sonnel. The collection may also be useful to teachers, graduate students,
and students at WZ's specializing in the EG pressure shaping of inetals.
CONTENTS Page
Mazurovskiy, B. Ya. "Prospects for the Development of the Electro-
hydraulic Impulse Pressure Shaping of Metals" 3
1. Physics of the Electrohydraulic Impulse Shaping Process 15
Gulyy, G. A. and Dykhta, V. V. "Transfer Function and Frequency
Characteristics of a Spherical Shell Perturbed by Pulsations of
a Vapor-and-Gas Chamber" 15
' Golubenko, Yu. G., Zakrevskiy, S. I., Polevik, A. G. and Rudyuk, N. V.
_ "On the Necessity of Using an Inductive Tank in Electrohydraulic
Impulse Presses" 20
Dykhta, V. V. "Tneory of Nonlinear Non-Steady-State Movements of
a Compressible Continuous Medium" 29
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Shamshurin, B.N. and Reznikova, L.Xa. "Analysis of the Process of
Impulsive Interaction of Bodies of the Rod Type " 33
Miroshnichenko, L.N. and Pentegov, I.V. "Analysis of Transient Pro-
cesses in Charging Circuits with Damped Resonance of Capacitive Tank
Circuit Charging and Rectifying Equipment" 42
~ Petrichenko, V.N. and Litvinenko, V.P. "Method of Registering
Slight Impulsive Movements" 55
Beskaravaynyy, N.M. "Method of Calibrating Pressure Gauges" 59
Pozdeyev, V.A. "Problem of Determining the Hydrodynamic Pressure
on the Wall of a Tube in Electrohydraulic Impulse Pressing" 65
Pozdeyev, V.A. and Ishchenko, Zh.N. "Hydrodynamic Problem of the
Expansion of a Tube by an Electric Discharge" 70
Pozdeyev, V.A. and Tsodikovich, L.N. "Hydrodynamic Problem of
the Impulsive Forging of Flat Blanks with Low Degrees of Deformation" 77
2. Technology of Electrohydraulic Impulse Shaping
Shkatov, A.S. "Determination of Optimal Conditions for Electro-
hydraulic Impulse Forging" g3
Vovchenko, A.I., Shamko, V.V., Malyushevskiy, P.P. and Trofimova,
- L.P. "Selection of Conditions for an E.lectric Shock for the Purpose
of Synthesizing Dense Modif ications of Carbon" 91 ,
Ishchenko, Zh.N., Gulyayeva, L.Yu. and Ryndenko, V.V. "Calculation
of Elements of the Construction of Holders for Electrohydraulic �
Impulse Pressure Molding of Tubes " 104
Korytov, V.A., Malyushevskiy, P.P., Dorofeyev, S.A. and Timnov,
A.A. "Features of the Mechanism for Loading the Elastic Diaphragm
of an Electric Discharge Generator of Elastic Vibrations" 113
Andreyev, V.N., Ivliyev, A.I., Malyushevskiy, P.P. and Polevik,
A.G. "Influence of the Working Medium on Parameters of Electric
Discharge Generators of Elastic Vibrations" 117
3. Equipment for Electrohydraulic Impulse Shaping and Experience -
in Introducing It
Mazurovskiy, B.Ya., Golovakhin, Ye.A. and Opara, V.S. "Experience
in Introduction of Electrohydraulic Impulse Welding Under Industrial
Conditions" 122
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t~OK ~FI~ rcrn~, us}~. c~rti,Y
Cherushev, V.V., Shkatov, A.S. and Litvinenko, I.M. "The 'Udar-14'
and 'Udar-16K' Special-Purpose Electrohydraulic Impulse Presses" 125
Vovk, I.T. and Tikhonenko, S.M. "Measuring Converter for the Auto-
matic Control System oF an Electrohydraulic Impulse Unit" 134
Mazurovskiy, B.Ya., Sokolov, V.I. and Kuz'mina, A.S. "Experience
of Mastering the Production of Cartridges for Electrohydraulic Im-
pulse Pressure Molding of Tubes" 137
Shkol'nikov, V.A. amd Korol', A.V. "Analysis of the Economic
Effectiveness of Electrohydraulic Impulse Pressure Molding of Tubes" 145
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo Naukova Dumka, 1979
[116-8831]
8831
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WELDING
~
MICROPLASMA WELDING ~
Kiev MIKROPLAZM~,~`NNAYA SVARKA in Russian 1979, 248 pp
[Foreword and table of contents from the book by B. ye. Paton,
V. S. Gvozdetskiy, D. A. Dudko, et al. Izdatel'stvo "Naukova Dumka"]
[Text] A significant volume of welding works involve welding thin
(0.05-1.5 mm) metals and alloys. Among the known methods gas welding,
brazing, and arc welding with a nonconsumable electrode in continuous and
pulse modes [1) have received the most use. However, a slow heating rate,
large heat-affected zone and, during arc welding, low stability of the
arc at low currents and a strong relationship of seam to arc length
parameters hinder the welding process and make it impossible in a number
of cases. The shortcomings of thin-wall designs made uaing gas and arc
welding can lead to scrap which in series production amounts to a signifi-
cant percentage~ -
In electron-beam welding the quality of joints is significantly higher
than in argon-arc welding, However, the high cost and equipment complexity,
requiring highly qualified attendants, in a number of cases hinders the
use of electron-beam welding. Moreover, not all instruments, according
to technological requirements, permit vacuum sealing and many parts, due
to their dimenaions, generally cannot be positioned in a vacuum chamber.
The use of other known methods of welding, for example contact and diffusion
welding, under conditions of mass production is limited by the configura-
tion of parts, properties of the materials, requirements guaranteeing
hermeticity of the weld aeam, and other factors.
At the start of the sixtieth year at the Scientific Research Institute
of Aviation Technology (NIIAT) under the direction of A. V. Petrov and
in a number of foreign firms (Switzerland, England, USA, and France)
works were started on using a compressed arc to weld thin metals, This
- method was called microplasma welding. However, the lack of purposeful
research on low amperage arc and technology as well as the lack of
specialized equipment repressed development of this proceas and did not
make it possible to set about making wide uae of it in industry. At
the Institute of Electric Welding (IES) imeni Ye. 0. Paton, Ukrainian
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~9R'~Academy of Sciences, during these same years, the problem was solved
by studying the physical proceases of the welding arc and development, on
this basis, of new methods of microplasma welding of thin metals and
equ~ipment for its broad application. To solve this problem, features
were studied and a theory of contraction of a low amperage welding arc
has been developed for different media including a vacuum. Investigations
of cathode welding arc processes were carried out and the conditiona deter-
mined for stable burning of a low-amperage arc with a cold cathode.
Results of theoretical and experimental research made it possible to
develop new methods of microulasma welding of inetals including aluminum -
~t normal and low pressure.
1'. -
For practical realization of the developed methods of microplasma welding
at optimum conditions analysis was undertaken into thyristor commutators
of the welding current and new circuits of unipolar and varying polar
current pulses of commutators, condensor accumulators, and circuits for
alternating current supply were propoaed.
The successful resolution of the complex problem created the reasons for
broad introduction of the new welding methods. Through the efforts of
the authors and many other associates of the institute, primarily G. N.
Ignatchenko, V. I. Skrypnik, L. M. Yarinich, V. Ye. Paton, E. I. Shmakov,
L. N. Kozlov, Yu, F. Shevchenko, D. M. Rabkin, Yu. Ye. Godlin, V. V.
Shcherbak, D. M. Pagrebiskiy, A. S. Svetsinskiy, A, P. Zaparovanyy,
V. F, Lapchinskiy, Yu. I. Saprykin, V. A. Zrazhevskiy, V. N. Samilov
and B. V. Danil'chenko, development of equipment and technology was accom-
plished for microplasma welding at normal and low pressure, At a number
of enterprises, owing to the initiative of G. B. Asoyanets, D. M. Tuzov,
S. K. Kuzovkin, V. I. Savel'yev, et al., in a short time the series output
of specialized equipment was mastered, including welding stands, power
sources, and a plasmatron. The Institute of Electric Welding imeni
Ye. 0. Paton, in cooperation with branch scientific-research institutes,
enterprises and, certain higher institutes of learning at enterprises
of the country have introduced more than 2500 units for microplasma .
welding, The annual economic effect is calculated in the tens of millions
of rubles,
The foreword and Chapters I and II of ~his monograph were written by
B. Ye. Paton and V. S. Gvozdetakiy; sections 1-8 of Chapter III and
section 6 of Chapter IV--by D. A, Dudko and V. Ye. Sklyarevich; section
9 of Chapter III and sections 1-3, 5 of Chapter IV-- by N. M. Voropay;
and section 4 of Chapter IV--N. M. Voropay and B. I. Shnayder. All the
authors participated in the writing of Chapter V,
The authors thank V. K. Lebedev and I. K. Pokhodna for useful advice
and L. M. Yarinich, V. Ye. Zinchenko, and V. Yu. Petrov for help in
preparing the manuscript.
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l~(~k OFFTCIAI, litil? c1NLY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
~ Foreword 5
Chapter I
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF MICROPLASMA WELDING
1. Brief Information About an Arc and Its Structure 7
2. Basic Concepts of Developing the Theory of the Welding
Arc Column 11
3. Calculation of the Column Parameters of a Cylindrical
Arc 14
4. Method of Producing a Compressed Arc and Its Application 19
_ 5. Calculation of Low-Pressure Compressed Arc Parameters 21
6. Measuring the Parameters of a Low-Pressure Arc 25
Chapter II
MICROPLASMA WELDING METHODS
1. The Essence of Microplasma Processes 32
2. Volt-Ampere Characteristics of a Low-Amperage Compressed
Arc 3~
3. On the Delay Time of Low-Preasure Arc Excitation 43
4. Measuring the Thenual Force at the Arc Anode 47
5. Optimal Characteristics of the Power Source 50
6. Energy Features of Indirect Action Microplasma 54
7. Ion-Electron Emission in the Welding Arc 58
8. Essence of Microplasma Welding in Reverse Polarity 60
9. Dynamic Vo1t-Ampere Characteristics of a Reverse Polarity
Arc 62
10, Method of Alternating Current M~croplasma Welding 69
11. Microplasma Welding With Varying Polar Pulses of Current 72
Chapter III
EQUIPMENT FOR MICROPLASMA WELDING
1. Basic Elements of Power Sources 75
2. Principles of Building Welding Arc Thyristor Commutators 82
3. Units for Direct Polarity Microplasma Welding 91
4. Units for Alternating Current Welding 106
5. Universal Units for Microplasma Welding 110
6. Plasmotrons 123 -
7. Equipment for Microplasma Welding in a Vacuum 126
8. Automatic Welding UniCs 139
15
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Cliapter IV
TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MICROPLASMA WELDING
1. General Data on the Technology and Engineering of _
Microplasma Welding 149
2. Some Features of the Metallurgical Processes in
Microplasma Welding 159
~;;3. Heating Metal in Microplasma Welding 170
4. Direet Polarity Welding 186
5. Alternating Current Welding 203
- ' 6. ~ Microplasma Welding in a Vacuum 212
Chapter V
APPLICATION OF MICROPLASMA WELDING
` 1. Welding Instrument Housings 217
2. Welding Thin-Wall Pipes and Bellows Assemblies 221
~`~3. Welding Liners and Grids 225
4. Welding Light Alloy Parts 227
5. Welding in Medical Engineering 232
6. Vaporization of Microdefects 234
' 7. Prospects of Using Microplasma Welding 236
BIBLIOGRAPHY 241
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova Dumka", 1979 -
[125-6368] -
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MISCELLANEOUS
UDC 539,23
~ THE SYNTHESIS OF TITANIUM NITRTDE IN A NTTROGEN ATMOSPHERE WITH HTGH
PRESSURES AND LASER RADTATTON
Moscow DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK SSSR in Russian Vol 251,No 2, 1980 pp 336-
338 manuscript received 20 Nov 79
[Paper by A.L. Galiyev, L.L. Krapivin, L.T. Mirkin and A.A, Uglov, USSR
Academy of Sciences Tnst3tute of Metallurgy i.meni A.A. Baykov, Moscow,
presented by academician N.N. Rykalin, 14 May 1979]
[Text] The synthesis of materials with the action of laser radiation on
matter in an atmosphere of various gases at elevated pressures is a new ~
and promising trend jl-3].
When powders are applied to the surface of solid metals or powders are
sintered j3], solid solutions and comp~unds such as described above have
been obtained in forms nonexistent under equilibrium conditions, for exam-
ple, solid solutions in a very wide range of concentrations j2].
The results of an investigation of the structure in the case of a new kind of
coating application using laser heating are presented i.n this paper, where
the saturating element is in the gaseous phase. With the act~on of laser
radiation on metal, which is located in a transparent gaseous medium, first
just the substrate is heated and then a plasma is ignited close to the sub-
strate surface which increases the activity of the saturating element. Tn
fact, in the region contiguous with the substrate, having a thickness on
the order of the Debye radius, the substrate is negatively charged up to
various potentials by virtue of the ambipolar diffusion of particles (from
the volume of the plasma) : ~
kTc _ .
~ c ln(m;/m~) ~ 4-6 B, volts
where Te is the temperature of the electrons, �K; mi is the ion mass; e and
me are the charge and mass of an electron.
The appearance of a negative potential at the substrate causes the accelera-
ted motion of ions toward the surface of the sample, increasing the rate
of interaction of the material surface with the ambient medium. This pro-
cess is apparently imposs3ble with an external power source in the case of
other kinds of heating other than laser heating.
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The procedure or the experiments for the synthesis of titanium nitride
consisted of the followir:g. The laser beam (Ti = 0.8 msec, q= 105 - 10~
W/cm2) is introduced into a high pressure cRamber and focused by a lens
with f= 16 cm onto the surface of the sample being studied. The structu-
ral design of the chamber permits moving the samples by means of an elec-
tric motor without losing the sea1, something which provides for good re-
produceability of the results.
The radiation flux density throughout the entire range of gas pressures
studied was sufficient to fuse the surface of the samples in the region
of beam application, even with the formation of a~lasma pinch which
shields the laser beam.
The formation of compounds was studied for a n~ber of inetal--gas systems.
The results presented here are for a study of the t itanium--nitrogen system.
The titanium--nitrogen system is of interest for a number of reasons.
T_ ~ _
. ,I ,I I I
~ Q
7 ~ ,
~ Figure 1.
r
-
~1) s d Diffraction patterns of the titanium
~ 4 alloy VT1, record ed using copper radia-
~ ~
~ p_ tion:
h~ ~ 1_~_~__ a. The original material;
� yo n b. Irradiat3.on at atmospheric pressure;
Qo~ B 11 c. Irradiation at a nitrogen pressure
of 90 atm.
L~ Key: l. T� 105 pulses/min;
~ ~ ~ - 2. Blaze angle, 9. ~
J8 /9 ZO 7J pp�
9ton CROne.HtCN1IP A f21 '
Nitrogen, being an inert gas under normal conditions, is transparent to
light. The nitriding of titanium is a rather difficult technological pro-
blem because of the low diffusion rates of nitrogen.
- The alloy VT1 was studied in the state in which it was supplied, and the
structure was investigated using X-ray and metallographic methods. The
X-ray photographs were taken using copper radiation with the intensities
recorded by both a scint311ation counter (d~ffractometric method) and in
an RKSD type chamber with the intensity recorded on X-ray film (photogra-
phic method). The diffraction patterns of titanium in the original state
(a) and after irradiation in air at atmospheric pressure (b) are shown in
Figure 1. The indexing of the intensity~curves was based on reference
data for titanium and titanium nitride.
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It can be seen from a comparison of the intensity curves that following ir-
radiation, there arises a sma11 amount of titanium nitride, while the titan-
ium lines arP widened and shifted. The shifting of the lines can be re- -
lated to the occurrence of re;-.idual macrostresses during ~empering, as weZl.
as to the formation of a solid ~olution of titanium and nitrogen in accord-
ance with the reference data of [4]. The widening of the lines in the X-ray
patterns is related to the crushing of the blocks, the increase in the dis-
location density and the occurrence of microdistortions of the crystal lat-
tice during rapid heating and cooling.
Increasing the nitrogen pressure during irradiation leads to a rise in the
intensity of the titanium nitride lines and a reduction in the intensity of .
the titanium lines in the X-ray pattern. The diffraction pattern recorded
after irradiation at a nitrogen pressure of 90 atm is shown in Figure 1c
as an example. A comparison with Figure lb shows that the intensity ~f the
titanium nitride line increased by almost two orders of magnitude, The in-
ter.sity of the titanium line in this case is quite low, i.e., using the
procedure makes it possible to obtain a practically solid coating of titan-
ium nitride at the point of impact of the laser beam. A further analysis
of the X-ray patterns recorded following irradiation at high pressures has
shown that anomalous distribution of the intensity is observed in them
among the individual titanium nitride lines, in particular, as can be seen
from Figure lc, the ratio of the intensities of the (002) and the (111)
lines of titanium nitride amounts to about 100 while it should theoretically
be about 2 j4].
The hypothesis was advanced that this effect can be related to the occur-
rence of a predominant orientation (texture) in the titanium nitride during
crystallization. The occurrence of a predominant orientation with laser
action has already been observed earlier in some alloys, but th.is was not
related to the appearance of a new compound j5). Azimuthal scanning of
the intensity curves, as we11 as X-ray photography were used to check this
hypothesis. Both methods confirmed the presence of a texture in the case
of irradiation in a nitrogen atmosphere. By way of illustration, ~re sha11
consider the X-ray photographs of Figure 2. An X-ray photograph of the
titanium in the original state is shown in Figure 2a. The dotted lines in-
dicate the large grain structure of the material. Nonuniform intensity
along the line is related to the residual structure from the rolling. Af-
- ter irradiation (Figures 2b), the lines become continuous because of the
fragmentation of the grains and somewhat wider because of an increase in
- the defects in the material. Following irradiation at a high nitrogen pres-
sure (110 atm), the nature of the X-ray photography changes fundamentally
(Figure 2c). The (002) titanium nitride line has an intensity distribu-
tion which is typical of materials with a sharply pronounced textureo
_ Practically all of the line intensity in azimuth is concentrated in a range
of + 10� from the equator of the X-ray photographic pattern. Similar phe~
nomena, apparently, have not been previously observed.
The surface microhardness of the samples in the region of laser radiation
impact reaches 2,300 kgf/mm2 and remains constant (about 2,300 kgf/mm2) in
a wide range of pressures.
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Figur'e 2 jnot reproduced]. X-ray patterns of the titanium a11op VT1, ob-
ta~ned photograpfiically: a. The original~material; b. Trradiation at
atmospheric pressure; c. Trradiation at a nitrogen pressure of 110 atm.
Under the conditions of our experiments, the sample layer thickness, d,
which interacts with the nitrogen, amounts to 5 to 15 micromet~rs and has
a noorly pronounced extremal nature as a function of pressure. The maximum
of d corresponds to a pressure of 100 - 105 atm (q = 3� 106 W/cm2). Ex-
- perimental data on the absorption of nitrogen by steel are given in paper
~~i], where the maximum of the gas content (or the microhardness) corresp-
q~}ds to a pressure of 80 - 90 atm. The shift of the extremum of d(p) in
the case of titanium in the direction of greater pressures is probably re-
lated to the fact that the lower value of the thertnal conductivity coeffi-
cient of titanium (as compared to steel) makes it possible to maintain the
surface temperature of the sample in optimal modes through radiative emiss-
ion of the plasma. '
An analysis of the experimental data makes it possible to conceive the fol-
' lowing mechanism for the observed phenomena. The action of the laser radia- ~
rior~ on the surface of a sample under high ambient gas pressures leads to
the ignition of a plasma, which partially or completely shields the region ~
of action from the laser beam. The shielding of the surface by the plasma
continues until the onset of intense vaporization of the target material
(the sample), something which prevents the scattering of condensed mater-
ial. A further heating of the surface of the target is accomplished bp the
combined action of the laser beam and the radiative emission of the plasma,
In the case of the interaction of a nitrogen plasma and fused titanium,
titanium nitride formed, the crystallization of wRich takes place under
conditions of intense heat removal in the cold substrate, wh~ch Zeads to ~
directional crystallization and the appearance of texture. The layer thick-
ness and the degree of or~.entation can be controlled by changing the gas
pressure, the temperature and the texture of the substrate. This procedure
does not preclude the possibility of obtaining, for example, more complex
carbonitride,phases by means of irradiating metals in gas mixfiures at h~gh _
~ pressures.
BIBLIOGRAPHY �
1. N.Ne Rykalin, A.A. Uglov, A.N. Kokora, '~Lazernaya obrabotka materialov"
["The Laser Treatment of Materials"], Moscow, 1975.
2. L.T. Mirkin, "Fizichesk3.ye osnovy obrabotki materialov luchami lazera"
["The Physical Principles of Materials Treatment with Laser Beams"],
Moscow, 1975.
3. I.V. Gazuko, L.L. Krap3.vin, L.I. Mirkin, "Poroshkovaya metallurgiya~~
["Powder Metallurgy"], No 1, 27, (1974).
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4. L.I. Mirkin, "Spravochnik po rentgenostrukturnomu analizu polikristallov"
["Handbook on the X-Ray Structural Analysis of Polycrystals"], Moscow,
1961.
5. L.I. Mirkin, DAN [REPORTS OF THE USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES], Vol 206,
1339, (1972).
6. N.N. Rykalin, A.A. Uglov, FIZ. I KHIM. OBR. MATER. [PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
MATERIALS PROCESSTNG], No 5, 7, (1977).
[131-8225J
8225
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MATERIALS AND PROCESSES IN SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Moscow MATERIALY I PROTSESSY KOSMICHESKOY TEKfIlVOLOGII in Russian 1980
signed to press 21 Nov 79 pp 3-4, 221-222
[Forword and table of contents from book edited by A. S. Okhotin,
Responsible Editor, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 229 pages]
[Text] The analysis of materials formed in zero gravity has been reduced,
in essence, to analyzing previously performed experiments and, in some
cases, to attempts to explain the observed anomalies. This work is by
no means complete and, evidently, the next step in the analysis will be
the transition from particular interpretations to a generaliz2d examination
of all aspects of the problem. One of the basic factors here will be
the construction of qualitative and quantitative theoretical models that
explain the experimental results. This work has only just begun and, from
the point of view of the experiments that have already been performed,
theory can only describe the results obtained, since the anomalies that
often arise in the materials of space technology are caused not by the
peculiarities of a process per se, but by imperfections in the equipment.
It is now important to "put everything in its place" (and this is already
being done), i.e., theoretical studies must lead and determine the setup
of an experiment. For this reason, theoretical studies in the area of
space technology are now mainly directed toward analyzing the f low of
transport processes in liquids and gases, as well as the processes of
crystallization and condensation of substances in zero gravity f or the
most diverse structures,
The problems in preparing new experiments naturally involve a wider range
of problems (ground-based studies of the most diverse materials that it
- would be expedient to produce in space; development of inethods for modeling -
_ the properties of materials for space technology, as well as methods for
studying these materials; development of equipment for processing in
zero gravity). These problems are directly related to such problems as
creating energy sources that are more powerful than those currently used
on space stations, the behavior of various materials in space, and so on,
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All the problems citPd above are, to one degree or another, reflected
in this collection of articles, which directs a great deal of attention
toward a consideration of the processes for fabricating materials in space
and studying their physicochemical properties. The experimental results
concerning shaping during metallic fusion at the time of the "Soyuz-
Apollo" flight, as well as the results of work an particular aspects of -
fabricating optical glass in zero gravity, are generalized. The causes
of high porosity in metals smelted in space are studied. The peculiarities
of crystal growth from vapor-gas media in zero gravity are examined.
The effect of a gradient in the surface tension on the processes occurring in
the meniscus while growing crystals from a melt, as well as the effect
of the shape of the crystalli~ation front on the concentration profile
in a solid, and other similar problems are considered. Among the articles
concerning material properties, a series of articles dealing with methods
for studying the theYmophy~ical characteristics of semiconducting film
- and bulk specimens are of interest. It is important that the techniques
developed for studying the materials of space technology can be used
for making measurements on a broad class of semiconductors and metals. _
The main articles dealing with the behavior of materials in space are
concerned with the study of the effect of radiation on semiconductors
and polymers. These works can be useful in creating models that simulat2 -
conditions in space, as well as for creating mod~Is of the mechanism for
the action of radiation on solids,
' In articles concerned with possible methods for providing energy for
processes in space technology, several aspects of the prolonged operation
of nuclear and isotopic thermogenerators are esamined.
As a whole, this collection is a logical extension uf two previous coLlec-
tions, Materials Processint~ and Technolo~y in Space and The Fabrication
and Behavior of Materials in Space, published by "Nauka" in 1977-1978.
- The Editors
- Contents Page
Foreword 3
Phase Formation During Metallic Fusion in Zero Gravity
V. N. Pimenov and Ye. V. Demina 5
Proble:ns in Fabrication of Optical Glass in Zero Gravity
G. T. Petrovskiy, I. V. Semeshkin, Ye. M. Milyukov, and S. P.
Lun'kin 13
Possibility of Improving the Quality of Some Optical Crystals
G. T. Petrovskiy, Yu. V. Popov, A. A. Berezhnoy, and I. V.
Semeshkin 21
An Automatic Process Control Cyatem for Fabricating Glass Without
a Crucible
G. T. Petrovskiy, Yu. K. Pozhela, Ye, V. Kuchis, I. V. Semeshkin,
and P. P. Yashinskas 27
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,
Effect of the Shape of the Crystallization Front on the
- Concentration Prof~le in a Solid
S. I. Alad'yev, K. R. Kurbanov, A. S. Okhotin, and A, G. Usanov 30
Growth of Crystals from a Vapor-Gas Medium
S. I. Alad'yev, A. S. Okhotin, and A. G. Usanov 35
Gas Bubbles in GeYmanium Grown in Zero Gravity
~ E. P. Bochkarev, V. V. Vorankov, G. I. Voronkova, I, N. Voronov,
M. I. Medvedev, V. V. Rakov, and V. P. Tsyganov 38
Mathematical Modeling of the Pressing Process for Powdered
Materials
G. Ya. Gun, P. I. Polukhin, A. A. Frolov, and A. M. Galkin 45
Motion of the Crystalliza~ion Front During Cooling of the Melt -
~ by a Cold Gas Pumped Through a Flat Channel
L. I. Zaychik and S. I. Alad'yev 50
Problems of Coagulation and Fragmentation of Drops in ~ao-Phase _
Flows
S. I. Alad'yev 54
Use of Vibrational Effects in Space Metallurgy
R. F. Ganiyev, V. M. Kuz'ma, V. D. Lakiza, A, S. Okhotin, and
- N. A. Pelykh 58
Some Aspects of the Formation of Soldered Jointa with Radiant
Heating in Zero and Nonzero Gravity
I. Ye. Kasich-Pilipenko, V. S. Dv~ernyakov, V. V. Pasichnyy,
V. F. Lapchinskiy, V. S. Novosadov, L. B. Beloborodova, and
A. A. Zagrebel'nyy 62
Study of the Properties of Capillary Shaping in Zero Gravity
Using the Model of Two Immiscible Liquids With Equal Densities
V. A. Tatarchenko and S. K. Brantov 69
Effect of a Gradient in the Surface Tension on Pro~esses
Occurring in the Meniscus When Growing Crystals From a Melt
= V. A. Tatarchenko and Ye, A. Brener 75
Causes of High Porosity in Metals Smelted in Zero Gravity
and in a Deep Vacuum
Yu. V. Levinskiy 81
A Method for Studying the Solid Solution Te - Se Formed in Zero
G avity
I. A. Zubritskiy, G. Ye. Ignat'yev, I. P. Kazakov, and G. S.
Shonin 95
Possibility of Determining the Mechanism for Crystal Growth in
a Centrifugal Force Field
I, P. Kazakov and A, S. Okhotin 98
The Problem of Growing the Faujasite-Type Zeolite Monocrystals
NaX and NaA ~
K. V. Manuylov and V. P. Petranovskiy 102
Thermal Conductivity of Bismuth Films
Yu. A. Boykov, B. M. Gol'tsman, and S. F. Sinenko 122
Thermal Conductivity of Bi2Te3, Bip.5Sb1~5Te3, PbTe, and PbTep,9S0.1
Films Formed by Thermal Evaporation
Yu. A. Boykov, B. M. Gol'tsman, and V..A. Kutasov 129
24
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Developcnent of Methoda and Equiptnent for Determining the
Thermophysical Properties of Semiconducting Materials
L. S. Artyukhin, R. P. Borovikova, V. A. Vasil'yev, V. V. V~sov, -
N. V. Yerokhina, G. Ye. Ignat'yev, A. K. Pan'kov, and Yu. S.
Shatalov 132
Meaeurement of the Thermal Conductivity of Thin Films
V. G. Nechayev and A. S. Okhotin 138
Study of the Stability of Semiconductors at High Temperatures
V. M, Babayev, E. M. Namazov, and A. S. Olchotin 143
Analyais of the Analytical Methods and of the Theory of the
Propagation of Light in Disperaive Media
V. P. Borodulin, G. S. Solov'yev, and E. N. Sosnoveta 146
Spectrally-Optimized Temperature-Control Coatings
Ye. M. Koahelyayev and 0. I. Kudrin 168
Study of the Action of Radiation on Polyorganosiloxanea Containing
Silafluorenyl Linka
L. N. Pankratova, A. N. Goryachev, M. V. Zheleznikova, V. V.
Severnyy, N. V. Varlamovar and T. I. Sunekants 177
Evaluation of the Radiation Reaiatance of Polyorganoailoxanea
L. N. Pankratova ..............v................................... 180
Formation of Radiation Defects in Solid Solutions Based on Biamuth
and Antimony Chalcogenides For Small Doses of ~ Ray Radiation
S. S. Gorelik, A. S. Okhotin, and F. N, Sklokin lg2
Study of a Thermoelectric Generator With a Nonisothermal Heating
~ Surface .
A. A. Sarkisov, A. S. Okhotin, V. A. Yakimov, and A. D.
Mashinskiy 193
Modeling Operational Lifetime Tests of Thermopiles
- V. M. Babayev, E. M. Natnazov, and A. S. Okhotin 200
Elastic Stripa Made of Heat-Reaiatant Fibers With a Low Modulua of
Elasticity for Fabrication of Fiber Glase Aircraft Parta Without -
an Autoclave
V. V. Kuz'min and I. S. Kernasovskiy 203
Determination of the Temperature Ranges for the Direct and
Inverae Martensite Transformation aad the Degree of Shape
Regeneration in the Alloy Te - Ni
M. L. Bernshteyn, S. V. Dobatkin, L. P, Fatkullina, and I. Yu,
Khmelevskaya 207
Thin-Film Thermoelectric IR Detectora
A. P. Ivanyuk, Ye. A. Malygin (deceased), V. P, Milonov, A. S.
Okhotin, and V. A. Satin 211
Design Optimization of the Thermoelectric IR Detector
V. A. Zotov and A. S. Okhotin 215
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980
[145-9638]
9638
CSO: 1842 ~
25
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-
c.
FERRITES AND THEIR BONDING TO METALS AND CERAMICS
Moscow FERRITY I II~I SOYEDINENIYA S METALLAMI I KERAMIKOY in Russian
1979 signed to press 26 Jun 79 pp 2-4, 231-232
~ [Annotation, foreword and table of con�ente from book by Gennadiy
Vladimirovich Konyushkov, Boris Mikhaylovich Zotov and Erlen Izrail'yevich
Merkin, Izdatel'stvo Energiya, 232 pages]
[Text] This book presents data on the properties of polycrystalline
microwave ferrit"es. An analysis is made of the properties of a ferrite
and of the construction materials required for producing inseparable bonds
of these materials by the methods of soldering, diffusion welding,
cementing, spraying, etc. A diecussion is preaented of the physicochemical _
_ processes and technoiogy of producing ferrite-metallic and ferrite-
dielectric bonds by thes e methods.
Data are presented on the creation of electronic vacuum devices for the
microwave band with the utilization of ferrites as non-mutua.l absorbers,
and methods are discuase d of monitoring the parameters of devicea .
included in irregular high-power-level channels.
This book is intended for engineering and technical peraonnel involved
in developing and fabricating ferrites andequipment based on them.
Foreword
Ferrites possesa unique magnetic, electrical and dielectric properties,
which have ensured their wide application in varioue fields of engineering.
Ferrite materials designe d for use in microwave equipment make it poeaible
to construct ferrite devices for the entire microwave band, Extensive
theoretical and experimen tal research has been conducted on various
ferrites and a great number of devices based~on them have been developed.
The effective utilization of ferrite devices and their reliability and
life depend to a great ex tent on the quality of the bonds between ferritea
and metals and cera~mics. Furthermore, rather strict requirements with
regard to stability and thermomechanical loads are often impoaed on
subassemblies. Eapecial ly high requiremente are imposed on ferrite-
metal bonds inside vacuum microwave devices.
26
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FOR QFFT.CIAI. [15P: ~NI,Y
For the purpoae of producing inaeparable bonds between ferrites and
metals, cementing and soldering are uaually employed, In recent yeara
succeasful work has been done with regard to producing theae bonde by
the method of vacuum fuaion welding.
Various methods of creating a ferrite-metal and ferrite-dielectric com-
posite, such as thin-film technology, vacuum metallizatian, thermal
deposition, etc., have found wide application in the development of a
technology for ferrite devices for microelectronics.
The authors were confronted with the problem of generalizang and systema-
tizing the data of scientific developments and production know-how with
regard to the creation of ferrite-metal and ferrite-ceramic joints and
composites. In this book the authors have tried to give an account of
the properties of ferrites and metal and ceramic construction materials
from the viewpoint of producing high-quality bonds between them by the
methods indicated. In discussing the physicochemical proces~es and
certain technological aspects of cementing, soldering, diffusion welding,
spraying, sintering and other methods of joining ferrites to metals and
ceramics, special attention was paid to questions relating to producing
bonds by diffusion welding, as the most promising method for producing
ferrite-metal joints possessing enhanced resistance to thermomechanical
loads.
Taking into account the great dependence of the choice of bonding method
on the type and design of the device, the authors believed it necessary
to discuss the key types of linear ferrite devices. Questions are dis-
cussed, relating to the utilization of ferrite-metal joints in the elec-
tronic vacuum device industry--the cr~.ation of combined designs of elec-
_ tronic vacuum and ferrite devices. Aspects of monitoring the electro-
magnetic parameters of ferrite high-power-level devices operating under
real conditions of various radioelectronic systems are discussed.
The authors *_hank V. P. Polyakov for assistance in preparation of data -
for Ch. 1, B. P. Trubitsyn and S. P. Orobinskiy for Ch. 6, Yu. K. Gaydamak, _
T. A. Krylova, Yu. G. Sakaonov and I. S, Shagin for the experimental data
offered, and V. I. Kazantsev, M. I. Averbukh and N. D. Ursulyak for their
fruitful discussion of the manuscript.
Sections 5-1 and 5-4, section b-4, and Ch. 7 were written by G. V. K
Konyushkov, Ch. 2 and 8 and sections 5-2 and S-3 by B, M. Zotov, and
Ch. 3, 4 and 9 by E. I. Merkin.
CONTENTS page
Foreword 3
Chapter One. Key Electromagnetic Properties of Polycrystalline
Microwave Ferrites S
1.1. General principles of the utilization of ferrites in the
microwave region 5
27 -
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1.2, Key ferrites for the microwave band 16
Chapter ~ao. Mechanical, Thermophysical and Vacuum Properties of
Ferrites 27
2.1. Mechanical properties 27
2.2. Thermophysical properties 34
2.3. Gas generation of ferrites 45
2.4. Influence of temperature effects on the electromagnetic
propertiea of ferrites 48
Chapter Three. Construction Materials, Solders and Cements for
Ferrite Devicea ~ 52
3.1. Metallic materials 52
3.2. Ceramic materials 58
3,3, Solders 62
3.4. Cements 62
Chapter Four. Bonding Ferrites, Ceramics and Metals with
Solders and Cements 67
4.1. Some aspects of producing soldered joints between metals
and ferrites 67
4.2. Producing cemented bonds 73
Chapter Five. Bonding Ferrites with Metals by Diffusion Welding 78
5.1. Physical-technological notions regarding the process of
the diffusion bonding of materials 78
5.2. Influence of technological parameters of the vacuum diffusion
welding process on the properties of ferrites 103
5.3. Choice of boundary parameters for the process 107
5.4. Development of conditions for bonding ferrite garnets and
copper by employing methods of mathematical experimental
design 112
Chapter Six. Producing Ferrite-Metal and Ferrite-Ceramic
Composites 126
6.1. Aplying conducting coatings to ferrites 126
6.2. Technology for microcircuits for ferrite microwave devices
with an integrated design 133 _
6.3. Application of ferrite films 138
6.4. Bonding ferrites to ceramics by sintering 148
Chapter Seven. Stressed State in Multilayered Butt Joints Between
Non-Metallic Ma.terials and Metals 150
7.1, Calculation of thermal stresses in a two-layered plate 150
7.2. Theoretical and experimental investigation of stresses in
multilayered ferrite-metal joints 158
Chapter Eight. Some Methods of Investigating the Structure of
Ferrites and Their Connection With Metals 165
28
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Chapter Nine. Use of Ferrites and Their Bonds With Metals
in Microwave Devices 181
9.1. Key types of linear ferrite devices for the microwave band 181
9.2. Use of ferrite-metal bonds in electronic vacuum devices 211
9.3. Monitoring electromagnetic parameters 214
Bibliography 219
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo Energiya, 1979
[ 143- 8831 ]
- i;i.
8831
CSO: 1842 4
-END-
29
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