JPRS ID: 9210 USSR REPORT ENERGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000200100041-3
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• Sequence Number: 41
• Content Type: REPORTS

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24 JVLY 1980
(FOUO 12f 80)
1 ~F IL
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JPRS L/9210
24 July 1980
USSR Report
ENERGY
(FOUO 12/80)
j
k
F~1S FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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- JPR5 L/9210
24 July 1980
USSR REPGRT
ENERGY
(FOUO 12/80)
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Workers Adopt Sociali.st Commitmenta on Power Projecta
(GIDROTEKHI4ICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO, May 80) 1
_ Hydroelectric Power Plants Provide Efficient Fuel Use
~ (I. I. Fayn; GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO,
May 80) 9 -
Generating Capacity of Power Plants Is Upgraded
(GIDROTEKHNZCHESKOYE STRO ~TEL'STVO, May 80) 19 _
Gas-Turbine, Steam-Gas Unita Characteriatica Described
(PROMYSHLENNOYE TEPLOVYYE ELEKTROSTANTSII, 1979) . 21
Kiselev Celebrates 90th Anniversary
(GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO, May 80) 59
High Voltage Lines
(ENERGETIC, Jun 80) 61
- a- LIII - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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A ELECTRIC POWER
WORitERS ADOYT SOCIALIST COMrIITMENTS ON POWER PROJECTS
Moscow GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYZ STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 5, May 80 pp 1-5
/ Article: "Socialist Commitments of Personnel of Labor Enterprises and
Orga.nizations of the USSR Ministry of Power and Electrification for 1980"_7
Z Text_7 The staffs of labor enterprises and organizations of the USSR
Ministry of Power and Electrification are steadfastly implementing the re-
solutions of the 25th Congress of the CPSU on further cultivation of the
country's power potential. Having developed socialist competition for ful-
fillment of the 1970, quotas, they have provided the national economy with
electric and thermal power within the specified plan. A total of 1147.2
billion kilowatt-hours of electric poxer and 839.3 million gram-calories of
thermal power were generated. The yield of industrial production amounted
to 20.1 billion rubles including 145.9 million rubles above the plan.
In electric power plants of the Ministry 10.9 million kilowatts of new
power capa.bility were activated. The Nurekskaya GES-Z hydroelectric power
plant_7 (with 2.7 million kilowatts) and the Iriklinskaya GRE'S Z State re-
gional electric power plant_7 (with 2.4 million kilowatts) produced at full
plaruned capacity and turbines were put into operation at the Kurekskaya,
Chernobyl'ska.ya and Armyanskaya atomic power plants along with the second
and third 640,000 kilowatt hydraulic turbogenerator units at the 5ayano-
Shushenskaya GF5 and others. iiigll-poWer electric power transmission lines
were constructed including ones from Vinitsa to A1'bertirsha and from the
Kurskaya atomic power plant to Bryansk.
- Second phase generating equipment was put into opera.tion at the Volgodonskiy
Atommash for producing atomic power plant machinery at one million kilowatts
- per year. The first machinery for the Nadezhdinskiy metallurgical plant
has been manufactured by the Tol'yattinskiy plant of the Kuybyshevazot as-
sociation and so on. General Secretaiy of the CPSU Central Committee and
Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet comrade L. I. Brezhnev
gave a high rating ta the labor of the leading crews in his greetings to
the tiuilders, instal'Lers and operators of the Nurekskaya GES, the Iriklin-
. ska.ya GRES and the Armyanskaya atomic power plant, the Orenburgskiy gas
plant and the Vinnitsa to A1'oertirsa 750 kilovolt electric power transmis-
_ sion line and to the power engineers of the Kostromska.ya GRES. These
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greetings resulted in a new influx of creative effort in all the personnel
of the sector.
Responding with actua,l deeds to the resolution of the November (2979) Ple-
num of the CPSU Central Committee and guided by assumptions and conclusions
presented in the speeches at the Plenum by General Secretary of the CPSU
Central Committee and Chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet comrade L. I.
Brezhnev, power engineers and power builders have widely developed social-
ist competition for a worthy celebration of the ilOth anniversary of the
birth of V. I. Lenin and for the successful completion of the 1980 plan and
the lOth Five-Year Plan as a whole and have resolved to work under the
slogan "We will build ahead of schedule and finish ahead of schedule."
Operating, construction and installation crews of the Kostromskaya and
Reftinskaya GRES's and the Chernob,yl'ska,ya and Kol'skaya Ar.S's Z atomic
power plants_~ ha,ve come forward with patriotic initiative in developing
socialist competition in the sector and have undertaken intensive counter
_ plans and commitments for the ahea.d-of-schedule incorporation and completion
of machinery, conservation of fuel and energy resources and imprc,vement of
technical and economic indicators.
Following their pa,triotic example, the work crews of the power engineering
sector have resolved to turn 1980 into a year of intense Lenin work. They
have undertaken the following co:nmitments for the 110th anniversary of V. I.
Lenin's birth:
to economize by reducing the relative consumption of conventional fuel by
at least 600,000 tons compa,red with the corresponding period of last year;
to implement a four-month program to produce a return amounting to 6 bil-
lion rubles; to oUtain 10 millidn rubles in above-plan profits;
to put new power engineering and generating equipment into operation
ahead of schedule, including: 1031-000 kilowatt hydraulic turbogenerator
Vo 7 in Dneproges-2; 78,000 kilowatt hydraulic turbogenerator No 3 in the
Nizhnekamskaya GES; a 110 kilovolt overhead line from Turki to NS-6 in
_ Saratovskaya oblast; a 220 kilovolt overhead line from Nizhneangarsk to
Muyakan on the Ba.ykal-Amur Mainline and the main pumping station of the
Zhigylevskaya irrigation system;
to develop;
a). an engineering draft for the first power system in the country,
- Yuzhno-Ukrainskiy, consisting of hydraulic, pumped-storage and atomic
_ power plants which will make it possible to obtain an economic return
on the order of 40 million rubles;
b), comprehensive ta,rget programs for developing experimental and in-
dustrial solar and geothermal power plants.
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In 1980 power engineers and electric power builders will undertake the fol-
- lowing socialist commitments.
In the Area of Electric Power Plant and Network Operation
To focus basic attention on providing a reliable and continuous supply of
electric and thermal power for the national economy and the country's popu-
lation based on a further increase in the reliability and efficiency of
equipment operation in electric power plants and networks, better use of
power generating machinery, a reduction in the time for developing new
_ equipment, intensified conservation of fuel and energy resources, broad
- dissenination of the experience of leading crews, intensification of the
action of the economy on increasing the efficiency and quality of work in
all phases of power production.
To fulfill the plan for capital maintenance of basic power equipment and
preparation of electric power plants and networks for operation in the fall
and winter of 1980-1981 in accordance with the approved schedule and with
excellent and top-quality ratings. To manufacture spare parts for power
equipment by 600,000 rubles above the plan.
To reduce the idle time of equipment under repair by 0.5 perceni of that
outlined in the p].an which will make it possible to reduce the idle time of
gower units under capital maintenance by 30 days and to obtain an additiona.l
129 million kilowatt-hours of electric power and save 780,000 rubles.
To obtain an increase in the use of 500,000 and 800,000 kilowatt power unit
capa.city of at ieast 1.5 percent compared with the level achieved in 1979
which wi11 provide an additional electric power output of around one billion
kilowatt-hours.
To obtain at least 25 million rubles of above-plan profits by increasing the
efficiency of power generation and lowering the net cost of elect'ric ar,d
thermal power.
To put into practice measures to automate and mechanize the production of
electric and thermal power, increase the level of standardization, adopt
scientific labor organization and, as a result, conditionally release 6,000
industrial and production personnel.
To implement by 22 December measures to eliminate the gap between ra.ted and
= available power which will make it possible to increase the total effective
power by 2.4 million kilowatts and to generate at least 3 billion additional
kilowatt-hours of electric power.
To convert labor organization to collective systems (team method) in main-
tenance work involving at least 40 percent of workers in productian and
maintena.nce enterprises of operating main administrations and Glavenergore-
= mont Z iiain Administration for Power System Maintena.nce_7.
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To achieve a 0.2 hour reduction in tha idle time of railroad cars at elec-
tric power plants compa.red with the norm which will make it possible to re-
leasE more tha.n 4,000 cars per year.
- In the Area of Capital Construction
To focus the efforts of builders and insta.llers of organizations on accom-
plishing the fulfillment of quotas for the first year of the five-year plan
in the area of capital construction. To direct the activity of builders and
installers to increasing production efficiency and the quality of building
and installation work, economizing on building ma.terials, reducing the dura-
tion of construction work and the number of incomplete projects, the loss
of work time and the idle time of machines and equipmer.t. To organize the
broad introduction of collective systems of labor crganization, team contract,
the initiative nf the Rostovskoye enterprises "To work without lagging be-
hind" and also competition under the slogan "Working relay race".
To insure the fulfillment of the government plan on capita.l investment in
the amount of 5.6 billion rubles including 4.2 billion rubles in the elec-
tric power engineering sector.
To incorporate 17,623 kilowatts of power capacity in construction projects
by the end of the year, of them 4,070,000 kilowatts ahead of schedule,
34,700 kilometers of electric power transmissic?n line with 35 kilovolts of
power and more.
_ To put into operation three months before the specified deadline the next
hydraulic turbogenerator unit at the Zeyskaya GFS, hydraulic turbogenezator
No 4with 644,000 kilowatt capacity at the Sayano-Shushenska.ya GES and to
manufacture hydraulic turbogenerator Na 5 with 640,000 kilowatt capacity for
the Sayano-Shushenskaya GF.S by Power Engineering Day--the 60th annivexsary
of the GOELRO Z State Commission for the Electrification of Russia 7 Plan,
To iulfill the contract commitment on incorporating power equipment into
foreign projects.
_ To increase labor productivity in construction by 4.3 percent, 0.1 percent
higher than the plan quota, on the basis of adopting the advanced produc-
tion experience of the Sevzapenergomonta.zh and Ka.vkazelektroset'stroy trusts
- and the construction administration of the Reftinskaya GtES.
. To accomplish at least 30 percent of the annual work volume (2 billion
rubles worth) by the team contract method.
To continue work on introducing the piece-tirork wage payment system and at-
tain coverage of at least 70 percent of piece workers with it.
To economize in the comsumption of the fellowing basic construction mater-
ials above the specified norm: 8.200 tons of ineta.l, 23,000 tons of concrete
and 9,800 cubic meters of lumber.
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To incorporate 32 test prototypes of new construction equipment, machinery,
production lines and automation facilities for construction and installation
work, at least 1,120 standardized sets of manual and automatic devices for
plastering, paintin;, roofing and other work which will make it possible to
reduce the amount of work done by hand by 2 percent above the specified
quota.
'ro lower unproductive loss of builder work time by 10 percent compared with
1979 and to losier machinery and equipment idle time by lb percent.
- To achieve a reduction in ra.il car idle time of 0.1 hour above the norm.
In tha Area of Industrial Product rabrication in Enterprises of the Indus-
trial Co mstruction Industry
To implement ahead of achedule by 29 December the yearly plan on the volume
of product fabricati.on and production of a large number of very important
tSrpes of items. To produce by the end of the year an additional 5 million
rubles worth of products. ^10 obtain the entire increase in product output
by increasing labor productivity.
To overfulfill the plan on the production of commodities for national consump-
tion by 500,000 rubles worth.
To achieve a volume of manufactured products for machine-building with the
emblem of quality for up to 8.2 percent of the total volume and to increase
it by 2.5 percent compared with the five-year plan quota.s.
To manuiacture 6 million rubles worth of above-plan products of the highest
quality for the machine-building sector and 9 million rubles worth of above-
plan products for the industrial construction materials sector.
io certif,y 32 types of items with the sta.te emblem.
In the Area of Scien-cific Research, Design and Exploratory Planning Work
_ To focus the attention of personnel of scientific research and planning and
_ design institutes of the power engineering sector on further incroasing the
efficiency and quallty of scientific and design developments, accelerating
the incorporation of the achievements of scientific and engineering progress
in power engineering and construction production, creating new sources of
electric power, industrializing power construction through accelerated de-
velopment of atomic power engineering and fuel and power engineering systems
and further development of creative scientific and technical collaboration
with the personnel of enterprises and construction projects according to the
experience of the 28 Leningrad organizations which participated in develop=
ing the Sayano-5hushenskaya GE i for t,his the following will be required:
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To fulfill the yearly plan on the incorporation of new equipment by all di-
visions ahead of schedule, by Power Engineering Day;
To draw up before 15 July the working documentation on the volume of con-
struction and installation work on all projects started for 1981; to produce
during the year at least 40 percent of the prelimina,ry estimate documentation
with an excellent ra~ing;
To achieve economic efficiency from incorporating in the power engineering
fie2d scientific research worth at least 3.8 rubles for each ruble of invest-
ment on scientific research compared with the 2.5 rubles worth achieved in
1979;
To accomplish a 30 million ruble reduction in the cost of power engineering
construction, a savings of 90,000 tons of ine+,al and 100,000 tons of concrete
and a,5 million man-day reduction in construction labor costs.
On Aiding Agriculture
Carrying out the resolution of the 25th Party Congress and the July (1978)
Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, the personnel of enterprises and con-
struction projects of the USSR Ministry of Power will give all possible as-
sistance to agricultural workers and will provide for the delivery of ma-
chines, equipment, spare parts and materials ahead of schedule.
They will perform work on maintenance and operation of electrical networks
and electric power substations worth 400,000 rubles above the plan for kol-
khozes and sovkhozes and will provide organizational and technical assis-
tance iii performing repair work for electric power installations, grain
threshing floors, elevators and other agricultural facilities which take
pa.rt in crop harvest in 1980 to the amount of 1,950,000'rubles.
They will manufacture and supply to a.griculture by internal resources spare
paxts worth 440,000 rubles.
They will mechanize labor-intensive forms of labor worth 2 million rubles
on order of the sovkhozes and kolkhozes.
By Power i:ngineering Day they will accomplish the ahead-of-schedule activa-
tion of a 10-0.4 kilovolt rural electric power transmission line extending
, 122,000 kilometers including 25 above-plan kilometers in the area of the
RSFSR nonchernozem zone. '
They will implement at least 95 percent of rural electric power transmission
lines on reinforced concrete supports with first-rate and excellent ratings.
They will fulfill ahead of schedule the yearly order of the RSFSR Ministry
of Agriculture for the production of 50 portable transformer substations
with 250 kilovolt-amperes of power and 10-0.4 kilovolts of volta.ge and a
test group (10 samples) of YaT5-80 cells.
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In the Area of Social 7evelopnent of Personnel
Carrying out the directives of tne Party and the Goverrunent on raising the
- living sta.ndards of the country, workers of the power engineering sector will
_ direct their efforts toward elimina.ting a lag tolerated since the start of
the fi.vo-,yoar plan in tho incorporation of livin; space and pro jccts of so-
cial, cultural and general designatlon, improvement of working and living
conditions, educational worIc with personnel and reinforcement of labor dis-
cipline, a reduction in personnel turnover, an expansion of the network of
cultural, instructiona.l and sports institutes and 'r.he development of a sys-
tem for economic and mass political work. For these goals they have made
the following commitments:
To set up by 1980 courses to increase qualifications in educationa.l combines
for at least 121,000 nes�r workers and to increase the qualifications of
420,000 workers and 112,000 engineering and technical workers and 65,000
managers;
To fulfill the 1980 quota of the "Comprehensive Plan for Improving Indus-
trial fiygiene and Sanitation Practices in 1976-1980" by Power Engineering
Day;
To incorporate durirg the year in the cities and uillages of power engineers
_ anci porrer builders at least 2,234,000 aquare meters of living spa,ce (more
tha,n 20,000 square meters ahead of s,hedule and also 7,000 square meters
above the plan~, r_urseries in 11,850 locations (including 560 locations
above the plan , hospitals with 1,450 beds, polyclinics with 4,050 atten-
dance, nonspecialized schools with 22,008 students and trade schools with
5,500 student places.
`I'o reduce personnel turnover by 1.8 percent compared with the 19'~r9 lovel
inclucling 1.2 percent in operation, 3 percent in construction and 1.6 per-
cent in the construction industry;
To incorpora.te oy 1980 in enterprises and construction projects 37 stores
17,758 square meters in area, 66 dining rooms with s, seating capacity of
11,383, 15 vegetable and fruit warehouses with a 11,780 ton capaci-cy, 2
dyeing and pickling stations with 1,050 ton capacity, 13 warehouses
= 19,262 square meters in area and 9 freezers with a 3297 ton capa.city.
To fulfill ahead of schedule the overall plan for turnover and supply of
products for public nutrit3on by Glavurs L Main administration of workers'
supply_7; to sell industrial and food commodities worth ?0 million rubles
more than were sold in 1979 including 6 million rubles a,bove the plan;
to achieve a level of corunodity ma,rketing by the self-service method of up
to 51 percent;
To obtain at least 1,100 tons of weight gain in swine by using food by-
products of public nutrition enterprises.
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In the Area of Environmental Proteczion
- To accomplish building and instaliation work worth 111 million rubles on
the structures of projects for environmental pretection.
To repair and rebuild ash traps for 60 hot water heaters of thermal power
plants. ,
To develoti:
a). a technical and working plan for an experimental industrial facility
for scrubbing sulfur dioxide from flue gases at the Dorogobuzhskaya GRt";
b) , measures to protect the basin of the Baltic Sea directed toward pre-
venting contamination by wastes from shale energy conversion at the Es-
tonskaya GRES.
Power engineers and power builders assure the Lenin Central Committee of "
the Corununist Party of the Soviet Union and, personnally, comrade L. I.
Brezhnev that they will ra.ise ever higher the banner of socialist competi-
tion in order to worthily celebrate the ilOth aruiiversary of V. I. Letiin's
birth and to fulfill the 1980 and the lOth Five-Year Plans as a whole ahead
_ of schedule.
_ The commitments have been considered and adopted in general
assemblies of staffs of enterprises and organizations of
the U3SR Ministry of Power and Electrification and ha.ve been
approved by the boards of the Ministry and the Presidium of
- the Central Committee of the trade union of workers of elec-
tric poxer and the el,ectrical engineering industry for an
exDanded conference on 10 March 1984� -
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Gidrotekhnicheskoye stroitel'stvo",
1980
89'-%5
- CSO: 1822
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ELr.CTRIC POWPR
vvc 621.311.21.003.1
HYDROLLECTRIC POWER PLA:v'TS PROVIDE EFFICIL+'ii'i' FUEL USE
Aloscow GIDROTEKHNICHFSKOYE STROI''''r~L'STVO in Russian No 5, May 80 pp 20-23
Z Article by candidate of technical scienr.es I. I. Fayn: "On the Economic
Estimation of Hydroelec tric Potirer Plant F~zel Efficiency" _7
Z Text] The fuel efficiency of a hydroelectric power plant is defined as
the diiference in fuel consumption at thermal electric power plants of a
power system with its development by a designed hydroelectric power plant
_ or by a substituted thermal power plant. Power generation at GES's Zhydro-
electric power plants_7, which amounted to 169.6 billion kilowatt-hours in
197'a, is an important factor in providing for savings an fuel and an im-
provement in the structure of the country's fuel and pocaer production ba-
latice. The averaae relative savings on fuel producecl by GMi develorment
i.Lrnout:1.:; (In c;onvon tiona:l. fuel ) to 0.4 kilogram s of conventioilal fual per -
icllowat t-hour. 'rhis ha:i insured a reduction in fuel consumption b,y tllc:rmal
power plants resulting from the construction of hydroelectric power plants,
- considered by us to be the production of.power generated by GES's on the
avera.ge re lative fuel savings provided by the construction of hydroelectric
power plants. 'i'he construction of hydroelectric power plants has made it
. nossible to alleviate the strain on the fuel balance in many regions of tne
country. 'this 'nas a special significance in fuel-scarce regions.
Calculations ol the average rela-tive magnitu@e of fuel savin~s from hydro-
electric power plant construction in regions of the USSR ai: the 1975 level
are shown in table 1.
Especially important is the fuel savings which GES's provide in the country's
European regions, !Jithout GES's in the European regions it would be neces-
- sary to incorporate into a power system an equivalent number of steam tur-
bine and gas turbine poi-rer plants ba.sed on fuel oil and gaseous petroleum
residue i�rhich s�rould necessitate a considerable increase in tYie total con-
sumption of this fuel in USSR electric power plants.
in 1975 nearly 50 billion kilowatt-hours of electric power was generated in
the hydroelectric power plants of Siberia with a co:rresponding savings of -
nearly 20 million tons of conventional fuel which constituted 35 percent of
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the volune of ICuznetsIciy coal transported from Siberia to the European part
of the USSR.
Ta.ble l. Fuel Savings I'roduced oy the Generation af "lectric Power by Gn 's
in 1975 according to Region of the USSR
Electric power
ruel savings,
= Territory
genera.tion,
million tons of
billion kwt-hrs.
convent. fuel
' ?l,titropean territories of the USSR
-
= Northwest (inclu(Iing the 13altic region
_
and Belorussia)
15�3
6�1 -
Central region--near the Volga--Ura1s
26.4
10.6
South
10.0
4.0
~ Northern Caucasus
3�5
1�4
Transcaucasus
5�3
2�1
Total on rcpean territory and Urals
60.5
24�2
Asiatic te?�ritories of the USSR
Central Asia 7�9 3�2
- I_aza3r.hstan 3.9 1.6
Siberia 49�9 19.9
Far Last 3.7 1�5
; Total on Asiatic territory of the USSR 5� 2�2
= Total for U55R 125.9 50�4
Thus, hydroelectric power plant construetion ma.de a significant contribu-
tion to the efficiency of the fuel and energy production economy of our
i country. In tne future the contribution of GES' s to shaping the fuel and
_ power Ualance of the country will increase considerably. With a generation
oF 250 billion Itilos�iatt-hours of power at GL~S's, the fuel savings wi1l a-
- mount to 100 million tons of conventional fuel (including 40 million tons
- of conventional fuel saved bf GP,S's situated in the Luropean parts of the
- COU21tl"f
' The i'uel savings provided by hydroelectric power plant construction are
considerably greater in real terms than the above indicated savings of con-
_ ventional fuel. The fuel savings provided by GES's are, in monetary terms,
the production of a volume of economized fuel and their contingent fuel
; cos ts .
Con-tingent costs for fuel differentiated for various regions of the country
represent a systen of interconnected relative economic indicators which
' characterize an econonic estimate of costs to the national economy to pro-
vide for additional ccnsumption of various forms of fuel and power in areas
of the country (1). These relatives indicators are varied in time in
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accordance with changes in the fuel and power balance and the initial tech-
nical and economic indicators.
r
Due to the objective limitation of the most efficient energ,y resources, it
seems necessary in each rriven time period to involve more expeilsive natural
sources of enera in the power balance along with the comparatively inexpen-
sive sources. Iiational economic effects of cha.nges in energy resource con-
suription are also estimated in terr.ls of consumption o= the more expensive
sources as are tne iaagnitude of their mining or production.
aoiir.co ra.vailahle at arriven stagc inay a.ccornpli ;11 con-tinf;ent
11n7.~v thoso
runctiorls:
The technically feasible scale of mining exceeds the required level of their
iise in an optimized fuel and energy balance;
'The available resources and qualitative characteristics of the fuel nake it
- possible to supply a, rather broad group of consumers both in their own re-
6ion ar_d also outside of it.
Contingent costs for fuel are shaped in a territorial profile for regions
directl- :f'izrnished with fuel from one of the surrounding basins with straight-
fors�rard addition of the relative costs for its mining and transportation.
In the remaining regions some kind of contingent fuel compensates for the
variation in fuel censumption only after more or less complicated interre-
gional redistribution of the remaining energy resources. For this reason,
the eontingent costs for fuel in such regions consist of the variation (in-
crease or decrease) in transportation costs over the entire chain of re-
d_I.stribution of the fucl.
Contlngent cost indicators cliffer not only in territorial profile but also
in the types of fuel, thereoy naking it possible to obtain a monetary esti-
mate of the qualitative heterogeneity of the fuel from the point of view of
- the consuners. In this case the numerical values of the contingent costs
for ga.s and fuel oil are formed by indicators of the surrounding fuel (coal)
with an increase in economy of the costs obtained with the use of high-quali-
t~r fuel by surrounding consumers.
:In the near future Donetskiy fuel coal will be contingent to a large part of _
the country's :European regions. In the more remote future contingent fune-
tions will be carried out by atomic power plants. Kansko-Achinskiy brown
coal will be contingent in Siberian regions, Because of its inherent phy-
sical characteristics it should be used principally in coal-dust furnaces
and it also has limited transportability. For this reason the group of
consumers o'L run-of-mine Kansko-Achinskiy coal is relatively narrow and the ~
frotenti-al for its refining and use in European regions by means of di"rect _
current electric Dower transMission are limited. As a result of this, coal
serves as a contingent Fuel in the confines of Siberia and has contingent
costs equal to the mining and transportation ind.icators.
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"Guid:ing Directives" (1),which has been in effect for a number of years, has
played a definite positive role in power engineering. However, during re-
cent years tl:e cost indicators for fuel have increased considerably, making
it nocnsaary to .review t;he r.orms se t in "Guiding Directives". -
Let us consider the norms for contingent costs on Donetskiy coal which have
a decisive effect on contingent fuel norms for an entire series of regions
in the country's European part.
In "t,ixiding Directives" (1) the contingent costs for mining Donetskiy fuel
coal t�rero ci3-tlmatEid at 19-21 .rubles par ton of conventional fuol. 'rhese
costs are based on source information which is already out of date and are
understated.
According to current data, capita.l investments for new pit construction for
Donetskiy fuel coal are estima.ted for the future at an average of 70-80
rubles per ton and at 80-90 rubles per ton allowing for the cost of enrich-
ment factories and geological exploration.
The dynamics of change in the domestic net cost of mining Donetskiy fuel
coals are presented in table 2.
Table 2. The Dynamics of Variation in the Net Cost of Mining
Donetskiy FZel Coals :
Years Yield Enrichment Total
1970
100
100
100
t971
101
96
100
1972
103
93
102
- 1973
104
92
103
1974
108
92
107
1975
116
102
115
In connection with the indicated existence of a trend toward increasing the
wages of workers, the performance of a number of ineasures associated with
improving safety equipment and working conditions, the net cost of mining -
Donetskiy fuel coal in the future will be, in our opinion, no lower than 10 rubles per ton and, if the net cost of enrichment is added to this, then
it caill be at least 11 rubles per ton.
The specific nature of �the mining industry dictates the presence of so-called -
- mining support costs. These costs are associated xith a consta,nt fluctuation
- in the extent of wor.k areas and also with change in the exploita.tion process
_ under mountainous conditions. These costs are required even with the un-
changed productive capacity of the mining enterprises for maintaining a -
scale of mining and "support" of its level. When the first prepared long-
walls or bore holes are worked out, it is necessary for them to make the
next new longwalls or holes with a reduction in the capacity of the layer or
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its mining to increase the number of effective longwalls or holes and
compensate for the lower productivity of each of them.
Capital costs for mine construction before its activation do not provide for
obtaining projected products during the planned operating period. As early
as a year or two after the start-lip of a mine with successive activated and
developed lonE;walls, new longrralls should be prepared and this process is
continued until the end of its service period.
Yearly support costs for ponetskiy fuel coal are estimated at 3.0-3.2 rubles
per ton.
Relative capital investnents for the mining of fuel taking the time factor
(I0 into account are defined as
K SK, (1)
where S is the coefficient of the ratio between the relative capital invest-
ments allowing for the time factor and the relative capital investments for
mining fuel without taking the time factor into account;

EKt (1 -F- P�)ra-t
(2)
~eNt(l+P�)6
K is the actual capital investment for mining the fuel; ICt is the capital
investment for nining the fuel in terms of a construction year; t is the
current construction yea-r; td is the base year; PH is the standard for
the time factor; A i1t is the increase in the equipment activated for fuel
extraction during the year t compa.red with the year t- 1, in percentages.
- The net cost of fuel mining allowing for the time factor U is defined by the
formula
U = T U, (3)
where T is the coefficient of the rat'!o between the net cost of mininb taking
the time factor into account and the net cost of mining without considering _
- the time iactor;
~evr (I +PH)r6-r
~ EAN: (1 -f-P�)'6-t
- U is the cost of fuel without allowjng for the time factor; AUt is the in-
crease in the cost of fuel extraction per year compared with the year t- 1,
in percentages, -
Using the prevailing norms for the duration of construction and the develop-
ment of activated machinery for mines of the Donetskiy ba.sin (2,3), coeffi-
cient 1.46 and coefficient Y' = 1.06.
In the composition of Donetskiy coals scheduled for use in electric power
plants, variation in the grade of coals mined in terms of one of the fore-
casting variations for materials (4) is shown in table 3.
Thus, in the future the sha,re of higher-quality fuel coals A, PA and T will
be reduced and there will be increased mining of lower-quality coals of the
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G and D types characterizsd by higher sulfur (3.0-3.3 percent) and ash (25-
30 percent) contents. Table 3. The Grade of Donetskiy Coals Scheduled for
Use in rlectric Power Plants, in Percentages
Grade 1970 Data for Future
A and PA
69.0
58.4
'r
17.2
8.4
D
5.3
7.2
G
4.9
25�2
K, Zh and OS
3.6
0.8
- Total 100.0 100.0
In addition to the structural changes, a trend toward lowering the quality
of the mined coal has been observed in recent years. In particular, the
caloricity of the higher-quality Donetskiy fuel coal of the ASh and T types
has been lowered by 7-10 percent over a 15 year period and the ash and
moisture contents ha.ve increased by 10-15 percent. The progressive in-
crease in ash content of run-of -mine coal will remain at an average 0.3 per-
cent per year in the future (5) since the average capacity of worked out
layers will be lowered and the relative Neight of complex construction layers
will increase with wholesale extraction.
Analysis of the factual data and projected development of the Donba.ss coal
industry indicates tha.t according to the actual combined correlation of ~
coal types and their characteristics, the caloric equivalent of the Donet-
ski,y coal in new mines will be no higher than 0.7-0.71.
The contingent costs for mining Donetskiy fuel coals in new mines in the
future, calculated accord.ing to the above-presented data on capital invest-
ments, net cost, caloric equivalent and duration of construction and deve-
lopment, will amount to 42-45 rubles per ton of conventional fuel.
The future contingent costs for coal in the country's European regions are
determined by the costs for mining Donetskiy coal with an increase ar de- crease in their transportation costs in accorda.rce with the optimum sched- -
ule for transportation within the European regions.
ti�fe have developed "^lentative Directives for Determination of the Economic
Efficiency of Capital Investments in Designing Hydroelectric Power Projects"
(6) in which norms for the contingent Losts for fuel in 1981-1990 and in
1991-2000 have been presented.
- The State Expert Commission of USSR Gosplan, havin.g approved "Tentative Di-
rectives" as a whole, cor.sidered it advisable to rename it "Methodological ,
Directives for Detern:ining the Economic Lfficiency of Capital Investments
in the Design of Hydroelectric Power Projects". In addition, in the
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resolution of the Sta.te Expert Commission of USSR Gosplan it was noted that
tentatively, until authorization of new directive materials, the contingent
costs for fuel in determining the econonic efficiency of hydroelectric power
projects may be taken to be those in "Tentative Directives", endorsed by
the board of the USSR riinistry of Power and Electrification.
In table 4 are cited the contingent costs f'or fuel coal in the country's
European part accorrling to "Guiding Directives" (1) and according to the
riorms rocommencleci b,y us in "Tentative Directives" (6). The contingent costs
for t981-1990 havo bcun adopted in (6) in agroement with the supplement to
the above-mentioned "Guiding Directives" prepared by the scientif ic council
of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the comprehensive problems of power en-
gineering presented to USSR Gosplan.
Table 4. Contingent Costs for ruel Coal in the European Past
_ of the Country, Rubles per Ton of Conventional Fuel
- Region Guiding Tentative Directives
Directives 1981_1990 1991_2000
- ilorthwest ~
19-22
35-58
46-49
Central region
18-21
34-36
45-48
Northezn Caucasus
20-22
32-34
43-46
Vear the Volga
17-20
30-34
43-46
Urals
13-16
25-28
39-42
23astern Ukraine, Ros-
tovskaya oblast
19-21
31-33
42-45
Woater�n UJcxaino, I4o1-
_ davla
20-21
33-35
44_47
Georgia
20-23
33-35
44-47
Armenia, Azerba!jan
21-24
35-37
45-48
Table 5. Contingent Costs for Natur.al Gas in Central Asia, Rubles per
Ton
of Conventional ruel
Guiding
Tentative
Directives
Region
Directives
1981-1990
1991-2000
TuriQnenia
14-17
28-30
39-42
Uzbekistan
15-18
29-32
40-43
Tadzhikistan
15-18
31-33
40-43
Kirgizia
16-18
30-32
41-44
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'1'able Prices on tile Vorld Unergy idarket in the rliddle of
April, 1977 (in dollars per ton of product)
Oil product Italian ports Rotterdam
Premium gasoline
142-146
144-154
Regular gasol.ine
127-129�5
132-138
Kerosene fuel for jet
- engines
122-121-P
127�5-129�5
Diesel fuel
116,5-113.5
117.5-119.25
- Heavy-duty fuel oil with
sulfur content of :
1: 7~
80-82
83-85
71-73 � 5
71. 5-73. 5
* Delivered by tanker
**Delivered by ba,rges
Contingent costs for natural gas in Central Asia according to "Guiding Di-
rectives" (1) and accord.ing to "Tentative Direetives" (6) are shown in
table 5.
I�doVr 1Pt us consider the norms for contingent costs for Kansko-Achinskiy
brown coal. In "Guiding Directives" (1) the contingent costs for mining
Kansko-Achinskiy coal are estima.ted at 2.5-3.5 rubles per ton of convention-
al fuel. These costs are also based on already outdated information.
According to current data, the capital investments for mining Ka,nsko-Achin-
sIciy brown coal come to 13.0 rubles per ton (including 9.65 rubles per ton
in industrial construction; 3�35 rubles per ton axe the capital investments
for regional construction arid the production base). In addition, central-
ized capital investments on geological exploration work amounting to 0.7
rubles per ton must be accounted for. Thus, capital investments for mining
Ka,nsko-Achinskiy brown coal (allowing for geological exploration) amount to
13.7 rubles per ton.
The net cost of mining Kansko-Achinskiy coal is expected to be two rubles
per ton in the 'Luture; support costs in the amount of 0.44 rubles per ton
_ yearly and a 0.5 caloric equivalent are expected.
- Relative capital investments and net costs for mining Kansko-Achinskiy broz�rn
coal taking the tine fac'cor into account are determined using formulas (1)
to (4). The quantitative value of coefficient S for Kansko-Achinskiy coal
has been def ined as 1.32 while the quantitative value of coefficient T is
1.11.
In "Tentative Directives" the contingent cost norms for Kansko-Achinskiy
coal are reconmended as: 6-8 rubles per ton of conventional fuel in 1981-
1990 and 6-10 rubles per ton of conventional fuel in 1991-2000.
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Peak-laad hirdroelectric power plants and pumped-storage electric power plants
in the :,.uropean part of the USSR often are comparable to gas turbine power
plants operating on diesel fuel oil or on bas.
With a certain amount oF oil extrac-tion and production oi' oil prociucts ancl
~ comple+e sa-tisfaction of tho neods of industry for industrial stocks, tho
' oil proclucts saved in power engineering may be oxported.
The oxpart value of oil and oil products is determined to a considerable
- cie;,rrce by prices i.n the world ener_gy marlcet. The energ.y crisis which is
- shocl:in~; the capita'lis-t world has found its main expression, as is known,
in a sharp jump in nrices for the ma.jority of basic forms of energy re-
sources. Thus, during 1971-1973 oil prices rose 6.5-fold and remain now at
a high level on the order of 90-100 dollars per ton depending on the quali-
ty of the oil. The price for oil products on the world market according to
scientific -reseaxch data of the Business Conditions Institute (7) is shown
in table 6.
In the ouinion of Soviet economists, the general trend in oil prices on the
wurld energy marI:et ha.s become irreversible (8). If any change qccurs in
_ the nr.ices of oil and oil products, then it will be an increase.
Tlie coritingent cost norms for diesel oil products are estimated to be 30
rubles per ton of conventional fuel for 1991-200 and 63-65 rubles per ton of
conventional fuel in the neax future (1981-1990). These norms and the data
in table 4 have been aclopted in (6).
Usin'- the recommend.ed contingent cost norms for fuel significantly increases
tho oconor.iic impact of tho projected hydroelectric powor planl: construction
and increases the economic poi;ential of hydroelectric power resources.
Conclusions
Hydroelectric potirer plants provide a considerable savings in fuel. The new
contingent fuel cost norms developed and approved by the USSR IiIinistry of
Power and Electrification and issued for use by USSR Gosplan are based on
current estimates of costs for its minirg and on the fluctuating fuel and
energy situation. The economic efficiency rating of planned hydroelectric
power projects is considerably increased with the calculation of the recorn-
mended norms,
At present, prices on the world energy market have increased still more.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. "Rukovodyashchiye ukazaniya k ispol'zovaniyu zamykayushchikh zatrat na
toplivo i elektricheskuyu energiyu" Z Guiding Directives to the Use of
Contingent Costs for F~zel and Llectric Power_7, !'loscow, Nauka, 1973�
2. "NorJr~y prodolzhitel'nosti stroitel'stva predpriyatiy, zdaniy i sooruzheniy"
/ Idorms for the Duration of Construction of Enterprises, Bui33ings and
;itructures_7, SY 444-72, rloscow, Stzroyizdat, 1972�
3. "Hormy prodolzhitel'nosti osvoyeniya proyektnykh moshchnostey wodimykh
v deystviye predpriyatiy" /'Norms for the lluration for Putting Ylanned
Machinery of &nterprises into Operation], Moscow, i,konomika, 1975�
4. Kuzbasov, G. A.; and Fayn, I. I. "The Caloric Equivalent of Donetskiy
Fuel Coals," TEPLOr,11ERGETIKA, No 9, 1972�
~ 5. Kotkin, A. M. "Forecasting the Development of Coal Enrichment in the
Future until the Year 2000," in "Prognozirovaniye razvitiya energetiki
USSR" Z Forecasting the Development of Power Engineering in the Ukrain-
ian 3SR_7, Kiev, 1971.
6. "Vremennyye ukazaniya po opredeleniyu ekonomicheskoy effektivnosti kapi-
tal'nykh vlozheniy pri proyektirovanii gidroenergeticheskikh ob"yektov"
/ Tentative Directives for lletermining the Economic Efficiency of Capi-
tal Investments in Designing Hydroelectric Power Projects Moscow, 1978�
7. "Bulletin of For.eign Commerce Info.rmation," No 56 (4541), 14 May 1977.
8. hlaksakovskiy, V. P. "Toplivnaya promyshlennost' sotsialisticheskikh
stran ~1~vropy" L The b~zel Industry of 6"uropean Socialist Countries],
Moscow, Nedra, 1975.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Gnergiya", "Gidrotekhnicheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1980.
8945
CSO: 1822
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ELECTRIC POWER
GENERATING CAPACITY OI POWSR PLANTS IS UPGRADFU
Moscow GIDROTEKHNICHESKOYE STROITEL'STVO in Russian No 5, May 80 p 46
Z Article: "Chronicle of Construction and Operation"_7
L Text_7 On 2 March power builders of advanced mechanized tower 110 33 of
the Zapadkarakumgidrostroy trust poured the final cubic meters of concrete
in the dam separating the Caspian Sea from the bay of Ka.ra-Bogaz-Gol. The
dam is 55 meters long and 6.5 meters high with a gentle incline. It waa
erected using local building materials. The first-ever hydroelectric power
plant structures span the strait on unstable quicksand with a rather strong
current.
The dam, in conjunction with a reliable throughput structure, makes it pos-
sible not only to be aided by the Caspian Sea but also to regulate the out-
put of water entering from the strait in judicious limits, maintaining in it
the required concentration of brine.
_ A hydraulic turbogenerator for the Yu2hkozerskaya hydroelectric power plant
on the Kem' River in Ka.rel'skaya ASSR was put into operation in March this
year.
By January 1980 the Nurek hydroelectric powerplant had generated
- 25 billion kilowatt-hours of electric power since the day its first units
were started up and completely justified its construction costs.
Construction has begun on a unique complex of structures which will protect
the city of Leningrad from flooding. The engineering project is being,car-
ried out by the Leningrad division of the Gidroproyekt Institute imeni S. Ya.
Zhuk with the participation of more than 50 scientific and planning organi-
zations. A network of rock and earth levees will traverse the Finnish strait.
Their overall length will be 25 kilometers. Between the levees will be con-
structed two openings for the pa.ssage of ships and six water-passage struc-
tures. On the north bank of the Finnish strait in the area of Lisiynos Cape
machine operators of Lengidroenergospetsstroy ha.ve begun work on the con-
struction of structures to protect Leningrad from flooding.
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- The 'niggest mud and rock slides do not scare the industrial enterprises,
transport supply lines and living groups of the western part of the capitol
of Kazakhstan. They are reliably protected from the msnacing element ori-
ginating high in the mountains by a heavy-duty dam bridging the valley of
the Bol'skaya Almaatinka River. In March the final cubic meters of concrete
were poured in its body. The high efficiency of similar structures in the
struggle against mud flows has been proved in practice. A stone rubble dam
near the world-famous high-mountain ska.ting rink Medeo not so long ago stood
up to the pressure of an enormous mud slide. Both da.ms are included in a
system to protect the city of Alma-Ata from the mountainous elements.
The highest dam in the world (335 meters) will be erected as paxt of the
hydroelectric power system of the Rogunskaya hydroelectric power plant on
the Vakhsh River in Tadzhikistan in a zone of 9-intensity seismic activity.
The Institute for Earthquake-proof Construction and Seismology of the Tad-
zhik SSR Academy of Sciences experimented on a 1:300 scale model to estab-
lish the load on a dam with various sizes and types of earthquakes, to de-
termine its resilience and, in accordance with the obtained results, to make
recommendations on designing and constructing the dam.
At the beginning of rtarch this year, filling of the Kopetdagskiy reservoir
was completed. First, 220 million cubic meters of water were accumulated
in it. Other Turlanenskiy reservoirs were also filled to the control mark.
In them have been accumulated 1.6 billion cubic meters of wa.ter. This will
provide for irrigation of young crops of cotton and other agricultural
crops.
Construction has been started on the fourth phase of the Stavropol'skiy
Canal. The new structure of the largest reclamation system of the Northern
Caucasus extends 97 kilometers into the arid regions, which will provide the
opportiznity to intensify agricultural production. With this phas: under
construction, the length of the.Bol'shoy Stavropol'skiy Canal will reach
359 kilometers. It will extend from the foothills of the Northern Caucasus
almost to the Kalmytskiy Steppes where the lands of Stavropol' come together
~ in the north. Pztting into operatioi, the fourth phase of the cana.l will
make it possible to irrigate an additional almost 80,000 hectares of arid
land.
In the Armenian SSR high in the mountains, developers of the republic are
completing construction of the Dzhogazskiy reservoir. This is one of the
largest in Armenia. 3pread over a 214 hectare area, it holds more than 45
million cubic meters of water. The dam of this reservoir is 60 meters high.
The reservoir will provide the potential for irrigating more than 5,000
hectares of arid land and to comsiderably improve water provision for exis-
ting vineyards and fruit orcharcis.
COPYRIG:iT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Gidrotekhnicheskoye stroitel'stvo", 1980.
8945
cso; 1822
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EI,ECTRIC POWER
GAS-TURBINE, STEAM-GAS UNITS CHARACTERISTICS DESCRIBED
Moscow PROMYSHLENNOYE TEPLOVYYE ELEKTROSTANTSII in Russian signed to
press 1979 pp 120-140
_ [Chapter 7 from "Promyshlennoye teplovyye elektrostantsii" (Industrial
Thernal Electric Power Stations), Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1979, pp 120-1=601
[Text]
7-1. Characteristics of Heat Release frolr GTi1's (Gas-Tzrbine Units) Gas-turbine units may be used with great efficiency for the combined pro-
duction of heat and electric power. The conditions of heat release from
GTIJ's have the following chasacteristics, which axe detennined by the
conditions and field of their efficient utiliza.tion:
1. The GTU cycle is chaxacterized by high temperatures of the heat feed-in
a.nd outlet; hence the temperature of the gases fully developed in the po-
w er cycle amounts to 300--500�C and is sufficient for heating up the ex-
ternal heat carriers to the temperatures necessary for the consumexs.
2. Heat and hot water are released from GTU's by utilizing the heat of
_ the exhaust gases and the xater which cools the compressors (Fig. 7-1),
i.e.,leat which is fully developed in the given power cycle. Hences
- a) the temperature_level of the heat being released has hardly any influ-
ence on savings of B,K based on the combined production of heat and elec-
tric power. As isknown, in the case of steam-turbine units the tempera-
ture level of the released heat exerts a grea.t influence on their economiz-
ing features.
b) in a GTU the capacity of the engine, expenditure of fuel, expenditure
of the operating medium (gas), the temperature and pressure of the operat-
ing gas at individual points during any possible heat release remain just
the same as during operation on a purely power schedule.
Thus, fuel expenditure in a GTU is detennined solely by its electrical ca-
pacity and does not depend upAn the amount of heat being released. In a
PTU (steam-gas unit) a heat release Q~ oat a constant capacity brings
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about an increase in_the heat exnenditure of fuel as follows:
AQron - QN.nbftnr+
where ~-is the coefficient of heat value from a given bleeding of the
turbine.
awzwinwr ta.r
/ amro[frPy
Figure 7-1. Schematic Pf heating GTU (simplified)
Key:
1. Low-pressure compressor 8. Heating surface of steam genera-
2. High-pressure compressor tor on exhaust gases
3. Combustion chamber 9. I)xvm separator of steam generator
4. Gas turbine 10. Circulating pump of steam
5. Electric generator generator
6. High-temperature section of il. Heating surface of network-water
air-cooler preheater
7. Low-temperature section of 12. Network pump
air-cooler
3. A high initial gas temperature before the turbine (cycle) may also be
utilized in a GTU with a modest standard capa.city, while maintain~ng'high._in-
ternal efficiencies�of the turbines and compressors; hence the energy indi-
cators of a heating GTU depend relatively little on its unifozm capacity,
- whereas in steam turbines high initial steam parameters of 13.0--24.0 MPa
(megapascals) axe utilized orL1y with a standaxdized turbine capacity of
50--200 MWt (megawatts). In connection with this, heating GTIJ's may pro-
vide fuel savings in comparison with separate heat and electric power sup-
ply (KES [condensation electric power stations] plus boilers) also at mo-
dest-level heat loads in which steam-turbine TETs's (heat and power sta-
- tions) axe not economically justified. This is especially important.i.C-or
medium and small industrial enterprises, citiest etc.
4. The complete cost of an installed kilowatt of a heating GTU amounts to
- no more than 100--120 rubles. The proportionate cost of large-scale KES's
is equal to 120--140 rubles per kilowatt. The staff coefficient at a gas-
turbine TETs (GTETs) is approximately the sam e as at a rayon-level KES.
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Therefore, with equal closing outlays for fuel for a GTETs and a KES, the
GTETs is economical in a11 cases, when it provides a fuel_ economy, whereas
the economically optimum coefficient of heating a GTETs,aTSU i.s usually
more than the optimum dr3u with regard to electric-power indicators.
5. At the presen+,-day level of energy systems' development steam-turbine
TETs's are economically justified at a rated heat load of no less than 400
--450 rtw (350--430 Gcal. per hour) in the European pa.rt of the USSR and
500--600 MW in regions with cheaper fuel. Gas-turbine TETs's, thanks to
the characteristics enumerated above, axe economically justified at loads
of 100--400 MW and even lower. This circumstance broa.dens very greatly
the field of the economic use of introducing district heating systems,
since consumers xith loads of 100--500 MW expend about 25 percent of all
the heat consumed in the USSR. Broadening the field of introducing dis-
trict hea.ting systems while building gas-turbine TETs's may yield great
savings in fuel and monetary funds.
6. Inasmuch as the temperature of the hot water released from a GTE'Ts has
practically no influence on fuel savings, the economically optiiuum water
tempera.ture in the supply line of network Tl from aGTETs is considexably
higher than from a PTETs, and it amounts to 200--2300 C with aai indepen-
dent system of connecting customers.
It is becoming more profitable to have quantita.tive regulation (with-il as
a constant), within which the expenditure of network water determining the
diameter of the heat pipelines is considerably less than the expenditure
of watier corresponding to the maximum winter load.. Due to the two factors
noted above, pipeline diameters are obtained which axe significantly less
than when Tj = 150� C, as well as duF to a qualitative regulation, which
substantially reduces the cost of heat networks and theix metal consump-
tion and increases the economic radius of the centralized heat supply.
At a high water ternperature in the network's supply line it is possible to
obtain 1oa-pressure steam in places in the water-steam vaporizers. This
may provide great savings in the heating systems of rayons in which, to-
- gether with hot water, certain consumers require low-pressure steam for
production.
The exhaust gases of a GTU may be used economically to heat up high-tem-
perature heat caxriers (VOT) to 300--400� C; such hea.t carriers have a
number of prod.uction uses.
7. GTETs steam generators axe heated up by exhaust gases with tempera-
tures no higher than 400--5000 C. The steam pressure in the.m is low,
ranging from 1.2 to 1.8 MPa. Therefore, as the experience of industrial-
ly utilized steam generators ha,s shown, GTETs steam generators can operate
completely on cationized water. This circumstance is of great importance
for enterprises with large condensate losses. At such enterprises with
high-p'res"sure TETs steam turbines we need to build much more expensive and
complex desalinizing or steam-converting units.
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8. In orcier to cover the peak loads of both steam as well as heating
steam generatorsp network preheaters operating on GTU exhaust gases may
also be boosted by sub-heating, in which by means of igniting fuel the
temperature of the gases is raised to the required level. Inasmuch as in
the sub-heating t~e fuel is burned by means of the ox}rgen contained in
- the exhaust gases, the sub-heating doos not, for all practical purposes,
increase the quantity of the unit's escaping gases, their temperature in-
creases only compaxitively insignificantly. This is explained by the
sharp increase of the temperature pressure in the heat exchangers. Thusp
without increasing the axea of the heating surface, the heat capacity of
the steam generator and the network preheaters can be shaxply stepped up.
- Inasmuch as sub-heating practically does not increase the total outflow
of escaping gases, the heat of the fuel additional burned in sub-heating
' is utilized with an efficiency of about 0.9 and higher, depending upon
the degree of boosting.
In connection with what has been indicatedo we cannot install special
peak boilers at a gas-turbine TETs's along with steam generators and
reduce corresponding expenditures. In cases where a GTU is not operat-
ing it is possible to burn fuel for sub-heating in the open atmosphere.
This guarantees nominal heat conductivity of the heat generators and
network pre-heaters, but at a lowering of efficiency.
The chara,cteristics enumerated above indicate that GTU's are heating a.g-
gregates with extremely good future prospects and a good supplement for
steam-turbine TETs's; in particular, they allow for considerable expan-
sion in the field of economically utilizing the introduction of district
heating systems. However, the impossibility of operating disconnected
GTU systems on solid fuels limits the sphere of their utilizatian.
7.2 Detennining the Fuel Economy of a Heating GT[J, Selecting a Schematic
and Equipment for the Units
For any un.it--steam-turbine, ga.s-turbine, or steam-gas--the fuel economy,
- to be obtained on the ba.sis of the combined B,K production, in comparison
with an individual power supply (KES plus boiler-type), is determined by
the fozmula (2-1).
- Inasmuch,_as GTU's for the release of heat to outside consumers from tur-
binesQ;''n utilize the heat of gases which have been produced entirely
within the power cycle, the fuel expenditure for a GTU is determined
solely by its electrical caj,+a.city and remains practically the same dur-
ing both the maximum possib'le release of heat of va.rious parameters as
well as when operating on a pure'y power sched.ule. Accordingly, in the
- case of any heat releases which are possible for a given GTU:
_ Q~ry = qrrvNrTV, (7-1)
where Q Ty is the expenditure of trie fuel heat of: a heating GTU, ' NrTy is
the GTU's electrical capacity, : qrTy is the proportional expenditure of
fuel heat per kW-hr.
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If the efficiencies of the GTU's and the KES's were equal, then the ex-
- penditure of fuel to produce electric power in the case of a GTETs and a
sepasate electric power supply would be the sam e'(Bxac = BrTau) , while
the eavings in conventional fuel would amount to or
Q~ya/rIM.r,' where Q;;?';; is the heat released to outside consumers,
by virtue of the heat pmduced by GTIJ's, whilell;;or represents the effi-
- ciency of the boiler-types being replaced (net).
- Usua.lly, however, ?1rTy qK3C� Taking this factor into
consideration, - - - -
QDK = Qe nlT1N0T 3rrv ( qfTY - QK301
(7-2)
where 3rry is the release of electric power from a GTU.
The proportional savings in fuel heat per z�eleased unit of heat 9sx
amounts to the followings
9gK = Q,xIQ.T.~
x
=1 /1l-oT - 3rrv/ Q... '
9rTy - 9xA�
(7-3)
Inasmuch as with the GTU's the release of heat does not affect the power
cycle, the amount of heat- Q:Yn'being released from the turbine to the out-
sid.e consumer may be detezmined from the GTU's heat ba.lances
rrv > >
- Qron = 9rTYNI'7v =
s
Ny'-f " Qi o+ Qy.r + Qy.s + Qo.cr
(7-4)
where is the electromechanical efficiency of an aggregate, QY. r is
the heat carried off by the escaping gases after they are used by the
heat exchangers (See Figure 7-1), Qy.9 is the heat carried off by the water
from the interned.iate, air coolers of the compressors,! Qo. . represents the
heat losses into the envi.ronment via the exterior surface. These losses
usually constitute no more than 1 percent qrry'and they axe not considered.;
- -
QY.r =CpGr (ty.r - ta.s) _
= Nt'TYgCP (ty.r - tu.e), (7-5~
g= Gi/N'rTV is the proportional expenditure of the working medium (gas)
of a GTU, cp is the gas's proportional heat consumption,- t,,. , is the tem-
perature of the escaping gases after being utilized by the heat exchan-
gers, is. the teanperature of the outside air (the heat ba,latice is com-
piled from ~H. e)�
The heat given ofi by the air in the intexmediate coolers of the com-
pxessors may be fully or pa,rtially utilized.. Thus, in the case of an
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- immed.iately available water reservoir, when the addition of chemically
purified water to the heat network at a TETs is great, the air in the
PO's (intermediate coolers) may be completely cooled by additional wa-
~ ter coming in from the chemical purification system with a sufficiently
low temperature. Since the air coolers are always made of non-ferrous
metal, the make-up watex is supplied to them prior to the dQ-aerator.
'rlhen the air in the PO's may be cooled only by feedback network water
" having a temperature of 45--70 � C, then the air in the corresponding
section of the PO (See Figure 7-1, No. 6) may be cooled by this water
only to 55--80� C. Further cooling of the air to the required tempera-
ture (usually 350 C) must be carried out in another section of the PO
(No. 7), by cooled water from the cooling tower, river, and the like.
- The heat which is carried off by water from this section, Qy,,is dissi-
pated into the 5urrounding environment as follows:
Qy.. = cpGxetso3 = cp6'N.df~3, (7-6)
where Ot;o, is the difference in the temperatures of the air between its
entry anci exit from the PO section, to be cooled down by water from the
cooling tower. In the model values of temperatures of the cooling water
cited above
,
erBO, _(55-80) - 35 = 20 i 55� C.
Let us introduce the following conceptss
~ a) heat capacity of a GTU QT.M equal to the maximum quantity of haat
which may be released to consumers in a unit of time from a given GTU
at its full electrical capacityi
b) coefficient of utilization of a GTiI's hea.t capacity during the pe-
riod under examination Z= QBYnIQt.
The escaping gases and the air being cooled in PO's have low and closely
interrelated temperatures. The composition of the escaping gases with
the coefficient or excess air Q= 4; 7 is little different than air.
Therefore, the values cp in the formulas (7-5) and (7-6) may be consi-
dered with sufficient precision to be equal. One may also regard as
' equal the mass expendituras of gas through the turbine and the compres-
sor.
Taking into comparative account the stated equation (7-4) and (7-6) and
carrying out a regrouping of the terms, we find:
Qlli yn* - Ni rvqi�rv -
- INI'TYIn,r + NI'TYgCp X
x (f y.r - iH.s T Atu0%)]� (7-7)
From the equa.tion (7-7)
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Qryp
N,~ = qrrv - 11TI,,, - cpg'X
x (ty.r - tn.. + Atio)� (7-8)
By substituting the found values QnTyPr1/Ncrv' or, what is the same thing,
Qa ~/,~j-TY in the expression (7-3) and utilizing the function, QayR _
QT�YZ, we find the proportional fuel heat savings er unit of heat re-~
leasec~ to outsids consumers (in a dimensionless form~ as followss
9!C - I~'IKOT
Qrrv-Qx3c 1
y QI'TY-11nsr-BCP(ir.r-ta..+et;~, i.
. (7-9)
From the formula (7-7) it follows that with Z= 1

Qr.r=NfTY[QfTY-1/Tl,y-gCpx-
X (tY.r - ta.is + Otn (7' l~)
In order to determine in accordance with fornnula (7-10), the values
f and At a, are taken as minimal with regard to technical and econo-
mic considera.tions. In the formula (7-7) the values of these magnitudes
are determined by the degree of utilization of a GT[J's heat capacity in
the case under consideration (i. e., by magnitude Z) and may reach their
maximum values for a given GTU.
In using calculations within the SI (International System of Units) system
of units in the fozmulas (7-9) and 7-10) the proportional e enditure of
operating gas g is expressed in kg ~kilograms)/kJ (kilojoules~ /if.cp is
expressed in kJf(kg C)%. The manufacturing plants usually cite g in
kg/(kW � hrs.). The proportional expenditure of the operating element,
expressed in kg/kJ, is 3600 times less than that expressed in kg/(kW� hrs.).
In using calculations within the MICGSS 1not further identified/ system of
units in these fozmulas the multiplier 1T'q-,,, is replaced by the multiplier
as~~'~er�
The expression QT. ~/N'rTV 9m .
capacity, i. e., the ainount ofp heat
GT'J's electrical capacity.
represents a GTU's proportional heat
which may be released per unit of a
The reciprocal NfTY7QT.� represents the proportional production of elec-
tric power per unit of released heat.
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Of the GTU's characteristics only the following two magnitudes are in-
cluded in the fozmula (7-9): 9~TY (or the GTU's efficiency) and g,,
wtiich are known in accordance with the data of the manufacturing plants.
The va.lue ty.r is determined by economic considerations and depends pri-
marily upon the temperature of the heat carrier being heated. In the case
of a directly available water reservoir the magnitude Afao; is equal to
zero, while in other cases it is determined from the expression AiaO3 =
to.. + A trt. o, . where to, s is the temperature of the cooling water at the
entranco to the high-temperature section of the PO (for example, the tem-
perature of the feedback network water). _The temperature pressure at the
cold end of the PO is usually equal to. O1n` o= 10 15� C.
Let 4rv = 0.29; g= 16 kg/(kW- hr)3; bK3c = 340 g/(kW . hrs); r14
KO,, _
~ 0.88;- ty,r = 1100 C; t,,,, _-50 C; directly available water reservoir;
eP"x -o; 0.98. The GTU's heat capacity is utilized fully, Z=
803- 3Y
1(winter). Substituting these values in the.fonnula (7-9), we find q,K
_ = 0.78.
If during the period under consideration, for example, one hour, a GTU re-
leases to consumers 'Qen' = 665 GrS/hr., then the hourly fuel savings will
amount to. B,K q,xQX = 0.78 - 665 = 516 GJ/1~r. , or 16.7 tons per hr.
- of conventional fuel. In the case of the T-100-130/565 steam turbine,
wtien opera,ting with a full heat load ? 4sK = 0.80 = 0.8?. Thus, with re- spect to the electric-power indicators during full heat load the units un-
der consideration differ little from each other.
In order to detezmine the annual fuel savings provided by the TGTU's, it
is necessary that the annual heat-load schedule (a summation of steam and
hot water) be divided into several parts, within which the avera,ged-out
values of Z, ma be considered equal, dependent on the heat-load sched.ule
(See I'igure 7-3~, as well as the values -qrTy, and g, dependent on the
temperature of the outside air. The planned. val.ues q'rry and g, depen-
dent on tH,, for GTU's of the GT-100-750-2 are shown in Figure 7-2.
The average annual values q,K may be distinguished from ths values corre-
sponding to complete heating chaxging for GTU's and PTU's, depending on
the perforniances of the aggregates on the power schedule, climatic condi-
tions, the proportion of hot water supply, the summer expenditure of heat
for air conditioning, etc. Hence, compaxisons between the different
types of GTiJ's and PT[T's must be made on the basis of average annual
values of 9sK� .
The proportional production of electric power at a heating consumption of
9T311 at steam -turbine TETs's with a release of production steam is ap-
proximately half that under the a heating load and, consequentlyp the
fuel savings are also less per unit of released heat. In the case of gas-
turbine TETs's fuel savings practically do not depend upon the tempera-
ture level of released heat. Consequently, if under a heating load-a
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a GT-100-750-2-type GTU yields a fuel savings only slightly less than a
T-100-130/565-type PTU, then it ought to be notably more economical
than a PTC1 of the same pa.rameters with industrial bleedings.
Of great importance for gas-turbine as well as steam-turbine TETs's is
the correct choice of a heating coefficient a.Tay . As the total i,aat ca-
pacity of a GTU being installed increases E QT,. ~ there is a decrease in
the degree of its utilization Z., and, consequently, in its average an-
nual value q,K in accordance with the forntula (7-9). Evidently there is
a certain crucial (critical) value. Z,P, under which q3K is reduced to
zero. The value ZKp is determined in accordance with the formula (7-9)
when 9gr = 0 :
(Q~n~ -Qxac) nK~
ZNp qI~'T3'-1/TIsr-grP(tS�r-tH�B+Ateos).
Under the conditions of the numerical example considered above ZKP =
0.33 (Line I-I in Figure 7-3), Let us examine the_methods for determin- -
ing the optimum value for the heating coefficient aT3u with the aid of the =
annual sched.ule for steam and heating loads, as shown in ngure 7-3. The
heat capa.city of the TGTU's being installed, as detexmined by the formula
(7-10), is shown in Figure 7-3 by the lines
depending on the number of TGTU's. The nature of the lines QT
in Figure 7-3 corresponds to a regeneratorless GT(J with one PO and one PP. -
Among the regenerator-type GTIJ's in accordance with the simple schematic
the value QT.,, with a reduction of- tN,, decreases considerably more inten-
sively.
Mlp
115
110
n,
�i, ro~
J3
31
3f sp
30
25
u
27 - 89 15 10 !5
450
400
950 :
Figure 7-2. Indicators of the GT-100-750-2 GTU,"Dependent on the tem-
perature of the Outside Air
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~
~
$
F~
~
~
~
~
o~

R
m~
~
ian �i.
0
y
9
I
d
7
C
,
0
II!
YQu
r
~
; 60
' SO
-
p
~
t

40
n
r
JQrM
~ ~
I Il
M
L
?QrAl
10
O
6
~
QrM
,
Q
- -
-4utno vaFoE E ma
Figure 7-3. Annual Heat-Load Sched.ule of a Gas-Turbine TETs
In Figure 3 it may be seen that when two GTU's are installed at a given
GTETs ZrOA ;z~- 1.. The utilization coefficient of the third GT[1's heat ca-
pacity is _
nn. 6-a-H�c-6
Z9 nn. 6-e-3�u-6'
i. e.. considerably more than Zrp-} = 0.33, particularly under the sum-
mer load for air conditioning (shown by a dotted line in Figure 7-3)�
Consequently, it remains to be established whether or not the installa-
tion of a fourth TGTU '(4QT.,,) will provide additional f.iel savings.
For the fourth TGT[J
nn. e-a-p-it�e
Z~ - na. e-z-X-s-e'
It may be considered with sufficient precision that for the fourth TGT[J
orpesox AC
Z~ - arpe30x AD'
Z crpesox Ae ~ 33
rp _ orpe3ox AD _ - ' '
where AB, AC, and AD are segments on the load schedule. Inasmuch as AC >
AB, the-fourth TGTU will provide additional fuel savings, albeit much
less than the third TGTU.
Previously the value Z4. for the fourth TGTU was detexmined by der3vation
from its operation at full capacity during the course of an entire year.
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Taking planned summer repairs into consideration, the total downtime of
the four GTU's amounts to 2500--3000 hours per yeax. Accordingly, the
following is provisionally true:
Z� nn. e-t�p-.~�e
~ nn. ~�e�!1l�/1/-e'
i. e., much more than critical.
As already noted, the GTETs's have an economically optimum coefficient of
aT3u, as a rule, more optimum with regard to electric-power engineering,
in which the maximwn fuel savings axe achieved. Therefore, the question
of the feasibility of insta,lling a fourth TGTU should be resolved with con-
sideration being given to the specific conditions of the given TETs, the
utilization of the GTU for covering peak electric-power loads, etc. When
there is a greater proportion of steam loads, the number of turbines must
be chosen with consideration being given to the potential steam producti-
vity of the steam generators 152J. The phy_sical sense of ;.ZYpi in accor-
dance with the fozmula (7-11) and that of :.%,r~ in accordance with the for-
mula (2-32) are the same. Their numerical values determine the value arsu,
when the latter is exceeded., an a.d.ditionally installed capacity unit of the
heating aggregate provides not a saving but a.n overexpenditure of fuel in
comparison with the individual variant '(OB�,, becomes negative).
In regenerator-type heating GTU's__switching-off the regenerator increases
heat release to the consumers by,AQo''Pn (See � 6-2) but increases by an
equa.l amount the expendlture of fuel heat in the combustion chamber AQ;?'n
~ qQK erih. c. As a result, an additional heat release to the consumers .
~AQeyn; occurs at the expense of heat from additionally burned fuel. Hence
in the case where regenerator-type GTU's are installed, the values QT,,,9.
which have been inserted in the schedule of Figure 7-39 axe more convenient
to calculate when the regenerator_is_switched. in. In this case the heat
being measured out by the axea 2-y-0-z, will be released by means of lower-
ing the degree of regeneration or sub-heating of the heat-using units (or
a unit of the special peak boilers). In the case of non-regenerator-type
GTtJ's the heat being measured out by the area � z-y-a-z, is released by means
of sub-heating. In both instances the annual expenditure_of.fuel_heat at GTETs's depends
solely on their electrical capa.city (j~n =~(3r7yq9rTy) Plus the ex-
penditure for heat being released at the expense of heat from additionally
burned fuel (area 2-y-a-ej taking into consideration the efficiency of
sub-heatin~, the efficiency of the combustion chamber (at regenerator-
type GTU's , or the Pfficiency of a peak boiler.
If the variant is considered with a GTU unit
genera.tor-type but without regenerators, then
in accordance with the formula (7-9), we ne
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which was designed as a re-
in order to deternine 99K
ed. to insert into it the va'lue
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_ 9rTy, corresponding to operation tlithout a regenerator.
At GTETs's utilization heat--exchangers (UT's) are being heated by gases
_ with a temperature no higher than 400--500� C(See Pigure 7-1). At such
a temperature, for all practical purposes, only a convective heat ex-
change takes place, and the coefficient of heat yield from the gas to
the pipes is inversely proportional to their diameter; therefore, UT
pipes usually have a diameter of 22--38 mm.
As a rule, a GTD's (gas-turbine engine) exhaust gases axe pure; however,
in case of possible violations of the combustion cycles in the KS (com-
pressor station) and operation on heavy liquid fuels deposits may appear
on the heating surfaces. Therefore, in designing UT's it is necessary to
provide for the possibility of their periodical cleaning (washing, shot-
cleaning, and so forth).
- For the reasons indicated above it is feasible to design steam generators
operating on discha,rge gases in spiral-shaped forms with forced circula-
tion in accordance with the type of utilization steam generators which
are in widespread use in many branches of industry. Forced circulation
allows us to position the drum-separator in any manner in relation to the
spiral-shaped heating surfaces, to place one drum on the steam generators
of several GTD's or on several sections of the steam generator of a high-
capacity GTD.
Drum-separators with circulating and feed pumps, KIP (combined source of
feeding), and automatic control may be positioned in a common enclosed
area, while the spiral-shaped steam generators and network water-heaters
may be placed in the open air, since they have no elements which require
, constant servicing or monitoring.
At a relatively small number of GTU's or at laxge-scale GTU's it is fea-
sible to apportion the steam generators and network water-heaters to se-
veral paxallel sections. In case one of the sections goes out of order,
_ all the gases from the GTD may be passed through those remaining in opera-
tion, since the anti-pressure of the turbine may always be temporarily
raised to t,he necessary limits with a certain red.uction in the GTU's ef-
ficiency. The increase in the mass expenditure and velocity of the gases
_ passing through the sections remaining in operation increase the heat-
yield coefficient and the average temperature pressure in the UT, as a
result of which the heat capacity of the operating sections increases.
For example, during the switchover of one of the two sections the "
forced heating capacity of the operating section ordinaxily amounts to
_ about 80 percent of nominal (without sub-heating). The sectioning of
UT's averts the necessity of having reserve heating surfaces.
The potential productivity of a steam generator (Figure 7-4) is detennined
by the follorring method. The economically justifying minimal temperature
vaxiation at the "cold" end of the vaporizer part of the steam generator
32
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is determined by the nomograph of Figure 7-5 and on the average is equal
to Ot= = 30 400 C.
~
~
ly.r
ts
Figure 7-4 Schedule of Temperatures in a Steam Generator Operating on
Exhaust Gases of a GTD
Key:
1. Steam Superheater
2. Vaporizing Part
3. Economizer .
t,, T represents the temperature at the turbine's exhaus�, j' n.
temperature of the superheated steam;.f,,, --temperature for boil-
ing water; IA temperature of water from the deaerator; ly,r. tem-
porature of escaping gases 41,x .--temperature variation "at the
"cold" end of the vaporizing surface
Figure 7-5 Nomograph for Detennining Economically Justified Temperature
for Undercooling Heating Gases in a Utilization Heat
Exchanger
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/loBeprnocmi_naapeBe f
: C/YO 110 AD /0 60 40 IO 0 A7 10py(/i

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Key:
sT represents proportional expenditures on fuel, rubles per ton;
n' --number of hours utilizing installed heat capacity, hours per
yeax; KF --specific complete cost of heating surface, zubles per
sq. meter;.4tY, --economically justified temperature of undercooling,
OC. Nomograph co.nstructed for a heat exchanger with a lateral
flow of grid clusters of pipes 28 X 3 in diameter with a spacing in
a row S~. = 72 mm and a spa,cing for the movement of gases -gs_= 50 mm.
Fram the design o� the heat schematic of a GTD we know the expenditure of
exhaust gases GTI, their temperature t.. T and heat consumption -Cv�. The
quantity of heat which may be given off by as for vaporizing water and
superheating steam in a steam generator (PG~ is as follows:
Qnr = CpGT (tn. r- tMIc - Oto� 7- 12)
The potential steam productivity by using a boiling economizer is5
Dar = Qnr 1lorr (7- 13) -
in. n -l elc
where iq,n represents the enthalpy (heat content) of the superheated steam;
t�.r --the enthalpy of the water in a saturated state at - t,,.c; 76 the cop
efficient which accounts for the heat losses into the surrounding environ-
ment, usually equal to 0.98.
Tr.e economizer part of the steam generator does not yield a significant re-
duction in the temperature of the heating gases because of the laxge rela-
tionship GTIb,,,,. which is several times greater than in steam generators
operating on fuel.
As a rule, consumers req,uire hot water together with steam, and this allows
us to cool down the escaping gases of a TGTtJ to an economically feasible
limit, for example, to 100--120� C. The dimensions of a steam generator
must be selected in accordance kith the maximum steam load; hence, it is
feasible to provide a buffer-type steam preheater of the network water
(Figure 7-6) in which the periodical surpluses of steam may be utilized.
This is more expedient than regulating the PG`s productivity by means of
a by-pass of paxt of the gas past it into the network-water preheater,
since in the first instance the total axea of the heating surface of the
steam generator and the network-water preheater would be less. Fhrther-
more, it is simpler to guaxantee the maintenance of the required network-
water temperature T1 in the heat-network feed line.
Calculating the axea of the heating surface of a steam generator and a
network preheater and determining their design d.imensions axe carried out
in accordance with the noxmative method [63]. The optimum velocity of the
gases is detennined by the nomograph of Figure 7-7.
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/'aJU Om r/,Q l)op R
nam~t6umtn~~
~ 1 .
0
ApT
a z 7 c�,~eQ~ eo~o
. rt D6pomna,~
B duMoDy,v mpy6y '
Figure 7-6 Switching Schematic of a Steam Generator and Network-Water
Preheater, Operating on the Exhaust Gases of a GTU
Key: 1. Steam Generator 6. Network Pump
2. Network-4ater Preheater 7. Regulating Seal 3. Steam Network=dater 8. By-pa.ss gas
Preheater Conduits
4. Steam Generator Drum-
Sepaxator
5. Steam-Generator Circu- lating Pump
r,
Wont
J2 Te zv zo 16 u a m
Figure 7-7 Nomograph for Detezmining Optimnm Velocity of the Heating
Gases in the Utilization Heat Exchanger of a GTU
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Ke.y :
3T represents proportional expenditures on fuel, rubles per ton;
h--number of hours utilizing installed heat capa,city, hours per
yeax; RF --specific complete cost of heating surface, rubles per
sq. meter;, WOqT--optimum gas velocity, meters per second. Nomograph
constructed for a heat exchanger with a lateral flow of grid clus-
ters of pipes 28 x 3 in diameter with a spacing in a row S, = 72
mm and a spacing for the movement of gases $m = 50 mm.
The resistance of heat exchangers operating on exhaust gases exerts a no-
ticeable influence on the capacity of GTD's, and it must be taken into
consideration in determining the optimum gas velocities in UT's and the
choice of their design.
Reduction of the capacity of a GTD, brought about by an increase in gas-
turbinE counterpressure, is most simply and sufficiently accurately deter-
mined in the following manner. Increasing the counterpressure from.pe. T
to pe,z decreases the operation of the gas in the turbine by Alr, with
the area being measured of 1-6-5'-2-1 (Figure 7-8). The fall in the gas
pressure in utilization heat exchangers,Opy, T-= p;. T=- pD. T does not usua-
ally exceed. 1000--3000 Pa (N' 100--300 mm water gage Therefore, the area
1-6-5'-2-1 may with sufficient_accuracy be considered equal to the area -
1-6-5-2-1= which is equal to OPy.Tvs.T� . The change in the volume of gases
due to an increase in pressure'by Apy,T.may be disregarded, as this is:.also
done in calculating the capacity of smoke pumps and fans.
Var v
I'igure 7-8 Influence of a Change in a Gas Tarbine's Counterpressure on
Its Capacity (Specific Operation)
A reduction in the capa.city of a gas turbine and, consequently, that of a
GTD on the whole as well, because of an increase of counterpressure by
comprises the following, in k41:
ONrrv = APy. Tv..T+1T10-', (7-14)
where Apy,T is expressed in Pascals; V,.T represents the volumetric ex-
pendituxe of gas escaping from the turbine with the da,t.a fs T and pB,,T, ~m3/c;
and % is the turbine's relative efficiency.
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An increase in the counterpressure to'Py.T