JPRS ID: 9258 USSR REPORT ENERGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 84
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 30
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3
~
;
~~V~~~ ~ ~i.A~~ ~ ~ i~~ ~

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JPRS L/9258
18 August 1980
USSR Re ort
p
_ ENERGY
CFOUO 16/80) -
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
NOTE
~
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials fr~m foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, and material encl.osed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
_ or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
processed. Where no processing indicator is~given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
- given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or at.titudes of the U.S. Government.
For farther information on report content '
call (703) 351-2938 (economic); 3468
(political, sociological, military); 2726
(liLe sciences); 2725 (physical sciences). _
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.Y.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- JPRS L/9258
18 August 1980
USSR REPO~T
ENERGY
- (FOUO 16/80)
~ CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER AN~ POWER EQUIPMENT
Scientific Principles of Systems Research in
= Power ~ngineering
(L. A. Melent'yev; IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR:
ENERGETIKt, I TRANSPORT, May/Jun 80) 1 ~
Systems Research and Methodological Questions of
Comparative Economic Effectiveness in Power '
Engineering
(A. A. Beschinskiy; IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR:
ENERGETIKA I TRANSPORT, May/Jun 80) 11
Optimization, Management of Large Power Systems
(L. S. Belyayev, et al.; IZVESTIYA AKADEMII
NAUK SSSR: ENERGETIKA I TRAIvSPORT, May/Jun 80) 27
_ Some Scientific, Procedural Problems of Systems
Research in Power Engineering ~
(V. R. Okorokov; IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR:
ENERGETIKA I TRANSPORT, May/Jun 80) 53
Systems Approach to Selecting Parameters of Power
Equipment
(L. S. Popyrin; IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR:
ENERGETIKA I TRANSPORT, May/Jun 80) 63
ENERGY CONSERVATION -
Decreasing Loss of Electricity iti Subwaya
(F.,Ye. Ovchinnikov, M. A. Lebedev; PROMYSHLENNAYA ~
ENERGETIKA, Jun 80) 75
' a- IZII - USSR - 37 FOUO] -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONi,y
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ELECTRIC POWER AND POWER EQUIPMENT
UDC 620.9:338.9
SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN POWER ENGINEERING
Moscow IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR: ENERGETIKA I TRANSPORT in Russian
No 3, May/Jun 80 pp 3-9
[Article by L. A. Melent'yev, Moscow]
[Text] Major principles of scientific fundamentals for
- systems research in power engineering are considered.
It is shown that this research includes theoretical and
procedural aspects, and their applications for concise
solutions of fundamental problems in power engineering.
The essence of theoretical systems research in power en-
gineering is outlined, and results attained in this field
in the USSR are disclased. The procedural and conceptual
aspects of this research axe briefly described.
The theor.y of systems research can be briefly defined as the totality of
scientific methods and principles that are most productive for studying
especially :omplicated ob~jects treated as a system. In the general case,
a system means a set of elements that are so interrelated and intercon-
nected as to form an integral whole.
- Systems research in power engineering is especially important. Today it
can be said without exaggeration that power engineering in the modern _
.
_ From the Editors: Systems research aimed at the development of scien-
tific principles of effective solution of fundamental problems and the
perfection of management of the power industry is one of the central
areas of development of the science of energy.
In this issue of our magazine we are publishing six articles dealing with
differ.ent aspects of systems research in power engineering. '
The nswness cf the problems has led to certain differences in treatment
of a number of principles in these articles, which at this stage can be
consider.ed natural, and even useful to the reader.
'I'tiis same issue publishes a resolution passed in 1979 by the All-Union
Scientific and technical Conference on Systems Research in Power Engi-
neering, where principles are formulated on which a consensus has been -
reached in the opinions of specialists working in this field.
1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
scientific seiise is actually d complicated aggregate of large, well de-
_ veloped systemsl, and therefore the method ~f systems research corre-
sponds in ~reatest measure to the essence of power engineering.
At a certain stage it was necessary to transform systems power research
_ from an art practiced hy isolated individuals into a science that is an
aggregate of scientific principles, rules, hypotheses, methods and means
leading to identical results when applied independently by isotated
researchers (under the same conditions). To do this, it was necessary to
conceptualize such research, defining methodology, and elaborating: a)
the idea of the ~~ject and subjects of research; b) the theory of the
properties and.trends in development of the ob~ect of research; c) the
methods and means of research; d) purposeful ideas on the foreseeable
fl.n~il goals of the research.
present the problem of developing th.e scientif~c principles of systems
resc~rircli in power engineering has already been solved to a great extent
- in the USSR. The results achieved in this area are briefl}- presented
below with consideration of the purpose of the arricle, mainly in appli-
cati.on ~o the theorr.tical side of systems research.
Wttl~ some arbitrariness, s~�~tems research in power engineering can be
dividc~d i.nto theoretical, procedural, and application of systems
r.esearch for concise solution of fundamental problems of power er.gineer-
ing.
In the modern sense, the theoretical concept of systems pawer researct~
includes as its principal components: 1) methodology of systems power
re5earcti; 2) the concept of large power systems; 3) the properties of
- power systems; 4) ma~jor objective trends in the develogment of these
systc~ms. The procedural aspect of systems power research embraces the
clevelopment and perfection of specific methods and means of studying
- lar.ge power systems.
Ttieoretical Aspect of Reaearch. It ~s justifiably emphasized in Soviet
_ literature that the initial methodology of systems research is dialectic
materialism and dialectic logic as its component. In this connection,
the most important methodological principles in systems power research
are the following, characterizing the surrounding environment and its
cognition: a) examination of the object of study in unity, development
_ and integrity taken in their totality, and in unity and conflict of
- opposites; b) the presence of universal causations and continuity in -
motion (development); c) accounting for the aspect of hisoricity in �
research, i. e. distinguishing the peculiarities of temporal interactions
and the principal ~_ink in the given time period; d) examination of the
1Here and below, power engineering is meant in the broad sense of
the totality characterizing all kinds of energy transformations from the
extraction of energy resources to the energy receivers inclusive.
2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
dialectics of development of our knowledge of relative trutns and a
gradual approach to understanding of the absolute truth.
Concretization of these general methodological principles in Soviet
systems power re-earch has enabled substantiation of the following four
initial points.
1. Actual power systems in all the complexity of their past and future
- development are the object of research, whereas the models of such sys-
tems, including mathematical models, are a secondary approximate reflec-
tion (including an advance reflection) of our cognition of such actual
systems, and give us a powerful means of studying them. Therefore in
systems power research considerable att.:ntion is given to investigation
of the identity between actual systems and their descriptive mathematical
and physical models.
2. The directions of development of large power systems are determ~ned
by a complex of objective trends whose dynamicity depends on character-
istic periods of ~evelopment of power engineering. Such objective trends
are the specific reflection in power engineering of causations (both de-
terministic and statistical) that lie at the basis of objective laws of
development of production forces and production relations. The study of
objective trends in the development of power engineering and the strength
of their manifestation at different time periods is an important component
of theoretical systems research, and a powerful scientific tool for
analysis and design (planning, development) of large power systems, and
for showing their interaction wi.*_h development of the nation's economy.
3. Large power systems are taken as conditionally d~fined, which is a
natural consequence of their equilibrium motion under the action chiefly
of long years of development af objective trends anc~. deviations from this
development under the influence of random and gartly indeterminate events
(phenomena).
4. The major goal-directed measures (management in the broad sense) for
development of power systems have been carried out in the face of incom-
- plete information on forthcoming conditions in which large power systems
will develop and operate.
The incompleteness of controlling (.~q~ ~ ~ o
0
IC m~', b p~ 00 4-1
Cd cd
, ~ao 0o v o010
~d
~m va~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ a
~ o>' m~ +c~ 00
p~ ~ ~'e' m 7a p~ ~ f3 ~
r~ ~ o ~ . w ~ a~
ae W ~p ~ 3
Qq e4t m N ~ J ~ ~m U ~I
~Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R' bC ~ k.' ; C/~ ~-1
~o ~Z .U1 m~ ~`s�a A.~ W
x v EI H e0 p' N
O~ � �~p o~! ~ N GI
~ ~ ~
a. O o~ ~ a '7' pp ~
x ~ ~ a,
~ w a~
-v- ~ ~n
v
31
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Key to Fig. 2~ ~
1--Information-systems analysis
2--Development of systems analysis
3--Estimates of the influence that the distribution of information
resources has on the efficiency and stability of the system
4--Generalized information-energy estimates of the quality of operation
of the system
S--Quantitative evaluation of adaptation of the system .
6--Accounting for feedback and cross connections between goals
7--Accounting for lack of clarity of goals
8--Relation between information and energy
' 9--Accounting for the degree of responsibility of the managerial unit
for goal attainment
_ 10--Accounting for incomplete attainment of goals
11--Development of informational methods
12--Informational transfer functions
13--Time change in information value
14--Transforming properties of algorithms
15--Evaluation of factors of subjectivity
16--Quantitative evaluation of the process of perception, recognition,
prediction, decision making and execution
17--Informational efficiency
18--Semantic and pragmatiG value of information
19--Calculation of lsck of order and disorganization
- 20--Calculation of redundant or3er and organization
21--Quantitative evaluation of contradictions and compromises
possibilities of evaluating information as a means of eliminating dis-
organization (Fig. 2).
- The theoretical start that has been made enables us to find the solution
of a number of practical problems such as systems analysis of management
- of a nuclear power facility, development of a system of data represen-
tation for a dispatcher, formation of principles of systems design of
large-scale control and so on.
Further development of information-systems analysis presupposes accounting
for the specifics of systems of power engineering and solution of prac-
tical systems problems. Realization of these goals may well enable
development of a base for applied information-systems analysis in con-
trol of power systems.
Methods of Arriving at Solutions on Development of Power Systems in the
Case of Information Deficiency. The incompleteness (indeterminacy) of
information that is invariably involved in managing the de~elopment of
power systems is an impediment to sound decision making, and as a con-
sequence such decisions are not always the most effective ones. The
detriment due to incomplete information cannot be completely overcome,
but it can be minimized by improving the organization and methodology of
32
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
M8T8M8TN9C~f K8H
(~OPMYAfi~lODHB
38 j{R9H
'
l ~ ~
(2) ~3)
B~6op npeAcrasi+ren~s~x ITOHCX H IIP0AH8pN1'e]IbH6IH 8H8AN8
C09@TBHH}t HCXO]{tiLiX jj9HII61X B8}INflHTUB }10III0HAR 38J{8YH
j - !
~ P8C4BT II718T8NSHOH M$TPHIjH I
l.
' (5) ~ �
Asanxa M8TpHI~N H BhiC0~1 ~ ~ '
pa~oaanba~z BapaaHros � _
s~ , I ;
I OKOH98T8AbHNH na6op pemesaR f~._.._.' ;
�
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the solution of optimization problems under
conditions of indeterminacy
KEY: 1--Mathematical formulation of the problem
- 2--Selection of representative combinations of initial data
3--Search and preliminary analysis of variants of solution of
the problem
4--Calculating the payment matrix
S--Analysis of the matrix and selection of ra*_ional variants
6--Final selection of the solution
- management, and also by using appropriate methods for taking account of
� the uncertainty of information. This is in fact the goal of the research.
_ The following steps can be taken to "combat indeterminacy": improvement
of the reliability and quality of the information itself; reducing the
lead time in justifying a~nd making decisions to the permissible limit;
developing special.approaches and methods of accounting for the uncertain-
_ ty of information ttiat remains (cannot be eliminated) after t~king the
first two steps 'iii justifyin.g and r~aking decisions. Research has been
done in all three of these areas, but most intensively in the third.
As a result of these studies, a general conception has been formed about
controlli.ng the development of power engineering under conditions of
incomplete information ti~at presupposes: a) tying in decisions in the
hierarchy of the power systen with consideration of the uncertainty of
exchange information; b) transforming the process of planning and
,
33
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
projecting the development of power systems to a continuous process of
justifying and making immediate (imminent) decisions with minimum ad-
missible lead time; c) using special approaches and methods for justi-
fying and making individual decisions on development of power systems
[ref. 1-3, 5, 10-12].
Work on perfecting the process of controlling the development of power
systems (from the standpoint of accounting for incompleteness of infor-
mation) has been done mainly with application to the planning of electric
power systems [Ref. 10, 13-16]; some recoummenda.tions have also been
worked out in application to other power systems [Ref. 17, 18, and others].
The greatest scientific and practical results have been attained in the
area of inethods of solving the problems of development of power systems
-aith consideration of incomp~eteness of information. A general approach
and scheme have been worked out for solving optimization problems under
conditions of indeterminacy [Ref. 10-12J that provide for multiple-
variant calculations, compilation of a"payment matrix" and subsequent
analysis using special criteria (Fig. 3), preparation and piiblication of
special "Procedural Principles" [Ref. 19]. The corresponding methods
have been applied to practical research and calculations on long-range
development of the FEC, electric power systems and certain other power
systems, as well as their components.
The most important areas of this research are the following:
_ 1. Extensive practical testing of the approach formulated in the "Pro-
cedural Principles" jRef. 19] to accumulate experience and perfect
methods.
2. Inteasification and more precise coordination of work on the develop-
ment of an information base in power engineering, including the study of
probabilistic properties of specific kinds of information, systematic
publication of information sheets and statistical materials and so on.
3. Research on perfecting the process of controlling the development of ,
power systems from the standpoint of deeper and more complete accounting
for the factor of indeterffiinacy.
4. An in-depth study of criteria for decision makin~ under condi.tions
of incomplete information, including accounting for both economic and
other factors.
Methods of Studying and Optimizing Reliability in Power Systems. The
purpose of work in this area is to formulate the major principles of
the theory of reliability of power systems, to develop principles and
methods of finding solutions in designing, planning and operating power
systems that guarantee the required reliability of supply to consumers
and that are optimum from the standpoint of the FEC as a whole. In its
34
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
applied aspect, this research is aimed at developing the corresponding
procedures and guidelines, normative requirements and computer software ~
packages, and also at forming specific recommendations on ensuring reli-
ability in developing and operating various power systems.
In recent years, reliability research on power systems has acquired an
intersectoral format (within the FEC framework). This has demonstrated
the advisability of intersectoral formulation of the problem, the neces-
sity and possibility of solving probl~ms of studying and optimizing the
reliability of objects such as the fuel-supply system of the nation and
the FEC as a whole; an analysis has been made of common and distinguish-
ing features of the di.fferent power systems that make up the FEC (elec-
tric power, gas supply, local heat supply systems), and methods of ac-
counting for them in mathematical models of reliability research and so
on [Ref. 3, 20-22]; intersectoral terminology has been worked out in the
- field of power systems reliability [Ref. 23].
With reference to electric power systems, methods have been developed
for gathering, processing and analyzing data on the reliability of
systems equipment, based on the method of statistical sampling, and
on methods of analyzing the uniformity, certainty and confidence of
data, and using programs of experiment planning as well. Research has
been done in the direction of working out procedural principles for pre-
dicting and ensuring the reliability of the major equipment of electric
power systems. Procedures, algorithms and programs have been developed '
for studying and optimizing the reliability of electric power, gas supply
and local heat supply systems. A technique has been worked out for
efficient utilization of the available reserves of generating capacity
' of electric power systems ensuring maximization (within the limits of the
available capabilities) of the reliab ility of supply to consumers jRef.
14, 21, 24, 25, 27]. The procedural results of research in the field of
reliability of electric power systems are generalized in Ref. 24. _
It will next be advisable to develop research in the field of reliability
of power systems in the following directions.
1. Work out methods of ensuring reliability and controllab ility of the
fuel supply system of the nation both during developmental planning and
in the stage of actual operation. By this we mean principles, methods
and algorithms for ensuring reliability and controllab ility by mutually
agreeable determination of the reserves of production capacities of the
power systems that make up the FEC, and selection of a rational structure
of fuel reserves, including determination of the capacities and placement
of storage reservoirs.
2. With reference to one of the most complex specialized power systems,
that of electric power, it is necessary to concentrate attention on
methods of studying reliability "on the whole" (as a complex property
that includes viability, stability and controllability in addition to
35
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~ �
I Ti~n~i~tn y ~
d C~i ~ m~ d~ CL ~ 6~ a' F a F~ U F J
.~G ~ ~ U ~ W `?~i ~ ~ k ~ .~C ~ ;e a r~i O
1 ~ .
Fig. 4. Major principles of the theory of comprehensive management of
an electric power system
_ KEY: 1--Theory of comprehensive management of electric power system
2--Methods of complex optimization of processes
3--Methods of complex evaluation of condition and parameters
4--Methods of choosing rational mathematical models
S--Generalization of inethods of management
6--Optimization criteria
7--Methods of decomposition and equivalentization
8--Methods of calculating and optimizing steady--state processes -
- 9--Methods of calculating and optimizing unsteady pr.ocesses
10--Optimization criteria
- 11--Methods of decomposition -
12--Methods of determining probabilistic characteristics
13--Methods of standard mathematical modeling
14--Methods of comparing mathematical models
15--Investigation of the efficacy of changing mathematical models
16--Investigation of the properties of solution of optimization
problems
36
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
failsaf e operation, repairability and other properties. In this con-
nection, it is necessary to give attention to development of inethods of
ensuring reliability in operation of the electri~ power system, and at
= pres~nt there has been little work on developing such methods.
3. Provide for practical use of the proposed met.hads, algorithms and
computational programs in working out specific recotnmendations to ensure
reliab ility in development and operational management of power systems
(especially the system of fuel supply to the nation and the UEPS of the
USSR) .
Theory and Methods of Process Control in Electric Pow er Systems. The
purpose of the research is to formulate major principles of the theory
and methods of compl~x control of electric power systems. In its applied
aspect, the research is zimed at generating mathematical software for
automated dispatcher control and enterprise management systems, and also
at direct development of the corresponding computer software packag~~s.
Research in this area is characterized by fairly complete and comprehen-
sive accounting for the limitations of the physical state of the electric
system in optimization of processes in the electric power system; con-
sideration of the hierarchy of problems of optimization and control of
the electric power system not only in the spatial-temporal aspect, but
also with consideration of conditions of opezation (optimization of pro-
cesses under normal, emergency and post-emergency conditions); accounting
for incompleteness of initial information, making it necessary in con-
trolling processes of the electric power system to use probabilistic
methods and methods of decision making under conditions of uncertainty;
use of specially developed methods of evaluation, identification and
prediction for complex software.
As a result of this research, the major indices of the theory of complex
multistage adaptive control of the operation of an elec~tric power system
have be en formulated (Fig. 4) jRef. 28]. 'The research has been done in
four dir ections with the following respective results:
major procedural principles have been developed for complex optimization
- of processes in electric power systems in a mul~istage hierarchical
- approach with consideration of incomplete information jRef. 28-31];
_ methods of controlling steady states have been developed as well as
methods of equivalentizing and studying unsteady processes in electric
power s ystems (static stability in the probabilistic formulation, and
dynamic stability). These methods have been put to extensive practical
use in cycles of short-term and operational control, so far mainly with
deterministic initial information [Ref. 4, 13, 32-39];
adaptive methods have been developed for evaluating the state and iden-
- tifying the parameters of electric power systems that are used in complex
, optimization [Ref. 30, 40, 41];
37
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
major approaci~es have been developed to the methodology of choosing `
_ rational methcds and mathematical models intended for controlling pro-
cesses in electric power systems [Ref . 41] ;
- ma thematical models have been generalized for solving individual prob-
lems of complex optim~zation in controlling steady states of electric
power systems [Ref. 28, 29].
Th e main areas for further research are:
1. Generalizing formulation of the problem of complex optimization of
processes in electric power systems with consideration of the relation to
problems of controlling the operation of other power systems, and busi-
ness management of the electric power system.
2. Development of mathematical tools for solving problems of complex
optimization of steady-state processes of electric power systems in the
cas e of incomplete information.
3. Development of principles of complex optimization of processes in
concert under normai, emergency and post-emergency working conditions of
th e electric power sys tem, including development of principles and meth-
ods of optimum controlling actions under emergency conditions.
_ 4. Generalization of software methods in all management cycles, in par-
ti cular for evaluating the state and identifying the parameters of the
electric power system.
5. Development of inethods of choosing rational mathematical models and
control systems, including systems of inetrological support.
6. Development of. principles and methods of complex support of control-
lab ility of electric power systems (with genera~.ization of the results
of research in the above-mentioned areas).
The main applied result shoul~, be development of the corresponding
computer software packages for automated dispatcher control and enter-
prise management systems of the UEPS.
The Theory of Hydraulic Circuits and its Application to Optimizing and '
Controlling Pipeline Systems. The general procedural principles of ~
systems research and management of power systems have great significance ;
for the classification of pipeline systems and problems of controlling
th em, distinguishing th eir essential properties, external and internal '
- connections, creation of a matched information b as e, and also on the
whole for sound consl, s~ o a s~ ~ ~
O U U~b0 b~D .G O O~
0 ~00 N 'U ~ F~ O N W~ w a~ ~
p O ~ ~ 'n �cn~ "d ~ c0 r-I
_ ~ O ~ 4-~ q O E3 r-I U 0~"0 q ~ t~A
~ d0 ,-~I q~ 00 q U~ b0 t~1~ ~ tn ~,-1 r-1 -
H
U t~ t~ N G O 1+ p N tJ i-i ~
�rl H 6 �N r-I �tA R1 N 1J d~.l y,~j Q~ -
�rl O 47 b0 ~ t0 4l �r~ '-1 cd G) h~l
~ E! m'Ly a~ E3 p R) ~"i f~ r-I r~
n-1 F+ �rl ~ R1 ~ri fr" ca fd 'rl
U ~~'t7 b0 t~ bA i~+ t~ O'b 3-r q''C
p, c~ G 00 C~. �rl R1 LL M cd
~ o~ ca M ow a o+~ ~ a w�~
w
v i ~ i o ~n
~ o a~i o o ~ a~i 3 G o
0 3 ~ ~ 3 ~ u r-�i
v a u o a ~ o N w ~u ~
ro ~ v~ ~ ~,~b N o
ro w o w~, co a �~I ~n
00 o cv oo ~ a ~n a~`~ u, �A ,-i
~~u,~ ~~cda~i �c~i"a~i a~,
�rl N r~ ~1.1 '-I N U ~-1 'C7 .7 iJ p ~,y
' rl r~{ O G'+ c0 �r{ 1.I rl OJ G1 3-~ c0 ~ ~rl
'V ~ ~ ~ ~N Yi U~ ~ ~ cU rl -
cd ~ N o0 ~ s~ G~+ W b 3~+ q~U
w a cv c~ o a~ D, ca a~ w cv q
o+-~>~ o;r,~va xo~ a w~
u ~ ~ ~
a w G -
~ a o�10 ~ m b a~'i o0
- ro r� ~ ~ a
v ~n cn ~v '~oo :i
+ .x w
~b r~ n x� w.v o~
3 ~v
66
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFI~IAL USE ONLY
nature of variation are unknown. The insufficient definition of infor-
mation that is used precludes an unambiguous optimum solution.
These principles have found reflection in almost all recent research
dealing with technical-economic studies of power facilities. Unfortu-
- nately most of this research covers different aspects and proposes dif-
ferent approaches to formalizai:ion of the decision making method proper
under conditions of incompleteness of initial information, and only a few
papers have been aimed a*_ getting initial information with minimum possi-
ble inder_erminacy. At the same time, the principal means of overcotnivg
ambiguity of initial information is always investigation of the actual
conditions of development of power systems and the facilities that make
- them up. Formalized methods of decision making must be used in cases
where, despite all efforts, the ambiguity of initial information has a
considerable effect on decisions.
A~ r.o re~earch in the second area, we cou13 mention Ref. 7-10. A con-
siderable part of the initial information could be classified as proba-
bilistically indeterminate, i. e. information for which no statistical
pa*tarns have yet been established with availability of certain sta-
- tistical material. The establishment of such patterns is one of the _
important ways of reducing indeterminacy of optimum solutions. This
_ problem can be resolved on the basis of recommendations made in Ref. 7, -
where it is shown in application to conditions of preparation of initial
information in the optimization of sources of centralized heat supply,
that the use of statistical methods enables evaluation of the nature
and possible range of fluctuations of initial indices, determination of
the correlations between them and so on.
In Ref. 8, 9, considerable attention was given to investigating sources
of initial information under d~_fficult conditions, and to methods and
- means of gathering, processing and preparing all factors of predicting
reliability. Simplified methods have been checked out for evaluating
the reliability indices of components of power equipment as a function of
the nature and properties of the available initial information: methods
of expert evaluation and correction of statistical extrapolation from
limited data beyond the incomplete period of observation, analysis of
random processes of thermomechanical loading and change in the carrying
capacity of the structure as a wnole.
Fairly effective mettiods of acquiring and processing information, methods
of accounting for indeterminacy of information used in constructing
math~matical models of power facilities and certair other questions
associated with the optimization of power facilities under conditions of
incomplete determinacy are considered in Ref. la.
- For cases where, despite all efforts, the ambiguity of the initial infor-
mation has a considerable influence on the decision, resort must be taken
to the method of doing technical-economic calculdtions in power
67 -
~ FOR O~FICIAL USE ONLY
~
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
engineering developed by the commission of the Science Council of the
Soviet Academy of Sciences on Complex Problems of Power Engineering
[Ref. 11, 12]. Experience in using this method to solve practical prob-
lems in planning and design of power facilities and equipment will -
enable us to determine further areas for improving the method.
The greatest difficulties in decision making with insufficiently complete
information arise at present in coordinating decisions in the hierarchical
job system. It is shown in Ref. 3 that the procedure of complete iter-
ative refinement of solutions found on different hierarchical levels
is cumbersome even in the case of deterministic assignment of the initial
information; for the more realistic case of matching solutions under con-
- ditions of incomplete information this procedure is almost unusable.
Accordingly, another decision-making procedure is described that is more
realistic in the sense of its execution, and more importantly is closer
to the essence of decision making under conditions of indeterminacy. It
includes the following stages: 1) selection of a small number (3-5) of
- combinations of ambiguous factors that cover the entire range of inde-
terminacy of utilized information; 2) solution of the problem of opti-
mizing the upper hierarchical level for the selected combination of
information, analysis of the results to set apart a small number of
variants of the solutions that cover the entire range of resultant solu-
tions; 3) formation of a small number of combinations of conditions of
solution of problems on the lower hierarchical level that cover the
entire range of variation in ambigunus information obtained from higher-
level systems and inherent in lower-level systems; 4) solution of ogti-
mizati.on problems for lower-level systems with the given combinations of
- initial conditions, analysis of the results to get generalizing relations
for optimum solutions with respect to systems of the lower hierarchical
level as a function of the so~utions coming from higher-level systems.
Such an approach precludes laborious procedures of repeated optimization
of systems with a set of combinations of raw data. The discreteness of
the cr~ange in many parameters, the form of plan and a number of techno-
logical characteristics facilitates selection of a small number of opti-
mum decisions on individual systems and subsystems. Complete solution
of the problem of optimum design of a power facility is usually realized
in one or two iterations.
An optimality principle that is realizable in developed mathematical
models is used in Ref. 4, 5 to coordinate the solutions found for indi-
vidual problems on different hierarchical levels. Information is trans-
mitted to higher levels in aggretized form by constructing generalized
power-economy characteristics of optimized lower-level systems.
Reliability Factor. A rather important and complicated procedural
problem is prediction of the reliab ility of new energy facilities, and
accounting for this factor on stages of their development and optimum
planning. Over the last decade, a number of organizations have done
68
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FUR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
procedural ar~d applied research aimed at developing a complex of inethods
and computer research programs that give a rough (interval or probabi-
listic) estimate of the indices of reliability of power facilities as
complex technical systems [Ref. 2, 13-16].
In Ref. 2, 13, 15 the problem of ensuring optimum reliability of power
facilities on the stage of their planning and development is formulated
as a complex intersectoral problem. An important part in the solution of
this problem should be played by the development of computation~l methods
of forecasting, optimizing and normalizing reliability indices as a
function of major technical and economic factors. On the stage of design
calculations, account is taken of the following conditions of ensuring
an optimum or normative level of reliability of power facilities: 1)
optimization of technological layout (structure) and optimum redundancy
of aggregates and auxiliary systems of the facility and their components;
2) selecting preventive maintenance schedules for the facility; 3) opti-
mizing reserves of strength and reliability indices, reserves of produc-
tivity and other characteristics of components of the power facility
that influence their reliability.
As of now, algorithms have been developed for evaluating the reliability
and adjusted computational expenditures that account for the reliability
of the installation, loading conditions, redundancy and substitution of
capacities in the electric power system as a function of choice of the
fundamental thermal (technological) layout, structural and load redun-
dancy [Ref. 2, 14J. The first stage of design research has been com-
pleted, demonstrating the feasibility of economically justified selection
j of the plan and methods of redundancy based on the example of large power
- units in a nuclear electric plant. It has been demonstrated that optimum
solutions can be fairly stable with incomplete initial information on _
- reliability.
Ref. 16 is based in large measure on operational statistics with respect
_ to reliability of existing kinds of equipment. While this is a quite
valuable source of information, the statistical data obtained on existing
equipment can be only inc~irectly and partly utilized on stages of plan-
ning and development of new equipment for power facilities. Hance the
need for further research in this area. -
Interesting results have been attained in the process of developing
_ methods for evaluating and optimizing the reliability of the components
and parts of power facilities [Ref. 3, 9J. Quite promising is. a pro-
cedural approach that provides for consideration and optimization of the
overhaul schedule for power facilities on the design stage 1Ref. 14]. ~
The unificat.ion of these two approaches enables simultaneous solution of
two problems in a unified interative calculation: substantiation of the
reliability of components and parts of the power facility, and substan-
" tiation of the repair schedule for the facility on the design stage.
69
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
On the whole, cnly the first steps have be~n taken in solving the problem
of creating effective methods of ensuring reliability of power facilities
on the developmental and Planning stage as well as the corresponding
engineering information complexes. Many important and complicated prob-
lems await their solution.
Perfecting Methods of Mathematical Modeling of Power Facilities. Mathe-
matical modeling as a formalized means of doing systems research plays an
exceptionally important part in the given problem.
As of now, considtrable advances have been made in this area: theoretical
principles have been worked out for the design of mathematical models of
different kind~ of power. facilities; practical techniques have been de-
veloped for application of the method of mathematical modeling to the
a~termination of ways to improve the economy of power facilities; numer-
ou~ studies have been done on power facilities of various types, their
technological layouts and equipmenC components.
It sliould be :oted that in contrast to the mathematical models of power
systems on a higher hierarchical level (fuel-energy complex, electric
powE>r systems), those for power facilities in most cases have been con-
structed as simulation models in a certain sense. In order to do opti-
mization studies, they have been combined with programs that realize
cionlinear programming method5.
'I11e fundamental advantages of mathematical models have dictated their ~
- extensive use in planning and development of power facilities. At the
present time the mathematical models realized on computers are the most
efFicient tool for finding optimum layouts and parameters of power fa- ~
cilities. However, the potential possibilities of the method of mathe- ;
matical modeling of power facilities have not been completely used by any .
means. A transition is needed from the solution of isolated individual ~
problems to the creation and use of intercoordinated systems of mathe- .
matical models that describe all leve7.s of technological, territorial and ;
temporal hierar.chi~s of the system of optimum design of power facilities
= of various types. Such a system for the po4~er facilities of each type
should be realized as a unified complex of algorithms ar_d programs that ;
account for participation in the process of planning and development of
facilities by research institutes, design offices and planning institutes
of different agencies.
Iz addition to this, when developing a system of mathematical models for '
a given type of power facility considerable attention should be given to
tne f~rmulation of requirements for individual mathematical models of
the system as to accuracy of their design and flexibility of the algo-
rithms that implement them to ensure the feasib ility of using each mathe-
- matical model (or its modification) for solving problems on different
hierarchical levels and in any combinations with other models.
70
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY '
The requirements for accuracy of mathematical modeling of any object or
process are determined mainly by the formulated goal, volumes and error
of the initial information; they differ appreciably in the consideration
of this object or process on various levels of the technological and
termporal hierarchy. These requirements can be met by uaing a number of
procedural techniques for construction of mathematical models: 1)
methods of differentiating the factors that are essential and nonessen-
tial for the investigated object or process (this determines the optimum
volume of the mathematical model); 2) methods of equivalentizing, i, e.
conversion of one mathematical model to another that is equivalent to
a degree to the former, but simpler; 3) methods of aggregated represen-
tation of data; 4) methods of decomposition, i. e. breaking down the
problem into a number of subproblems and studying each subproblem inde-
pendently, followed by their coordination.
A number of such procedural techniques that have been developed for ap-
plicatiun to the specifics of construction of mathematical models of
power plants are outlined in Ref. 2, 4, 10, 17, 18. On the whoZe, how-
ever, this impartant procedural problem has not yet been adequately
investigated. Accordingly one of the problems that requires solution is
the development of design algorithms for choosing essential factors,
equivalentizing, aggretizing and decomposition.
Extensive introduction of mathema~tical modeling in engineering practice
has revealed a bottleneck in this process: large inputs of labor by
skilled programmers to prepare computational programs. Therefore it is
urgent to increase the efficiency of putting together the mathematical
models by such means as developing nonalgorithmic proi~lem-oriented
languages for describing and formulating complex models, algorithms and -
goals on the conceptual level without describing the mass of details
that are unassociated with the fundamental aspect of the algorithm.
It is quite important to set up automated programming systems that trans- _
late these descriptions into algorithmic or machine languages.
As applied to thermal power problems, two areas can be differentiated
in the development of promising systerus of programming: 1) creation of
a method of machine generation of programs for design of thermopower
plants jRef. 2, 19, 20]; 2) development of the modular principle to
improve efficiency in i_nterfacing and unifying dj.fferent algorithms and
programs [Ref. 21].
Rather complicated problems remain to be solved in automating the process -
~ of mathematical modeling of the structural elements of equipment cam-
ponents. The specific nature of these problems is due to difficulties in
representation of data on the geometry of equipment components. Many
design problems of an informal nature are not easily algorithmized.
Intensive research is being done in this area both as applied to the
general pro~,lems of machine building and with consideration of the spe-
cifics of power units [Ref . 22] .
71
FOR OFFICIAL iJSE (1NLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Research on conceptual analysis of power facilities as objects of systems _
research is still in its infancy; the physical and engineering proper-
ties of these facilities are not adequately accounted for. Considerable
work is ahead on development of mathematical models that best refiect all
properties of power facilities. For example the important problem
_ arises of accounting for the way that power units now being designed
will influence the indices of electric power systems of the more distant
future. Perhaps the problem could be properly handled by examining and -
modeling the entire life cycle of the power facility, beginning with the
period of installa~ion and adjustment of equipment and ending with the
period of dismantling due to age or obsolescence.
. Consideration of potential types and parameter~ of power facilities must
without fail include consideration of the influence of this facility (or ~
set of facilities) on the environment. Of ten it is environmental conse-
quences that determine the applicability of a given power facility. A
_ number of interesting studies have been done recently in this area, e. g.
Ref. 23, but they should be considered as the first steps in solution of
this complicated problem.
- REFERENCES
1. L. A. Melent'yev, "Sistemnyye issledovaniya v energetike" [Systems
Research in Power Engineering], Nauks, 1979.
2. L. S. Popyrin, "Matematicheskoye modelirovaniye i optimizatsiya
teploenergeticheskikh ustanovok" jMathematical Modeling and Opti-
mization of Thermopower PlantsJ, Energiya, 1978.
3. L. S. Popyrin, "Principles of Designing a Rational Job Hierarchy
in Planning Power Facilities (Electric Plants)" in: "Iyerarkhiya
v bol'shikh sistemakh energetiki" jHierarchy in Large Power Systems],
Irkutsk, SEI SO AN SSSR [Sibirskiy energeticheskiy insti.:ut Sibir-
skogo otdeleniya Akademii nauk SSSR: Siberian Power Engineering
Institute, Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences],
1978.
- ~s. L. S. Khrilev, I. A. Smirnov, "Optimizatsiya sistem teplofikatsii i
tsentralizovannogo teplosnabzheniya" [Optimizing District Heating
and Centralized Heat Supply SystemsJ, Energiya, 1978.
5. L. A. Demina, R. L. Yermakov, N. T. Yefimov et al., "Hierarchy of
Jobs in Optimization of District Heating, and Methods of Coordinat-
ing Solutions" in: "Iyerarkhiya v bol'shikh sistemakh energetiki,"
Irkutsk, SEI SO AN SSSR, 1978, pp 130-150. -
6. B. B. Baturov, A. A. Ivanov, Yu. I. Koryakin et al.; "Complex Opti~
mization of a Nuclear Power Plant with Water-Graphite Reactors," '
~'1TOMNAYA ENERGIYA, Vol 45, No 2, 1978. ~
i
i
72 ~
~
I
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY I
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
7. 0. N. Odinokova, A. N. Simonenko, Ye. G. Spektor, L. S. Khrilev,
_ "Preparation of Initial Data in Optimizing Sources of Centralized
Heat Supply" in: "Faktor neopredelennosti pri prinyatii optimal'-
nykh resehniy v bol'shikh sistemakh energetiki" [The Factor of Inde-
ter~inacy in Optimum Decision Making in Large Power Systems], Vol 3,
Irkutsk, SEI SO AN SSSR, 1974.
8. S. M. Kaplun, I. B. Odess, "Characteristics of Failures and Repairs
of Heating Surfaces of the PK-24 Boiler Units," ELEKTRICHESKIYE
STANTSII, No 10, 1976, pp 18-22.
9. I. I. Ayzenberg, S. M. Kaplun, V. V. Khan, "Probabilistic Study of
Strength and Evaluation of Reliability of Steam Turbine Components,"
PROBLEMY PROCHNOSTI, No 8, 1976. pp 88-91.
10. "Metody matematicheskogo modelirovaniya i kompleksnoy optimizatsii
energeticheskikh ustanovok v usloviyakh nepolnoy opredelennosti
iskhodnoy informatsii" [Methods of Mathematical Modeling and Complex
Optimization of Power Plants Under Conditions of Incomplete Determi-
nacy of Initial Information], Irkutsk, SEI SO AN SSSR, 1977.
11. "Metodicheskiye polozheniya po vypolneniyu optimizatsionnykh ras-.
chetov v energetike pri neodnoznachnosti iskhodnoy informatsii"
jProcedural Principles on Optimization Calculations in Power Engi-
neering with Ambiguous Initial Information], Moscow-Irkutsk, Science
Council on Complex Problems of Power Engineering, Academy of Sci-
ences, USSR, 1977.
_ 12. L. S. Popyrin, "A Method for Optimization Calculations of Power
Facilities with Ambiguous Ini~.ial Data," TEPLOENERGETIKA, No 2,
1980, pp 27-32.
13. S. M. Kaplun, L. S. Popyrin, "Problems of Studying the Reliability
of Thermopower Plants on the Design Stage," IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK
SSSR: ENERGETIKA I TRANSPORT, No 4, 1973, pp 128-139.
14. N. Ye. Buynov, S. M. Kaplun, I. B. Odess, L. S. Popyrin, "Optimum
Redundancy and Choice of a Maintenance Program for a Power Generating
Plant on the Design Stage" in: "Metodicheskiye.voprosy issledovaniya
nadezhnosti bol'shikh sistem energetiki" [Procedural Problems in
Studying Reliab ility of Large Power Systems], No S, Irkutsk, SEI SO
- AN SSSR, 1975.
15. V. M, Bykov, G. P. Gladyshev, S. M. Kaplun et al., "Problems of
Ensuring Optimum Reliability of Power Generating Equipment,"
IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR: ENERGETIKA I TRANSPORT, No 1, 1976,
pp 56-66.
16. A. I. Klemin, "Inzhenernyye veroyatnostnyye raschety pri proyektiro~
vanii yadernykh reaktorov" [Probabilistic Engineering Calculations in
Nuclear Reactor Design], Atomizdat, 1979.
73
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
17. "Metody ma~ematicheskogo modelirovaniya i optimizatsii parametrov,
vida tekhnologicheskoy skhemy i profilya oborudovaniya atomnykh
elektrostantsiy" [Methods of Mathematical Modeling and Optimization
of Farameters, Technological Layout and Equipment Profile in Nuclear
Electric Plantsl, Irkutsk, SEI SO AN SSSR, 1976.
18. "Ispol'zovaniye metodov ekvivalentirovaniya, agregirovaniya i
- dekompozitsii pri matematicheskom modelirovanii i optimizatsii
atomnytch energeticheskikh ustanovok" [Utilization of Mett-iods of
Equivalentizin~, Aggregating and Decomposition in Mathematical
~ Modeling and Optimization of Nuclear Power Plants], Irkutsk, SEI SO
AN SSSR, 1978. -
19. "Metody avtomaticheskogo postroyeniya matematicheskikh modeley
teploenergeticheskikh ustanovok" [Methods of Automatic Design of
Mathematical Models of Thermopower Plants], Irkutsk, SEI SO AN SSSR,
19 76 .
20. "Avtomatizatsiya proyektirovaniya energeticheskikh ustanovok"
[Automating the Design of Power Plants], Irkutsk, SEI SO AN SSSR,
19 79 .
21. F. A. Vul'man, N. S. Khor'kov, L. M. Kupriyanov, "Use of the Modular
Principle to Describe Problems of Mathematical Modeling of Thermo-
- power Plants," IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK SSSR: ENERGETIKA I TIiANSPORT,
No 4, 1978, pp 129-136.
22. A. A. Palagin, N. V. Lykhvar, "Automation of Drawing and Graphing
- Work in Pipeline Construction," ENERGOMASHINOSTROYENIYE, No 11,
1976, pp 16-17.
23. N. G. Zalogin (ed.), "Energetika i okhrana okruzhayushchey sredy"
[The Power Industry and Environmental ProtectionJ, Energi~a, 1979.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Izvestiya AN SSSR, energetika i
transport", 1980
6610
- CSO: 1822
7~.
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ENERGY CONSERVATION
UDC 621.3.017:625.42
DECREASING LOSS OF ELECTRICITY IN SUBWAYS
Moscow PROMYSHLENNAYA ENERGETIKA in Russian No 6, Jun 80 pp 2-4 �
[Article by F. Ye. Ovchinnikov, candidate of economic sciences, All-Union
Scientif ic Research Insticute of Railw3y Transportation, and M. A. -
Lebedev, engineer, Moscow Subway imeni V. I. Lenin: "Decreasing Loss
- of Electricity in Subways"]
[Text] Subways are large consumers of electricity. In 1979 alone, they
expended about 1.6 billion kilowatt hours of electricity at a cost of 22.6 -
million rubles (over 12.8 percent of all operational expenditures). In
connec tion with the construction of subways in Minsk, Gor'kiy, Sverdlovsk,
Novosibirsk, Yerevan and other cities, as well as with the increase in
the length of existing subway lines, subway electric power requirements
over the next few years will increase significantly. Great attention,
therefore, is constantly devoted to the question of improving the effec-
tiveness of electric power utilization by subways.
Effectiveness of the utilization of expenditures for electricity, defined
as the relationship between the ful�illed volume of passengers hauled
expressed in passenger-kilometers and the cost of the electric power
expended expressed in rubles over the period 1976-1979 is shown in
Table 1. As is evident, basically over the past 4 years an impr~vement
in the use by all subways of operational expenditures for electricity
can be seen, including money spent for subway train tractive force.
Being reduced is the difference in the effectiveness of electric power
utilization for the operational needs of recently constructed subway
lines and those which have long been in operation.
The basic consumers of subway power resources are the electric train
rolling stock service, escalators, the electromechanical, signal and
communications as well as the traffic flow services. The overwhelming
portion (78-80 percent) of the electricity required by subways goes for
the electric train rolling stock service and is expended for puliing
subway trains. A definite proportion of those power resources is util-
� ized by various electrotechnical devices for ~he repair of rolling stock
at depots. About 9-10 percent of subway electric power consumption goes
~
''S
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300024430-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
i
a~irns+ ~
W n~..~ G O ~ N o0 v1 I~ 00 00
W ~ ~,-1 N A �rl
W rl 3 U �rl a.l ~D u1 O U1 r-1 O I ~
~ O~0 U O C~ N O~ ~D N I O
- r~l r~l ~ O. ~ H}~.~ rl ~-I i-i r-1 i-i
H
- ai u~i a
v
Cl q O r-1 c*1 a0 O~ c*1 ~D ~O O
f.+ Gl U ~ �1
U 7 t~ ~ u'1 v'1 c*1 ~O I~ u1 1 c'~1
- G' rl rn O O o~ O O~ u1 O~ ~ O
r-~ L~ c0 .-1 H rl ~-I i-1 rl
i"+
O
N Sa ~ J~ O~ ~O o0 ~ O ~ O~ 00
G) O c0 U O~ ~O O ~t ~O ~p N pp
L+ O~ fs+ S~ R7 r-I r~ N rl r-I r-I .-i r-I
~ r~ E~ H
~ H
- ~ ~
'b
CJ c0 ~7 1~ u'1 u'1 ~ t~ N M
W 3+ ~ r-1 r-I ~ ~--I rl ^ rl
ct1
w v
O 7, o
C'+ T H rl ~ O~ ~O tf'1 ~7' N 1~ 00 01
rOl ~ O:C U O~ f~ O ~/1 ~7 ~t O~ Op
t~ 00 ~ H ~ ~ N r-1 r-I r-I r-I
c0 r~ H
N ~ O~
~ 3 r+
_ r-I O ~ Op M O o0 M ~O O~ ir1
rl W R1 M M 7 ri ~7 00 ~7 M
l~ t.J t!'1 c~'1 tr1 r-1 O O ~!'1 .7
F r--I r-i r-~ r-I r-I r~ r-I
W S-+
O +-i
tA N C: O r-I c'rl QO 1~ f~ r-I N 00
U1 r-~ rl 1J 00 ~1 01 ~ c~1 f~ N 0~
4J W O c0 U O~ t~ 00 ~O M o0 00 00
al ~ ^ k+ E~ ri r-1 r-I r-I r-1 r-i r-I
7 O ~ H
w rn
~ ~
U r~ I~ I~ rl O\ u'1 f~ Q~ M
G! R1 N r-I N \O ~O N Q~ ~
w il ~l1 M ~7 r-1 O~ c+l ~7' ~i'
W ~..0.1 r-1 .-1 .-1 r-I ~-I
C
F+ ~ri ~ ~O ttl N ~C O~ ~ 1 O ~
O cU ~ 00 t~ f~ ~r1 0~ c*1 I o0
~O ~ H NU r-1 ~-~I r-I r-1 r-I
~ H
~ i
~0 ~O c~1 ~O C1 ~1 N 1~
~7 M M O ~ N I c+1 I
~O r-I r-{ r-i r--I r~ r~l
'b i
�1
~ G 3-i rl O G". GJ ~--I N
_ a~ 3+~ o ~ ' i~ .x c~ d c~+d ~
~ .a m u ~ 7 7 .c 3 u
.0 ~ tA .f. ~ �rl .`1~ R1 !A N F+ .a N
E-~' ~ a ~G ra ~ E-~~ d r~ v~i cn
76 -
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
for sanitary-technical devices: ventilation and air conditioning installa-
tions which maintain required air temperatures at subway stations, tunnels
and underground production facilities, pumping facilities which remove
technological and ground water from tunnels and stations, as well as by
fecal sewage facilities, plumbing equipment, shower and drying units, small
heating devices, and so forth.
Of the o verall subway electric power requirement, approximately 9-10 percent
of the electricity is used for illumination devices and the cleaning
machinery of the traffic division; 3.5-4 percent is used for escalators,
with most of that used by escalator electric drives; 0.4-0.5 percent is used
by the signal and and communications service. In addition to this, elec-
tricity is required by auxiliary electric motors and braking devices as -
well as by the apparatus belonging to traffic operation, signal and elec-
tric protection systems. A portion of that electricity is required by
various electrotechnical devicss in various repair shops, by electrified
repair machinery, and by devices of various sorts at substations.
We shall review in greater detail the loss of electric power by the Moscow
Subway. Loss in the electric power feed system is about 0.89 percent of
the required electric power, while in the 10 kv power distribution system
there is an 0.48 percent loss in the transmission of electricity from _
traction substations to the subway. In addition, about 0.2 percent of
electric power is expended for the needs of traction, step-down and com-
bined traction-step-down power substations. There are definite losses of
- power at the traction substations themselves. Thus, power losses in sili-
con rectifiers and traction transformers (1.5 and 2 percent) consist of
power lost in current rectif3.cation arid within transformers and resistors.
In addition, there are losses (0.45 percent) in major power feed and lead
off cables. There is a considerable loss of electric power in the traction
system from the busbars of tract~on substations and rolling stock.
Calculations prove that there is a 5.88 percent loss in power in contact
and track rails, this substantislly influenced by the size of the cable,
the design of the contact rail, and by a number of other factars. In
the illumination system as well as in systems utilized for heating devices.
- the loss of electric power reaches 2.85 percent. Lowering this percentage
- is accomplished by replacement of old light sources with luaiinescent fix-
tures as well as through the use 6f more up-to-dat~ heating devices,
electric stoves, heating systems and the like. Losses in systems which
feed power to escalator motors, to sanitation-technical devices, to
signal and communication devices, as well as to other subway equipment
are equal to 4.92 percent. -
For the purpose of decreasing the loss of power by subways, an effort
is being made to strengthen power cable and contact systems so as to
increase the amount of power transmitted through them; at traction sub-
stations, oiled switches are being replaced by electron?agnetic switches,
while traction and transformers filled with oil are being replaced by
77
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3
, FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
more reliable and explosion-proof transformers with organosilicon insula-
tion. In addition to this, condensers used in the shunting circuits of
~ substation traction sections are having their resistors replaced by
rectif iers.
At the Moscow Subway in 1978, 12 oil-filled power transformers used in
underground traction-step substations were replaced by transformers with
- organosilicon insulation; 12 silicon rectifiers with induced ventilation
were replaced by rectifiers with natural ventilation; and 8 old type
booster units wer~ replaced with new ZPU-1 and ZPU-2 units. Introduction
of this more improved electrical equipment helped conserve more than
- 300,000 kilowatt hours of electricity for the year. To decrease the 3oss
of electric nower in traction motors of the electric rolling stock, the
Mytishchi Machinebuilding Plant and the "Dinamo" Plant imeni S.M. Kirov -
have now mastered the produc tion of "E" type subway cars with more -
powerful traction motors and improved traction-power characteristics. -
In addition to this, these cars have been equipped with more ecor.omical
luminescent lights and forced ventilation.
In order to decrease the loss of electricity and to improve the technical-
_ economic indicators of subway cars in operation, they are now being
modernized: their undercarriages and traction motors are being replaced,
static transformers are being introduced, as axe new automatic, anti-
skid and antislippage devices. The measures indicated will allow us to
improve the acceleration and deceleration of rolling stock. Now being
developed and placed into use are more improved automatic performance
- devices which assist in the regulation of current being fed to traction _
motors while trains are being started or when their brakes are being
applied and over the entire range of charging those motors with elec-
tricity.
These "E" type subway cars with all their built-in modif ications will be
equipped with devices for pulse thyristor nonrheostat starting and for
follow-up braking, this for the purpose of recouping electric energy.
Of great significance also will be the work now being don~e on raising
the level of insulation of contact and track rails. Preliminary calcu-
lations and test resul ts have shown us that carrying out these measures
will allow i~s to lower the expenditure of electricity for train traction
- by approximately 12-15 percent, while at the same time incrPasing the -
technical and operational speed of rolling stock by 6-8 percent.
Work on curtailing the loss of electric power in illumination networks
is also being conducted. Tnus, the question of the further shift from
13ghting subway stations wizh incandescent lamps to the use of lumines-
cent illumination is being reviewed. Loss of electric power being used
along subway routes and in production installations is being reduced
through improvement in the operational efficiency of the electric motors
used in escalators and ventilation shafts by shifting over to compensat- '
ing reactive capacity, as well as thrQUgh application of the thyristor
starting of escalators.
78
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE OIV?.Y
ThP basic methods for conserving electric power in subways consist of ~
the following:
Automation of Froduction Processes. Its application on a broader scale
is possible as regards escalators, traction substations, in the opera-
r_ion of sanitation-technical devices, heating instruments, and in turn-
ing on and turning off lights. The transfer of escalators to remote
control will also enable us to reduce the expenditure of electricity
thanks to changing lighting schedules during the period in wh~.ch repair-
- and-inspection brigades are absent, as well as through the introduction
of remote control at combined traction substations--by shutting off the
lights there when personnel are absent. The automatic and programmed
management of ventilation at battery-eguipped traction and step-down
substa tions will make possible, depending upon the temperature, the
rational turning on of cooling devices. Introduction of a system for
~ the automatic maintenance of the microclimate at subway stations will -
permit the strict observance of air temperature parameters (within the
- l~mits of sanitary standard requirements), which will reduce the duration
of operation of the basic air-exchange ventilation system. Automatic
~ control of lighting at subway stations and vestibules is to be accom-
plished in keeping with natural illumination and train schedules. Remote
contro 1 of the illumination in open-line subway tunnels is to be widely
applied.
Replac ement of Electric Equipment. Being utilized in subways at the
- present time is electric equipment which is patently and physically
out-da ted, equipment which requires considerably more electricity than
new gear. Its timely replacanent will allow subways to conserve addi-
tional electric power.
Changing Equipment Work Schedules. This metl,od is achieved through in-
= troduction of a step-by-step schedule for the work of ventilation shafts,
depend ing upon the temperature of the outside air, the correction of
subway train sctiedules, the obs~vance ot established schedules for the
operation of electrical equipment, plss the rationalization of schedules
for the work of escalators, sanitary-technical equipment, and other
' devices.
Introduct~on of Leading Experience. Of great significance in the lower-
- ing of electric power consumption is the wide-scale dissemination of
leading work exper~ence, the organization of schools for the study of
- operating subway ~rains, plus the constant conduct of machinist-instructor
training together with loconotive brigades for facilitating rztional
operating procedures.
Fulfillment of Organizational Measures. Belonging to this category ar~:
conducting regular checks o n the use of electricity at subway stations
and at surface installatians with the aid of initiative groups and public
inspectors; having subway central co~nissions and local commissions for
79
FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
conserving electric power make surprise inspections of subway subdepart-
ments; the organization of public ~nspections, competitions and confer-
ences on the conservation of power resources, the unco~ering and util i-
zation of further conservation reserves; the periodic analysis (monthly,
quarterly, semi-annual and annual) of power resource utilization; execu-
tion of complex checks as t~ the fulfillment of eubway train schedules
~ and as to driver opera tional procedure of locomotive brigades (by both
dirE:ctors of subunits and by machinists-instructors). In conserving
power resources, of important significance is the maintenance of con-
stant control ove_ the adjustment of electrical apparatus, pneumatic
devices and main circuits, mechanical devices which are supposed to
operate within specific allowable standards. The dissemination of
visual aids material on the conservation of electric power and fuel,
plus publicity in the local and industrial presj on conservation work
being condiicted will definitely influence lowering electric power re-
source expenditure.
Every year, subway workers are successful in lowering electric energy
expenditures for operational needs, as is testified to by the data in -
Table 2.
Table 2.
� Conservation of Electricity Year
(in thousands of kwh)
~ 1976 1977 1978 1979
ror the M~scow Subw~y: 1
; Overall 19,849 21,837 31,593 33,585
For subway train traction 17,145 16,334 24,041 27,862
_ Total for subways 36,725 42,163 52,900 63,775
Reali~ation of plans for organizational-technical measures for the rational
expenditure of energy resources will allow us to lower electric power
consumption, curtail operational expenditures, and increase the effec-
' tiv eness o: the use of power expenditures for subways.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatet'stvo "Energiya," "Promyshlennaya Energetika," 1980 -
964 3
CSO: 1822 END
s
J
J
FOR OFFICIAL UST; ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300020030-3