JPRS ID: 9377 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300040057-2
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 46
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 57
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9377
30 October 1980
Sub-Sahar~rr~ Africa Re ort
p
FOU~ No. 695
F~f$ FOREIGtV BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE _
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NOTE
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_ JPRS L/9377
30 October 1980
SUB-SAI~ARAN AFRI CA REPORT
FOUO No. 695
- CONTENTS
' INTER-AFRICAN AFFaIRS
Kenyan Embargo Affecta Ugandan Caffee
(~",ARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 19, 26 Sep 80) 1
! , No Ugandan Coffee Through Mombasa
Lifting of Embargo Sought
~ Briefs
, Japanese Contract for Abuja 3
1 BURUN~I
Briefs
Japanese Vehicle Donation 4
~ ETHIOPIA
I
~ Improving Economic Situation Detaila:~
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITEkl~ANEErIS, 19 Sep 80) 5
~ Briefs
~ Refugees From Sudan, Saudi Arabia 8
~ GABON
i
` France's Privileged Position in Trade Relations Examined
I (MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS; 3 Oct 80) . 9
y GHANA
i
Briefs
, Gold Sales Up 10
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IVORY COAST
Political Revitalization Process Examined
(Siradiou Dia11o;JEUNE AFRIQUE, 8 Oct 80) 11
MALAWI
Ethanol Production Plans Reported
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 12 Sep 80) 14
Briefs
FRG Aid 15
MAURITITTS
Fate of islands Tied to Political Parties
(Herve-Masson; AFRIQUE-.ASIE, 29 Sep 80) 16
MOZAMBIQUE
Briefs
Nuclear Nonproliferation Observer Status 19 '
~ Fish-Proceasing Plant Planned 19 '
NIGERIA
Agricultural Development Program Outlined
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 29 Aug 80) 20
Port Harcourt International Air~l~ort Described
(MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDIT~RRANEENS, 29 Aug 80) 22
Briefs
~crdan-Nigeria Air Agreement 24
.Austria-Nigeria Air Aareement 24
Swiss Air Agreement 24
Barbados Air Agreement 24
Nige: River Basin 24
1
UGANDA
Economic, Social; Political Disorder Reported
~ (A. Fall; AFRIQUE-ASIE, 29 Sep-13 Oct SO) 25
Reasons fur Chaos Analyzed
" (Francois Soudan; JEUNE AFRIQUE, 3 Sep 80) 28
ADB Gives Aid for Ranch Restoration
(MARCHE~ 1'ROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 22 Aug 80) 31
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Brief s
Vehicle Distributipn 33
Restrictions on Leaving 33
ZAIRE
Continuing Shambles Deacribed
(Tania Vasconcelos; AFRIQUE-ASIE, 15--28 Sep 80) 34
Briefs
- 'Sandinista' Inatructors 40
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INTER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS
KENYAN EMBARGO AFFECTS UGANDAN COFFEE
No Ugandan Coffee Through Mombasa
Paris MARCHES TRC~PICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 19 Sep 80 p 2305
[Text] On 11 September, Ugandan officials announced that Kenya had *otally -
interrupted shipments of Ugandan coffee through the port of Mombasa.
The decision, which will have a great impact on the Ugandan economy, already
in serious difficulties, demonsr.rates the deterio�ration of relations between
, the two countries, heightened by the growiag lack of aecurity in Uganda and -
the inability of that coun~ry's le~der~ to correct the situation or to ful-
fill their obligations, espeeialZy regarding~the holding of elections that
were to t8.lce place at the end of September.� Kenqan Chief of State Daniel
Arap Moi also repeatedly criticized ~he Ugaadan Military Commission in
power for its support for former pre~ident Obote, on the recommendation of
Tanzania. It is feared that i~is likely return to the head of state, if he
i8 elected, would mean an equal'ly 1ik~ly return to a socialist policy
quite different frQm tthe one followed by Kenya.
It should be noted that shipments of Ugandan coffee were already hard hit
several 3ays earlier by the boycott of Kenyan railroad haulers and a strike
of railroad workers on 4 September because of the I3airobi governmer~t's
refusal to have convoys escorted by police.
It will be recalled that most of Uganda's coffee production, estimated at
120,000 tons and repre~enting 90.percent of the country's export receipts,
goes through Kenya to be shipped our of Mombasa.
Officials of the Coffee Marketing Board of Uganda explained that even lf
the Kenyan route were reopened, the st~ike of a thousand workers at a
processing plant located near Kampala would prevent shipments. Also accord- `
ing to these officials, 154 railroad caxs, 85 containing coffee, are alleged- _
= ly blocked in the border city of Tororo.
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Lifting of Embargo Sought
Paris MARCHES TROPI~:AUX ET MEDITERR.ANEENS in French 26 Sep 80 p 2367
[Text] The Kampala government has sent a del~gation to Kenya at the end of .
- last week to persuade that country`$ authorities to lift the embargo placed
on the transport of Ugandan good~ through Kenysn t~rritory. ThE Qmbargo
mainly affects the shipping of the Ugandan co~ffee crop � which represents _
90 percent of Uganda's foreign ex�hange income.
~ The delegation sent to Nairobi ~ncludes the permanent secretaries of the ~
ministries of Interior, Foreign Affairs and M~rketing.
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IN'TER-AFRICAN AFFAIRS
. _
BRZEFS
JAPANESE CONTRACT FOR ABUJA--In our issue of 11 April, page 871, we a.nnounced
that the famous Japanese architect, Kenzo Tange, was to be entrusted with
designing the center of the future federal capital at Abuja. The 9USINESS
TII~S of 12 August confirmed the contract concluded by the Nigerian authori-
ties with this architect. We rezall t~at he is to work in partnership with
_ two Nigerian colleagues, Oluwale ~lumuyiwa and Oumar Benna. On the other
hand, details have r.ecently been given out on the conditions for allatting
land in the future capital, as well as the rehousing of the displaced ~~opula-
tions, for which task a team of experts has beeii formed. (MARCHES TROPICAUX
ET !~DITERRANEENS for 11 July and 15 August, pages 1746 and 2032.) [Text]
[Paris ~4ARCHES TROPICAUX ET N~DITERRANEF.~IS in Fren~h 29 Aug 80 p 2139] 8946
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BURUNDI
BRIEFS
~
JAPANESE VEHICLE DONATION--The Japanese ~:harge d'affaires in Zaire,
A.I.M. Kawamura, on 11 September in Bujumbura delivered in the form of a gift
to the Burundi Transportation Service (STB) a first lot of vehicles to be used
for agriculture and health services. Mr Kawamura indicated that this gift
is part of the agreement concluded betweer, thP two countries after the visit
to Japan of the minister of Foreign Affa~-rs and Cooperation of Burundi,
Edouard Nzambimana, in October 1979. The vehicles were built by the Sumitomo
Corporation, a Japanese company which had made tlre de~l by bidding on it.
[Text] [Paris MARCHES TRO?~ICAUX ET I~DITERRANEENS in French 26 Sep 80
p 2369] 8946
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ETHIOPIA
IMPROVING ECONOMIC SITUATION DETAILED
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET I~DITERRANEENS in French 19 Sep 80 p 2308 ;
[TextJ The visit to France of the Ethiopian minister of Justice,
Getachew Kibret, who took to the president of the Republic a message from
Lt Col Mengistu Haile Mariam, head of the provisional military government of
socialist Ethiopia (DERG); Addis..Ababa's strong reactions to the agreement
signed by Somalia authorizing the United States to use the Berbera base; the
plan for a conference on demilit~rizing the In~iian Ocean revived by Malagasy
President Didier Ratsiraka during his rpcent visit with Giscard d'Estaing,
focused attention on this country [Ethiopia]. Despite considerable military
aid from the Soviet Union and Cuba, 13,500 of whose soldier~ are fighting at
the side of the national army, Ethiopia has not succeeded after four years in
reducing the Eritrean resistance nor, despite its victory over the Somalian
regular army, in triumphing over the guerrilla warfare being waged by the
Somalian population of Ogaden.
The civil and foreign war, the internal struggles and the instability, the
outcome of which no one can predict, continue to weigh heavily on the economy
of this country of 31,000,000 inhabitants who, according to United Nations
standards are among the poorest countr~es in the world, with an annual per -
capita inccme of about $120 ir, 1978.
r''
Nevertheless, the year 1979 saw the first positive results of the recovery po-
licy set up by the DERG after its militaxy successes of 1978 in Eritrea and
Ogaden, which enabled it to pay more attention to the econoxnic situation.
The balance of trade deficit was brought down in 1979 to 317,000,000 Birrs
($153,000), whereas it reached 442,000,000 Birrs ($214,000) in 1978 and -
339,000,000 Birrs ($164,000) in 1977. This improvement is the result of a
- strong increase in exports, which reached 876,000,000 Birrs ($423,000) in
1979, compared to 634,000,0^u0 ($306,000) in 19~78 33.4 percent), while the
increase i,n imports--1,193,000,000 Birrs ($576,000) in 1979 against
1,076,000,000 ($520,000) in 1978--was liraited to 9.8 percent.
Nevertheless the balance of payments in 30 Jun~ 1979 presents a positive bal-
ance of 78,000,000 Birrs ($37,500) from the surplus from the services, trans-
fers and movements of capital which for the first six months of 1979 totaled _
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a positive balance of 267,500,000 Birrs ($129,000), whereas for all of 1978
_ they totaled 298,800,000 Birrs ($144,000) and in 1977 they 134,000,000 Birrs
($114,000).
'I'he balance of payments therefore illustrates a considerable recovery as of
' 30 June 1979, since it had been adverse by 143,500,000 Birrs ($69,500) in
_ 1973 and 102,200,000 Birrs ($49,000) in 1977. Obviously this recovery is
also seen in gold and foreign currency reserves, which represented
363,000,000 Birrs ($175,500), or about four months' imports.
Tfie foreign debt, as of 30 June 1979, was 1,213,000 Birrs ($586,000), half of
it otiaed to the ~9orld Bank group. The service of the debt in percentage of
exports, because of the increased value of the exports and inflation, has
dwindled and went from 9 percent for the t~~.o previous years down to 7.6 per-
cent for t;ie year ending 30 June 1979.
However, to that debt is dd.ded the debt contracted with the Soviet Union and
the GDR for aid and military supplies, whose total is not known with certain-
ty, but which is generally estimated to be $2,000,000,000; it is no longer
possible to state whether or not it includes an element of g4;nerosity.
In 1978 Ethiopia ma.y have made the first payments to �he Sov:iet Union and the
GDR with deliveries of coffee in quantities that have not be~~n officially _
stated.
Coffee remains by far the principal export resource, still representing 70
percent of that resource in 1979 with 605,000,000 Birrs ($292,000), although
~ its rei~~:cive share in the total exports has regressed, since it was 79 per-
cent in 1978 with 502,000,000 Birrs ($243,000) and 75 percent in 1977 with
519,000,000 Birrs ($251,000). Tonnages exported have increased, however,
going from 48,OOG tons in 1977 'co 66,000 tons in 1978, to reach 89,000 tons
in 1979. Thus ;:thiopia, like all th~ countries producing basic products, sup-
port~ price fluctuations on the world markets. _
The other important export item is represented by leather and hides, which
registered a spectacular 122.5-percent increase in 1979, reaching 147,000,000
Birrs ($71,000) against 66,000,000 ($32,000) in 1978 and 48,000,000 ($23,000)
in 1977.
The military operations in recent years, the exodus of hundreds of thousands of
refugees, the absence of a system of convenient-a.ccess airstrips, the poor
operation of the marketing system, the policy of agricultural development by
creating production cooperatives and state farms explained the mediocre re-
sults obtained by agriculture. The country's potential is still largely un-
- exploited. The Economic Commission for Afiica estimates that the cultivated `
land represents one tenth of the land that could be cultivated. The plan for
developing the "virgin land" adopted by the DERG at the beginning of 1979 has
not yet produced any effects, and the drought makes it improbable that in ag-
riculture the growth rate of 4 percent for budgetary year 1979-1980 and 8 per-
cent for 1580-1981 will be realized. About 5,000,000 inhabitants are current-
ly being threatened by famine, and Ethiopia has had to make a broad appeal for
international food aid.
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On the other hand, Ethiopia must support the increased cost of oil, which is
largely supplied by the Soviet Union and represents a factor on the order of
$300,000,000 per year. The cost of import:ing oil and military operations is
evaluated by Western economists at approximately $1,0OO,OQ0,000 per year.
The aid that Ethiopia receives from the Soviet Union and COhI~CON [Council for
Mutual Economic Assistance], to which it belongs, as well as from the WestPrn
world, is far from being equal to its needs. Last July the United States
- abolished any aid other than hwnanitaxian because of the Ethiopia~i govern-
ment's refusal to pay for nationalized American goods valued at about
$16,OOG,000. Various European countries are granting aid to Ethiopia, but
most of the aid it has received in the last four years has come from the EEC,
which should contribute more or less the same volume during the next four
years--$250,000,000.
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1980.
8946
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ET}iIOPIA _
' BRIEFS -
- REFUGEES FROM SUDAN, SAUDI ARABIA--The return of the Ethiopian refugees to
the Sudan that. began after the normalization of relations between the two
countries (MARCHES TROPICAUX ET 1~DITERRANEENS, 5 September, page 220"s) is -
continuing. Early in September some 2,300 had already returned to their
native country. On~the other hand, some 80 partisans of the leader,
Afar Ali Mirah, exiled in Saudi Arabia, surrendered to Ethiopian authorities
of Wollo province. They had been in rebellion against the regime since 1974.
[TextJ [Paris MARCNES TROPICAUX ET I~DITERRANEENS in French 26 Sep 80 -
p 2369J 8946 ~
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CABON
FRANCE'S PRIVILEGED POSITION IN TRADE RELATIONS EXAMINED
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEANS in F.rench 3 Oct 80 p 2427
[Text] France remains Gabon's most important trade partner (60 perrent
- of Gabon's purchases and 27 p.ercent of its sales in 1979) and exchanges
between the two countries are continuing to grow in 1g80.
According to French statistics, during the first 7 months of 1980
Gabonese exports to France amounted to 1,679 million French francs
(FOB value), as compared to 1,082 million for the same period in 1979
(an increase of 55 percent). Oil and uranitun (which is exported to
France in its totality) occupy first place, as well as unprocessed wood.
Gabon's purchases in France have also been on the rise (by 31 percent)
during this same period: 1,055 million French francs instead of
805 million for last year, Equipment goods represent half of this
amoun t .
The balance of exchanges between the two ~.ountries presents a deficit for
France since 1978 because of the decrease of economic activity in Gabon
(the austerity plan) and the increase in the price of oil.
The share of French investments in Gabon, amounting to 77 percent of the
total, is also preponderant in all fields: mines, transportation, public
works and trade,
French Government assistance to Gabon is very high. In 1979 non-
reimbursable assistance amounted to 25~ million French francs. Out of -
this total, 243 million came from the Ministry c~f Cooperation. A total
of 683 French cooperants are serving in Gabon. Reimbursable assistance
amounted to 204 million, of which 147 million to the Central Fund for
- Econo.~nic Cooperation [as published],
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1980
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GHANA
BRIEFS
GOLD SALES UP--Ghanaian gold sales during the firsthalf of this year
totaled (92.7 million as against only $48.17 million for the same period
last year. June sales this year came to $20.58 million as against
$12.76 million in May. The amounted to $9.92 million in June 1979. [Text]
[Paris MARCHES IROPICAUX ET MEDI'CERRANEENS in French 19 Sep 80 p 2297]
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IVORY COAST
- POLITICAL REVITA?,IZATION PROCESS EXAMINED
Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 8 Oct 80 pp 46-47
[News analysis by Siradiou Diallo: "The Revitalization Congress"]
[TextJ Revitalization: that in fact is the key word which characterized
the seventh congress of the Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (PCDI, the
single party) wnich met i~i Adidjan from 29 September to 1 October in the
sumptuous setting of the Ivory Hotel's Conference Room. The honorary
chairman of the party and chief of state, Felix Houphouet-Boign~, gave
his general political report on 30 Septamber: the 84-page report required
3 hours tfl present.
Often applauded, the speak~~r elicited a veritable ovati~~n when he took up
_ the section on revitalization. It was this that the delegates to the
congress and with them all Ivory Coast citizens had ~Seen awaiting: "the
Old Man" and his scalpel. A universal sociological prinr.iple maintains
in fact that the "little people" are always happy to witness the fall ~f
the "big people." Even if it means that they obtain no r~~al benefit from
their brutal disappearance. N~netheless those who were waiting for real
change from these sessions were not disappointed.
The Solitude of Power
For the observer who is cognizant of the Ivorian political scene, the wind
of revitalization was blowing from the very threshhold of the Conference
Room; this was obvious at first sight of the way things were set up in
the vast hemicycle. During previous congresses, the official speakers'
platform was occupied by members of the Politburo seated on either side
of the honorary chairman. On this occasion, there was a change in the
. arrangments. A podium had been inatalled from which, in the solitude of
- power, Houphouet-Boigny dominated the entire audience, as the other
dignitaries were placed at the foot of the podium.
At other congresses, he was caught in the act of whispering a few words to
one or another of his companions, exchanging knowing smiles with yet anoth-
- er. On the podium, there was no one. Not a shadow, not a screen between
him and his people. As proclaimed by a banner unfurled behind hi~.~, the
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Ivorian leader doubtless intended in this manner to show that he is "a
single chief at tne head of a single party for development in unity and
solidarity."
However, revitalization went far beyond this simple setting. Observing
_ that within the party "the pure current of the ideal" increasingly had the
tendency to be lost in "the bog of personal interests and egoistic ambi-
tions" and that everyone was now following his own path, the speaker said
that in 20 years of irdependence the rank and file activists had fortunate-
ly ati~�ined great political maturity. The intimation: they were ~ot lil~e
- the l~aders who cor.~sider themselves the "president's elected ones" and,
therefo:-p, have no account to render to their real electors.
Healthful Measures
This must change, "the Old Man" thundered; and, to clearly demonstrate his
wish to get awa}* from such practices which have corrupted the life of the
- party, he affirmed for the activists the "right to freely choose all
elected officials at every level." More than that, he announced revisions
of the statutes in such a way as to reduce by about half the number of
Politburo and directive committee members. Finally, the position of secre-
tary general occupied by Phillipe Yace, president of the National Assembly,
was eliminated. In its place: a committee responsible for assisting the
president of the party, in this instance the chief of state himself.
- And since the outgoing Politburo was accused of mishandling the dues of
the activists, three members of the executive committee will be specially
charged with the management of finances. They will render an account once
a month to the executive committee, every 3 months to the Politburo and
twice a year to the national council. Similarly, five members of the
Politburo, one per large region, will have the ~ob of controlling the
- subsections.
One Thousand Technicians...
Before taking up these measures, the president had gone over an exhaustive
balance sheet of his country's economic achievements. This balance sheet
revealed that between 1960 and 1980 the Ivory Coast doubled and at times
tripled the tonr.age of its principal export crops (coffee, cacao, bananas,
pineapples, etc.) while at the same time expanding the gamut of food crops.
Rice, for example, in which sector the country prtiposes to attain self-
sufficiency in the next few years. Because, the speaker said, agriculture
- which is and must "remain the firmest pillar of our development does not
have the sole purpose of bringing the state export revenues."
In any case, the chief of state proposes to keep his country from commit-
ting the same mistake as a number of developing countries which, by giving
priority to export crops, today find themselves "rorced to import at great
expense that which their neglected soil could have supplied them in
abundance."
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Similarly, he feared the development of unemployment among intellectuals.
T~'hile expressing his pleasure over school attendance figures (75 percent
- today compar~ed to 2U ~ercent in 1960), Houphouet did not conceal his con-
cerns. That is becau~e the Ivory Coast is training four to five times as
many per~ons in the arts as in the sciences. Over the long ter~, this
th~eatens to cause a blockage, the source of social perils wi~:i foreseeabl~
consequences. Also it is rot just by chance that, paraphrasing the words
of a famous German statesman on the subject of France, according to whom
when one asks for a techniciany ~,000 orators ~tand up, Houphouet confided
to us tt-~e day before the congress opened, "What I want in the Ivory Coast
� is that when one asks for an orator, 1,OG0 technicians will stand up."
"Blindness, Deafness"
! President Houphouet-Boigny also did not conceal his fears which are inspired
by the rivalries of the capitalist and communist blocs. According to him,
the former is on the defensive, while the latter, "young, dynamic and
powerful" continues to be "totalitarian" and "is pushing its offensive with
perseverance." "Will not the liberal Old World end up understanding that
happiness which fortifies freed~m is incompatible with the constant deteri-
oration in the rates of exchange?"
President Houphouet-Boigny is visibly suffering profoundly from what he
considers "the blindness" and "deafness" of Western leaders. What is more,
he confided to us a few days before the congress opened, "The Russians no
longer have to stir up things or engage in subversion; the West is making
- it easy for communism in the Third World. By stubbornly refraining from
buying basic products at the just price, the West is forcing the Third
World into poverty, misery and revolt." i'hings are proceeding as if the
West~rners were failing to realize that their "insane behavior results in
the death of freedom, thus favoring subversion, interference and, finally,
foreign intervention."
Rich Heritage
Although frequently punctuated by appl~use, this unrelenting diagnosis of
; the world economic situation, which placed the north-south conference in
the "category of good intentions," did not arouse the same enthusiasm as the
I section on revitalization. Doubtless the congress delegates were sensitive
to the denunciation of the structures and mechanisms which are strangling
and ruining the economies of the Third World. Is not the Ivory Coast paying
the price of t~e present drop in the prices of coffee and cacao?
That notwithstanding, one of the characteristics of this seventh congress ~
_ will have been the advent of young cadres in the 35-45-year old range.
They are t_he real and big beneficiaries of this change in stabilit~~ which
the p:.�esident calls for :aholeheartedly. They will have the lion's share ~
both in the Politburo and directive committee of the party and in the
National Assembly and government. Will they make better use of this rich
heritage which falls upon them from the heavens than have the present
holders of power? We must hope so; otherwise the measures resulting from
this historical congress will run the risk of being a mere sword thrust
into the water. As is already being feared by certain persons.
COPYRIGHT: Jeune Afrique GRUPJIA ].980
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MALAWI
ETHANOL PRODUCTION PLA~VS REPORTED
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 12 Sep 80 p 2255
_ [Text] According to an evaluation report which is available in Paris at the
_ CFCE [Council of Commercial Federations of Europe] (30, avenue d'Iena,
75783 Paris Cedex 16), the Ethanol Company Ltd. of Malawi is proposing to
produce ethanol. The total cost of this project is $8,170,000, or 6,500,000
Malawi Kwacha. The executing agency is the Oil Company of Malawi Ltd
(OILCOM) and the supervisor is Jager and Associates (J and A).
_ The International Financial Company (SFI, or IFC in English) wauld procure a
$1,700,000 loan for the project and a.$262,000 interest.~
The other interests would be: OILCOM ($788,000); INDEBANK ($525,000);
Dwangwa Sugar ($525,000); Jager and Associates ($263,000); oil companies
($263,000); loans from: INDEBANK ($1,975,000); South African SA Mutual Life
Assurance Society ($625,000); and supplier credits would reach $1,250,000.
The rate of yield for th~ project is 25 percent. It provides for building and
putting into service a plant for converting the byproduct of molasses produced
by the Dwangwa Sugar Corporation into ethanol (anhydrous alcohol) to be blend-
ed in perfume. The Dwangwa Sugar Corporation's molasses production will no
doubt be stabilized between now and 1984, which wiJ.l make possible production
of about 4,875,000 liters of ethanol per year. The plant's production will
be in the neighborhood of 8 to 10 percent of the overall perfume consumption.
_ The executing agency is OILCOM, which is meeting neaxly two thirds of
Malawi's petroleum products needs. OILCOM, a Malaysian company, is owned by
Shell International, BP International and Press Holdings Ltd (a Malawia:~
group controlled by President Banda); Shell International provides its man-
agement.
The ethanol plant will be established near the Dwangwa Sugar Corporation re-
finery on the western bank of Lake Malawi, close to the Dwangwa River delta.
The plant should be operation by mid-1981, shortly after the beginning of the
sugar cane harvest, but only if the financing of the project can be effected
quickly, so that the infrastructure work can be completed before the rainy
season begins in November.
' COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1980.
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MALAWI
BRIEFS
FRG AID--The FRG has decided to grant Malawi a loan of 11,500,000 Nm [expan-
sion unkno~~nJ for rural development, aceording to the terms of an agreement
recently signed in Blantyre. The loan will be used to develop road infra-
structure, water supply, sanitary equipment and administrative services with-
in thE framework of the Kawinga rural development plan, in the Machinga dis-
- trict in the southern part of the country. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX
ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 26 Sep 80 p 2369] 8946
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MAURITIUS
FATE OF ISLANDS TIED TO POLITICAL PARTIES
Paris AFRIQUE-ASIE in French 29 Sep 80 pp 44-45
[Article by Herve-Masson: "Islands and Islets Up For Sale"]
[Text] Rar~goolam has abandoned Diego Garcia. The rightist opposition
- allegedly would willingly sell Rodriques...and South Africa is intereated.
Not having the courage to face up to a people's referendum, fearing to lose
his position of prime minister that the British had arranged for him prior
to decoloniza;:ion, in 1965 Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam had agreed to cede to
his masters in London part of the Mauriti~n territory, the archipelago of
Chagos, of which Diego Garcia is the main atoll. All of the population
of the island has since been deported to Mauritius, and Die~o became an
American nuclear base in the Indian Ocean. At the instigation of the
MNIl~i (Mauritian Militant Movement) and of the progressive governments of the
regifln, the OAU [Organization of African Unity] now demands the return of
_ the archipelago of Chagos to the Mauritian fatherland.
In vain, up to now. Largely dependent on the International Monetary Fund
and the United Ststes, sub~ected in all things to orders from the West,
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam and his puppet government content themselves with
uttering good words and taking care not to really wage a campaign for
retrocession. They have said and repeated this: the British and the
~ Americans are in their own home in Diego and the government of Port-Louis
= officially is very happy.
30,000 Inhabitants at Public Auction
Only the P4IM and the various opposition parties of Mauritius continue to
wage a campaign for the return of Diego to Mauritius and for the dismantling
of the base, to be followed by demilitarization of the region. An interna-
tional campaign has been organized to this end.
Will it now be necessary to fight in order to avoid another more considerable
_ clearance sale? That could be, because Rodriguez island, an integral part
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of the Mascarene islands an3 a dependency of Mauritius for more rhan 200
years, is now threatened. With an area of about 400 square kilameters,
Fcodrigues has nearl~ 30,000 inhabitants. Endowed with a good port,
- Port-Mathurin, the island constitutea an important strategic point. Possession
of this island and the installation of a base on its territory cannot help
but stimulate the appetite o.f the great powers. "
We know from a reliable source that the Mauritian government several times
has allowed at least one foreign power to glimpse the possibility of estahlish-
ing a military naval base there, this in exchange for economic aid and in
order to defray the tremend~~us expenses of a hard pressed government. Fore-
warned, Frznce refused. Thz island is not one of its fiefs. In its time the
French embassy in Port-Louis had even thought it necessary to state that Paris
did not have any design on this dependency of Mauritius. That is all well and -
good, but what would happen if, having seceded, a Rodrigues pseudo-government
should call on France for help?
This hypothesis is not excluded; and today less than ever. In fact, Gaetan
~ Duval, fo~er minister of foreign affairs of Mauritius, leader of the PMSD
(Mauritian Social-Democratic Party) ot reactionary, that is, pro-fascist,
tendency, has just made a shattering statement. Back fram a trip to South !
Africa, Gaetan Duval, alluding to an eventual victory of the progressive
NI~iM ("communist," according to him) in the 1981 genersl elections, pledged,
in this case," to act." When Gaetan Duval returned, journalists asked him for
specific details. Duval explained that if the MIrIl~S were in power in =
~ Port-Louis and Rodrigues voted for the PMSD, he would demand, and would
actively work for, the secession of this dependency. The next day he went by
plane ta Rodrigues.
It will be noted that the PMSD currently is a member of the coalition govern-
ment in power in Mauritius and that Nicol-Francois, minister of Rodrigues
Affairs, belongs to this party. If some members of the Labor Party
(Ramgoolam's party) have protested against Duval's statement, neither the
prime minister nor Minister of Foreign Affairs Walter, and still less
Minister of Agriculture Boolell, reacted. In addition, Boolell is considered
- to have joined hands with Duval.
The MI~Il~i and the opposition in general for their part have accused the leader
of the PMSD of high treason and have dema.nded explanations. In vain.
The "Borrowers" Are Back
An even more alarming fact: seemingly well-founded rtmnors are circulating
in Paris regarding a possible violent or illegal act in Rodrigues. Gaetan
Duval, who was on a private visit in Paris this past July, allegedly
persuaded some of his (tough) "borrowers" to return to Mauritius. He even
allegedly financed their installation on the island. In addition, he .
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allegedly would finance their installation on the island. "Ln addition, he
allegedly contacted some mercenaries (Corsicans, it is specified) and, at
the right moment, would have them intervene in Mauritius, itself, or in
Rodrigues. Some of his avowed partisans, currently emigrant workers in
France, openly state that a violent or illegal act is in the making in
_ Rodrigues. They complain only of the fact that "the good-natured man talks
too much when he is cn a bender."
The threat seemed so serious to Clerge Clair, leader of the Rodrigues People's
Party, that weekly meetings were immediately organized on the tsland to
warn the population against the eventuality of a violent or illegal act.
According to Serge Clair, it is not Fiance who wou?.d be the payee in such
a hazardous exploit, but the South African Republic. In fact, Pretoria has
privileged ties with Gaetan Duval and his PMSD friends.
After the recent statements of Paul Di~oud, the French minister of the
DOM-TOM [Overseas Department-Overseas TerritoryJ in Mayotte, one can well
believe that Paris would not gl.adly jump into a hornet's nest in the Indian
Ocean. But Rodrigues iGland wculd not be able to be self-sufficient and
to truly assert itself as an independent nation. If Gaetan Duval should
succeed in bringing his plan to a successful conclusion, in ordar to survive
the islar~d would of necessity have to appeal to a foreign power.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 Afrique-Asie
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- MOZAMBIQUE
,
: BRIEFS
NtiCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION OBSERVER STATUS--At the second conferernce for the
revision of the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (TNP) it was
decided to accepr Mozambique as an observer at the conference. Mozambique
- is thus the llth country to have been granted observer status, fol lowing
Algeria, Argentina, Brazil,~Chile, Spain, Cuba, Israel, the United Arab
Emirates, Tanzania and Zambia. Two regional intergovernmental organiza-
tions have also received this status. These are the Organization for the
Banning of Nuclear Weapons ia Latin America (OPANAL) and the League of
Arab States. Observer status permits particiF~ation in tha conference's
- public sessions and submission and receipt of documents during the
conference. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICP.UX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French
19 Sep 80 p 2313] 11466
FISH-PROCESSING PLANT PLANNED--Bidding has been opened by the Mozamb ique
National Fishing Administration on the construction of a fish-processing
plant in the fishing port of Beira which will include fish canneries and
plants for the production of fish meal and oil from fish trimmings. The
terms for submission of bids are the following: preparation of presenta-
! tion of one or several preliminary projects and, in the event of market
~ allocation, preparation of a definitive plan for one of the preliminary
projects presented, provision and construction of buildings, provision and
installation of equipment, initiation of plant operationa, technical
assistance, training of personnel and supervision of civil engineering
operations. A production volume of 7.5 million cans a year is envisioned,
to be distributed over 250 producrion days. The Ministry of Industry and
Energy, in whose name the agreement will be concluded, reserves the right
to choose the contractor. The total cost of the project is estimated at
4 million European accounting units. Bids will be made and payments
effected in terms of European accounting units, meticais, in the currency
of the country in which the bidder has his main office or in the c urrency
of the country where the equipment is manufactured. [Excerpts] jParis
MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDiTERRANEENS in French 19 Sep 80 p 2313] 11466
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NIGERIA
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPI~NT PROGRAM OUTLINED
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 29 Aug 80 p 2140
[Text] The Food Strategic Mission, made un of Nigerians and experts from the
World Bank, this summer sent the federal government a report proposing for
Nigeria the means to enable it to become self-sufficient in food products
within five years, and even to become an important exporter in seven years.
To attain the first objective, the report estimates, the government would have
to provide for an investment of 4,636,000,000 naira. The largest part of the
effort would be in favor of small farmers, the pivotal element in local agri-
culture, since they are actually meeting 97 percent of th~ po~ulation's food
needs.
The report stresses the need to increase the supplies of fertilizer and to de-
_ velop mechanization. The latter is very far behind schedule and contributes
only 2 percent to the energy expenditures of the peasants who furnish 98 per-
cent of the work, with their hands.
To arrive at producing 3,400,000 tons of grain at the end of the fourth nation-
al development plan in 1985, as provided for, would require, according to the
report, fertilizer supplies totaling at that time at least 430,000,000 tons.
But, having been 26,900 tons in 1974-1975 and ~3,765 tons the next year, the
total for 1979-1980 is still only 117,473 tons, which is clearly inadequate.
On the other hand, this fertilizer should be distributed at the opportune time
in sufficient quantity and quality in terms of the needs and the nature of the
crops. It is also proposed to create an Agricultural Input Supplies Corpora-
tion, which would be in charge of the distribution and would have research
laboratories at its disposal.
To replace the efforts of manpower, it was suggested t~iat Tractor Hiring Units
(THUS) be created which would enable the peasants to procure the appropriate
equipment for mechanization under advantageous conditions.
- In the livestock raising sector, the report recommends eradication of diseases
and the tset-se fZy for cattle. This would require development of aerial
spreading of manure, biologic controls and vaccination.
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Combined farming businesses shoul~ also be promoted, and the report speaks of _
the creation by the governments of the various states of at least 5,G00,000 -
hectares of pasturage reserves. It also mentions many other methods of im-
proving animal .~ualities and the production of ineat, milk, eggs. Tt esti.mates
- that Nigeria in particular should arrive at being able to do without import-
ing day-old chicks.
In the fishing sector th~ report recommends substantially increased invest- _
ments and the granting of more credits to fishermen, both for creation of
- equipment (jetti.es, storage facilii:iesj and for supplying motors for small
' craft, nets, hoop net~, etc. It also recommends training courses. -
Lastly, in the hydraulics sector it asks that more significant credits than
at present be allotted to building dams and irrigation canals. It suggests
that additional water supply systems make it possible to irrigate some =
30,000 new hectares for maize, rice and legumes crops, and that the existing
systems be improved an~ developed. -
We recall that agricultural development was one of the first concerns of
- Alhaji Shehu Shagari's new civilian government; he took office last 1 October.
In December the minister in charge of this important department,
Alhaji Ibrahim Gusau, moreover, was to promote a short-term program dealing ,
with the period of January-March 1980 and providing for 18,300,000 naira of
, investment (13,300,000 for agriculture proper, 3,000,000 for livestock rais-
ing and 2,000,000 for fishing), which was obviously not very much beside tht~
4,363,000 recommended by the Food Strategic Mission for the next five years.
At that time the minister had :,een inspired by a document established by his
predecessor, Mr Mafeni, entit;.ed "New Concepts in Nigerian Agriculture
(MARCfiES TROPICAUX ET I~DITER?tEWEENS for 15 February 198C, page 386) . A
- short time after that, the chief of state himself was to decide to transform
the Operation Feed the Nation set up by his predecessor, Gen Obasanjo, into a
Green Revolution (MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS, 22 February, page _
446). Finally, the 1980 budget for the period 1 April-31 December was to
grant to agriculture an important extension of credits over the preceding
fiscal year (MARCHES TROPICAUX ET I~DITERRANEENS, 28 March, page 752).
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Par~s 1980. -
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NIGERIA
PORT HARCOURT INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT DESCRIBED
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 29 Aug 80 p 2139
[Text] Th~ new Port Harcourt ir.ternational airport, which was first expected
_ to become operational last April and later, because of delays, in June of the
' same year, will finally become operational early in September. The announce- -
ment was made, anyhow, in August, by the representative of the N~.gerian Air- -
ways pilots, Captain Olubunmi Oke.
At first the airport will go into service o~.zly for planes serving domestic
lines, its opening to foreign traffic not b~:ing scheduled to take place until
November. -
The installations, valued at some 35,000,000 naira, were actually received of- -
ficially last year, but they lacked certain equipment to make them truly op-
erational, especially runway equipment required to conduct navigation.
The runway, approximately four miles long (6.5 km), is now equipped and so
_ will soon be able to receive t~,1.; whole gamut of lar~~ equipment, from the
DC-10 to the Boeing 737.
As for the terminal, a few small items remain to be comple~ed, in particular
those having to do with receiving and transfering passengers.
. Because of its distance from thP city, 24 km, the airport must be served by
taxi and bus services, and Nigerian Airways and the Nigerian Airports Author-
- ixy (NAA) are to handle this jointly.
_ It is a fact that one of the reasons for the delay in putting the airport into ~
- service may be that the NAA, a government-owned c-ompany created in 1976 and
responsible for the management of all the country's airports, is currently
having treasury problems. These troubles are due precisely to the very oner-
ous operation of another new airport, the Murtala Muhammed Airport in Lagos,
which was opened and put into service last year.
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et f;ie Paris 1980.
8946
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NIGERIA
PORT TRAFFIC IN 1979-1980 DETAILED
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDTTERRANEENS in French 29 Aug 8J p 2141
[Text] During fiscal year 1979-1980 (1 April-31 March) traffic increased in
all of Nigeria's ports. A total of 6,330 ships from over 60 countries were
registered passing througli. They carried 69,400,000 tons of inerchandise,
compared with 68,400,000 the preceding fiscal year. Their mooring ports were
Lagos-Apapa, Tin Can Island, Port Harcourt, Bonny, Okrika, Warri, Sapele,
Burutu, Kobo, Escravos, Forcados, Pennington, Calabar and Qua-Ibee.
Container traffic set a new record. There were over 1,000,000. Nearly !
- 80,000 of them, representing a tonnage of 924,000 tons, were unloaded in the '
five main ports, Lagos-Apapa, Tin Can Island, Port Harcourt, Warri and Calabar.
And on that sudject, on many occasions we have pointed out in our columns the
extraordinary development of container-ship traffic in Nigeria, especially
from Europe.
The new expansion of traffic in Nigerian ports began to be manifested in the
first quarter of the year (April-June 1979; see details in MARCHES TROPICAUX
ET N1~DITERRANEENS, 14 December 1979, page 3466). The expansion was carried on
even to the point that a certain congestion reappeared this year, but without
reaching the proportions of two or three years ago.
Greek shi~.~s were the mos;: numeraus during the year: there were 1,023, with
7,600,000 tons of inerchandise. They were followed by Dutch ships, with '82
units and 2,800,000 tons of inerchandise, and next by Liberian ships with 711
units and 21,700,U00 tons of inerchandise (chiefly petroleum).
Nigerian ships anchoring in thz country's ports numbered 502 (compared to
498 in 1978-1979), with 713,000 tons of inerchandise. They are therefore in
fourth place. Their number bears witness to the development of the local
- fleet and of the national company in particular, the Nigerian National Ship-
ping Line, which is known to have acquired new units (MARCHES TROPICAUX ET
f~DITERRANEENS, 2 November 1979, page 2953).
= British ships were in fifth place, with 456 units, but on. *,he other hand their
tonnage reached a relatively high level, with 10,200,000 tons of inerchandise.
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1980.
8946
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NIGERI~.
~ BRIEFS
JORDAN-NIGERIA AIR AGREEI~NT--On 24 August Jordan and Nigeria signed an air
agreemezit in Amman, providing for two da~a,ly_ .fligh~Gs between the capitals of
the two countries, to be operated by both countries' national companies.
[Text] [Paris MAR~HES TROPICAUX ET I~DITERRANEENS in French 29 Aug 80
p 2140] 8946
AUSTRIA-NIGERIA AIR AGI?.EEMENT--The Nigerian federal minister of Aviation,
Samuel Mafuyai, announced on 5 August that his country was going to negotiate
an air agreement with Austria. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET N~DITER-
RANEENS in French 29 Aug 80 p 2140] 8946
StiVISS ~IR AGREEI~NT--The Nigerian federal minister of Civil Aviation,
Samuel Mafuyai, and the charge d'affaires of the Swiss Embassy in Lagos,
Pierre Monod, on 12 September signed a bilateral air agreement renewing the
fir.St agr.eement of this kind concluded in 1965, and renogiated as of January -
of that year. The Swiss national company is providing four daily flights be-
tween Zurich and Lagos. Two of them are joint flights operated by Swissair -
for Nigerian Airways, and the other two are entirely operated by the Swiss
c;ompany. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET I~DITERRANEENS in French
19 Sep 80 p 2298] 8946
BARBADOS AIR AGREEI+~NT--Around the middle of September Nigeria and Barbados
signed an air agreement, aimed at developing passenger and freight traffic
between West Africa and the Caribbean Islands. [Text] (Paris MARCHES TROP-
ICAUX ET N~ DITERRANEENS in French 19 Sep 80 p 2298] 8946 -
NIGER RIVER BASIN--The Niger River Basin Authority (PMB [expansion unknown]
1529, Ilorin) put out a prequalification notice, which expired on 21 August,
for a feasibility study of hydraulic projects under the Niger River Basin
_ irrigation project. On the other hand, the On~lo State Tenders' Board
(Governor's Office, Akure) issued a call for bids, valid until 6 October, for -
construction of the Ikogosi-Erinjiyan-Ipole-Iwaji water distribution system
= and temporary extension as far as Ilawe-Ekiti. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPI-
CAUX ET I~DITERRANEENS in French 29 Aug 80 p 2139] 8946
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- UGANDA
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, POLITICAL DISORDER REPORTED
Paris AFRIQUE-ASIE in French 29 Sep-13 Oct 80 p 41
[Article by A. Fall: "The Night Belongs to the Looters")
[TextJ After the decade of Amin Dada's dictatorship,
- the Ugandese people are living--and dying--in a time
of internal rival ries and external machinations.
Economic debacle, social d isorder,political uncertainties; 18 months after
_ the collapse of Amin Dada's bloodydictatorship, Uganda, a victim of troubles
of an extreme gravity, is striving, with great difficulty, to survive.
In the northern part of the northern province of Karamoja, famine is literally
decimating the population. The drought that strikes this region is not the
only factor. The armed bands of "raiders," left over from the former dic-
, tator's troops, poor wretches who find the means to survi~'e only in looting,
are terrorizing and holding at ransom a population already deprived of the
bare essentials. And the help sent by tr.e international organizations or cer-
tain countries like France--often more concerned with assu=ing for itself a
~ humanitarian image than with efficiency--is uery far from meeting the most -
elementary needs.
Other regions, especially at the Sudan and Kenya borders, are being threatened
in their turn by the scarc ity of food. And insecurity is everywhere. In
Kampala, the capital, the curfew, set at 2200, is respected to say the least.
After the close of day the inhabitants shut themselves up at home, and the
night belongs to the looters. The shops, disemboweled and empty since the
war, ha~~~+ had nothing to o ffer for a long time, and the basic foodstuffs reach
- the bla-.; market, the only one flourishing, with its alarming prices: a
bun~ of plantain bananas--with which to feed a family for two or three days--
- represents the value of an average monthly wage. Only the weapons of war--
the objects of an intense traffic--are sold cheaply. The country is overflow-
- ing with them and there is some reason to think that certain neighbors are no
strangers to these destabi 1 izing supply practices.
The state coffers are empty and coffee exports, the principal source of for- -
eign currency for the count ry, havenow stopped c~mpletely; that product has -
long been traveling the smuggling routes to Kenya or Rwanda, p
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Under those conditions Lhe elections announced for 30 September become more .
and n~ore hypothetical. The revision of the constitution that is necessary if
they are to take place has not yet been accomplished; it is not even known
whether these elections will be legislative, or presidential, or both. The
census is not finished, the electoral lists are not established, the equip-
ment needed for voting is lacking. And it cannot be forgotten that the elec-
toral process is unknown to three quarters of the population that has lived
through nearly ten years under the authoritarian reign of Amin Dada.
'fhe campaign, though it ?:w~ barely begun, is taking place in a climate of vio-
lence. After the assassination in late August of one of the principal leaders
- of the Democratic Party, the leader of the Uganda People's Congress (UPC),
Milton Obc~e, became the target, along with the commancler of the army,
Gen Tito Okello, of a failed murder attempt.
For the time being four parties have entered the competition. The UPC, led
by Diilton Obote, the former president overthrown by Amin Dada, is displaying
socializing options. He has the sympathy of neighboring Tanzania--where the
ex-president had taken refuge--and he seems to enjoy the support of the major-
ity of the military commission that took the country's destiny into its hands,
after ousting, last 12 May, President Godfrey Binaisa, who we have since learn- ~
ed had begged Carter and Margaret Thatcher, the British prime minister, to in- ~
tervene. '
The llemocratic Party (DP), whose leader is the old politician, Semoge.re, but
- which includes a more progressive wing, is openly conservative. While the
UPC is especially vigorous in the north, the DP is supported ~~y the Catholics
in the south, and, notably, by the middle and upper classes in Kampaaa.
The Conservative Party (CP) is aggressively reactionar,y, but its audience
seems to have been considerably reduced.
A latecomer to the political scene, the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM), the _
heir of the FRONASA (Front for National Salvation)--the first guerrilla or-
' ganization to have fought the Amin dictatorship--has as its leader Museveni,
the former Defense Minister and the current vice president of the military com-
mission.
The president of the military commission, Muwanga, is thought to be close to
Milton Obote, along with Gen Tito Okello and the chief of staff, Gen David
Ojok. But one could not rule out the possibility of the elections being car-
ried over, which would actually confirm the president of the military commis-
sion in his duties, which correspond to those af chief of state.
The Dread of Capitalism _
- Of course the presence of some 10,000 to 15,000 Tanzanian soldiers--who played
a large part in the rout of Amin Dada--cannot be ignored. President Nyerere
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is hoping, definitely, that his neighbor will install a stable regime. And
after the attacks on his country by the Ugandan dictator, he is understood to
be hoping to have a friend rather than an enemy on his borders. But a
Ugandan socialism allied with Tanzanian socialism can only frighten Kenya,
where national and international capitalism are especially flourishing, as in
the Sudan, which is bending under the rule of Numeiry.
Blood-soaked and xuined by a decade of dictatorship, Uganda has not seen the
end of being the combat area for internal rivalries and outside machinations.
COPYRIGHT; 1980 Afrique-Asie.
8946
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UGANDA
REASONS FOR CHAOS ANALYZED
Paris JEUNE AFRIQUE in French 3 Sep 80 pp 24-25
[Article by Francois Soudan: "The Reasons for Chaos"]
[Text] Anarchy, famine, breaking up: Amin's
legacy doesn't explain everything.
"Operation Peppermint." A pretty code name with perfumed fragrance to char-
acterize a humanitarian mission: since 22 August two helicopters and about
40 French soldiers have been initiating a last-chance operation to save the ~
350,000 inhabitants of Karamoja from famine. i
In Ka~npala, the anarchic capital of a phantom government, there is some indif-
ference, due to the complete disorganization of the economic channels and the
total absence of rain. The terrible food shortage that has been killing sever-
" al doaen persons per week since May in this dry grass region 600 km from the
southern urban centers, seems to concern the authorities less than the pros-
pect of the legislative elections ssheduled �or 30 September.
The Gun and the Card
It concerns them so little, it seems, that the misappropriations of food con-
voys destined for Karamoja were, even some time ago, widespread on the long
roadway that connects Kampala with Moroto. The authors of those misappropria-
tions? Armed bands from the various parties on the lists who afterwards dis-
tributed the provisions on their election tours.
In early July one might also have seen 30 tons of powdered milk from the Red
Cross scattered to the four winds by a meeting of the Uganda People's Congress
(UPC), Milton Obote's organization. "In Uganda, one eats only if he has a gun
or a party card," a French doctor commerits on his return from Kampala. "The~
Karamojongs have neither. And then, they are a mere handful of the 12,000,000
Ugandans."
Chaos, breaking up, worthless government. Uganda, that former "pearl" of the
British colonial empire, is no longer spoke.~ of except in terms of disaster.
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The reasons for this, a year and a half after ldi Amin's fall, are many. The
legacy, first of all, of the farcical dictator: his policy, which was very
narrowly tribalistic, led to an explosion followed by a disappearance of the
Ugandan national feeling. There is no longer one Uganda, but rather as many
Ugandas as there are provinces and ethnic groups. Which explains, for example,
why they are scarcely concerned in Kampala about Karamoja's famine.
The interaction and later rivalry between the two large neighbors, Tanzania
and Kenya~, after Amin's flight. Tanzania first. In placing Yussuf Lule in
the presidency in April 1979, in replacing him two months later with
Godfrey Binaisa, then on 11 May 1980 installing Paulo Muwenga and a few loyal
members of the military at the head of the state, Julius Nyerere committed two
errors. He established in Uganda a climate of chronic instability and alien- -
ated the fund of sympathy the people had once nourished for him.
Moreover, the 2,000 men of the army in Dar es-Salam, who are always stationed
in the large centers are practically living on the inhabitants, with no one
having a very~good idea of how to send them home. Finally, the Tanzanian de-
sire to economically encircle a country that has always been oriented toward
Kenyan outlets seems suicidal for the moment; in fact, there is no real way of
communication between the two countries, other than by air.
an the Nairobi side, they are no longer inactive. A single goal: to thwart
what is known as Tanzanian "expansionism."
"Free and Fair"
To that end all means are good, including discreetly granting asylum to the
Turkana raiders and the scattered looters of the army of Amin, who are plunder-
ing Lugbara, Madi and Karamoja.
In the midst of such a climate, the official statements asserting that free
and fair (f~ee and credible) elections will take place on 30 September through-
out the country, seem somewhat surrealistic. However, although there are still
no polling places, no ballot boxes, no ballots and no election commissioners,
the campaign began in mid-August with great reinforcements of free beer and
printed boubous [translation unknown].
- The most conspicuous--and best known--of the candidates is Milton Obote, 60,
the �ormer head of state overthrown by Idi Amin in 1971. During his years of
exile in Tanzania this bald little fellow, always dressed in black, opened a
fruitful supermarket in Dar es-Salam and installed himself in a villa near
that of his friend N,yerere. Today he leads what has always been his party--
the UPC [Uganda People's Congress], a smooth-running, effective organization,
with an impressive police contingent as its muscle. Obote's real audienr.e
remains to be seen, but he has one weighty asset: his men--Paulo Muwenga,
Brig David Ojok and Maj Gen Tito Okello--direct the army and the government.
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The Battle
Facing this "candidate from Tanzania" is the one from Kenya, Paul Semogerere, ~
the leader of the Democratic Party. Semogerere is Catholic, conservative and
the sworn enemy of Obote, whose jails he knew in 1969. His movement is very
popular among the 4,000,000 people in Baganda.
The battle will be played out between these two parties, the other organiza-
tions--the pra-Zambican Museveni's Uganda Patriotic Movement and the Conserva-
tive Party of Yussuf Lule's former deputy, Elizaphan Mayanja--having hopes of
only a marginal role. :
~Vhat difference will it make? If there is a contested election or it proves
impossible to form a viable coalition, which seems probable, the army and the
Tanzanian contingent will do the dec:.di.ng once again. Together, they both
support Milton Obote. And the old fox of Akoroko is not about to be taught
that truth from which he has made bitter experience. In Uganda as elsewhere
the ballot box road is not the only way to accede to power.
COPYRIGHT: Jeune Afrique GRUPJIA 1980.
8946 ;
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UGANDA
- ADB GIVES AID FOR RANCH RESTORATION
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 22 Aug 80 pp 2091-2092
[Text] In June, the African Development Bank (ADB) granted a loan of
10 million accounting units (UC), or about $12.5 million, to the Uganda
Development Bank (UDB) to finance the ranch restoration projec:t. The loan
is repayable over 15 years and includes an amortization deferment of 5 years.
The project has a double aim: 1) to encourage an increase in beef produc-
tion by contributing to the restoration of 80 private ranches whose initial
development was financed by the UDB and which were devastated by the war in
1978-1979; and 2) to rebuild herds of breeding animals that could be sold
_ to other ranches, particularly small operations which had previously gone to
commercial ranches for breeding stock.
~ The project aims to rebuild infrastructure elements destroyerl on some 80
ranches, restock ranch herds and furnish vehicles, equipment and agricultural
machinery along with other production factors such as medicines, veterinary
products and breeding stock for ranches.
The cost is an estimated 11.5 million accounting units (some $14.4 million).
The project will be financed by the ADB and the Uganda Development Bank. The
ADB will bear costs in foreign exchange relating to all component parts of
the project, or 86 percent of the total cost of the project. Execution of
the project will be spread out over a period of 4 years and will begin during
the second half of 1980. The organ of execution is the Uganda Development
Bank (P. 0. Box 7210, Kampala).
Supply cantracts for equipment and agricultural mar_hinery, medicines and
veter~nary products, barbed-wire fence, cement, fence poles and sheep metal
- for roofs, which will be fin~nced out of the ADB loan, will be concluded
following an international call for bids, in keeping with the cu5tomary
practice of the ADB. In order to speed up preparatory work, three of the
- six vehicles with four-~aheel drive going to UDB agents will be purchased
during the first year on the basis of an international comparison between
prices demanded by suppliers. The purchase of the three other vehicles
will be the subject of an international call for bids during the second
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year. With respect to contracts for purchases of breeding stock financed
by the ADB, they will be concluded on the basis o� an international compari-
son of prices demandec' in neighboring countries. Finally, purchases of
binding wire and staples will also be made on the ba~is of an international
call for bids.
This loan constitutes the tenth intervention of the ADB in Uganda, for a
total amount of 50.6 million accounti~g units (ov~r $63 million).
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie., Paris, 1980
11,464
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i
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UGANDA
BRIEFS
VEHICLE DISTRIBUTION--New measures aimed at a more rational and fairer dis-
tribution of automobile vehicles have been announced by the Minigtry of
Transport. A commission will be named and placed in charge of ensuring
distribution in the different economic sectors. Requests must first of all
be addressed to regional committees, which will transmit them to the Na-
tional Motor Vehicle Allocation Committ~e. Officials will have to direct
their requests to the Ministry of Public Service. The allocation of buses
and heavy equipment (trucks and so on) wi11 not take place until organiza-
tions and individuals can justify their use. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPI-
CAUX ET MEDITERRAIJEENS in French 12 Sep 80 p 2253] 11,464
RESTRICTIONS ON LEAVING--Paulo Muwanga, chairman of the Military Commission
in power, announced at the beginning of the month that henceforth, all
Ugandans and foreigners, including diplomats and their families, could no
longer leave the national territory without first applying for authoriza-
tion to do so. The measure immediately caused disturbances at the Entebe
Airport, where several persons leaving for Nairobi were prevented from
boarding their planes. In addition, the Ministry of Interior was besieged
by foreigners. Muwanga explained that the measure was part of a series
aimed at increasing the country's security. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPI-
CAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 19 Sep 80 p 2305] 11,464
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ZAIRE
_ CONTINUING SHAMBLES DESCRIBED
,
Paris AFRIQUE-ASIE in French 15-28 Sep 80 pp 34-36
[Article hy Tania Vasconcelos: "The Shambles Continues"]
~Text] One has perceived very quickly that it is
scarcely within the intentions of the Zairean na-
tion's "guide" to launch a liberalization process.
Last 30 June Zaire--formerly the Congo Kinshasa--was ~elebrating the an-
niversary of its indepes~dence. The balance sheet was scarcely a cheerful one.
The country is on the edge of an abyss, the political institutions are ossi-
fied or diverted from their functions; socia~ structures are nonexistent, the
arbitrary reigns in all areas. After 15 years of Mobutism the damage is such
that, ala.s, the future promises to be no better than the past. Of couxse, with
the support of the Western ~ountries the "continuity" of the regime is assured.
At least ror the moment. For the anti-Mobutist forces are reorganizing.
In Brussels, on that same day celebrating the anni.�~ersary of independence, af-
ter a week of consultations a final attempt at unification took place. The
Progressive Congolese Students' Mov~ment (I~PC), the National Movement for Un-
ion and Reconciliation (1~SvUR), the Socialist Party as well as the People's Re-
volution Party (PRP) and the National Liberation Front or the Congo (FLNC)--
the two armed organizations that had fought in pa5t years in the regions of Kivu
_ and Shaba respectively--in fact made up the Congo Kinshasa Liberation Council
(CLC) .
After getting a grip on themselves (some militants in these organizations, es- _
pecially in the FLNC, had for a moment believ~d Mobutu's promises to liberal-
ize the regime, in part~.cular ta accept xhe legalization of other parties), -
- the most active opponen~s of the Kinshasa regime got together in an alliance,
which one hopes will be less epheme.ral than its predecessors, under the presi-
� dency of Mungul Diaka, a former Zairean minister of Higher Education until
January 1980. The latter is a newcomer in the fight against Mobutism, but he
is n4 less determined than his cornpariions who are veterans.
The hope that was taking shape in the opposition of seeing a constitutional re-
form--bringing polz.tical changes--take place in Kinshasa had been brought on -
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by several factors. It seemed in fact that the Western countries had demand-
- ed, in exchange for their support of the economic recovery plan that carries
the name of the "founding president," the realization sine qua non of certain
conditions, concerning in particular the fight against the corruption and dis-
order that prevail in the Zairean administration, as well as putting "demo-
cratic freedoms" in place. And Mobutu seemed to have yielded to the pressure.
Certain initiatives, such as the appointment in Kinshasa of a formex oppon-
ent, Kamitatu, to the post of Environment Nlinister, or the conversatior.s en-
_ gaged in by the emissaries of the Zairean chief of state and J ean Tschombe
(the son of Moise Tschombe), certainly a very ambiguous important person of
- the opposition whose name nevertheless still makes former associates of
Gen Mobutu shiver, might have been interpreted as so many signs of "openness." -
But one had to perceive very quickly that it was scarcely within the inten-
tYOns of the '~guide" of the Zairean nation to push a button that would risk
launching a liberalization process, however controlled.
Strengthened Powers
W}iereas it might be expected that after the important ministerial reshuffle in
January (in which 20 ministers had been separated), he would give the sign for
change, Mobutu merely announced measures that translated, on the contrary, in-
to a clear strengthening of his personal powers. In particular he confirmed ~
the single party regime, and made it known that he intended to exercise even '
stricter control over it. The members of the MPR, two thirds of whom have been
elected until now, will all be appointed by the president from now on. As for
- Parliament, whose prerogatives were already extremely limited, after these
measures it has only a very symbolic role. Denouncing the evils that afflict
the running of the country, the "guide" did not spare the security service
(National Documentation Center), which he accused of a series of abuses. And
he found scapegoats in the persons of the dismissed ministers, before throw-
ing himself into listing his never-ending demagogic promises to resupply the _
cities with fuel (always inadequate), control prices, develop agriculture,
fight fraud, etc. But these words were obviously not followed with any action.
And the people's disappointment was especially strong at seeing that one of
only two ministers prosecuted in the courts after the ministerial reshu�fle
was the minister of Higher Education, who very probably deserves the credit
for having allowed the explosion of the argument on Kinshasa's university cam-
puses, as well as among the teachers.
_ For it was Mungul Diaka himself who, once he had returned to Brussels, where he
had formerly been ambassador, was the promoter of the coalition of the opposi-
tion to Mobutu, whose coordination he is providing today.
It is well known that it was the scandalous frauds on the part of the civil
servants in charge of applying the currericy change operation decreed at the
end of December 1979 that put the match to the student dissension, which was
to reach its culmination with the strikes of last March and April iri the oc-
cupied universities. Everywhere that the changeover was accomplished (for
some regions were ignored or were only involved after several months' delay),
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- it was the occasion for systematic ~~hefts and cheating on the part of the or-
ganizations concerned, which .inevitably diverted its objectives. Whereas,
according to the provisions of the International Monet ary Fund (IMF), it was
supposed to result in the relative stabilization of the national economy by re-
ducing the excessive monetary circulation to supportable limits in such a way
as to fight inflation and strike at the holders o� huge masses of money stored
outside the banks, the curr.ency changeover operation was used by the privileged -
classes and civil servants as a systematic instrument for enri.chment. There
followed serious disturbances in trade, especially for the rural areas that
~ were suffering from an insufficiency or even absence of new notes.
To the . poi.nt t}iat the Zairean Bank was constrained to send--again with a de-
lay until early May--a supplement of several million new zaires into the
rural areas.
A Prudent Repression
On the occasion of the demonstrations by striking students, a movement of sol-
idarity between the teachers and unemployed of Kinshasa had developed, which
~ was threatening to spread to the entire population. ~nd aftPr the first in-
terventions by the army which had admitted earlier that the students' position
_ was well-founded, the students became the echo of the popular discontent.
This was really too much for th~ government. All the more so because the re-
gime had to devote itself to being prudent in its repressive action bPCause -
of the ~presence in the country of a large number of foreign experts sent in
t~ie context of the Western countries' support of the "Mobutu plan;" support
which is known to have initially stipulated a numb er of conditions. Finally
*_he campuses were closed, the students sent back to their native regions or
arrested. Nineteen of them, who were taken to the Ekaferd camp, have already
been pointed out as being among the missing, a.>~d one of the student leaders,
Nzogu, was the object of a threat of public execution ~s an example, according '
to the Zairean students of the I~PC in Belgium.
So tne situation has returned to "normal," and the population of Kinshasa
must reconfront in silence its unspeakable and innumerable difficulties, which,
alas, it would take too long to report. In four years the prices of foodstuff
have increased over 500 percent, while wages of courses stayed very far behind. _
The retailers' gain is fabulous, since it is figured at four times the cost
. price of the merchandise. Nor is it at all surpr~sing that the black market
is flourishing and the lack of basically essential foodstuff.s has become a
permanent characteristic of life in the capital.
~ For lack of foreign currency the maize importation program has had to be re-
duced. No doubt a rather positive phenomenon in the eyes of the financial
experts who have placed Z aire under their guardianship, ror thanks to the
"forced" austerity the trade balance has become positive, which is one of the
objectives set by the aid program. Actually, to look more closely at it, the
"Mobutu plan," at least in Westerners' mincls, is barely concerned with social
questions, but is basically aimed at maki~ig all foreign investment once rnore
and maximally profitable. And the capitalist countries have met at least four
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timc~ wit}i the IMF experts to examine the famous Zairean economic revival
plan which t}iey had ended up by adopting despite their initial reservations.
'1'he Weight of Cobalt
Ho~aever, the general "surveillance" visited upon Zaire, all of whose econ.omic
~ctivities survive only Uy the grace of international or bilateral aid, had
become necessary; in fact, until then there was no control over the exporting
_ of riches that should normally bring bac.l~_foreign currency to the state, which
is the first condition for any stabilization. There also exist other economic-
st:;~ategic aspects that are far from negligible. Thus, for example, the MIDA
(e: