JPRS ID: 9313 USSR REPORT SPACE

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JPRS L/9313
25 September 1980
USSR Re ort
p
SPACE
(1=0U0 9/80)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMA~'ION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9313
25 September 1980
USSR rcEPORT
SPACE
(FOUO 9/80)
CONTENTS
SPACE SCIENCES
Scintillation Studies of Cosmic Ray Variatior.~ 1
LIFE SCIENCES
Hematological Aspects of Spaceflight, Report I: Cytological
Characteristics of Peripheral Blood 4
SPACE APPLICATIONS
~ Space Geodesy and Questions on the Theory of Geodesy........... 17
Scientific Problems in Space Geodesy 31
Geodesic Astronomy at Present and in the Near Future........... 38
Use of Space Photographic Geological Survey Data in Predicting
Endogenic Ore Deposits 45
Application of Space Survey Materials in Mineral Prospecting... 53
Approaches to Evaluating the Thematic Interpretability of
Space Photographic Information 61 ~
- a- jIII - USSR - 21L S&T FOUO]
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- SPACE SCIENCES
UDC 537.591.5
SCTNTILLATTON STUDIES OF COSMTC Rl~~`I VARIATTONS
Moscow STSINTTLLYATSTONNYY METOD TSSLEDOV,ANIY VARTATSIY KOSMTCti~SKIKEI
LUCHEY in Russian 1979 signed to press 13 J'u1 79 pp 4, 107
[t~ia~otation and Table of Contents from the book by L.I. ~Jonnan, T.Ya.
Libin and Ya.L. B1okh, Nauka Publishers, 1,000 copies, 107 pages]
(Text) The basic questions of studying the variations in tI-.e intensity
of cosmic rays using scintillation instruments are treated in the monograph,
A number of chapters are devoted to the development of new equipment using
large plastic scintillometers and the procedure for investigating the vari-
ations using this equipment. Orig-~na1 methods of improving the prec3.sior~
and mon~toring the stability of tae continuous operation of the instruments
and the recording of the ionizing components are described. The results
of studies of fluctuations and anisotropy as well as their possible rela- ~
, tionship L-o processes in interplanetary space and the galaxy are given.
Questions of the utilizakion of scintillation superte'escope.s as cosmic ray
s~ectrographs are treated, as we?1 as the prospects f.or the deve?opment of
the sci.ntillation method for studying the variations in cosmic radiation
intensity.
The work was carried out within ti~e fraineworlc of. the scientific coo~eratiot~
- of the academies of sciences of. socia7.ist nations on ~lar.etary geophysics
- 1nd i.s intended for specialists i;~ cosmi.c rs~ s,
Figures 49; tables 13; 257 bibl.iographic citations.
Table oF. Contents
Chapter I. Revi.ew of Studies of Costaic R.ay IntEnsity Variations
by 24eans o:E Scintillation ~e�~ic~.:, ~
l. Development of experimental methods of studies d~.~r.ing IGY-IQSY 5
2. Requirements placed on scintillometers 8
3. Plastic scintillometers for the study of cosmic r;.iy variations 11
1
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Chapter II. Scintillation Supertelescope Using Large Plastic
Scintillators 12
1. Description of scintillation supertelescope 12
2. Geometry of detector distribution in a supertelescope 14
3. Directional patterns of a scintillatfon supertelescope 17
4. Block diagram of a scintillation supertelescope 22
Chapter III. Methods of Monitoring Variations Originating in the
Equipment 36
~ 1. Methods of monitoring 35
2. The continuous determinat3on of equipment variations 36
3. Monitoring telescope effectiveness by means of a"universal device" 40
ChaptAr IV. Me~eorological and Geomagnetic Effects of Cosmic Rays
for a Scintillation Supertelescope 42
1. Directional intensity of the muon component of cosmic rays at
different altitudes 42
2. Computation of ineteor~logical effects of cosmic rays by the data
of a scintillation supertelescope. 45
3. Study of ineteorological ef~ects from the data of a scintillation
~ supertelescope 49
4. Coupling coeffic3ents for a scintillation supertelescope 56
Chapter V. Study of Gosmic Ray Fluctuations Using the Data of
Scintillation Observations 60
1. Fl~ictuation phenomena during cosmic ray propagation in interplanetary
space 60
2. Scintillation measurements of cosmic ray fluctuations 61
3. The supposed sources of short-period cosmic ray var~ations 65
Chapter VI. Srudy of Cosmic Ray Anisotropy by Means of Scintillation
Telescopes 68
1. Solar diurnal variation of cosmic rays 6$
2. Solar sem3-diurnal anisotropy of costnic rays 73
3. Anisotropy of
cosmic rays and denisty gradients 75
4. Long term variations in cosmic ray anisatropies 76
5. Extra-solar anisotropy 77
Chapter VIT. The Possibilities of the Utiliza~~on of Scintillation
Telescopes as a Cosmic Ray Spectrograph 81
1. Summarizat3on of the spectrographic method for the purpose of
' ascertaining and separately 8tudying the Variations of ~cosmic rays 81
2. Difference coupling coefficients for the studies of cosmic ray
variations 85
2
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3. Spectrographic method of studying cosmic ray variat~ons by inelined
muon teiescopes with the application of difference coupling
- coefficients 90
- 1~`,ajor Results and the Prospects for the Utilization of Scintillation
Methods 94
Abstract 98
Bibliography 99
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka," 1979
j363-8225] ~
8225
CSO: 1866
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L1FE SCIEDiCES
UDC b29.78:512.111/112.014.2
HEMATOLOGICAL ASPECT5 OF SPACEFLIGHT, REP~RT I: CYTOI,OGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF PERIPHER.AL BLOOD
Moscow PROBLEMY GEMATOLOGII I PERELIVANIYA ICROVI in Russian No 5,198d manu-
script received 4 Oct 79 pp 28-36
/Article by Professor O.K. Gavrilov, cor�responding member, USSR Academy of
~1~di.cal Sciences, Professor G.I. Kozinets, I.A. Bykova, Z.G. Shishkanova,
_ V.P. Matviyenko, I.V. Ryapolova, S.M. Dul�tsina, L.V. Borz~va, R.A. Kul'man,
U.A. Dyagileva, N.N. Talelenova, V.Ya. ICovner and V.M. Kotel'nilcov/
/Text/ The successful completion of extended expeditions into space, during _
the realization of which man lives and ~aorks in space for many months, has
already made it possible to reg~lr3 outer space as a new environment for hu-
man habitation. In this field medical science is faced with multifaceted
and complex questions concerning the ~omplete adaptation of man in space to
unusual conditions for his existence while retaining a high level of ability
to do work and preserving the normal course of all vital processes. No less
important is the question of man's subsequent complete readaptation upon his
return to Earth.
As the result of research done during flights in the "Soyuz" ships and
"Salyut" orbital stations, we have obtained reliable evidence that man can
adapt successfully_to an extended stay in space and do active work under
these conditions / 6/. Under the influence of factors encountered during
spaceflight, there is a rearrangement of the activities oi a number of sys-
tems and organs that reflects the change in environmental parameters. The
blood is redistributed and there are fluctuations in the hemodynamics and
water-salt exchange indicators. There are also persistent changes in the
blood system /7,10/.
Under normal terrestrial conditions, man finds himself in an extremely nar-
row zone of influence of such physical factors of the Earth as the gravita-
tional field, electromagnetic radiation, the geomagnetic �ield, pressure and
so on. Under spaceflight conditions, man goes beyond the limits of the ter-
restrial ecosphere and is exposed to the effect of completely new factors.
The change in the gravitational field has the greatest effect on hemo-
genesis. It is a well known fact that the hemogenic function is the main �
4
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factor of gravitational stabi.lity. The bone-marrow type oI hemogei~esis sc~en
in mammals is phylogenetically caused by the necessity of maintaining a high
exchange level and the increased oxygen_requirement under the conditions en-
countered in a gravitational statu~ / 9/.
i~~e rearrangement of the hemogenic system that develops under th~ ir.fl~~ence .
of weightlessness and other factors encountered during spaceflight is ex-
pressed in the changes in a number of hematol~gical indicators /10,11/. Ttie
discovery of the intimate mechanisms of this process and the evaluation of
its physiological significance require thorough morphofunctional research on
lhe cellular and subcellular leveTs.
In this report we present the results of cytological investigations o� the
peripherzl hlood of ~osmonauts who had completed 8-, 96- and 140-day
flights. For the first time, data were obtained that characterize the de-
gree of the full structural-functional value oi erythrocytes and leucocyctes
under these conditions. The results of the study of the morphofunctional
properties of blood ce~ts after extended flights ~96 and 140 days) are par-
ticularly interesting. Dui;^Q these periods, several populations of eryth-
roidal cells underwent dif~erentiation from trunk cells to erythrocytes,
while the basic mass of erythrocytes formed before the flight finished their
life cycle. There was also a repeatec: exchange of thrombocytes and granulo-
cytes and the population of short-lived lymphocytes was replaced.
In our work we investigated blood samples from cosmonauts who had completed
8-, 96- and 140-day flights. The samples were taken before the flights and
at various times after the cosmonauts' return. As a control we used blood
samples from healthy people ~�3ith ages ranging from 25 to 45 years.
In our research we used the fo].lowing methods: 1) the cytochemistry of
blood cells fetal hemoglobin in the erythrocytes, alkaline phosphatase,
myeloperoxidase and_polysaccharides in the granulocytes, polysaccharides in
the lymphocytes / 8/; 2) interference microscopy of the erythrocytes /5
3) cellular analytical electrophoresis / 2/; 4) preparative electrophoresis
of the blood cells with subsequent analysis of the fractions on a"Coulter-
Counter" celt counter /16/; 5) destructive electron microscopy / 8/.
As a result of the investigation of the cytochemical reactions for myelo-
peroxidase and askaline phosphatase, which characterize the functional slate
- of the granular apparatus of nuclear-segment leuc~cytes, we discovered a
number of changes in these indicators. After both brief and extended
Ilights, the reaction for myeloperoxidase (the marker ot the primary gran-
ules) remained at the control level, while for the cosmona~its ~�~}io l~ad made
_ the 8-day flight, the reaction for alkaline phosphatase (the marker of t_hFr
secondary granulesJ was discovered in a larger percEtttage of cells than ,~or-
ma1 in a number of cases (Table 1).
After the 96-day flight, the reaction for alkaline phosphatase in the granu-
locytes was heightened on the 7th day after landing. For the ship's
5
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commander, on the 33d day the percent of granulocytes with a positive cyto-
plasm reaction dropped to 2(see Table 1).
On the day of the landing after the 140-day flight, for the ship's cor.unander
we noted an increase in the number of cells with a positive reaction ~or
alkaline phosphatase (72 percent). After 1 day this indicator droppz d to 62
percent, and after 25 and 41 days it had decreased to 49 and 30 percent, re-
spectively. For the flight engineer, the number of cells with a positive
reaction remained at its initial level throughout all the stages of the in-
vestigation.
The cytochemical appearance of polysaccharides in the granulocytes' cyto-
plasm (the PAS-reaction), which reflects the level of a cell's energy ~e-
serves, was within the limits of physiological fluctuation for all those who
were studied.
In the lymphocytes' cytoplasm, an increase in the PAS-reaction's intensity
was seen after both short and extended flights. An interesting fact is that
in a number of cases the percentage of PAS-posirive lymphocytes had in-
~ creased before the flight. For instance, for the ship`s cotmnander th ere
were 65 percent PAS-positive lymphocy`es before the flight, while on the day
of landing after 8 days of flight this figure had increased to 97 percent
, (the norm is 4-21 percent), while for r_he flight engineer, the preflight
figure of 48 percent i.ncreased to 80 percent after a 140-day flight.
The investigation of the state of the peripheral blood's erythrocytes in-
cluded a determination of the erythrocytes' dry mass, a study of their
electrophoretic mobility, preparative separation according to the surface
electrical charge's value, and an investigation of the shape and surface
architectonics of the erythrocytes' membranes.
The method of interferometric determination of the erythrocytes' dry mass
makes it possible to obtain data on the percentage distribution of erythro-
cytes according to the amount of mass. On the average, the dry mass af
erythrocytes consists of 95.5 percent hemoglobin. The other 4.5 percent is
nonhemoglobin albumins, enzymes, polysaccharides, lipids, salts and other
components. Since the synthesis of hemoglobin in erythroid cells ends at
the reticulocyte stage, the hemoglobinization process of the bone marrow's
erythroid cells can be judged by the distribution of the erythrocytes ae a
function of their dry mass.
For the cosmonauts, after the 8-day flight the distribution of the erythro-
cytes as a function of their dry mass reamined witihin the limits of the
control figures ~Table 2).
When cosmonauts who had completed extended flights were studied, the dry _
mass indicators also remained at the level of physiological fluctuation.
The same phenomenon was also noted during the study of the blood samp les
taken on board the spacecraft on the 75th day of the flight. When blood
7
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Table 2. Interferometric Determination of Dry Mass of Peripheral Blood
Erythrocytes After Brief and Extended Spaceflight
ercentage distribution of erythrocytes
Time of investigation 6 8~unction of their dry rnass (M�m)
� so-s9 pg I 30-39 Pg I 40-49 Pg I 60 ~Pg ~ild
more
Control group (10 healthy males 16�2,5 63�3,0 22�2,6 if0,8
(oT 4 Aa 26) (oT 47 Ao 75) (or 10 Ao 36) (or 0 Ao 7)
8 -day flight ~
Preflight '
1 . 4 46 44 6 _
2 10 68 20 2
1 10 ?4 12 4
' 2 16 78 6 0
On dayl of landing 8 ~ 22 6 _
2 ~ 12 72 14 2
1 10 54 ~ 36 0
2 28 60 12 0
1 day i fter flight 10 68 IS 4 -
2 4 68 24 2
1 8 56 32 4
2 20 60 20 0
14 days after flight
1 6 44 48 2
2 18 46 32 4
~
- 9 6 - day flight
7 days after flight
1 4 30 48 18
14 days after flight , 12 62 24 2
l 4 _ 38 52 6
2 6 44 42 8
1 4 0� day flight
Preflight
1 ( 4 54 38 4
2 4 68 24 4
In fli~ght (75th day) ' g 64 24 4
2 , 4 74 22 0
On dayi of landing ~g 5g 24 0
2 26 54 20 0
1 day after flight
1 10 62 28 0
25 days after flight 32 50 18 0
1 8 52 34 6 -
2 4 62 32 2
41 days after flight
, 1 18 56 22 4
- 2 14 62 2a. 0
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samples ~aken from ~he ship's co.~,andPr 7 and 33 days after the 96-day
fiight were analyzed, ~here had been a shift in the ind;cator.s r_oward the
higher values.
After the 140-day flight, an increase in the percentage of erythr~c;~tes with
small mass (in comnarison with the prefligY?t data) was noted zor b,~ Y: -oscr~o-
nauts on the day of th2 landir.~ and the next day. Hocaever, these figures
did not go beyond the limits of physiological fluctuatior~. In subsequent
periods, [he erythrocytes' dry mass values correspouded tc~ the preflight iri--
dicators.
For all the cosmonauts, the ~e?"Ci'iZL'age of ce11s contaiaing fetal hemoglobin
~ feli within the normal range of values (up to 1 percent). l~fter the 96-day
flight these indicators were 0.45 and 0.1 percent, while after the 140-day
flight they were 0.1 and 0.2 percent.
ror ~he purpose of nal~�.ing a quaniztative evaluation of rhe magnitude of the
eryth~ocy~es' surface charge, their electrophoretic mobility (EFP) was in-
vestigated. It was established that the surface cha�rge plays an exception-
ally important role in the active life of a cell and is responsible for such
processes as contact interaction, adh~sion, aggregation and formation of the
blood flow's structure. ~1 ceil's charge changes during its active life
(di�ferent degrees o~ dirferentiation, a reduction in vitality, adsorption
oF different subs~ances on the cell's surface and so on), thereby reflecting
its bio~ogical status.
During the investzgation of the erythrocytes' EFP (the calculations were -
based on 100 ce11s), it was noticed that on the average- the preflight
~FP value corresponded to the norm (1,079-1,131 ~.m�cm�V-I~s-1). The day a.f-
ter landing from t~~ot_h brief snd extended �1igilts, ther.~ was a reduction in
the EFP tnat was exnressed in d:~.fferent degrees (O.~fi5-0.994dtim�cm�V-1�s'1).
Gn the 3d da the E1~P value had returned to its original 1eve1 (1,035-1,138
~n�cm�V'1�s-~). During subseqiient investigations, the EFP values of the
~ erythrocytes corresponded to the normal indicators.
In order to obL�ain an expanded description of the surface charge oi the mer,i-
brane of the entire population o� crythrocyt?s, we carried out preparative
electrophoretic separation of tiie cells. The suspensior~ of eryt~?rocytes was
,eparated, with Lhe help of preparative electrophoresis, inf:o separate frac-
tions, a.fter which ~ach fxacta.on was ana"tyzed *~~i.tn t.he help of a. "Coulrer-
Counter" cell counter ( the quantity arid vol~rme of t~-+~ ce:lls c~as ca.lculated) . -
The i.nvestigati.ons that were performed sho;ae~? that 1. d ~y a�te.r landing, the
erythrac~*e C'i1StL'.'_'UUt'.C!P Cli;'~.;P_ j'?FiC{ C~I:.Tl~E'~ SOEi1~C.n$r )r i~ nr? c~r~~
r: i i', JCth ~':!Y.r_ZiC~_ ,
brief f:li.~hts. '~he fac:c;~~s ~}oted ~oF~r~~ a sl.i.~;l~i. ?ow i;~~; u.[ Lhe CU1'VE~'s peai-
and a reiative i.ncxease in the number o: ce ~ls in f.r:.:c~ions ~aith low and
high mobil_ity, as resuI.t of whi.ch the distributior, curve was compressed
somewhat. Tl~is is indicative of a definite nonuniformity (by charge) of the
cell population, despite rhe fact that the changes tt:at were noticed did not
noc ge beyond the Iimits of ~r~y~~_o7_^~;.cal fluct~a~~tir:: (I'zguLes 1-3).
9
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~o '
2�/
~ ~1 ~
~ . 5 40 ; ~ _
`?0 i~~~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ . .
.,o ~ 1
z� j ;.'j: ` ~ 3 I
3-r. ~ ~:'``4 20 ~1
~p � J I~ ~ ~~I
r , j ~ j~
S ~ ~o ~
� -a ~ -5 0 .5 ~ ~ ~
Figure 1. Erythrecyte distribution o i~V w� , ~
curves (in percentages) for blood -s -a -2 0 �z +4 +s
_ samples taken after the 8-day Figure 3. Erythrocyte distribution
flights. Here and in Figures 2 curves ~in percertages) for blood
and 3: along the X axis num- samples taken after the 140-day
- bers of samples with greater flight: 1, 7_. 1 and 25 days after
or lesser EFP relative to sam- landing, for the flight engineer;
ples with the maximum cell content 3, 4. the same, fer the ship's
(sample 0); along the Y axis commander.
relative content (in percentages)
of erythrocytes in samples 1 and After brief flights, the curve of
2, taken from the ship's commander erythrocyte distribution with respect
1 and 14 days after landing; 3 and to EFP was normalized by the 14th day,
- 4-- the same, for the flioht en- The curve~s peak was higher and there =
gineer. was less scattering of the erythro-
cytes among the samples. After the
, extended flights, the scattering of
. the erythrocvCes among the samples
' dropped by the 25th day, although for
1~, the ship's commander aft2r the 140-
2O day flight there was a slight increase
~ in the number of cells with Iower mo-
~ ~ bility in the samples.
,0 3 ~
r~',~''~ ~ For the cosmonauts on the 96-day
_ 5 I flight, an analysis of the erythrocyte -
~ distribution curves for samples taken
� .-s -4 -z o ~2 �a 7 days after landing revealed a slight
Figure 2. Erythrocyte distribution increased in the number of cells with
curves (in percentages) for blood higher EFP. It is possi.ble that thia
samples taken after the 96-day is related to the increase in the num-
flight: 1. control; 2, 3. 7th day ber of reticulocytes that was observed
after landing, for the ship's com- at this time / 1/.
mander and flight engineer, re-
spectively.
10
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Table 3. Avera~e Erythrocyte Vol- A study of the average erythrocyte
uu~e After 140-Day Flight volume that was carried out with the
Erythrocyte valume,~ "Coulter-Counter" analyzer showed
Subject lst day ~IVormal that after extended flights, the vol- _
day ( ume of the cells is reduced somewhat
� on the lsr day after landing ~Table _
1 72,5 87,2 80-g6 3) . Normalization of the average vol-
2 74,6 81,5 umes of erythrocytes took place by the
- 25th day after completion of the
- flight. After the 140-day flight, the -
increase in the average erythrocyte
~ vblume by the 25th day was most clear-
ly expressed for the ship's co~nander.
20 This is manifested in the graphs by a
~ shift in the distribution curve toward
~s the larger volumes (Figure 4).
�~o ~ For the cosmonauts who were on brief
flights, no changes were observed in
the erythrocytes' surface architecton-
- 5 ics (in comparison with the preflight
data) 1 day after landing (Table 4).
- o The number of discocytes amounted to
40 "~0 ~ 87-89 percent; discocytes with a sin-
_ Figure 4. Average percentage con- gle protuberance 1.5-2 percent;
tent of erythrocytes in whole discocytes with a ridge 3.5-4.5
_ blood of cosmonauts after 140-day percent. Discocytes with multiple
flight, as a function of the cell protuberances, dome- and mulberry-
volume (25 days after landing). shaped ones, discocytes in the shape
- of a deflated ball, and spherocytes
amounted to a total of about 5-6 percent, while degeneratively changed
discocytes constituted about 0.5 percent. These figures correspond to stan- ~
dard physiological parameters.
After the 96-day flight, 7 days after landing the basic cell mass was repre-
sented by discocytes. For the flight engineer, single cells with changed
configurations were seen: in the form of a"drop," a"sickle," a"jelly-
- fish." On the 33d day after landing, the erythrocyte distribution corres-
ponded ~o the nomograph.
For the cosmonauts who had completed the 140-day flight, 1 day after landing
we observed an insignificant increase in the number of dome-shaped erythro-
cytes and those in the shape of a deflated ball. After 25 and 41 da~s, no
changes in the shape of the erythrocytes were observed (Figures 5-7).
A numbzr of authors have shown that spaceflight is ac.companied by certain
changes in the most important hematological indicators. After extended
flights, a reduction in the hemoglobin content, a decrP.ase in the number of
erythroc3-tes and reticulocytes and a change in the shape and size of the
erythrocyte~ are observed persistently /1,7,10,11,15,17/. During the
- ii
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~
~
:9
,
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~I ~
~ ~ ~ r
' y
~ � / ~ .
~ -
n.
i f~..~ -
~ ~ ' � (,i� '
~ 1~ ~,`F
? ~ ~ ~fR ~
~ ~ .
. .
Fig. 5. Erythrocytes in flight en- Fig. 6. Erythrocytes in ship com-
gineer's blood on first day after mander's blood on first day aft~ar
an 8-day flight: Biconcave disco- 96-day flight: In the SEM photo-
cytes in an SEM photograph (magni- graph there are biconcave discocytes,
fication = 4,000) discocytes with a ridge, and eryth-
rocytes in the form of a mulberry
and a deflated ball.
~
-
;r,
_ .
j ~.r. ` t
Y r'.~ /
~ f~~~,' 5~
f.0.
~ ~
. ' ~
' � :~~;f~~. ~;,y.' ~,7J
e~ ^r
~ ~
_ ~ � ~r''a s
. C +
s. ~ i` r ~
a~ 4 . . . ~ �
Fig. 7. Erythrocytes in ship commander's blood on first day after a 140-
day flight: In the SEM photograph there are biconcave discocytes and a
domeshaped erythrocyte (magnification = 4,000) .
12
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