JPRS ID: 9330 CHINA REPORT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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JPRS L/9330 _
6 Oct~bsr 1980
China Re ort
p
~~CI~~~~CE AND TECHI~OLOGY
- CFOUO 2%8Q)
, �
F~~$ FOREIG~9 BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9330
6 Uctober :~980 '
~
CHINA REPORT
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
{FOUO 2/80)
CONTENTS
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS
Japanese Aviation Journal on Chin.ese Developments in Space
(KOKU JANARU, Jun 80) 1
APPLIED SCIENCES
Uses of High-Definityon Telemetry Detection Satellite
(Albert Ducrocq; AIR & COSMOS, 8 Mar 80) 4
- a - [III - CC - 84 FOUO]
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NATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS
JAPANESE AVIATION JOURNAL ON CHINESE DEVELOPMENTS IN SPACE _
Tokyo KOKU JANARU [AVIATION JOURNAL] in Japanese No 95, Jun 80 pp 112-1~5
~Excerpts] The launch sitn is ~ocated on the outskirts of the town of
_ Shuangchengzi (41� N, 101� E) which itself is located at the foot of a
mountain in the Gobi Desert. It takes two hours by train to get there
f rom the Jiuqtian Airport. The town has a population of 7000 residents -
including both technicians and their families. The name of the train
~tation is Dongfeng [East Wind], but it is not clear whether or not the
town is of the same name.
Both NASA and Japanese representatives observed launch pad~ Iocated one _
hour to the north by bus from Dongfeng Station. If you look at pictures
taken by the LANSAT Earth Resources Satellite, it seems that the launch
pads were built over a large area and centered around Shuanchengzi.
There are two well-publicized launch pads agproximately 400m apart with a
coimnon, mobile service tower 56m high on a track 17m wide in between them.
There is a blockhouse (launch control room) for each tower. There is only
one set of equipment and it seems that it is moved into whichever blockhouse
is involved whenever there is a launch. While the technological level of
the machinery cannot be said to be the most up-to-date, it is a source of
nr:Lde with the Chinese that they built it all themselves.
Facilikies Involved In Space Development In China
No Piacename Type of facility Function, etc.
l. Baicheng Missile firing site [MFS] ::ti
2. Changchun Satellite tracking station [STS] NA
3. Beij ing Dongfeng Scientific Instruments S;itellite desi;n,
Plant c.onstruction and testing
" Engineering Environm~ntal Test Satellite space environment
Center testing, 3 space chambers
of varying size
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i' Vl\ VL'L' 11,1t1L UJL' VLVL1
Beijing Control Engineering Institute Satellite attitude, and
the development and con-
struction of propulsion
systems
" Aerodynamics Institute Aeromechanical research,
3 wind tunnels -
" Rocket Engine Test Center Rocket eng~ne fuel tests
" Ground Communication Offices-- Communications relay based
Satellites on Intelstat, 2 offices
4. Wvz~ai. MFS NA
5. Yinchuan Missile plant NA
6. SYiuangchengzi Rocket firing site Satellite launching, -
missile testing
7. Jiuquan STS CW radar, pulse radar
8. Kaxgar STS NA
9. Lanzhou Physics Academy Vacuum technology in
space chambers, ion
rocket research -
10. Xian Satellite Measurement and Satellitetracking and
Contr~l Center cor.trol
" Radio Technology Institute Construction of electronic
equipment for satellites
" Astrophysics Institute The development of
- measuring instruments,
particle dEtectors and
sensors
" Shaanxi Microelectronics The developmenl- and
Academy production of micro-
electror~ic chips
11. Shanghai Booster assembly plant FB-1 production
" Xinxin Machinery Plant The development and
producticn of rocket
engines _
" Huayin Machinery Plant The development of
weather. satellites `
" Scientific Instruments P1ant The manufactur? of
sensors
- " Technology and Physics Institute The manufacture of -
sensors
" Xinyue Medical Electronics Plant The manufacture of
rocket engine servo(s)
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Shanghai Satellite Communication Ground Cotmnunication relay
Station based on Intelstat
12. Nanjing Satellite Communication Ground Communication experi-
Station ments based or. Sym?honie
and Yuri
13. Wuhan Missile plant NA
- 14. Weinan STS NA
15. Nagqu MFS NA
16. Lhasa STS NA
17. Kunming STS NA
18. Nanning STS NA
- COPYRIGHT: Koku Janarusha 1980
CSO: 4105
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APPLIED SCIENCES
, -
J -
USES OF HIGH-DEFINITION TEL~METRY DETECTION SATELLITE
- Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 8 Mar 80 pp 46-47
[Article by Albert Ducrocq]
[Text] The SPOT satellite was extensively discussed during the preliminary
- meetin.gs between Chinese specialists and CNES [National Center for Space
Studies] representatives. The Chiuese expressed their interest in this
" high-definition telemetry detection satellite. They did not conceal their
dPSire to make use of its technology and receive its pictures.
French offi~ als were somewhat disturbed by these statements, taking into
accounr a po?itical and military context whose features are known to all.
The SPOT satellite will be capable of identifying objects some 10 meters in
size. This means that, for the Chinese, it would represent the ideal tool -
~ with which to observe everything happening in the USSR, close to the border.
Thanks to the negatives, the Chinese would have detailed information on
~ Soviet military facilities in their vicinity.
This could be interprete3 as giving aid to China, which the Russians would
not appreciate in the least. Hence the dilatory answer given the Chinese.
. As was oointed out to them, this answer appears technically justified, the -
- more so since it will be several years before the SPOT satellit2 is oper-
tional.
~ Everybody knows about what happened. The Chinese traded with the
Americans who, apparently, were not embarrassed by this kind of scruples: _
_ a receiving statiori for Landsat pictures is to be set up near Beijing with
the use of the most sophisticated electronic devi~es capable of producing
at will thematic maps and colored compositions of all kinds.
Better still: during the conclusion of the agreement between the Chinese
- and ~he Americans pertaining to that subject, it was pointed out that, in
reality, it involved supplying China with a machinery capable of having
- military applications.
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`['o be sure, the fact remains that the Landsat progrxm is a civilian progr~n.
Above ail, although it is true that a land resource satellite could occa-
siona?ly serve as an excellent observation vehicle, to think that it would
b2 used essentially for that pi~rpose would be to make a most serious error ~
in ~u:lgment. Regardless of the military benefi*_ which the Chinpse could
garner from the Landsat pictures, we must rea~ize that the civilian conse-
quences of their use will be incomparably more important. Today, China is
offering us an unprecedented example, that af a huge country with enormous
resources--in many respects, the biggest in the world--currently undergoing
- an important technological d~velopment. It intends relying on space photo-
graphy to organ:ize and, in particular, plan its energy development.
Hydrauli~ Resour:.es
Firstly, China is counting on space pr~otography to formulate a plan for the
e~� itation c~ its fantastic hydrauli_c power.
It is an enormous problem if there evf:r was one. And, in this case, a vir-
t~ially unknown one. Everybody knowe that the higliest mountains in the world
are the ~iimalayas--a vast range which covers the ~ahole western section of -
China spread over 1 million square kilometers. Y~et, few people have infer-
_ red the logical consequence, namely, that the country owning this range and
the p].ains irrigated by its rivers has at its disposal, ipso facto, the
largest hydraulic power potential of the planet.
You be the Judge
'The Y~ngtze basin alone should be able to supply 1,J00 TWh annually (or 15 ~
= t:Lmes the total volume of French hydraulic power) of which 600 generated by
the river itself whose output at the mounth reaclzes 35,Q00 cubic meters ~er
s~cond, and 400 by its tributaries. Some 300 TWh could be expected from the
5ilcian~;, a short river (2,655 kilometers long as compa~ed to 4,990 for the
Yang4ze), but whose output reaches 12,000 cubic meters per second. As for
tlle ~tekong, its share promises to be 300 TWh. This river, 4,023 kilometers
long with an output of I5,500 cubic meters per second, was once presented in
textbooks as an Indochinese river. Actually, it:s s~urce is in Tibet, in the
i~ediate vicinity of the Yangtze and, under thF: name of Dza Tchou, it is
Chinese over most of its course where its altitude is the l:ighest and,
~,.o-~.,equentl.y, its hydroelectric potential. is th~e grea.*.est. The same applies
t_o r_he Brahmaputra, a river with an outp~it of 19,000 cubic meeers per second,
which is Indian only over its lower reaches: the Brahmaputra could supply
500 ~riat~ to the Chinese. On the whole, China's hy~iaulic potential would
e,ce~d 2,300 TWh, of ~,~hich more than half could undoubtedly be harnessed (as -
compa;ed with France where only a quarter of the theoretical potential is
constdered worthwhile harnessing).
We are speaking in the conditional, for right n~~w, we are dealing with rough
esr_imates, only because, :in many:.of Ch~~~.cas~es; ~ t:he~ Chinese lack gYecise data -
wh:icEi is precisely what they hope to obtain from space photography.
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However, there is something undoubtedly more importaat still. In truth, the
question is not to know all the energy that China could some day produce
from its river~, while their hydroelectric potential is not even being ex-
ploited at 3 percent, but to decide what equipment should receive priority.
It is not easy to formulate options based on conventional maps which prc~vide
- no more than fragmentary information. The advantage cf space photogt~phy is
that it helps to deternine the totality of sites where dams could be built
and their respectitie advantages, estiwated cost and, in each ca~~e, the
consequences of their construction.
The Options
The Chine~e have essentially two major prospects: ~
Give priority to the harnessing of the Yangtze and its tributaries. It is
the solutian which seems to be called =or, considering that the Yangtze
basin covers a large secrion of China's industrial region, so that t:he pro-
duced electr~c power would be used locally. But there is a huge inconvenient
here: in Eastern China, the river's altitude is low, the building af dams
across the Yangtze would lead to the flooding ~f vast areas now occupied by .
populations that would have to be relocated. Naturally, some indust:rial .
facilities would have to disappear. Some tribiitaries of the Yangtze, like _
- the Ialung, the Tung Ho, the Min Kiang and, abcve all, the Kialing Kiang -
offer magnificient gorges, but then, the energy would be essentially pro- `
duced in Western China, far from the industrialized areas.
Or else, conversely, concentrate for the present on the river which is known -
as Brahmaputra to us and Tsang Po to the Chinese. It runs on Chinese ter-
- ritory paralleling the Sino-Indian border for 1,000 kilometers. It is in
that area that it gresents the most extraordinary possibilities for harnes-
sing it with the "short-circuits" to which its capricious course could be
aub~ected. But here again, there is the inconvenience of supplying elec-
tricity from a diatance,wl~ose transportation toward the eastern areas is
bound to pose problems.
Currently, it is towarc~ that second solution which Chinese leaders seem
clearly to be leaning. '?'heir pol~.cy could consist of asking Eastern China
to produce electricity in coal-fire.? stations while large-scale facilities ~
wou~.d be built on the Brahmaputra, along with the creation of large-scale
local industries. In any case, such is the formula which would allow the
acquisition of maximum energy in minimum time, with mininum means, especially
~ if the sites on the Brahmaputra are well chosen. Consequently, under such
circumstances, space photography becomes extremely i~portant.. It prvvides
_ synthesi~ed pic:tures of a region which, only yesterday, had been barely map-
_ ped out; thes~ photographs should help to formlilate the fastest and most
- efficient installations program.
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Two Petroleums
With re~ard to petroleum, the situation is xemarkahly similar inasmuch as the
Chinese can play two cards with respectively traditional continental pe~ro-
leum and oft-shore exploitation.
Throughout the world, continental petroleum has been of primary interest.
It is essentially when it began to be depleted that, for lack of something
else, companies began off-shore expl~itation. Everything is happening as
though the Chinese intended to develop the opposite by giving priority to -
ofi-shore exploitation considered more liicely to give them the greatest
resources in the shortest time, thanks to the use of existing methods which -
foreign companies are quite willing to p~.ace at their disposal. Thus, the
Chinese continental shelf is beginning to be dotted with platforms installed,
" in particular, by Exxon, Mobil, Caltex and Phillips in the China Sea and BP
_ [British Petroleum], Elf-Aquitaine and Tatal in the Yellow Sea.
This priority given to off-shore exploitation has & t~chnical reason: the
size of petroleum rzserves under the Chinese contjneital shelf. The basic
geographic reascn is that the extent of the shelf is believed to acc~unt,
alone, for 5 percent of the world's continental shelf. What are the reserves
of this Chinese continental shelf? An estimated 10 billion tons is the
f~.gure most often cited by experts; however, many of them beiieve that the -
actual size of these reserves is much greater.
All agree that the CI-.inese continental petroleum deposits ~ust even be big-
ger, since geology teaches us that one third of China's territory consists
of possibly oil-bearing land. This Chinese continental petroleum has not
a~ been assessed but, at least, the scope of the range--15 to 100 billion tons--
might prove the extent of our ignorance and that of the Chinese themselves
who, precisely, count on space photography to revolve the problem.
It would be too good if we could see petroleum from space. It is possible,
however, to locate sedimentary formations and to identify in them interest-
ing 3tructures in which drilling should be done. Also, when a drilling has
been successful, space photographs are of extraordinary interest both for
giving an idea of the probable dimentions of the deposit and to inuicate the
site where new drillings should be conducted.
Toward Extensive Production
- The Chinese do not hide their wish to see their country become the world's
leading petroleum producer before the end of the century and this within the
_ framework of a policy which will safeguard their future, meaning that their
concern *aill be to set at~ extraction rate controlled by the size of the
entire reserve. Undoubte3ly, it is not fortuitious that the bids requested
by the Chinese government from American, English-Dutch and Italian groups
for the development of a vast petroleum prospection program coincide with an
extreme interest shown in the use of space photography to assist that
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program. We found it extremely meaningful that, last year, in the frame-
work of the meetings between the United States and China, prior to the
latter's acqsisition of a Landsat station, the American delegation--led by
the head of energy research for the US Geological Survey--was the guest of
thP Chinese Ministry of Petrpleum Industry.
It should be noted that, on that occas~on, the specialists made a rather
surprising discovery. From a space photograph, they noted that the Tsaidam
basin in Western China had a structure identical to a formation in Wyoming -
known as Uinta, both having evidently a lacustrian origin so that the
comparison of their evolution--only possible in the age of satellites--should
allow the definition of laws common to the origins of several terrestrial
basins and a better understanding of Earth.
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~ Visible to the right of the picture, tiie Kiao Ling Kiang--a tributary of
the Yangtze--drops 3,000 meters over 500 kilometers. The dam supplying the
Chinese uranium enrichment plant was built on th e Sining Ho, a tributary of
- the Kiao Ling Kiang.
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J When it enters Lake Tongting, the Yangtze is only 200 meters above sP3
level while still some 1,000 kil~rneters away from its mouth. It is
downstream from that lake--i.e., in tidestern China--that the river
- hydraulic potencial will essentially have to be exploited.
COPYRIGHT: A. & C. 1980
6857
CSO: 42U0
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