JPRS ID: 9252 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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JPRS L~9252
- 13 August 1~980
~ USSR Re ~e ~
~ p
_ ENERGY
(FOUO 14/80~
- F~~~ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9252 ~
13 August 1980
USSR R~PORT
ENERGY . ~
(FOUO 14/8A)
: CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Economics of US~R Power Induatry Exam~ned
(EKONOMIKA ENERGETIKI SSSR: UCHEBNIK DLYA VUZOV,
1980) 1
Trends in Low Power Electrical Equipment Output
(V.I. Nellin; ELEKTROTEKHNIKA, No 3, 198Q) ~ 7
New System Introduced Into Electrical Equipment Industry
' (V.Ye. Astaf'~?ev; ELEKTROTEKrINIKA, No 2, 1980)......... 14
Utilization of Steam Turbine Units in Central Heating
_ (Yu.A. Averbakh, et al; TEPLOENERGETIKA, Jul 80)....... 23
Thermal Power Engineering Information in 'REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL'
- (S.G. Dupleva; TEPLOENERGETIKA, Jul 80) 34
Heating Supply, Various Modes of Heat Utilization
(TEPLOSNABZHENIYE, 1979) 38
Briefs ~
= Nuclear Power Use 40 ~
' i
FUELS
i
Development of Petroleum Refining Industry in 1980 ;
- (Ya.G. Sorkin; KHIMIYA I TEI~iNOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASEL,
Jun 80) 41 ,
, ' a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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ELECTRIC POWER
ECONOMICS OF USSR POWER INDUSTRY EXAMINED
- Moscow ~KONOMIKA ENERGETIKI SSSR: UCHEBNIK DLYA WZOV (Economics of the
USSR Power Industry: Textbook for Higher 8chools) in Russian 1980 �
pp Z, 340-343
[Annotation and table of contents from book by A. A. Chernukhin and
Yu. N. Flakserman, Energiya Press, 344 psges]
[Text] The book deals with ways of streamlining po;aer output and problems
of the economics of the construction and operation of electric power
stations and networks. The second edition had been published in 1975.
In this third edition new trends of scientific and technical progress
in the industry and developmental prospects of coal, gas, and petroleum
supplies are described.
This textbook is intended for students majoring in power engineering at ~
higher schools. It may be used by engineers and technicians at power-
system enterprises.
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Power Industry and Electrification H;.thin the USSR
- Economic S.ystem 7 -
1.1. Importance of Power Industry and Electrification to
Building the Material-Technical Base of Communism 7
- 1.2. Stages in the Development of Soviet Power Industry 11
1.3. Outline of the Fuel and Power Complex and Its -
Developmental Prospects 18
Chapter 2. Management, Planning, Personnel, and Labor
Productivity in Power Industry 25
2.1. Basic Principles and Methods of Economic Management 25 `
2.2. Structure of Industrial Management and Organization
~ of the Management of Power Industry 32
~
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Page "
2.:3. Principles, Nature, and Ways of Improving Planning
in Power Industry 37
2.4. Tasks and Principles of Power Industry Forecasting 43
2.5. Personnel and Wages in Power Industry 47
2.6. Techniques of Measuring and Ways uf Increasing � -
Labor Productivity in Power Industry 53
Chapter 3. Assets and Production Capacities of Power Industry 58 -
3.1. Economic Nature of Fixed and Liquid Ca.pital 58
3.2. Classif ication and Structure of Fixed Capital, .
P4ethods of Its Estimation 61
3.3. Ways of Improving the Utilization of Fix_ed Capital
in Power Industr.y 68
3.4. Depreciation and Obsolescence, Modernization and
_ Repair of Fixed ~apital 70
3.5. The Cor~~ept of Quality, Reliability, and Longevity -
and Power Machinery Building 78 -
= 3.6. Production Capacities of Power Enterprises, Ways
and Means of Streamlining Their Utilization 80
3.7. Liquid Capital and Circulating Assets of Power
Enterprzses 87
3.8. Indicators of the Efficiency of Utilization of Fixed
Ass~ts in Power Industry 90
3.9. Tasks and Principles of the Organization of Ma.terial-
Technical Sup~ly in Power Industry 93
Chapter 4. Capital Construction and Project Design in Power
Industry 95 -
4.1. Economic Nature, Purpose, and Scale of Capital Outl3ys
_ ~ on Power Industry 95
4.2. Basic Ways of Increasing tHP Effectiveness of the
Utilization of Capital Outlays on Power Industry 96
4.3. Planning Principles and Financing Sources for
Capital Construction 99
4.4. Organization and Stages of Project Design in Power
Industry . 101
4.5. Project-Estimate Cost of Construction and Ways of
Reducing It 102
4.6. Procedure for Overall Determination of Capital
Outlays on Power Construction 104
Chapter 5. Power Generating and Transmission Costs 106
5.1. Economic Nature and Significance of Reducing
Industrial Generating Costs 196
5.2. Features of the Formation of Power Generating Costs 108 _
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5.3. Classification a:~d Structure of Power Generating
Expenditures 111
5.4. Economic Nature and Proced~:re for the Determination of
the Principal Elements of the Cost of Power Generation
at Heat and Power Plants and Steam Power Plants 114
5.5. Economic Nature and Forms of Calculating Generating .
Costs 122
5.6. Procedure for Calculating Overall Power Generating _
Cost at Heat and Power Stations 123
5.7. Production Expenditures and Power Generating Cost
in Atomic Power Stations 130 -
- 5.8. Power Generating Cost at Hydroelectric Power Stations
and Gas-Turbine Power Stations 133
- 5.9. Power Transmission Cost and Total Power Generation
Cost in Power Systems Z34
5.10. Principal tJays of Reducing Power Generating Costs 139 -
- Chapter 6. Rates, Income, Cost Accounting, and Econrnmic
Incentives in Pr~wer Industry 143
6.1. Principles of Theory and the Practice of
Price-Formation Under Socialism 1G3
6.2. Principles for Drafting and Ways of Improving Rates
for Electricity and I~eat 145
- 6.3. Finances, Income, and Profitability in Power Industry 153
6.4. Cost Accounting and Economic Tncentives at Power
Enterprises 158
Chapter 7. Methods for Estimating the Economic Effectiveness of
Production, Capital C+.itlays, and New Equipment in
- Power Industry 164 _
7.1. Economic Importance and Ways of Increasing the
Effectiveness of Social Production, Capital
_ Outlays and New Equipment 164
7.2. Starting Premises for the Procedure for Determining the
Effectiveness of Production, Capital Outlays, and
' New Equipment 167
7.3. Indicators of Overall Effectiveness of Power
Generation 171
7.4. Indicators of and Procedure for Determining the
Comparative Economic Effectiveness of Capital
Outlays and New Equipment 173
7.5. Features of the Procedure Used for Technical and _
Economic Calculations in Power Industry 180
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Page
I �
7.6. Methods for Determining the Effectiveness of New
Equipment and of the Modernization and Automation
of Power Generating Facilities 189
, 7.7. Sample Technical and Economic Pewer Industry
_ Calculations 195
7.8. The Concept of Systems Approach in Economic -
Calculations in Power Industry 197 -
7.9. Economic Nature of Final Expenditures in Technical-
Economic Calculations 203
7.10. Trends and Sample of Utilization of Final
Expenditures in Power Indust~y 206
7.11. Trends in the LTtilization of Econ~?nic-Mathematical
Tech�niques and Electronic Computers in the Solution
of F,conomic-Planning Problems 208 _
Chapter 8. Power Resources and Trends and the Economics
of Their Utilization in Power Industry 211
- 8.1. Characteristics and Classification of Power Resources,
Power Fuels and Technological Fuels 211
8.2. Methodological Principles for Power Resource
Statistics and Measurements ~ 213
_ 8.3. World Reserves and Consumption of Power Resources 214
8.4. Reserves and Geographical Distribution of Power ~ _
- Resources as Well as Principles of Fuel Policy
- in the USSR 216 -
- 8.5. Economics of the Extraction and Utilization of Fu~l 218
8.6. Characteristics of Fuel Bases--Prir?cipal Regions of
Location of High-Capacity KES 220
8.7. Economics of the Selection and Use of Fuel for
Power Generation 224
Chapter 9. Power Balan~:a and P~inciples of Power Consumption
. in the Nation's Economy 226
9.1. General Characteristics and Classification of the
Power Balances Used in. the Natian's Fuel and Power
~;conomy 226 -
9.2. Power Balance in the USSR: Tasks and Trends of Its
Optimization ?31
9.3. The Concept of Power and Fuel Balances of Heat
and Power Stations and Power Grids 237
9.4. Methods for Computing the Expenditures Part of the -
Power Balance of a Region 238
9.5. Ta~ks and Basic Trends of Electrification of. the
- National Economy 241
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_ Page
9.6. Directions and Prospccts for the Elecr_rification
of Industry 24j
9.7. Power Supply Systems and Principles of the Economics
of Power Consumption in the Housing and Communal
Economy 247
9.8. Economic Principles of Power Generation and -
- Consimmption in Railroad Transport 249
9.9. The Concept of the Economics of P~wer
Consumption in Agriculture 252
Chapter.l0. Concentration, Centralization, Combination, and
Principles of the Economics of Power Supply 254
10.1. Characteristics of Regional Power Supply Sources and
Principles of Their Geographical Distribution 254
10.2. Nature and Economic Significance of Concentrazion,
Centralization, and Combinir.~ 258 .
10.3. Economics of the Concentration of Capacities of KES
and Heat and Power Plants 263
10.4. Economics of the Concentration of Capacities of
Hydroelectric Power Stations 270
10.5. Economics of the Concentration of Capacities of
" Atomic Power Stations 272
10.6. Effectiveness of Increasing the Tr~nsmission Capactty
af Power Transmission Lines and the Fconomic
Principles of the Centralization of Power Supply 274
10.7. The Concept of the Economics of Heat and Gas Supply 281
10.8. Effectiveness of Combining [MergersJ in Fower
Industry 283
10.9. Comparative Effectiveness of Power Transmission and -
~ Fuel Transport to Regions Remote from Fuel
Deposits 288
Chapter 11. Principles of the Economics of the Formation anci
Development of Power Systems 290
11.1. Basic Concepts, Classification, and Econ~mic
Advantages of Power Systems 290
11.2. Stages and Prospects of t:he De~~elopment of -
Power Systems and Their Unification 294
11.3. Power and Economic Characteristics of the Principal
Types of Power Stations as Power-System Components 295
~ l1...4. Stand-By Capacity of Power Systems and the Concept
of the Reliability of Power Supply 298
� 11.5. Methodological Principles for the Determination of
' the Longrange Development of Power Systems and
the Substant~ation of Their Capacity Structure 307
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Page
11.6. Methodological Principles for the Selection of Capacity
and Type-Siz2s of the Basic F~~iliti~es of Heat
and Power Stations in a Power System 309
11.7. Economics of Hydroelectric Power Stations as an '
Element of Power Systems 311
11.8. Methodological Prir.ciples for the Selection of
Optimal KES Capacity in a Power System 314
11.9. Developmental Prospects of the Mir Power Association 319
Chapter 12. Trends and Economic Problems of Scientific and
Technical Progress in Power Industry 321
- 12.1. Economic Nature and Role of Scientific and
- Technical Progress in the Development of
Social Production 321
12.2. Technical Progress in Power Industry at the Present
Stage o� Its Development 323
12.3. Trends and Economic Principles of Scientific and
- Technical Pragress in Power Industry From the
Standpoint of Its Overall Development 3'15
12.4. ~rends in the Use of Computers in the Management
of the National Economy and Power Industry 329
Bibliography 332
Subject Index 335
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," 1980
1386
CSO: 1822
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EI~ECTRIC POWER
unc 6z1.313-181.4.001.1
T~ENDS IN I1JW POWfft EZECTRICAI., EQUIPNIENT OifrPUT
Moscow ELEKTROTEKHNIKA in Russian No 3, 1980 pp 2-4
[Article by V. I. Nellin, deputy minister of the electsical equiptnent
_ industxy~ "Development of Production of Low Power Electrical Machines I's
the Most Important Task of the Electrical Equipment Industry"] ~
[Text] Low power electx ical ma,chines have become very widespread in the
countxy's national economy. Household Alectsical appliances, medical
equipment, communications devices, calculation equip~nt, systems of
automatic control and regulatio~l, aviation and space equipment--this is
far from a complete list of the areas of application of electrical
machines of the given class.
_ The consumption volumes of the luw pawer electsical ma.chines by different
branches of the national economy ase continually rising. In the asea of
- household appliances, for example, comparatively recently, the number of `
these ma,chines in one family was still coaznted in units. Today, it is
increasing to several dozens. The number of ma,chines of the given class
amon~ the electrical equipment of modern a3splanes has almost trip~ed.
The decisions of�the 25th CPSU Con~ress set before the electrical equipment
industr.y an important national economic task of developing the groduction
of low power electrical machines at fast rates. The3r annual output must
rise sever al times by the year 2000. Here an improvement in the technical
par ameters and char acteristics of the machines~ increase in th~ level of _
their reliability and durability must be guaranteed.
The complexity of the set task consists of ths fact that the p~aduction of
low power electrical machines is characterized by a considerable nomen- -
clat~e due to the diver sity of the areas of application of the items. The
extxeme nonuni~ormity in the volumes of ~oduction of individua,l type- �
- designs of machines (f`rom hundreds to millions of items per year) is linked
to this same circumstance.
As the circle of tasks to be solved with the help of low p~wer electx ical
machines expands, the demand for their expanded nom~anclature rises, which
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creates serious difficulties in organizing series production. Under these
conditions~ the haphazard approach to planning and produ~ing low power
electx ical machines that occ~ red at the onset of the development of this
branch is now quite inapplicable. It is necessary to coiiduct extensive -
scientific studies, and to have -the correct technical policy in questions
linked to a dete~rmination of the paths for the hranch development.
The stated problem bears a complex nat~e, since it is linked to perfection
of both the methods of planning, and the technology and organization of
p~oduction. Organization of ~ecise coordination of scientific research �
and developments done by the scientific research institutes and design
offices of the branch acquires great importance. It is impossible not to
consider the need for a close link with other branches of industry that
guarantee supFly of materials and parts that are necessary to ensure the
- assigned technical level of low power electrical machines. -
Reduction in the nomenclature of the developed low power electrical machines
with a simultaneous stsiving to satisfy to the maximum the requirements of
the consumers is currently being attained by the intxoduction into produc-
tion of single series of ma,chines. With such an approach, the design and
technological similarity of different types of machines is revea].ed and
employed, and an extansive unification of both the electrical machines
themselves and theis assembly units and, pasts is carried out. A high level
- of item unification is guaranteed also by using preconstructed size and
parameter series (grid tables) and branch standards for the type of -
standardization created on their basis during the development of unified
series.
In recent years, in the branch a lot of work has been done in this direction
' and its result is the development of size-parameter grid tables for the
overwhelming majority of the types of low power electrical machines. The
gcid tables that set an efficient correlation of output parameters of
electsical machines witii their overall and adjusti,ng_connecting dimensions
si.multaneously determine the loxig-term nomenclature of the items to be -
developed. This nomenclature is the original for consumers in planning
devices, objects or systems that use low power electxical machines. _
- By restricting the combinations of output parameters and dimensions, the
standasdizations promote an increase in the batch nature of the output of
individual type-dasigns of electrical ma.chines, which has a favorable -
effect on the organization of ~oduction, and ~omotes the introduction of
the leading production processes.
The development of size~parameter series and standardizations of low power -
electrical machines is dona on the basis of a thorough consideration of
the trends of theis development, detection of the long-term need for indi-
vidual types of machines with regard for the required range of output para-
- meters, as we11 as a set of long-term technical and operational require-
ments. In this respact, studies have become wides~ead iti the bxanch
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on scientific and technical forecasting, that at the same time ~ovide
calculation for the outlook for development of the technical foundation _
for creation of electxica~ machines with the assigned level of parameters
_ and characteristics: electxical aquipment steel and magnetic materials,
winding wires, insulation materials, bearings and luhricants, desi~~n
r~aterials, etc,
A characteristic example of the effici.ent construction of a series of low
power electrical machines is the series of one-phase asynchronous electsic
motors with power irom 0.6 to 180 w that was developed to dsive house-
hold appliances, medical equipment, and ca.lculators and movie eg.uipmente
The series provides for sections that include capacitor elec~ric motors
with distxibuted and concentrated winding of the stator, as well as elec-
tsic motors with asymmetsical magnotic ciscuit of the stator. Thorough -
p~eliminasy study of the initial data for planning made it possible to
creat9 electric mo-tors that are characterized by a high level of the para-
meters and characteristics. The development of the series mac1A use of
over 20 domestic invsntions~ a number of which hat�e been patented in the
leading f oreign countries.
- The results, obtained in the development of the series, are widely used in
the ~mocoss of conducting the corresponding res6arch ana,~ development done
in the framework of Intere7.ektro. -
The development of the series made extensive use of the system programming
app~oach. The complex p~ogram for development and intxoduction of the
series into indus~tsial p~oduction provides for the broad participatiun of
the related organizations and enterprises, in the fixst place, of tech-
nological prof~le, As a result, in parallel to the development of
_ elsc~trical machines that ase included in the series, stan.dard production
~ocesses are worked out, and advanced ~ociuction equipment is devised.
New materials and parts ase formulated.
The introduction into production of the new ser3es of asynchronous one-
pha.se elect~ic motors ntakes it possible to ~ovide a saving of 8,200 T o~'
electrical equipment steel, 1, 300 T of winding copper. The total national
economic effect is over 140 million xubles.
The series of low power electsical machines that have been developed in
recent years for the automation systems ase characterized by a high tech-
nical 1eve1. Here, in particula-r , a new, advanced sclution was the
creation o~ a system of series small-sized axidl electxic fans designed to
cool the e].ectronic and ra~iio equipment. These items realize an efficient
combination of parameters of the dsive electric motor and the fan, tha.t ~.re
united ~nto a single design with regard for the conveniences of building
into -L-he ob ject to be cooled. -
Elect.ric fans are successfully used in the cooling systems of e'lectronic
- units of digital computers. For the ~~nified computer system alone the
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annual economic effect from their introduction surpassed 5 million rubles.
Passenger seats of the new IL-86 airliner are equipped with indi~vidual
, small-sized electric fans with 1ow noise level, which created noticeable
conveniences for the passengers.
In evalua.ting as a whole the results of working to create unified series
of low power electxical machine~, one can note, that the a~lopted direction -
in plannin~ ~ovides a noticeable reduction in the necessary nutnber of
machine type-sizes, by p~eserving at the same time the possibility of
creating on their basis the necessary nomenclature of the type designs.
Analysis demonstrates that the introduction of new series of ln~r power
electxical machines makes it possible to almost reduce 2.5-fold the re-
- quised number of their type sizes, and halve theis net cost. Here, the ~
developed electrical machines in their parameters and characteristics ase
on the level of the best foreign models.
It is necessa~y, however ~ to tako into consideration that thP work that has
~ been done mainly permits a regulation of the nomenclature of the tsaditional
types of electsical machines of low power~ i.e., those that are currently
manufactured in series by the branch enterprises. In addition to this, in
order to solve the main task of satisfying the needs of the national economy
for electrical ma,chines of the given class it is necessary to pay attention
also to the inevitable nomen~�lat~~3 shifts, that should be expected based
- on the results of analyzing the scientific and technical achievetnr~nts both
in the branch of sma.11 electrical mach9.ne construction itself, and in the
related branches of industry.
One can indicate in this respect that in the neax future technical solutions
should ~ecome widely developed that ase based on the principles of synthe-
_ sizing electrical machines and semiconductor transformers. mhese solutions
in the first place guarantee perfection of designs of the contactless -
direct current electric motors that can use modern achievements in the area -
of devising integrated hybrid designs of commutators on semiconductor
_ instruments and microcircuits. As a result, potentialities ase created
for a signi.ficant reduction in ths weight and overall di.mensions of the
contactless direct~ current~ electsic motoss, and their bringing to the level
_ of' collector machines. The ind.ices of reliability and durability here
rise significantly.
Achievements in the field of producing permanent magnets with high values -
of specific magnetic power also ~omote an expansinn in the areas of appli-
cation of the direct current contactless electxic machines.
- It is necessary to focus a lot of attention on the technical solutions that
make it possible to guarantee simplification of the kinematic schem~es of
mechanisms and instruments that use low power electrical ma,chinas. Here
dasign solutions to create slow-moving electric motors have alseady been ~
realized in practice : with electxomagnetic reductiAn, multipolar syn-
ch~onous with rolling rotor, wave, step-type, etc. One can expect
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considerable simplifica~tion in the kinematic schetnes with the use of -
electxic motor designs with open magnetic dxive, for example, linear. _
Their use parmits a reduction in the relative masses of movement, decrease
- in the overall dimensibns of the sys+em as a, whole, and. i.ncrease in its
fast-response and reliability,
In evaluating the new design solutions~ one can indicate the promising
nature of using electxical machines of various types in a planar design, _
. that in pasticular, are planned on the basis of~ using module designs and
integ-cated technology. With regard for the rising requirements for reli-
ability and dt~ability, the designs of electsical motors of 1ow power
using gas, liquid and magnetic supports should become widespread.
Among the new technical solutions one can note the use of t~~perties of
piezo components to alter their linear dimen~sions under the influence of -
electrical voltage, Vib~ation drives have Ueen developed on this basis for
electric game devices of the fisst and highest classes. The developments
use 11 domestic inventions. more than half of which have been patented
abr oad .
The great growth noted in the branch in the volumes of output of 1ow
power electxical machines determines the need �to increase the level of -
theix production technology in order to dxastically reduce the labor inten-
sity of making the machines, as well as ~o significantly cut the consump-
_ tifln of ma,terials. -
The main trend in perfecting the p~oduction grocesses should be the
bro~d introd.uction into production of low powex electrical machines of
- line methods. With the apprcyp~iate organization they can be used both in
the production of mass groducts, and in �the manufactt~e of electxical -
machines in comparatively small batches. The principles of design-tech-
nological similasity set up during the planning of the~ machine series
p~omote . this.
In the ~ocess of developing long-term ~moduction ~ocesses, and resources
- of automa,tion and mechanization the experience of working on the techno-
- logical support for the production of the new general-industrial series of
asynchronous motors 4A can be extensively employed. A number of results
of this work, in pasticulas, on the ~creation of ~oduction p~ocesses and -
equipment for the winding-insuZation work have alseady been realized in
ths process of introducing the new series of electric motors for
household appliances into groduction.
A number of other promising production processes and equipment have been
introduced into ~oduction of low power electrical machines: processing
of parts or~ machines with grogrammed control, highly productive stamping
eguipment, automatic machines for assembly of packages of magnetic wises,
automatic lines for producing a number of assembly units, and pa~ts of
asynchronous motors, etc. A number of enterprises are efficiently using
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~m ogressive technology of laser welding employed in different types of
sts uctur al part connections of over 30 types of low power electrical
machines.
- On the whole, howeve~, the modern level of ~oduction technology of low
power elects ical ma.chines still lags behind the technical level of the
developed inachines, which predetermines the relatively high values for
labor intensity for individual types of machines. In this respect, the
tasks of perfecting technology remain among the ~imary ones.
Primary attention must be paid to questions of inechanizing and automating
- the most labor i.ntensive oper ations. Here the ~inciple of concentrating
the operations of manufacturing parts and assembly units that makes it
possible to reduce ths interoperational transportation transfers and the
number of parts that are in the flow must be placed at the foundatiDn of
equipment planning. It is also necessar y to use the micx ocomputer and
gener al-purpose computer in automa,ting the tests.
Despite the ~ogress made in the asea of creating stator-winding equipment,
the set task cannot be considered solved. Tt is necessar y to conduct -
series scientific research on perfecting the plans of machines, both those
designed for direct placement of the coils in the magnetic ware ~ooves,
and those tha~E uge the grinciple of separate for~nation and laying of the
turns in the grooves. The modern technical solutions do: not yet guarantee
the necessary values for the coefficien~Es of filling of the grooves. The
output of the machines designed for winding the two-layer loop coils.3s
still low. The creation of winding machines with pxo,~Cammsd control re-
mains a serious task.
Due to the expanded i.ntsoduction into the design of the electrical machines
of pe~manent magnets with high values of the magnetic energy, the cxeation
of equipment for winding grooveless designe acquires ~reat importance. For
- a number of machines here it is necessary to satisfy additional high
requirements for uniformity of the wi.nding layer.
- Of great importance is the t~aad intsoduction of long-term methods of
metal-warking, such as tl~ ee-dimensional stamping, deep reduction, rolling, '
and electsical-erosion methods. Nontrariitional designs and, technology for
~oducing magnetic wires (twisted, made of a ribbon of electx ical equipment
steel tha.t is continually coiled on the edge, and others) deserve
attention. -
- Among the long-term production trends one should classify the use of powder i
metallurgy, By the method of pressing f~ om powder compositions one can make
sliding beas ings, design components, magnetic wires of low power electrical
machines. In par ticular, the manufacture of bearing housings and. housings ~
ma.de of sintered titanium permits a reduction in the weight of the paxts
2-fold as compared to the paxts made of stainless steel with higher anti-
corrosion p~operties. At the same time there is a cut in the consumption
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of inetal due to the maximum convergence of the b].ank shape to the shape -
of the finished part, and the l~~,bor intensity is reduced as a consequence
of the drop in the numbar af operations of machining. An advantage of
us~ng powder metallurgy is the possibility of obtaining materials t~ith _
the properties required for the given component.
The listed p~oblems and te:chnical solutions do not exhaust the entire
diversitv of paths for perfecti.ng the technology of producing low power
electx iczl machines. On should, however, indicate, that this perfection
can only be attained with a com~ehensive ap~oach to designing the machinos
with the use of the systems of automated planning,where the assigned
levels of quality and teahnological effectiveness are guar anteed by the
joint solutions of the designer and the ~moduction e~gatieer. The total
effect attained both in the sphere of production and in tha sphere of
- operation of the low power electxical tnachines must beco~~ a criterion for
quality.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Elektrotekhnika", 198U. .
- 90 35
CSO: 1822 -
. yi
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- ELECTRIC POWER
_ NEW SYSTEM INTRODUCED INTO ELECTRICAL EOUIPMENT INDUSxRY
Moscow ELEKrROTII{HNII~A, in Russian No 2, 1980 pp 2-4
[Article by V. Ye. Astaf'yev, head of planning and economic administration:
"Electxical Equipment Industxy under New Cond.itions of Planning and
Economic Stimulation"]
[Text] In the set of tasks to be solved, the electxical equipment industry
occupies a special place in the system of interrelationships with the
branches of the national economy. The final results of economic and social
development of the country's economy depend to a consider able degree on its
balanced development. Bei.ng the technical and production base far electri-
fication of the national economy, the elec.tsical equipment industry ~o=
vides a11 spheres of social ~oduction with the equipment to gener ate,
' t~ ansmit, transform and. consump electxicity. From he~e follows the special �
role of the electx ical equiptn~nt industry in increasing the efficiency -
of social production.
, -
This determines the orientation of alI the links in the b~anch economy
towards imp~oving the final results of its operation with the least
expenditures. The adopted decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR
Council of Ministers on perfecting the economic mechanism is a~pecific
~agram for realizing this most important task.
Analysis of the work of the electrical equipm~ant industry demonstrates that
the b~anch has attained significant advances. Ir! 1966-1979 the volwne of
industrial ~oduction rose more than 2.8-fold (on the average 7.9q per
_ year). T he output of electrical eguipment consumer goods increased 5.1~-
fold (average annual growth rate was 12.ryJ). Duxing this per iod the same !
scientific and p~oduction potential was created in the br anch tha,t was '
accumulated during all the p~evious years of developmant of electrical
equi.pment. The level of satisfyiti~~ the national economic needs for elec-
ts ical equipment rose considerably.
Here the completeness~ of satisfying the needs was oriented on specific
consumers. Whereas in 197? the br anch under supplied about lOJ of the ~
products to the consumers, in 1979 the commitments for deliveries based on
concluded contracts and orders were fulfilled by 96~.
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~
The indicator for ihe final results of the br anch:'s work is not only the
level of satisfaction of needs according to the quantity of products, but
- also according to t!~e technical and economic level and the quality of the
manufactured product, It is important to guarantee an increase in the
consumer properties of the itetns, increase theis dtzrability, service life,
operating life, etc. Analysis of the work of the branch under the new
' conditions of planning, financing and mater ial incentive for new equipment
showed the high final results. This is indicated by the results of tvsting ~
the system for 10 yeass. Tha specific weight of items of the highest quality
quality category in the volume of production of products subject to certi-
iication increased from 12.2~ in 1968 to 55.gJ in 1978. According to the
results of work for 1979, the indicator of specific weight of products of
the highsst category of quality in the total volume of product~ion was 4,5J.
The system of planning, financing and material stimulation of scientific
and technical progress was oriented on saving not only of branch expendi- `
' tures, but also a reduction in the national economic costs. The national
economic effect from conducting scientific and technical measures in 1978
rose as compared to 1968 5.2-~'old~ and in 1969-1978 was about R 8 billion.
Thexe was a significant increase in the specific eFficiency' of new items.
Thus, the economic effect for one new item increased from R 29~-~~000 in 1968
to h 637,000 in 1978, and for 1 ruble of the unified fund for the develop-
ment of science and technology--from 1 ruble 42 kopecks to 3 rubles 6 ko-
pecks~ and for 1 ruble of the volume of scientific research and experi-
mental design work--from 1 ruble 15 kopecks to 2 r ubles 77 kopecks.
In the Eighth F ive-Year P lan~ the increase in the volume of ~oduction due
to a rise in labor productivity was 73f, in the Ninth--8~J, and in the
lOth Five-Year P lan the task was set of reaching 95-9?~. ~ 1971-1978 the
average annual rate of increase in the volumes of production of electrical
equipment ~moducts was 'j.~, the consumption of rolled products of
ferrous metals increased by 3J, of copper by 2.Tf, lead by 1.FPJ~ while the
speci.fic standards of these types of materials dropped respectively by 24.8,
30 and 35q. In the next 2 years, the increase in the volume of output of
items of electrical equipment practically occurred without an increase in
the rolled products of ferrous metals~ copper and silver.
- T hese are positive results of the work of the electrical equipment industry.
At the same time~ the conducted ana].ysis also showed the negative aspects
of the br anch ' s deve lopment . `
Inefficient use of labor resour ces is still occurring. The needs of the
national economy for electrical equipment are not satisfied completely.
There asa cases of censure of the consumers on the quality of the manu-
factured products. The efficiency of capital investments and the yield
of riewly introduced production facilities are insu�ficient~
The force of inertia has not been overcome a-~ all the en-terp~ises and
associations, and a decisive turn has no-t been tpad.e to all work towards
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increasing quality, labor productivity and attaining the best results.
In the last yeass of the five-year plan~ a f inal result was obtained that =
was smaller than the potantialiti.es of the brancr~ aconomy permit.
- T he decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers
- on perfecting the economic mechanism, and the decisions of the November
(7-979) Plenum of the CtPSU Central Committee are orianted on im~moving the
entire system of management and branch control, ~
The increased scales of production, complication i.n the economic ties, and
the need for accelerating scientific and technical progress and intensi-
fying production required a qualitatively new approach to the system of
planning, in the.: first place, long-term.
Sl.ortcomings in the branch work determined the formulation of a broar3
cis c~e of ineasures directed towards increasing the production efficiency,
They beas both a long-term and a cur~ent nature. In this respect it was
requised that the general trends and proportions of development of the
electr ical equipment industry be ciefined for _ a long term. The branch
has devel~ped a plan for development and arrangement of the electrical
equipment industry for the period up to 2000. It starts from the maximum
satisfaction of the needs of the national economy for electrical equipment
products and the optimal arrangement of branch enterprises over the
country's territory. It defines the main trends in scienti.fic and techni-
cal progress, based on the outlook for development of science and tech-
nology. A lot of attention is focused on questions of a social plan. _
The experience of planning the branch~.'s economic and social development -
demonstx ates, that the final results depend a lot on the close correlation
of the planned development of the en~erprises with the development of the
corresponding rayon, city or region, the ~ esence of labor resources, the
facilities of the construction industry, etc. Therefore~ the question on
the need for closer combination of branch and territorial planning is
raised with all acuteness. The branch is conducting systematic work in
this direction jointly with the planning and economic organs of the union
republics and the large industrial centers of concentration of the
electx ical equipment industry enterp~ises.
The trends in the development of the electrical equipment industry for the
long rangA serve as a landmark in the formulation of plans for the average
period. On their basis the branch has formulated sever a1 var iants of
economic development of the electrical equipment industry in the llth and
12th F ive-Yeas Plans. In the first place, they focus attention on ~o-
viding for the needs of the fuel and energy complex, transportation~
machine constxuction, agricultuse, metall~gy and other branches.
It is known that the use of electr icity in industry is one-third, and for
transportation two-thirds more efficient than the use of mineral fuel,
Therefore, meas~es have been worked out to significantly increase the
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output of electr~_cal equipment for nuclear power, superhigh voltage -
txansmission lines (1500 I~v of d~sect current and 1150 kv of alternating
ct~rent~, and hydsopower. It is plannad to increase the production
facilities for manufacture of ~a.ii~ and industrial electric Iocomotives,
alECtric equipment for heavy-~'raight dump trucks, stzbizrban trains, subways -
and trolleys. A considerable growth is envisaged in the production of sub-
mersible electric motors to extract oil at the fi~lds with low ~essure beds,
unique electrical machines for gas and oil pipelines, and electxical equip-
ment in an explosion-safe design for -the neods of the coal industry.
The decree of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers
on accelerated rates of electrification of agxiculture requi~ces that the
_ branch implement~~a corresponding increase in the output of electric motors,
p~wer transformers, high-voltage and low-voltage electrical apparatus,
resources of relay protection of the networks, electric heaters~ special
electrical lamps, illumination engineering equipment and many other elec-
trical items. The total volume of deliveries of electrical equipment for
agriculture in the llth Five-Year Plan should be considerably increased.
These and other tiasks are being solved on the~ basis of a further accelera-
tion of the rates of scientific and technical ~ogress. F9sst, a consider-
able ir_crease is planned for the quality and technical paxameters of the
manufactured products, and creation and mastery of production of elact,rical
items with increased specific technical and economic indices and level of
mechanization and automation. Second, a broa,d program is planned ~f saving
material and labor resources, The branch has worked out and is implementing
18 major sc~.entific and technical programs. They encompass the entire
cycle "science-technology-production-consumption," ase closely interrelated
not only within the electrical equipment industry, but~ also,with the related
branches, and C~'IA member countries. The complex plan for saving material
and labor resources provides for the creation of new~ more efficient itams
with reduced materials consumption, labor-intensity and enargy consumption, ,
light-weigYit structural parts with the optimal technical and operational
_ characteristics. Measures ase being planned that guarantee the replacement
of deficit and. expensive materials. Broad introduction of aclvanced tech-
nological processes, mechanization and automation of the production processes
is planned .
Thus, the plan of economic development of the electrical equipment industry -
is oriented on high final results--more complete satisfaction of the social
needs and all-possible saving not only of in-house resources, but also a
consider able reduction in the national economic expenditures. An increase
in the volumes of p~oduction at the active enter~ises will be guasanteed
by means of a growth in labor pr.oductivity. The measures worked out for
saving of material resources make i-t possible to increase the output of
products w~thout a significant rise in the ferrous and nonferrous metals,
chemical products and other types of raw materials and mater ials. From the
production and use in the national economy of new types of electrical equip-
ment and cabl~e items it is planned to guarantee in the llth F ive-Yeax Plan
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an economic effect of several billions of rubles. It will be obtained
by our product consumers due to the increase in labor ~oductrvity and the .
_ service life of the electrical equipment, and saving of current operational
expenditures and capital investments.
The formulation of ].ong-range plans ma,de it possible to plan the optimal
paths of economic, scientific and technical, and social development of the
- hranch, systematic i.mplementation of the planned measures for saving labor,
material and financial resources, and increase in the efficiency of the new
equipment and capital investments. An i.mportant tool in the realization of
the planned measures to improve production efficiency in the branch and at
each enterprise is the five-year plan. It has bean called upon to be the
main economic activity of all links in the branch administxation~ and the
branch institutes, associations and enterp~ises have been enlisted in its
formulation. Their main task is a further search for reserves of pro-
duction that can be discovered by counterplanning.
Perfection of the entire planning system rests in the branch on the more
efficient use of economic levers a:nd stimuli, and expansion of the sphsre
of ypplication of cost accounting. In accoxdance with the decree of the
CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers on perf'ection of
_ the economic mechanism, the electxical equipment industxy starting 1 Janu-
ary 1980 switched to new conditions of planning and economic stimulation.
New aconomic indicatars~ norms and standards were put into operation.
Planning arui evaluation of the activity of each enter~ise, association and
the branch as a whole for all technical and economic indicators are carried
out by a cumulative sum from the beginning of the year. The bsanch has besn
transferred to f ull cost accounting. The indicator of realizable products
serves to evaluate the f ulfillment of the assignments for p~oduct deliveries
in accordance~with the concluded contx acts and orders. The system of
planning, financing a,nd material stimulation of scientific and technical
progress was f urther developed. The amount of reso~ces allocated to the
associations, enterprises and the branch as a whols was placed in direct
dependence on the improved final results of cost accounting activity.
Among the measures thayt a.re directed towards improving the level of planning
an important place is occupied by the econotnic indicators and standards. -
On the order of an experiment the ~anch is verifying tha new econom3.c
indicatoi for the growth in the volume of commodity output in compar able -
~ices with regaxd for the quality and efficiency of the new equipment, ~
This means that with the manuf'acture of highly efficient products with the ~
state sign of quality, the rates of ~owth in commodity output ass determined
, by conversion of the commodity output volwne of the base year into a coef-
ficient that takes into consideration the efficiency of the new p~roducts as
compared to the replaced. For each new item, according to the formulated
standards, a percentage is set for the economic effect from the use of this
- ~oduct by the consumer. Th~s effect percentage is totalled for all the new
items, and the obtained sum is excluded f~om the volume of commodity ou~put
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of the i~ase year. According ~to the techniq~.~e developed i.n the 'b~anch,
the pereentage of economic effect excludod ~om +,he base is called upon to -
compensate for those losses in the growth of pr~daction, labor ~oductivity
and wages tha~ the enterprise bears in tsansferring to the output of the
new, highly efficient itams.
The gr~wth rate for the volume of commodity output with regard for effi-
ciency is set for each enterprise and the branch as a whole for the planned
period in quarters by the cumulative sum. The planned assignment for the
growth in labor ~oductivity and standasds of wages are also determined on
its basis. Indices for the growth rate in commodity output with regard
for the effect, labor productivity and specific weight of the products of
= the highest category of quality are disective and fund-forming.
Economic corulitions have been created that guarantee the interest of the
enterprises in producing new products with lower ma,terials consumption and
labor-intensity. The wholesale prices for such p~oducts have been set with
rogard for preservation of the size of p~ofit 'obtained f~om rea].izi~g
the previously manufactured products. In order to determine the volumes of
~oduction and labor produc-tivity, xholesale p~ices are used that were -
adopted in the plan for the replaced products.
The direc~ive indicators include the economic effectf`rom cond.ucting
scientif ic and technical measures. It combines into one the technical and
economic planning with planning of scientific and technical progress and
its stimulation. The economic effact ob~ ained as a result of increasing
the organizational and technical level of p~oduction serves�~,s the real
- base for gua-ranteeing a reduction in the net cost of the products, rise in
grofit and fulfillment of all the cost accounting indicators. The given _
indicator makes it possible to introduce into the sphere of cost accounting
relationships of inaterial interest of the,enterprises and associations in
reducing the labor-intensity and materials-consumption of ~oducts, and
r aising labor ~oductivity. It serves as the basis for planning and the
actual deductions for the in�centive fund to create and in-troduce new equip-
ment.
Thus, the new economic indicators are dis ected towards guaranteeing high
fina,l results, saving not only of in-h~use, but also national economic
expenditures. The advantage of the commodity output indicator wi~h regard
for the effect consists of the fact that on the one hand, it creates con-
ditions for intensif~ring the econo~ic interest of the enterprises in mas -
tering new itemw, and on the other hand, nonfulfill.ment of the plan yor
output of the new product, or decrease in its ef~ iciency results in nonful-
fillment of all the indicators, and dxop in the incentive funds. The use
of the new indicators will promote the preservation of the growth rates in
the voli.unos oy~ production with a certain decrease in the fisst year in the
quantity of manufacturad products, but in favor of theis quality. This is
very important for the tr ansition to the comprehensive increase in the
quality of products from raw materials and materials to the finished items.
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- All of this will permit a strengthening of the link between the results of
technical pro~ess and the cost accounting indicators of work of the
_ industrial enterprises, and guasantse of the combination of collective
interests with national.
An importa.nt component in perfecting the systAm of planning ~rovided for
by the decree is the introd.uction into ~ actice of long-term economic
standards. They make it poss~ble to intensify centralized control of
- production, and, to increase the initiative and independence of the pro-
_ duction collectives.
Among the economic norms and standasds an important place is occupied by the
standards for the fund of wages. They a~e established in the ~ anch for
each enter prise, based on the correlations between the growth in labor
prod.uctivity and the average wages, increase in the volume of production
' due to a growth in labor ~oductivity so that a drop in the specific con-
sumption of wages for the volume of product ~oduction is guarantesd.
The definition of the planned fund of wages in the annual plan takes into
consideration the conversion of the volume of commodity output ~om the ~e-
vious year based on the coefficient of efficiency. If there is a deviation
in the actual output of new p~oducts from the planned, the planned fund of
wages is pinpointed by the cumulative sum since the beginning of the yeax.
Consequently, both the planr?ed and the actual sum of the wages fund are
placed in dependence on the number of new items. and the size of ~the economic
effect obtained f`rom the use of these items by the consumer.
Deduction standards from the profit at the disposal of the branch and the
state budget were also set for 1980: to the unified fund of development of
science and technology--in percentages of the planned volume of commodity
output with regaicd for the effect; to the funds of economic stimulation.
Calculations with the state budget for deduction from the profit are made
b,y the ministry iri a centr alized manner, Here the payments to the budget
are guaranteed in a full amount, regardless of the results of the work of
individual enterprises and the branch as a whole, This increases respon-
sibility and interest of all the links of the branch in the growth of pro-
duction efficiency and the adoption of more intensive plans. At the same
time, the interests of the budget are completely guaranteed.
The branch has been equipped with other economic levers and stimuli that
follow from the decree to perfect the economic mechanism. The use of long- _
term credit has been expanded as a so~ce of financing of capital invest-
ments when there is a shortage of in-house resources of the branch. The
~ role�of incen~ive bonuses for the wholesale prices has been increased to
stimulate the output of highly efficient items. Now they are set for the
entire period of action of -the state sign of quality. In the first 3 years
of output of new items, 70~ of the total incentive bonuses is sent to the
incentive funds, and w3.th repeated certification--up to 3~J. Dedactions
from the wholesale prices of 10~ are set for items of the second category `
~f quality that axe subject to removal t~ om production.
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In order to intansify the stimulating role of wages in increasing pro-
duction efficiency, the use of wages conservation is expanded. The -
associa~ions and enterprises of the branch ha~re obtained the right to pay
bonuses for the tari_~'f rates of the workers for plurality of professions
and fulfilLnent of the set volume of work with a lowe~. nutnber of workers -
frosn the savi.zg fDr the wages fund obtained compased to the set standasd.
Fifty percent of the unused saving of' the wages fund in the given year
will be sent to the fund of material incentive~ while permitted overcon-
_ sumption is subject to compensation from the f und of mater ial incentive.
The funds of economic stimulation will be formed acco~ding to stable
- standards. T he branch has been given the right to set different fund-
for.ming indicators wi~th regard for the features and imminent tasks for
individual associations and enterprises. T he formation of the production -
development f und is based on the deduction stas~dards from profit and amorti-
zation deductions. The role of this fund considerably rises in implemen-
ting measures for mechanization and automation~ replacement and moderni-
zation of equipment, improvement in the organization of p~oduction and
labor, as well as in conducting other measures for the� technical re -
equipping of the industry. These measures that were for mulated by the
associations and enterprises themselves, are included in the plan of capi-
tal constr uction in the full volume of outlays, and are guar anteed in
primary order by the material resources and facilities of the construction-
cor~tract organizations.
Interrelated measures have been worked out for further improvement in the
economic mechanism in construction, which will be introduced into the branch
in the llth Five-Yaar plan. These measures are disected towards increasing
the efficiency of capital investments, and accelerating the putting into
groduction of production facilities and objects. The main factor for impro-
ving the construction business will be the transition to stable five-yeax
plans of capital constr uction (with distribution o~ the assignments over
_ the years). Intensi.fication is envisaged of the balance with material,
- labor and financial resources, as well as the outputs of the construction-
3.rtstallation organizations. The allocation of capital investments wi11 be
mada for the planned increase in products. The active production and the
new constx uction now will be planned as a unit, with regard for the possi-
bilities of increasing the output of products for the available production
facilities,
It is planned to allocate resources for the reconstr uction and technical
re-eguipping of the active enterprises in the primary order. Such order
for formulating plans of capital investment is directed so that the con-
str uction of new enterprises begin s only in that case where the needs of
the nation~,J. economy for speci~'ic -~ypes of produc~s cannot be provided for
by th~ active enterp~ises with regard for their reconstr uction and tech-
Yiical re-equipping. An impor-~ant stage will be the completion in 1981 of the
transition to calcula-tions between the customers and the contractors for
21
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ruk urrtcitu, usc oNL~
_ completely finished constsuction of and putting into operation of enter-
prises and facilities at the estimated cost of the construction commodity
= output. With the transition to a new order of calculations, the austomers
~ will no longer be given advances for the contracting organizations ~or
expenditures for incomplete ~oduction of construction and installation
work. These expenditures ~ all the way to putting the facilities into -
operation will be covered by bank credits.
Thus ~ the entire new system of indicators, stand.ards and limits have the
following inherent features: fisst, stablility, second, orientatinn on
final results~ and third, unity for a11 levels of control. The indicators,
standards and li.mits are set for the fivs-year plan with breakdown into
years. The plan fulfillment will be evaluated by the cumulative total
f~om the beginning of the five-year p1an. Depending on the fulfillment of
tkia five-year plan, the economic stimulation will also be dependent. The
specific putting into operation of the main funds, facilities, and objects
will act as the final result of the association or enter~ise activity.
Economic stimulation of both the contractor and the customer will depend
_ on it. The final result is also the growth in the total efficiency of
production, the growth in profit, labor groductivity, quality of products~
and economic effect from conducting scientific and technical meas~es.
The branch ha,s formulated and is realizing a complex system for organiza-
tional and economic measures. It has been called upon to implement re- .
construction of the economic mechanism for the purpose of attaining the
best final results. In all links of branch cnntrol extensive and tedious
woric remains. It must be disectedtowasds overcoming inertia~ a compre- -
hens~Ye. search for production reserves, a successful battle against poor
mattagement in using material and labor resources, with losses of working
time, and a11-possible fulfillment of the contract commitments. ~
Orientation of all the links of branch control to the final results is the
guarantee of increased production efficiency and deepening of planned _
development and dynamism of its development.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", "Elektrotekhnzka" ~ 1980,
9035
cso : 18z2
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ELECTRIC POWER
i
~ UDC 621.165:697.34
UTILIZATION OF STEAPI TURBINE UNITS IN CENTRAL HEATING
Moscow TEYLOENERG~.TIKA in Russian No 7, Jul 80 pp 37-41
[Article by F.~igineers Yu. A. Averbakh~ V. A. Bonesko and Ai. L.
Sheshelovskiy and Candidate of Technical :~ciencas Yu. P. Kosinuv of the
Kharkov affiliate of tlie Glavenergoremont Central Design Bureau]
[Text] At the present time, thermal loads are Frimarily being met with =
heat released from heat and electric power stations, regional Uoiler plants
and from cross-coupled GR~S's. At such GRES's the steam turbine units have
been renovated i.n connection with the organization of regulated and un-
regulated central heating and industrial steam extraction and the conver-
sion of the extracted steam into work energy by means of back pressure and
redu ced vacuum [1].
It will be expedient to examine the feasibility and future prospects of in-
cluding steam turbine power units as practically unlimited sourc~s of heat.
The utilization of tuese units for a heat supply makes it posaible to meet
loads of several hundred mega~oules per second for consumers located in the
immediate vicinity of the GRES as well as loads of several thousand mega-
joules per second for the central heating needs of large cities.
The feasibility of ineeting central heating loads by renovating the turbine
_ units has been shown previously in [1,2].
The characteristics of renovated 160, 200 and 300 MW turbine units are
cited in table 1. These characteristics testify to the units' considerable "
potential as possible powerful sources of heat. When investigating the -
problems associated with employing equipment having a total ouCput of 25 to
30 million kW for heat supply, it is necessary to analyze thoroughly the
effect such renovation has on changing the controllability characteristics
of the power units as well as on the power balance of consolidated power -
systems. These questions have been examined previously [3]. Moreover,
taking into consideration the fact that power units of 160 to 300 MW capa~
city began being installed at electric power stations in the 1960's and al-
ready have run over 100,000 hours or else are approaching that many hours
of oparation, it is necessary to evaluate the practical prospects of oper-
- 23
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ating these units over the next 15 to 20 years from the point of view of
both physical wear and obsolescence.
The experience in operating equipment having high parameters (9MPa and
500�C), some of which has logged about 200,000 hours, and 35 years of oper-
ating four power units of 150 M~J capacity with parameters of 17 r~a and
540/540�C as well as the results of an inspection of the nonmoving parts
and the rotors of several turbines have made it possible to predict with a
known degree of~approximation the sufficiently reliable operation of the
tiypes of equipment in question up to the year 2000. In addition, it is
necessary to take into account the fact that several turbines may require
a replacement of the stop valve housings, steam bypass tubes, cylinder
housings and, in ex ceptional cases, the rotors. It is possible that some
turbines from the first production runs will have to be diamantled.
Witti the constant improvement of power engineering~ previously manufactured
equipment becomes obsolete much sooner than it we ars out physically. Ques-
tions regarding the effect of technical progress in pow~er engineering upon
the rate of obsolescence of thermal power stations are examined in [4]. A
facility that is in operation is obsolete if the following condition is
met: ZNSUp . In this case, ZN are the quoted unit expenditures for a new -
f acility and Up are the unit operating expenditures (not taking into ac-
count renovation) of the existing facility. Both fossil-fuel aad atomic
electric power stations are examined as new facilities. For example, on
the basis of comparison with a modern fossil-fueled electric power station
with six 8U0 MW power units, one may say that units of 150 MW capacity and
greater would not b e obsolete (with the cost o� fuel at 15 rubles per ton
of conventional fue1~ E=0.15 and the number of hours of operation from 5,500
to 7,000) if their design indicators are used as a basis. When the actual
indicators of 150 MW power units are compared to the design indicators, they
prove to be obao lete. The considerable increase in the number of AES's
planned for introduction in the coming years and tt?e trend toward increases
in the prices for fossil fuels in the European portion of the USSR will lead
to an accelerated ob solescence of even those electric power stations with
300 MW power units. In light of this, it is expedient to utilize the pro- -
posed renovation in order to reduce substantially or evea eliminate temporar-
ily the consequences of obsolescence of electric power station equipment
which today puts out the major portion of the electric power produced.
The detailed development of the means to utilize power units for heat sup-
ply brought about the need to solve specific problems which had never be-
fore been encountered in ths modernization of high-pressure equipment in -
connection with the following design features:
The presence of intermediate steam superheating;
A modular principle of operation (boiler-turbine) instead of a cross-
coupled arrangement;
The crowded configur ation;
:
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Tiie more complex design of high-pressure cylinders;
The use of noncombustible iiquids and water in the K-300-240 turbine's
regulating system;
_ The gre ater effort required in fitting the turbine blades; �
The pr~sence of rotor blades of great length in the low-pressure cy~.inder
which are sensitive to decreases in the volumetric flow rate of steam; ~
, The installation in 300 MW turbine~ of a back-pressure turbine drive for
the feed pump, connected to the main turbine tn series, etc.
In view of the installation~in 160-300 MW turbines of 0.76 to 1.05 m rotor
_ blades in the final ~tages, designed for operation in the basic condensa-
tion cycle, iC is necessary to insure their reliable operation during.the
heating cycle with a reduced volumetric flow of steam. In connection with
- this, until sufficient op~rational expe~rienee is accumulated, the maximum
vdlues for the heat axtracted depend upon the condition that, when the
electric load is carried for an extended period of time, the expenditure
of steam into the condenser he held to the minimwn a]lowable level needed
to satisfy the requirements of manufacturing plants, This condition re-
quires that a considerable portion of the attached steam output be retain-
ed. Therefore, after the redesign the turbines may be referred to as the
thermocontrolled type.
- Since after renovation the power units should share in meeting the variable
_ schedule of electric loads, the extracted heat must, as a rule, be de-
rived f rom the regulated steam bleed or be combined with an unregulated
bleed. The orientation toward the unregulated bleed, although it does sim-
glify the reconstruction in the design sense, at the same time 13.mits con-
. siderably the absolute values of the ateam extract3on and sharply reduces
the controllability characteristics of the power units, except for the _
means of discharge. For this reason as well as for technical considera-
tions, the adoption of certain proposals that provide for or~anizing multi-
stage preheating of netwnrk water by steam from the uaregu].ated bleeds in -
such a way that the entire volumetric flow of steam (aside from that which _
goes toward regeneration needs) is expended in this preheating is hardly
practicable on the operating turbine installations of power units. In this
case a condenser is used for the first preheating stage.
The organization of the regulated steam bleed requires the iustallation, o�
special low-pressure steam-distributing units. Unfortunately, because of -
design considerations, it is not possible to make this steam-distribution
sufficiently economical, since it is accomplished wtth hinged baffles or
butterfly ~alvea. In both versions a single throttle valve is used for i,
steam distribution. The steam bleed is not always in a thermodynamically ~
optimum location, since its position is determined by the turbine's design
- peculiarities. In connection with this, the unit output of the K-X60-130
- KhTGZ turb3ne unit is lOSkW�h/GJ, for the K-200-130 LMZ the figure is
25
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= 26
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129 kW�h/GJ and for the K-300-240 it is 126 kW�h/GJ. Naturally~ these
figures are inferior to the analogous indicators for the best domestic
central-heating turbines. -
In order to increase the efficiency of the renovation, it is expedient to ~
examine the feasibility of using the turbine condenser as the f irst pre-
heating stage. This eliminates the loss of heat with the circulating wa-
ter. However, the practical realization of this potential is more compli-
~ated than for low-output turbine units and, to a considerable degree~ is
determined by the type of water-supply system (closed or open). In the
closed water-supply system the temperature of the return network water may
_ gc to 70�C and the corresponding steam pressure in the condenser will
amount to 0.06 to 0.08 MPa. This is not permissible from the point of view
of reliable operation of t~oth the rotor blades and the turbine itself.
.ioreover, because of the relatively small values for the preheating ~f net- _
work water in the condenser, an unusually high flow rate of water is re-
quired. D ata are cited in table 2 which characterize the indicated opera-
ting conditions in the condenser (at a temperature head of St=4�C and with
the rotor blades retained in the final stages). It follows from the table -
tl~at, in order to recover all the heat usually ~.ost with the circulating
_ water, it is necessary to remove the rotor blades in one or two of the fi-
- r~al stages (to reduce the temperature of the exhaust nozzles to 60�C) in
view of the sharply increased pressure in the condenser. In this case the
nominal condensing capacity of the turbine is not retained. It is theoret-
ically possible to renovate rhe condenser in order to separate the specially
built-in tube bundles which would have utilized only a portion of the heat
released, wliile still keeping to the noted operational limitations.
It is more efficient to utilize the condenser to preheat the make-up water
with an open water-supply system. Since the temperature of the watex at
the condenser input is only about 5�C, provisions are made to heat it cc;n-
siderably. The pressure of the steam in the condenser, the flow rate of the
water and, consequently, the velocity of Che water in the condenser tubea
decrease noticeably (table 3) .
From table 3 it can be seen that, when the water is heated to 35�C, the -
rotor blades in the final stages do not have to be removed. In this case,
however, the flow rate of the make-up water fluctuates from 1.4 to 2.5 m3/s.
When it is heated to 70�C, the flow of water is reduced by half but the
rotor blades in the final stage must be removed.
Separating the special make-up water tube bundles sharply reduces the ef-
fect of utilizing the heat released.
Thus, an analysis of rhe possible methods of utilizing the heat released
reveals thar tY?e use of condensers in 160-300 MW turbine units for the
first preheating stage of network or make-up water may probably be realized
on a limited scale.
27 '
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28
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In studies previously published [1,2], the design features of renovated
1b0 and 2UU ;SW turbines are examined. In the K-300-240 turbines of the
L2~IZ ~Leningrad :Setals Plant imeni 22nd CPSU Congress] and the KhTGZ
- [i:narkov Turbogenerator Plant imeni S. M. Kirov] there are essential de-
sign differences associated with the presence of three low-pressure steam
flows. The first is in the intermediate-pressure cylinder, the other two
in the low-pressure cylinder. When a regulated steam bleed is created, a
hinged baffle is installed ahead of the first flow as a low-pressure _
- steam-distribution element, while butterfly valves are incorporated ahead .
of the remaining two flows in two reserve tubes ahead of the steam input in
the low-pressure cylinder (SJ. The extraction o� steam is carried out
- ahead of the first flow. In Ll~SZ turbines the turbine exhaust is directed
into the first low-pressure flow, that is, into the intermediate-pressure
cylinder. During the renovation, three methods of feeding the exhaust steam
to the main turbine were examined. In the first version, steam is fed into _
_ the first low-pressure flow. As a result of this, the pressure after the
turoine drive and the pressure in the regulated bleed are equal. Steam at
the ra~e of 111 to 125 kg/s arrives at the network preheaters from both the
turbine and the turbine drive. Th3s simplifies considerably the problem of
extracting steam f rom the turbine. However, because of the constancy of the
pressure after the turbine drive, it is possible to use the exhaust steam if
the f low rate of live steam is not less than 156 kg/s. At greater rates of
boiler discharge the output of the turbine drive is not sufficient to drive
the f ee d pu:nps .
In the second version, the turbine drive's exhaust is fed into the low-
pressure cylinder after the butterfly valves ~ud, therefore, is not used for
heat supply. In this case the controll~bility of the turbine unit is in-
creased~ but the maximum steam extraction is limited to 94~5 to 100 kg/s due
- to restrictions on the possible arrangement of steam~-extraction pipes.
In the third version, the turbine drive's exhaust is completely isolated
during the heat supply cycles from the turbine and all the steam is direct~d
into separate network preheaters, the pressure in which �or a given flow
rate of network water depends upon the temperature of the water and the
flow rate of steam through the turbine drive. In practice, the realization
of sucn an arrangement is impossible because of the considerable overdriving
of the final stages of the turbine drive when the temperature of the network
water is low, as well as the unacceptable reduction in the drive's output az
network-water temperatures above 55�C.
In the turbines manufactured by KhTGZ the turbine drive's exhaust is direct-
ed infio the low-pressure cylinder. Two methods of discharging steam from -
the turbine drive were examined. In the first version the steam is dis-
charged into the regulated bleed chamber. Tn this case the diameter of the
- pipe for the steam bleed from the turbine is reduced from 1.4 to 1.2 m, but
the turbine dxive's exhaust steam may be utilized if the flow rate of the
live steam is not less than 195 kg/s. In the second version, the steam
feed to tlie turbine drive is carried out past the butterfly valves. In -
hoth versions the maximum rate of steam extract~on is 125 kg/s.
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Table 4
Flow rate of Specific heat flow q, -
live steam J/(kW�s) Deviation Average, Conditions
Gp. kg/s x
According According
to thermal to data of J/(kWs) X
test data KhF TsKB*
139 2534 2534 0 0 poa12,7 MPa
t�=540�C
- 111 2573.7 253~1 43 1.67 1.81 pK=3.4 kPa
83.4 2658.6 2559 100 3.76 t�P =540�C
GVPRa~
* Kharkov affiliate of the Central Design Bureau
Table S ,
Indicators According to KhF TsKB* According to thermal ~
data test data
Flow rate of live steam
- Go~ ~8/B 139 139
Flow rate into unregulat- 9.45 21.8 0 19.4 27.8 0
- ed bleed, GuR, kg/s
Flow rate into regulated 29.2 0 38.9 19.5 0 38.9
~ bleed, GRi~ , kg/s
Heat flow Q, MJ/s 100 69.8 100 100 69.8 100
E lectric output of tur- 137 148 134 140 150 137.5
bfne NE , tiW
* see table 4 above
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Thus~ it is theoretically possible to use exhaust steam from the tuxbine
drive of 300 MG~' power units �or heat supply. Howevero taking into ac-
count the recommendations of [3]~ it is expediant to limit the extraction
to 70 kg/s (150 2�SJ/s). Thus~ where it is possible~ it is desirable not Co -
complicate the layout of a heat supply installation that is limited to the
steam extracted from the turbine alone. It should be noted that during
operation at some electric power stations consumers are found to be using
the steam for production purposes and for their own needs in connection
with the changeover of KES's [condensing thermal electric power stations]
over to a semipeak mode of operation (supplying deaerators, fuel oil con-
servation~ peak boilers, etc.). For example~ the feasibility of extracting
steam at 14 to 16.5 kg/s at a pressure o� 2.5 MPa f rom K-150-130 KhTGZ tur-
bir.es has been examined~ as well as design variants of K-200-130 LMZ tur-
bines with a limited extraction of steam at a rate of 55 kg/s and a pres-
sure of 1.5 MPa. Except for power stations with turbine units of 150-300
tiW~ more powerful fossil-fuel fired power units and tusbiae units for AES's
with outputs of 220 to 1000 rn~ maq be used in the future~ depending upon
the local conditions for meeting the considerable heat loads.
It is already possible~at the present time to summarize the performance of
the three K-150-130 KhTGZ turbine units at the Nazarovskaya GRES where the
first modification of the renovation ~aas carried out. A stepped preheat of
the network water with steam from an unregulated bleed at a pressure of
= Q.06-0.12 PiPa and with steam from a regulated bleed at a pressure of 0.54
- t~IPa was created. Over the course of 5-6 years of turbine operation no tun-
- damental diff iculties were manifested in the start-up, condensation and
heat-supply cycles.
While the renovated turbines were being set up, changes were introduced in
the design of the turbine manifold and the low-pressure steam-distribution
equipment. Free vibration in the baffle and some other small defects ware
eliminated.
Thermal tests of the turbine installation in power unit N~ 5 carried out by
the Siberian branch of Soyuztekhenergo determined their phyeical iadicators
after the renovation.
In addition, it became necessary to expand considerably the pressure limits
in the regulated bleed as a result of the pressure reduction to 0.25 MPa
(see table 1). In view of this, a second modification was developed for
all subsequent renovations of these turbines. This modification provides
for the basic renovation of the stage cell between the hot intermediate-
superheating and tlie regulated bleed, as well as for the replacement of the
turbine manifold and the removal of the first stage of the low-pressure
cylinder.
It is necessary to emphasize that the renovation of the equipment must co-
incide as much as possible with the modernization of all thermal engineering
equipment (on the basis of developing manufacturing plants), with the re-
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placenent of parts that have outlived their calculated safe lif, as well
as with the elimination of individual deaign defects that have arisen
during operation.
Conclusions
1. One of the directions in improving the economic indicators of power en- -
gineering in the near future is the utilization of power units with tur~
bines of 160-300 MW capacity both for heat supply and for satisfy~ng the
steam load of industry and the in-house needs of pow~er stations operating
in semipeak modes.
2. The conversion of 160-300 MTJ condensing power units into units of the
central heating class substantially reduces the obsolesceace of renovated
e~uipment and should be matched by a considerable improvement in their
physical condition.
3. Since GRES power units of 150-300 MW capacity talce part in covering the
variable portion of the electric load schedule, it would'be wurthwhile to
consider as a preferred direction in turbine unit renovatioa the organiza-
tion of regulated bleeds in coa~unction with unregulated steam bleeds (when -
it is technically ~ustified).
4. The utilization of condensers of turbine units of 150 MW capacity and
greater for the first preheating stage of the network water reduces con-
siderably the controllability characteristics of reaovated power units and
may find limited application, primarily with open water-supply systems.
5. The use of exhaust steam from the turbine drive of K-300-240 turbines
for heaz supply complicates considerably the operation of turbiae units,
imposes some limitations on the turbine's operatioaal nature and is an un-
sound practice when the optimum amount of steam is bled fram the turbiae
proper. ,
BIBLIOGRAPIiY
1. Kosinov~ Yu. P.; Averbal:h, Yu. A.; Lyakin, A. V.; Sheshelovskiy, M. L.;
et al. "Experience in Moderaizing Steam Turbinea for Xhe Purpose o�
Heat Output," ELEKTRIC1iESKIYE STANTSII, No 11, 1976.
2. Averbakh, Yu. A.; Rosin, D. S.; and Sheshelovskiy, M. L. "The F~asi-
bility of Covering Significant Heat Loads with Modern Steam Turbine ~
Units," TEPLOENERGETIKA, No 10, 1971.
3. Averbakh, Yu. A.; Brazovskiy, V. P.; Gitman, M. I.; Goncharov, G. I.;
et al. "Prospects and Optimization of Operating Conditions of 160-300 MW
KES Units for Heat Supply," TEPLOENERGETIKA, No 2, 1980.
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4. Filatov, A. I. "The Effect of Technical Progress ia Power Engineexing
upon the Rates of Obsolescence of Thermal Electric Power Stations,"
TRUDY ENERGr~TICIiESKOGO I~vSTITUTA IME~TI G. M. KRZHIZHaNOVSKOGO, No 17ay
- 1974.
5. Inventor's Certificate No 311022 (USSR) "Multiflow Steam Condensing
Turbine," authors: Yu. A. Averb akh, I. L. Kam, V. I. Lezman., et gle
Published in B. I., No 24, 1971.
6. Volynskiy, ~i. ri. ; Karliner, V. ;i. ; Lezman, V. I. ; et al. "Moderniza~
tion of the i~-160-130 Turbine's Regulating System when Creating ~ -
Regulated Steam Bleed," TEPLOENERGETIKA, No 10, 1977.
COPYZIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," "Teploenergetika," 1980
9512
CSO: 1822
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LLECTRIC POWER
THERMAL POWER ENGINEERING INFORMATION IN 'REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL'
rioscow TEPLOENERGETIKA in Russian No 7, Jul 80 pp 74-75
- [Article by Engi.neer S. G. Dupleva: "Sci~ntific and Technical Information
in the Field of Thermal Power Engineering. In Commemoration of the 25th
Anniversary of the Department of Electrical and Power Engineering of
VINITI"J
[Text] In 1952 the Institute of Scientific znformation was organized within
the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences on the initiative of Academician
A. N. Nesmeyanov. In 1955 it was reorganized into the All Union Institute
of Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI), the chief agency for
scientific and technical information ia the USSR. This agencq publishes in
Russian systematized information in particular specialties in the form of
REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL for the natural and applied sciences, as well as quick
information (expanded abstracts), the review series "Itogi nauki i
tekhniki" (INT) [Reviews of Science aud Technology], various indexes, etc.
'Phe VINITI REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL is the main information publicatioa of
VINITI, and among similar publications is the largest in the world with re-
gard to volume and the number of primary sources dealt with. In contrast
to similar foreigu publications, the VINITI REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL is an il-
lustrated ~ournal. The names of over 22,000 ~ournals, about 10.000 books
and approximately 150,000 patents are used annually in its preparation.
i~iore than one million publications with an overall volume of 25,000 typo-
graphical units find a place in the VINITI REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL yearly.
This 3ournal has received broad recognition not only in the USSR but also
abroad. According to data for 1980, about 40,000 issues will go into cir-
culation. Abstracts are published in the VINITI REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL
(about 85 percent) as well as annotations and bibliographical descriptions
of articles, collections, proceedings of conferences and symposiums, text-
books, monographs, patents and standards published in 130 countries in 70
languages, including 20 languages of the peoples of the USSR. The material
is published in an amount that is sufficient to obtain the necessary infor-
mation about the contents of the publication, an evaluation of the primary
source's importance and a determination of the expediency of referring to
34
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the original. The topical orientation of the individual sections of
RErERATIVIIYY ZEiURNAL and its divisions make it possible for the special-
ist to become familiar with practically all publica~tions in a certain
field in the least amount of time. To facilitate the search for material,
various types of indexes are published (author~ patent, sub~ect, geogra-
phical, etc.) yearly or monthly.
There are 17 scientific-industrial departments and several scientific sec-
tions comprising VINITI. The scientific-industrial department of electri-
cal and power engineering was formed in 1955. In its 25 years of existence
- the department has undergone much development in carrying out the compl~x
tasks associated with creating a scientific and technical information ser-
vice in the USSR in the field of electrical and power engineering. Scien-
tific caork and the preparation of the publications is carried out imder the
supervision of an editorial board. The REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL section
"T~ploenergetika" [Thermal Power Eng~neeringJ has been in existence since
1955. At first it was published as a section of REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL ~.zt
a joint volume entitled "Elektrotekhnika." Later, starting in 196~., it was
published in a joint volume entitled "Elektrotekhnika i energetika." Since
1963 the REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL "Teploenergetika" has been a joint vol.u~tte,
consisting of 5 sections of Ii~FERATIVNYY ZHURNAL which are also published
in separate books. This is particularly convenient for specialists with
specific interests.
REF~RATIVNYY ZHURNAL is published annually in 12 numbers. An annual. Sub-
jecC Index (with a volume of about 40 typographical units) and an Authors
Index (approximately 15 typographical units a*inually) are published for the
joint volume of REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL entitled "Teploenergetika."
Each section of REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL and its divisions are printed in ac-
cordance with an accepted arrangement published in the first number of
REFE RATIVNYY ZHURNAL. On the whole, the order of headings in REFERATIVNYY
ZHURNAL is a part of "Order of Headings for USSR Abstract Publications."
' The majority of sections begin with the heading "General Section." Al1
headings are arranged according to the grinciple of linear classificat3on -
from the ~eneral to the particular. The number of subheadings ls deter-
mined by the structure of tlze section and the amount of information dealt
with. The R~:FERATIVNYY ZHURNAL order of headings is constantly being im-
proved and made more accurate. It is supplemented with new h~adings as new
di.rections in science and technology arise. We will cite a brief descrip-
tion of the five books in the REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL "Teploenergetika."
The REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL section "Obshchiye i teoreticheskiye voprosy
teploenergetiki. Gelioenergetika" [General and Theoretical Problems in
Thermal Power Engineering. Solar Power Engineering] deals wiCh the current
state and future prospects ior development of thermal power engineering,
general and theoretical problems, terminology, as well as relevant papers
on nydrogen power engineering, solar engineering and solar power engineering
(about 300 publications monthly).
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The REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL section "Toplivnyy balans. Ispol'zovaniye gaza
i mazuta" [The Fuel Balance. litilization of Gas and Fuel Oil] cites rele-
vant papers on the fuel balan ce in various countries of the world, the
thermal engineering characteristics of fuel, combustion processes, gas
burners and fuel nozzles, data on automating their operat:Lon, on monitor-
ing the combustion processes, on the utiliz ation of gas and fuel oil in
industry and agriculture and on protecting the atmosphere from pollution
wi th the products of incomplete combustion (about 200 publications month-
ly) .
The REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL section "Kotel'nyye ustanovki i vodopodgotovka"
[33oiler Installations and Water Treatment] examines the configuration and
arrangement of boiler installations, the design, operation, installation
and repair of steam, water-he ating and waste-heat boilers, their compo-
nents and auxiliary equipment, problems of fuel preparation, dust prepa-
ration and fuel feed, furnace chambers and pulverized-coal combustion, in-
stallations for burning industrial and domestic wastes, water treatment,
the water cycle and chemical control at TES's, AES's and in boiler rooms
(about 200 publications).
The REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL section "Teplovyye elektrostantsii.
Teplosnabzheniye" [Thermal Power Stations. Heat Supply] cites configura-
~ tions and arrangements for steam turbine, gas turbine, diesel and geother-
mal electric power stations (ES's), the desiga, construction, operation
and repair of ES equipment, district-he~ting and hot-water supplies, heat-
exchangers, thermal insulation and the control and automation of thermal
processes at ES's (up to 350 publications monthly) .
The section "Atomnaya energetika" examines general problems in atomic power
_ engineering in the world and in various countries, the design, construction
and operation of AES's and their equipment, the types and designs of reac-
tors, questions of AES safety, automation and control at AF.S's, fuel, mod-
erators, coolant and construction materials for AES equipment (up to 400
publications monthly) .
In a separate REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL section "Teplo- i massoobmen" [Heat and
Mass Transfer] published since 1976, up to 300 relevant papers are publish-
ed monthly on the current state and �uture prospects of the science of heat
and mass transfer, on thermal conductivity, heat-exchange, two-phase cur-
rents, boiling, evaporation, condensation, etc. The section is furnished
with a monthly authors index and an annual subject index.
In order to facilitate the search for materials, REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL has
reference and search aids (indexea, references, etc.) . The vol~e of
REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL is const antly increasing, the scope of the primary
sources is growing wider and the topics are expanding. The time needed
to prepare the information, counting from the time the information arrives
at VINITI to the time the abstract appeaxs in REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL, at
present amounts to about three and a half months.
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The department also prepares "Itogi nauki i tekhniki" collections for pub-
lication. These are information publications of the review type in which
information about those achievements, basic trends and tendencies in the
development of various fields of science and technology that had appeared
in REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL in the last one to three years ie summarized and
systematized. Since 1964, 85 volumes of INT have been publiahed, including
lb volumes on thermal power engineering. In 1969 the volume entitled
"Energeticheskiye gazoturbinnyye ustanovki" [Gas Turbine Power Installa-
tions] was published.
The present and the future of the Scientif ic-Industrial Department of Elec-
trical and Power Engineering of VINITI is linked to further work in improv-
ing the arrangement of the headinga and raising the quality of the issues
through the use uf computers in the preparation and publishing of
- RBFc.~ATIVIdYY ZHURNAL. Work is being conducted at VINITI on the creation uf
an auto~aated information-search syatem called ASSISTENT [expansion not pro-
vided]. It nas been proposed Chat, starting in 19 81, information be pub-
lished on machine-read carriera, for example, on magnetic tape, in addition
to the traditional publication of REFERATIVNYY ZHURNAL on paper.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," "Teploenergetika," 1980
9512
CSO: 1822 �
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x;;
- ELECTRIC POWER _
HEATING SUPPLY , VARIOUS MODES OF HEAT UTILIZATION
Moscow TEPLOSNABZHENIYE (Heating Supply) in Russian 1979 pp 2, _
254-255
[Annotation and table of contents from the book by Z. Siraks, Energiya
Press, 256 pages, translated from the Latvian to Russi.an]
[TextJ The book describes heat users and the various modes of heat
utilization. Technical-economic calculations of comparable variants of
heating supply are presented along with procedures for selecting optimal
heuting systems (closed or open, associated or autonomous). Probleins
of the design, analysis, and operating adjustments of heating centers
are considered, along with the siting of heating lines in horizontal and
vertical urban plans.
The book is intended for heating engineers, technicians, designers, and
repairmen dealing with the installation of central heating systems in
cities and settlements. It will also be useful to students majoring in
~ power engi.neerin~ at higher schools.
Table of Contents Page
Foreword 3
Introduction 4
I.1. Importance of Heat and Heating Supp3y 4
= I.2. Development of Central Heating 7
Chapter 1. Local Heating-User Systems 10 ,
I
1.1. Types of Heat Consumption and Heat Transfer Agents 10
1.2. Heating 12
1.3. Ventilation 22
1.4. Air Conditioning 27
1.5. Hot Water Supply 32 ~
1.6. Technological Processes 36 -
~ 1.7. Heat of Secondary Energy Resources 37
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Page
Chapter 2. Galculations of Heat Expenditures 39
- 2.1. Modes of Heat Expenditure 39
2.2. Temperature Charts 46
2.3. Calculations of Heat Expenditure 57
2.4. Composite Table of Maximum Hourly Heat Expenditures 81
2.5. Annual Heat Consumption Graphs 83
Chapter 3. Heat Source 85
~ 3.1. Selection of Heat Source 86
3.2. Technical-Economic Calculations 90
3.3. Selection of Heat Transfer Agent and Its Parameters 94
Chapter 4. Heating Centers and Heat Supply Systems 104
- 4.1. Designation of Heating Centers 104 -
4.2. Heating Centers Using Hot Water as the Heat Transfer
Agent 106
4.3. Heating Centers Using Steam as the Heat Transfer
Agent 128
4.4. Closed and Open Heat Supply Systems
4.5. Associated and Autonomous Heat Supply Systems 143
Chapter 5. Heating Networks ~ 147
5.1. Heating Chart 147 ~
5.2. Location of District Heat Source 149
5.3. Installation of Heating Lines 153
' 5.4. Combined Installation of Utilities 162 ~
- 5.5. Hydraulic Analysis of Heati.ng Networks 174
- 5.6. Pressure Curves 187
5.7. Technical Task for a Heat Source Design 198
5.8. Flushing of Heat Supply Systems 211
Conc Zusion 221 ~
- Appendix 1. Thermodynamic Parameters of Dry Saturated Steam �
and Hot Water on Saturation Line 223
Appendix 2. Table for Hydraulic Analysis of Hot-Water Heating
Lines 224 -
Appendix 3. Table f or Hydraulic Analysis of Steam Lines 239 ~
Appendix 4. Density of Superheated Steam 250
Bitiliography 252
COPYRIGHT: "Liesma" 1973
Avtorizovannyy perevod s latyshkogo, "Energiya", 1979
1386 39
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ELECTRIC POWER
BRIEFS
NUCLEAR POWER USE--In the West this would be considered a revolution.
" In the USSR it is a major project. In order to save on petroleum, the
Soviets are studying the installation of nuclear power plants in the
very heart of their metallurgical or chemical complexes. Here are their
calculations: A 1,000 megawart reactor would be sufficient for two
chemical combines producing one million tons of ammonia per year. The
same reactor would be able to power a unit producing two million tons of
steel. It would be very clean! The only condition is to use "high
temperature" (1,000 degrees Celsius) reactors. A demonstration power
plant is alreadj~ under constructian but Moscow is refusing to identify
its location. [Text] [Paris L'EXPRESS in French 28 Jun 80 p 69] 5157
CSO: 3100
i
i
~
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FUEIS ~
- DEVELOPMENT OF PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY IN 1980
Moscow KHIMIYA I TEKHNOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASEL in Russian No 6, Jun 80
pp 3-6
[Article by Ya. G. Sorkin]
[Text] Speeches by Comrade L. I. Brezhnev and the proceedings of the
November (1979) Plenum of the CPSU Central Comm~i.ttee spelled out the
work results of the party and people following the 25th CPSU Congress,
they deeply and thorcughly revealed the ways for further implementing the -
_ decisions of the congress, and they spelled out concrste tasks associated
with fulfillment of the 1980 plan, which coneludes the lOth Five-Year Plan
for development of_ our country's national economy. In his speech at the
plenum, L. I. Brezhnev said: "We can note with satisfaction that since the
beginning of the five-year plan, implementing the decisions of the 25th
CPSU Congress, we have made significant advances in developing the national
economy, raising the material and cultural standard of living, and
strengthening the defense capabilities of our motherland."
Implementing decisions of the 25th CPSU Congress, the laborers of petroleiun
refining and petrochemical industry are working successfully in the current
five-year plan. In comparison with 1975, in 4 years of the lOth Five-Year
Plan the country's petroleum refining volume grew by 15 percent, and motor
oil production increased by 14 percent; production of raw materials for
= petrochemical and microbiological industry increased significantly; pro-
duction of benzene for chemical industry more than doubled, and production
of liquid paraffins, used to produce nutrient yeast, increased by 1.8 times.
The output of other products made from petroleum grew as well.
The assortment of petroleum products widened, and the quaiity of the products
~ cl~.mbed. Produetion of high-octane gasolines (72 and above) inereased
within the structure of total gasoline production~fram 79.5 percent in
1975 to 91 percent in 1979, while production of AI-93 gasoline grew by more
than o5 p~rcent. Almost all diesel fuel is now being produced with a low -
sulfur content. Electrode coke prAduction grew to 45 percent (in relation
to total production of common coke). The effectiveness with which petroleum
is used was increased due to a decrease in losses of petroleum and petroleum
products, and in fuel consumption.
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The fixed capital possessed by petroleum refining industry increased signi-
ficantly during the period under examination. The Lisichansk and Pavlodar
petroleum refineries were put into operation. High-output and combined
- petroleum refining facilities were erected at the Mozyr', Kremenchug,
Novobakinsk imeni V. I. Lenin, Moscow, and Nizhnekamsk petroleum refineries,
and in the "Groznefteor~gsintez" Production Association. The output capa-
cities of secondaxy pet;.roleum refining pro~esses grew. A total of 28 new
production facilities s~ere put into operation during the fourth year of
- the lOth Five-Ye?.r Pl~,;~z.
The increases in the sector's economic potential became possible owing to
the selfless labor of all oil refiners, and their active and creative
participation in the all-union socialist competition for completing and
_ surpassing the assignments set by the annual plans.
The work of petroleum refining industry also suffered complexities that
prevented us from fully reaching the goals of the five-year plan. They
include undersupply of petroleum, interruptions in deliveries of finished
products, delays in construction and commissioning of new output capacities,
and some others. Not all enterprises are making use of advanced skills
or working persistently to raise labor productivity, to economi.ze on
_ material resources, and to acr~ieve the best possible end results of pro-
duction. Other shortcomings in the work have included delays in conanission-
ing and assimilating newly built output capacities and in preparing good _
- quality raw material, especially for secondary petroleum refining processes,
and failure to complete the plans for introducing new equipment and for
re-equipping the production operations.
The 1980 plan for petroleum refining industry, which was written by planning
agencies, enterprises, and collectives of the USSR Ministry of Petroleum Re-
fining and Petrochemical Industry, is an important component of the five-
year plan for 1976-1980. It was compiled with consideration for the
national economy's higher demand for petroleum products, and the petroleum
_ processing volumes foreseen. Although the planned targets for 1980 are
high in terms of the petroleum refining volumes and the technical-economi.c
indicators, they are realistic, and it is the honor of every collective to _
insure that we reach and surpass them.
Guiding themselves by decisions of the November (1979) Plentun of the CPSU
Central Committee and statements made at the plenum by CPSU Central Committee
General Secretary, Cha'irman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, '
_ Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, this year all of the ministry's production collec-
tives and administrative machinery will devote a great amount of attention I
to the following issues: ~
Revealing and utilizing all production reserves, and raising the output- I
capital ratio by making more-intensive use of the equipment, preparing raw
material to be processed better, and reducing the materials-intensiveness
_ and cost of production;
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insuring unconditional fulfillment of the plan for introducing new pro-
duction capacities, accelerating their assimilation. and mini.mizing the
time construction is left uncompleted;
raising the effectiveness of production, intensifying it, accelerating
i.ntroductian of new equipment, and improving the quality of products;
increasing the growth rate of labor productivity by introducing new equip- -
- ment, improved forms of production organization, and labor automation and
mechanization; -
reinforcing labor and plan discipline, and increasing the scope of
socialist competition at the enterprises;
.y
supporting arici disseminating advanced skills and progressive forms and
- nethods of wor~C promoting higher labor productivity;
- consistently p~omoting an effort to economize on and make sensible use of ~
materials and money.
During the wri~ting of the 1980 plan, because of a lack of by-product output
capacities a somewhat critical situation arose in the production of certain
light petroleum products. It was necessary in this connection to find ways -
to intensify the work of existing secondary petroleum refining fac~lities
(catalytic cracking, coking, catalytic reforming, alkylation, procluction of
aromatic hydrocarbons and liquid paraffins, and so on).
A critical situation is also evolving this year in relation to primaxy
petroleum refining processes.
This is associated both with delays in putting new plants into operation
_ and with the fac~ that the output capacities of a number of plants cannot
_ befully utilized because the quantity of petroleum they need cannot be
supplied to them. We must write up a very clear plan arid schedule for
supplying petroleum to the plants, ones insuring the most sensible use of
petroleum for production of the planned volume and assortment of petroleum
products. This plan must be meticulously coordinated with the USSR Ministry
of Petroleum and Petrochemical Industry, the Ministry of Petroleum Industry,
the Ministry of Railways, the RFSFR Ministry of the River Fleet, and the
. Ministry of Maritime r^leet. Efficient operation of rail, water, marine,
and pipeline transportation to deliver petroleum and ship finished
petroleum products is a man3atory prerequisite of this plan. We do not
_ have such a coordinated plan today, and this is seriously hindering the -
rhythmic operation of petroleum refineries.
These tasks and the practical measures of their completion were thoroughly
exami-ned at a meeting of the governing board of the USSR Ministry of Petro-
leum and Petrochemical Industry and the ~residium of the central committee
of the trade union of workers in chemical industry, held at the beginn.i.ng
of this year. The governing board suggested writing up, for each enter-
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prise, a concrete plan of ineasures aimed at increasing the output capacities
of existing prociuction operations and facilities through their intensifi-
cation and reconstruction. Fu1fi11mEnt of these measures by the enterprise
collectives should insure that we not only complete the 1980 plan but also
surpass it.
The creative initiative of efficiency experts and inventors, and the
attention of business managers and of 14ca1 party, trade union, and Komsomol -
organizations must be directed at implementing these measures. Sensible
organization of the production of petroleum products and distribution of
- their production among the plants with the goal of reducing unsensi.ble
shipments of petroleum products is a very important task that must be
completed by the administration of the ministry and the all-union pro-
duction associations within its composition.
Augmentation of the output capacities of existing production facilities
and operations, and introduction of new output capacities in 1980 should
insure an increase in the gross output of enterprises of the "Soyuznefteorg-
sintez" All-Union Production Association by 5.3 percent in comparison with -
the actual volume for 1979. Automobile gasoline productien vo'lume should
increase by 3 percent, and diesel fuel production should increase by 6 per-
cent. The proportion of high-octane gasolines in the total volume of auto-
mobile gasoline produced must be increased to 65 percent.
Production of aromatic hydrocarbons, liquid.paraffins, electrode coke, and
raw materials for petrochemists is to be developed at a preferential rate in ;
1980. In comparison with 1979, production of liquid paraffins is to be ;
increased by 52 percent, production of raw materials for petzr,;hemi.stry is
to be increased by 42 percent, electrode coke output is to be increased by ;
13 percent, and production of aromatic hydrocarbons is to be increased by i
8 percent. We must also increase production of lubricating oils, bitumen, '
furnace and gas turbine fuel, naval boiler fuel oil, and other products.
The plan calls for achieving, through implementation of organizational and
technical measures and intensification of production, a significant in- '
- crease in the capacities for primary petroleum refining, coking, catalytic
cracking, hydrorefining, and production of lubricating oils and their
additives. The plan accounts for products that must be obtained with new
output capacities to be introduced in the first quarters of the present
year. Therefore it is especially important to insure completion of their
construction by the deadlines set by the plan, and to prepare them well ~
for assimilation of their planned output capacities.
The plan for capital construction in the current year will necessitate much
hard work on the part of both the contracting ministries and the clients.
The appropriate subdivisions of the USSR Ministry of Petroleum ana Petro-
chemical Industry and the boards of the enterprises under construction must
insure that the facilities under construction are promptly supplied with
the technical doctunents and equipment they need.
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Economization, reduction of the materials-intensiveness of products, and re-
duction of the los~ses of petroleum and petroleum products and of fuel con-
sumption for the in-house needs of the petroleum refineries acquire special
significance to attainment of the targets�foreseen by the 1980 plan. In
his speech at the November Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, L. I.
Brezhnev devoted a great deal of attention to economization of all fozins
of energy and fuel, and to reduction of their losses. He called conserva-
tion of heat and energy the most important national task. Petroleum re-
fining and petrochemical industry is a high energy consumption sector of
the national economy, requiring significant quantities of petroleum for its
own needs. During the first 4 years of the �ive-year plan the oil refiners
attained significant successes in reducing losses and economizing on fuel.
In comparison with 1975, the losses of petroletun and petroleum products per
- ton of refined petroleum were decreased by 14 percent, while fuel con-
sumption was kept at the 1975 level, even though the volume of secondary
processes grew significantly.
Such a decrease in losses and such economization of fuel resulted in a
- savin~s on the order of 1 million tons of comparison fuel per year.
However, an inspection showed that the petroletun refineries still have -
significant reserves and possibilities for further economization of energy ~
resources. Not all enterprises are implementing the recon�nendations
approved by the ministry for reducing losses and economizing on fuel, ~ _
wasteful expenditure of energy is continuing, large quantities of gas
are still being burne3 away as waste products, and reservoir centers
storing petroleum and petroleum products are being outfitted too slowly
with devices that reduce losses of light petroleum products. Water heat
exchangers and condensers are being replaced in air cooli.ng units and
barometric condensers are being replaced by surface condensers too slowly.
The advanced skills of some enterprises are not always brought to the
attention of others. ~
One important issue for the sector is to raise the effectiveness of
_ petroleum utilization by improving preparation of crude oil and raising
the potential of end product removal. This pertains e5pecially to pre- _
paration of crude oil for catalytic cracking and catalytic reforming,
and for acquisition of aromatic hydrocarbons, electrode coke, lubricatinq ~
ails, and some other products. Because raw material for the production
processes of these facilities is not being prepared well enough, the
quantities of end products recovered are low, energy expenditures are
excessive, and the capital-output ratio and effectiveness of the use of
crude oil in refining processes are low. Due to imprecise fractiona~ion,
the petroleum products and semifinished products recovered by some enter-
- pri.s~s do not meet tlze plant standards, and in order to raise their
- quality to the required level, the enterprises must expand additional
energy and chemicals, and sometimes even condone shipment of products
failing to satisfy the necessary quality indicators.
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We can noticeably improve the q~ality of some products:~and raise the -
effectiveness of crude oil processing by initiating the use of new
catalysts in a number of production facilities. However, such conversion
is proceeding too slowly at a number of petroleum refineries. The pro-
portion of products bearing the State Seal of Quality within the total
volume of commercial production must be raised this year. This pertains
to improving the quality of both motor fuels and lubricating materials on
one hand, and petrochemical raw material and other products on the other.
1980 is not only the concluding year of the lOth Five-Year Plan, but it is
also the sector's "launching pad" for the llth Five-Year Plan. Because the
growth rate of petroleum refining is to decrease in the llth Five-Year Plan -
in comparison with the lOth, the direction in which petroleum refining
industry is to develop will c'~ange significantly, In the lOth Five-Year
Plan, it developed mainly owing to preferential increase in the volume of
= primary petroleum refining, while in the llth the basic attention must be
devoted to deepening its refining, meaning that fuel oils will have to
undc~rgo further refining as well. In order to do this, the scientific
research and planning-design organizations of the USSR Ministry of
Petroleum and Petrochemi.cal Industry and associated sectors must hasten
development of the new processes, and prepare the required planning and
technical documents for manufacture of new petroleum refining apparatus
and equipment that is to increase the output of light petroleum products.
The industry's results for the first quarter of the current year show that -
the oil refiners will do everything dependent upon them to insure the ~
sector's successful work in the concludin, year of the five-year plan.
The plan for the first quarter for the sales and production of the most
important types of products was completed by all of the main administrations
and all-union associations of the USSR Ministry of Petroleum and Petro-
chemical Industry. The production plan was exceeded by 26.5 million rubles.
The rate of growth of product sales volume is 6 percent in comparison with
the first quarter of last year. The labor productivity growth plan has
h~en met. Despite significant difficulties and interruptions in the de- _
_ liveries of petroleum to the refineries and in shipment of finished products,
the plan for delivery of the basic types of products has been completed.
The oil refiners have managed to produce enough of the basic types of motor
fuels, thus insuring the continued operation of the industry, and to create
the necessary reserves of fuel for spring agricultural operations. -
1980 is the year of preparations for the 26th Congress of the Communist
- Party of the Soviet Union. In honor of this noteworthy event, all of the
sector's enterprises have initiated a major socialist competition; enter- _
prise collectives are adopting counterplans and stiffer socialist pledges,
and they are organizing shock labor watches. The task is to make the
achievements of the best collectives the property of all workers in the
- sector. -
; . , ~.;=1
COPYRZGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Khimiya", "Khimiya i tekhnologiy topliv i masel",
1980
END
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