JPRS ID: 9412 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Document Page Count: 47
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 32
• Content Type: REPORTS

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~ ~~t?'3pi ~~'_l:~~ _

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JPRS L/9412 ~
25 November 1980
1
- U SSR Re ort :
p
- ENERGY
~ cFOU~ 23/80)
_ ~
FB{~ FOREIGN gROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE ~
FOR OFFiCIAi. USE ONLY
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JPRS L/9412
25 November 1980
= USSR REPORT ;
- ENERGY
(FOUO 23/80)
CONTENTS
ENERGY CONSII3VATION ~
USSR Gosplan Approves Principles for Fixing Rates of Energy Use
_ ( PROMYSgL~E.NNAYA ~'NIIZGETIKA, Jul 80 ) . . , . . . . . . o . e . o . . o o . . 1
Energ,yr Conservation in the Aluminum Ixidustry ~
( Yu . D . Zhuravin; PRQMYfiHT.T'.NNAYA ~g~II,+~~ Aug 80 ) . , . . 15
. FI7EI,$
Oilfield Injection Water Must Be Compatible With Reaidual
- We.ter
_ (A. S. Rovenskaya, Oo A. Chernikov; GEOLOGIYA i~TZ
I GAZA, Apr 80).....o .......................o.... .o.... 20
Pecul:iarities oi Anomalously High Formatian Pressure~ in Oil,
- Gas Wells Studies
(V. S. Melik-Pa,sha~ev, et al.; GEOLOGIYA NEE~'I I GAZA,,
Apr ~0) .....................................oo...o..... 30
Book Excerpts: Moscow Centralized Heating System =
(Ye. Ya. Sokolov, et al; TEPLOFIKATSIYA MOSKVY, 1980),.. 36
- a - (III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
r. nn nr. rri+* � ro~ nwn v
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ENERGY CONSERVATION -
USSR GOSPLAN APPROVES PRINCIPLES FOR FIXING RATES OF.ENEYtGY USE
Moscow PROMYSHLENNAYA ENERGETIKA in Russian No 7, Jul 80 pp 5~+-59
[Basic Principles for Fixing Rates of Consumption of Fuel and Thermal and Electric
Power in the Fconomy, Approved by Resolution of the USSR State Planning Committee _
of 17 December 1979, No 199]
[Text] The basic principles for fixing rates of consunption of ~
fuel and thermal and electric power in the econoury contain sys-
tematic organizational bases for establishing the consumption
rates o~ these resources as we11 as the classification and com-
position of these rates, the methods of devising them and the
procedure for their approval.
These principles are intended for management in the development
of procedures ~;nd instructions as we11 as for the solutio~. to pro-
cedural and organizational questions concerning the rates of con-
sumption or fuel and power resources and the production and opera-
tiona~ needs of industry, conat~uctior., transport and rural and
- municipal economies at all levels of planning.
These basic princ~ples ar.e being introduced in place of the Basic
Principles for Fi~:ing Rates of Consumption of Fue1 and Thermal
and Electric Power in Industry, approv~d by the USSR State Plan-
ning Committee, 1 April 1966.
The basic principles were prepared by USSR State Planning Commit-
tpe experts N, A. Vasin,.E. I. Vertel', G. A. Lobanov, B. V.
Mikhaylov, A. M. Nekrasov, G. M. Pokarayev, A. Kh. Sal~'nikov, P. V.
Sventitskiy, A. Shadrukhin and staff inembeYS cf the Scientif ic
Research Institute of Planning and Standardization attached to
~ the USSR State Planning Committee M. M. Ruatso and L. A. Shevchenko.
' 1. General Principles
1.1. Fixing rates of consumption for fuel and thermal and electric po~er means de- -
termining their planned degree of expenditure.
- 1.2. The primary goal of rate fixing is to insure that technically and economically
based progressive standards for the conaumption of fuel and thermal and electric
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power during planning azia in production are applied in order to conserve these re-
sources, distribute them efficiently and utilize them most effectinely.
1.3. The e8tablishment of rates.of consumption for fuel and thermal and electric
power is accomplished at all lpvels of planning and economic activity in accordance -
~ with the Syatematic Instructions for the Formation of State Plana for the Economic
and Social Development of the USSR, the current Basic Principles and the apecialized
procedures and instructions that correspond to these documents.
All expenditures of fuel and thermal and electric power on prig?ary and secondary -
indust-ial and operational needs (heating, ventilation, ligl~ting, water s?~;:ply, etc.) r
are sub~ect to rate fixing, includircg network. losses, rega~dless of th~. extent of
the demand for the resources indicated or the sources of the power.
.
1.4. Fixed rates of consumption for fuel and thermal and e?ectric power are planned
indicatora of the expenditure of these resources per unit of production (or work)
of a specified quality.
1.5. The fixed rates of consumption of fuel and power re~ources are formulated sep-
arately for furnace fuel oil at a nominal rate, for diesel fuell and for thermal
and electric power. In addition to the f ixed rates of consump~ion f or fuel and
thermal and electric power, f ixed rates of consumption for compressed air, oxygen
and water for the production of goods and services are also established in enter-
priaes.
_ Generalized unit energy expenditures.(desigu, plan Rnd sctual) are determined for
- the overall appraisal of the effectiveneas of utilization of fue~ and power re- _
sourcea in the production of aingle-type or interchangeable goods (or work). These -
include the expenditure of all types of fuel and power in the production of goods
' and services, converted in~o units of conveiztionai iuel. In this case, the unit
energy expenditures are determined on the basis of the correaponding unit expendi-
turea of fuel and thermal and electric power for the production of goods and ser- �
vices and the standard fu~l equivalents of thermal and electric power.
1.6. Fixed rates of consumption of fuel and thezmal and electric power are used to _
plan the expenc'iture of these resources and their efficiency of ~tilization. The
- implementation of the established rates is a necessary condition for ~conomic stimu-
' lation t~ conserve fuel and power resources. _
1.7. Fix~ed rates of c~~nsumption for fuel and thermal and electric power must:
-be developed at all levels of planning on a aingle systematic basis for the entire
range of products and types of services in accordance with the sort of organization ~
cited above;
-take into consideration the manufacturing conditions, the achievements of scientif-
ic and technical progress and the plans aasociated with oraanizational and technical =
measures which provide for the efficient and effective utilization of fuel and ther-
mal and electric power; _
In theae Basic Principles the general term "fuel" is used for both furnace fuel -
- oil and diesel fuel. _
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- be systematically reviewed witb consideration being given to the,planned develop-
- ment and technical progress of msnufacturing an~ to the most ePf icient indicators
- for the utilization of fuel and power resources that are obCained;
- contribute to the maximum mobilization of internal re~ources, to the conservatiarl _
of fuel and thertnal and electric power, to the ac~omplishment of planned tasks and
to the achievement of good economic results in production.
2. Classification of the Fixed Rates of Consumption
. 2.1. The fixed rates of consumption of fuel and thermaS and electric power in manu-
facturing are classified according to the following basic criteria:
- according to ~he degree of aggregation--individual or group;
- according to the camposition of the expenditures--production or general indus-
trial;
- according to the operational period--yearly or quarterly (monthly rates may also _
be established at enterprises).
2.2. The individual fixed rate of consumption is that rate of consumption of fuel .
, and thermal and electric power for the production of a single item (or work), estab-
liahed according to types of fuel and power consuming units, installations, machinea
_ (steam and boiler, furnace, vehicle, aircraft, etc.) and the production layout as-
_ sociated with specific conditions in the production of goods (or work). The ratea
may also pertain to individual units, installation~, machines and product~.on lay-
outs.
- 2.3. The group rate is that f ixed rate of cansumption of fuel and thermal a:~d elec- ~
tr3c power for t~;a production of a planned vclume of univariate goods (or work)
in accordance with the established product list at different planning levels--
national economy, ministry (or d~partment), union republic, association and. enter-
- priae.
2.4. T'he Froduction rate is that fixed rate of consumption of fuel and thermal and
el.ectric power which takes into account the expenditure of these resourcea on pri-
~nary and secondary groduction processes in the productjon of a given type of goods
_ (or work), the expenditure on maintenance of production machinery in the hot re-
serve, on heating up this equipment and restarting it after scheduled maintenance
and cold downt~me, and on the technically unavoidable energy losses during the
operation of ihis equipment.
, In planiling rates of fuel consumption, only the production rates of consumption for
the production of goods (or work) are established. ~
2.5. The general industrial rate is that planned rate of coneumption of fuel and -
- thermal and electric power which takes into account the expenditure of power on the
primary and secc~ndary production processes and the secondary need~ of industry (the -
_ general industrial, shop and plart requirements for heating, ventilation, lighting,
- etc.) as well as the expend:,cure for technically unavoidable energy losses in trans-
formers and thermal and electric networks of enterprises (shops) during the produc-
tion of given goods (or work).
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3. Compositior? of Figed Rates of Consumptiion _
3."t. The composition of the fixed rates of consumption for fuel and thermal and
electric power is a list of items of expenditure which are taken into accouat in
the fixed rates for the production of goods (or work). This list is determined in
accordance with special procedures and regulations whic:h have been developed with
re~ard to particular characterisCics in the produc~tion ot the goods (or work). On
- rhe basis of these special procedures amd regulations, the specific e.ompoaition of
the fi.xed rates of consumption is determined at each enterprise. _
A mod~l camposition of fixed rates of consumption for fuel and thez~s.al and electric
- power for industrial enterprisea is attached. _
3.2. At enter~rises manufacturing similar or diversp products according to vari~us
produ~tion layouts or on diff~rent types of equipm~nt, it is expedient when calcu-
- lating the fixed rates of consumption to allocate the general industrial shop and
- planr. expenditures of fuel and thermal and electric power for the producLion of
' goods and work in a manner that is proportional to the consumption of power 3n the
prodL~c~.ion pr~cesses or in a manner that depends upon the extent of~services Ab-
z.ai.:aed fro:~ the auxiliary or subsid~ary shops, namely: _
_ a} far tranaportation sr?ups--pr~portional to the volume of transported freight;
- b) for Cooling, maintenance and other auxiliary shops--proportional to the share
~f services provided; _
c) tor compressing, pumping and other shops or power plants--proportional to the
- volsme ~f air, gas, oxygen, water, etc. obtained from them; ~
d) for centrai plant laboratories--proprtional to the amount of analysis and the
volua,~ of teating carried out in connection with the manufscture of a given type
- of product.
. -
The energy losses in thermal and electric networks and transformers ar~ determined
on the basis of experimental measurement$ or are proportional to the consumption
of power fox the production of the corresponding types uf goods (or work). The
procedure for diatributirg the losses is determined by special methods and inatruc-
tions.
3.3. Fixed rates of consumption of thermal and electric power for heating, venti-
lation, refigeration, the production of co~npressed air and oxygen., water supply and
other secondary needs of industry must be established separately at enterprises and
(according to the determination of ministries and departments) associations as well.
3.4. The loases of fuel and thermal and electric power causad by variations in ac- -
cepted production technology, operating conditions and formula.s and by nonobservance -
- of the requirements for raw materials and stocka as wa11 as other inefficient ~oases
need not be included in the fixed rates of conaumption for these resourcea.
3.5. Fixed ratea of consumption for fuel and tl~ermal and electric power in ~he pro-
duction of goods (or work) do not include expenditures for the construction an.d major
repair of buildings and structures, for the installation, start-up and adju~tment
, of new production equipment, for scientific research and experimental operations,
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for outside power distribution (for settlements, dining facilities, clubs, day nur-
series and ~.indergartens, e~c.) and for fuel lost in atorage and while bsing trans-
ported. Th~ rates of consun:ption of fuel and thermal and electric power for these
needa muat be established separately.
If. in addition to the main product, an enterprise produces semifinished goods which
- are suppiied to other enterprises (castings, forgings, atampinge, clink~r brick,
eCc.) or goods for public consumption, the expenditure of fuel and thermal and elec-
tric power on their manufacture is fixed separately and is not included in the fix~ed
ratea of consumption for the manufacture of the main product (work).
4. Units of Measurement for Fixed Rates of Consumption
4.1. The units of ine~.surement for f ixed rates of consum~ tion must correspond to the
units of ineasurement used for the planning and accounting of fuel ar.d thertnal and
electric power and the voiume ot production items (or ~ork). TheS ~ust also insure
the practical feasibility of monitoring the realization o~ these rates.
- 4.2. The rates of consumption of fuel and thermal and electric power per unit of
production (or work) are fixed:
- for furnace fuel oil.--in kilograms and grams (kg, g) of conventional fuel;
- for thermal power--in gigacalories and thousands of kilocalories (Gcal, kcal);
- electric power--in kilowatt hcurs (kWh);
~ for gasoline, diesel fu~:l, ~et fuel and other petroleum products--in kilograms
ana grams (kg, g) of natural or conventional fuel.
4.3. The f ixed ratas of consumption for fuel and therma.l and electric power are es-
- tabliahed for tne manufacture of one unit of the finishQd product (a ton ef pig
iron, a ton of coal), for a unit of procesaed raw mater ial (a ton of refjned oil)
or for a uni~ of work performed (a ton-kilometer, a running meter of penetration,
~tc.).
[~.4. When fixing rates of consumption for fuel and thermal and electric power for
tha production of a single type of article (or type of work) that varies in campo-
sition (or consists of different types of work carried out), conventional units of
measure;nent are employed (canned goods--in st~ndard cans; mechanized cultivation--
in standard hectares, e~c.).
4.5. In the machine construction sectors of i,~au3try which manufacture products ac-
cording to an extenaive product lis~, the f ixed rates of conaumption of thermal and
- electric power are set, in exception to the rule, ~er 100U rubles of net (standard)
- or commercial production. For construction, the rate~ are set per 1000 rubles of
construction and installr~tion work performed using 1oca1 resources. This procedure
is followed in the construction industry and in repair and experimen~al plants at
the ministry and departmental level, where it is pract ically impossible tn select
~ a single un~t of ineasurement for production in real or conventional units. It is
also foZlc~wed in a.ssociations and enterprises for which productian plans ~.~re ap-
proved :in ter~s of cost.
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The f ixed rates of consumptioi~ indicated must be ~t~etera�ined according to the appro-
priate procedurea and ins~ructions, taking into acc~unt the planned measu-res for _
energy c~nservation. At the same time, fixed rates o� ,coneump,`.ion for thermaZ and _
electric power for the manufacture of a unit of pro,3uction or fox the arcomplish-
- m~nt oi a phyaical amount of wurk, expressed in reaT units, must be eszablished for
power-constmaing prc~cesses (founding, forging, heat-t:reating, arG welding, compres-
sion of air and oxygen, heating, ventilationr etc.). "
5. Methods for Develoging Fixed Rates of Consumptiou
- 5.1. A computed analyticai method is primarily used to develop fixed rates of con- _
sumption for fuel aad thernial and electric powe�r. In addition, emplrical and com-
puted str~tistical methods sre also employed.
_ Computed analytical and comguted statistical methods are pra:aarily used to deter-
- mine group f ixed rates of conaumption for, fuel and thermal and electric power. -
- 5.2. 2he computed analytical mPthod provides fc~r determining the f ixed rates of con-
sumption of fuel and thermal ar.d electric power by an estimated method. The rates
are determir~ed according to item expenditures, uaing progressive indicators for the
_ conauaaption of these resources in production.
Group fixed rates of consumption for fuel and thermal and electric power are de- _
termined, as a rule, by means of the calculated analytical metho~. The rates are
determined as weighted average values, usiag the individual fixed rates of consvmp-
tion and the corresgonding volumes of producticm. In individual cases, the group
- fixed rates of consumption for the pl~nned year can also be determined on ~he basis
of the corresprn~ding r.ates from the base year, taking fnto account the pro~ressive
indicators of specific consumption that are achieved and the planned organizational
and technical measures that are taken to conserve fuel and power.
The individual fixed rates of consumption are determined on the basis di theoretical
calculationa and experimentally established rated performance characteristics2 of _
power-intensive units and i:~atallations, taking into accour,t the progressive indi-
catora of epecific consuenption of fuel and therma.l and electric power that are
achieved and the m~easuras for conserving these resources that are introduced.
In order to provide for the developmeat of fixed rates of consuraption, it ia necea-
eary to: .
- ad~ust the time periods established by the organizations mentioned above. After
measures have been taken i'or production improvements associated with changes in
equipment parameters and urocesses, power tri,als of the equypment must be conducted. ~
According to the data from these trials, the corresponding power. balances and rated -
performance figures for the type of equipment, installatior_ or ~nit can be eatab-
iished; _
2Henceforth the term "rated performaace characterirtic" will be used to describe ~
the depe~dence of the sp~ecific consumption of �uel and thermal and electric powe~
on the load (productivity) of the equipment aia.d upon other factors under normal _
operating conditions. _
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- car.iy out s;~stematic monitoring, accounting and analysis of the specific opera-
' tional consisn~tion figures for fuel and therma.l and electric power and eliminate
inefficient expenditures of fue_ and power.
In ~rder to appraise the accuracy of the calculation af the f3xed rate for the sys-
tem being used, it is necessary to carry out identical calculations for a year for ~
�~ahich current data are available and then consider the results when determ3ning the -
f ixed rates of consumption of fuel and therma.l and electric power for the period
= being planned.
5.3. The empirical method for developing individual f ixed rates of consumption con-
sists of determinin g the specif ic expenditures of fuel and thermal and electric _
power according to data obtained as a result of testing (experiments). In this -
cas~, the equipment ~ust be ad~usted and in proper operating condition. The pro- -
duction process must be carried out under conditiona speciiied bq produc~ion ~egu-
lations or instructions.
5.4. In those cases when it is not possible to use the calculated analytical and -
empirical methads to determine the fixed rates of cansumption, the caleulated sta- -
tistical method of establishing the fixed rates of consumption can, as an exception,
be emplayed. This method is based upon an analy~is of the statistical data froie -
a n~ber of preceding years concern~.ng the actual speci�~.c coneumpti.on of fuel and -
thermal and electric power as well as up~n other factors causing variation in the =
data. ~
_ 5.5. The baeic reference data for determining the fix~d rates of consumption of fuel _
and thermal and elQCtric power are:
- original technical and engineering documentation; '
- production re;ulations and instructiona, experimentally checked power balances -
= and rated per;:ormance characteristics of the power and productian equipment, raw ~
materials, technical certificates for the equipment, atandardized indicators which _
describe the most efficient and effective manufacturing conditions (the nower fac- .
tcr, the rates of consumption for the power carriers in production, the sppcific ~
thermal characteristics for calculating heating and ventilation exp~ditures, the
~at~s of energy loss durjng transmission and transformation and other indicators); r.
- data on the volume and structure of the production of goods (or work);
- data on planned and actual specific rates of cons~ption of fuel and power for -
previous years as well as documentation verifyiAg the utilization of these data in
~ production;
- data fra~ domestic and foreign enterprises engaged in the manufacture of similar -
products regarding their advanced experience in the economical and efficient uti-
lization of fuel and power and the specif ic rates of consumption ths~ have been
achieved.
~ - a plan for organizational and technical measures to conserve fuel and power.
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6. Procedure for EstabZishing a Plan of Organizational and Technical Conservstion
_ Measures, of Fixed Rates of Consumption and of Programs for the Mean Reduction _
- of These Rates
- 6.1. Organizational and technical measures for the conservation of fuel and thermal _
_ and electric power are developed at all administrative levela and are arranged ac-
cording to the follo~ing basic guidelines as applied to the productian of goods (or
work) in agreement with the established product list:
- - the .further development of production technology;
- an improv~ment in the utilization and atructure of industrial equipment;
" - an increase in the quality of raw materials and the use of types of raw materials
that are less energy-consuming;
- and other measures (organizat ional, economic, etc.).
6.2. The reference data for the development of plans tor organizational and techni-
cal measures to conserve fuel and therma.l and electric power in industry are: _
- a comprehensive 20-year program for scientific a;id technical progress;
- a specific overall scientif ic and tectmical program to conserve fuel and power -
resources;
- basic guidelines far the ecoaomic and social development of the USSR over the next
10 years (in five-year incremeats);
- programs for a mean reduction in the f ixed rates of expenditure of fuel and ther-
- mal_ :.~.u eiectric power established by the oLgtiniz~~ions listed above for the planned
period;
~ - programe for the s,olution of special scientific and technical problems and for -
the overall utiliLat:ion of natural resources;
- proposals for the utilizatioa of the achievements of scientif ic and technical pro-
gress ar~d the resu'~ts of completed acientific researeh and planning and design _
atudies in the economy; -
- standards for ttle machines and equipment; -
- - results from ~n analysis of the utilization of fuel and thermal and electric power
- in industry in pr~vious years;
" - power balance~3 at the enterpr ises;
- efficiency pzoposals, as well as the results of work on conserving fuel and power
resources that Yiave been achieved by leading enterprises, ahops and work crews.
During the development of organizational and technical measures to conserve fuel
and thermal and electric power, it is necessaxy to appraise the economic effective-
nesa of these measures in s�. ef ~ort to select the best method and determine i~s ?x-
pediencv, as well as to estatilish the order in which th~se measures are to be intro-
duced into industry. ~
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6..i. kequi~ement^ tor the mean reduction of che fixed rates of consumption of fuel _
and therma~ and electric powe~ in ir.dustr~,~ are established witnin the plana of eco-
nomic and suci~l dei~elopment oi thE JSSR for the ministries and departments or the
USSR and the cc.:r.c.1s oi r~~:r_isters o~ the union republics. These requirements are .
drawn up for the p~ai:ncd period (tor ~ach year of the five--year plan and the fol-
lowing planned year) . Ti:e require~eent for the mean reduction in the fi~ced rates _
is expressed as a cumulative percer.taoe rate ad~usted to the level of thz actuai
specific rates of consumption of the base year for the corresponding types of fuEl
and power reaources. The last year preceding the planned period.is used as the base _
year.
- In Che absence o~ accounting data regarding the actual specif ic rates of consump-
tion, the requirements for the mean reduction in the f ixed rates of consumption are
expressed in percentages adjusted to the level of f ixed rates f or the base year.
At t~ze same time, the ministries and departments of the USSR and the counci:ls of
ministers of the union republics calculate the amount of the mean reduction in the
~ fixed rates of consumption for each year of the f ive-year period in perc~ntages ad-
justed to the rate level oz the previous ~ear.
In order to deter.nine the planned requirements for the mean reduction of the f ixed `
- rates of consumgtion for fuel an~ t~Ler~al and electric power, the f-?_~ced rates for _
the planned year are used. In addition, the actual specif ic rates of cona~,uption
or the fixed rates oi consumption for the base year, the corresponding vo'~umes of
_ production for the planned year and the organizational and technica7_ mEasures for
the ~~onservation of fue~ and thermal and electric power are also employed.
6.4. When deve~.oping a plan for the basic guidelines for the economic and aocial
- developmer_t of tnE: ~1~~R. over the next 10 years (in five-year increments), the min- _
istries and depar~.~.~n~nts oi the USSR and the councils of ministers of the union re-
rublics sut~it yc the USSP. Sta~te Planning Committee their.preliminary drafts of
plan~ far o~~~;an~zational and technical measures to conserve fuel and thermal and _
elec ~_ric ~,:>ower (alo~:g economic l~s~es) , drafts of basic rates of consurnption (aecord- _
ing ~_o tne established product liat) and proposals for the mean reduction of the -
fi:�:ed rates of consumption accor~~na t~ the procedure and the time pEriods estab-
l~shed by the directive agencies and the USSR State Planning Co~nittee (for the
iirst five-year period--per one-year increment; for the second f~ve-year period--
per. ~ive-year increment). _
_ The tTSSR State Planning Co~z.mittee examines the proposals of the ministries and de- -
partments o� the USSR and the councils of mini~ters of the un ion republics, estab-
liehes pro~ected figures for the mean reduction in th~ f ixed ~ates of consumption -
of fuel aad power per }rear for the forthco~ing five-year plan and ge~s them ready
f.or the ministries and departments of the USSR and the councils of nlnisters of the _
union repubZi~a a year before the begir_ning of tne next five-year r:ian. The min-
istries and departments of the USSR and the cotmcils of r~inisters of the union re- -
publics insure that theae pro~ec~ed ~igures are delivered to the a~sociations, en-
terprises and organizations duxing the month after they are obtained frx~ *he USSR _
State Planning Committee.
6.5. When developx.ng the expanded five-year plan (per each year o~ the f1.ve-y~.ar
period), the ministrie3 ~nd depar~ments of the U~3R and th~ councils of' ministers
- of the union republics enl~_st the aid of institutes, er~terprises and organizations
9 ~
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in the field and, starting with the pro~jected figures from the USSR State Planning
- Committee regar~jn.g tne mean reduction i~z the fixed rates of consumption far fuel '
and thermal and electric power for the five-year periau and with the planned vol.umes -
_ of production of goods (or work), they refine their plans for organizational and
technical. measures and the extent of the planned savings. develop plans for
the fixed rates of consumption and requirements far the mean reduction of the fixed
- rates of cansumption of fuel and power on a cumulative percentage basis with respect =
~ to the years of the fj.ve-year plan and submit them to the USSR State Planning Com-
~
mittee.
ThC uSSR State Planning Committee reviews these proposals, specifies plans f or the
_ fixed rates of consumption in the producti~n of the basic types of go~ds (ar work) _
and the mean reduction in the fixed rates of consumption of fuel and power for the
min~stri~s and depar*_ments of the USSR and the councils of ministers of the union
- republics on a cumulative percentage basis with respect to the years of. the f ive-
year plar. and presents a draft of the basic f i}ced rates o� consum~tion and the re-
- quirem~nts for the mean reductiQr? in the fixed rates of conauurption for fuel and
power in the form of a five-year St~te plax~ for the eccmomic and social developmant
of the USSR to the USSR Council of Ministers.
The completion of requirements for the mean reduction of the fixed rates of
consump-
tion for fu~l and power in the f ive-year plan is evaluated at a1~.1evels of eco-
- nomic adminiatration as a cumulative sum} ~tarting az the beginning of the f ive-
year period.
6.6. The ministries and departmeuts of the USSR and the State planning committees
of the union republics establish procedure and be~r responsibility for preparing -
the materials indicated in 6.4 and 6.5. They also determine the degree to which
the enterprises and scientif ic research and design organization participate in the
development of thes~ materials.
- 6.7. The requirementa for the mean reduczion in. the fixed rates of consumption and
the f ixed rates of consumption for fuel and thermal and electri.c power, which are
establisned in the yearly plans, are developed e*? the basis of the requirements of _
the f ive-year plan regarding the given year. The indicated requirements and the
baeic fixed rates of expenditure itust be apecifically defined. Consideratio~n must
be given to the latest achievementa of scienca and technology, and economic and or-
gAnizational measures that insure the completion of the requ~rementa of the f ive-
~ year plan mu�~t be carried out.
- The development of tt~e rsquirements fo~ the mean reduction in the fixed rates of
- consumption for fuel and therma.l and electric power for the yearly plan begins with =
the production asQociations (enterprises) and organizations. In comparison to the
_ corresponding fixed rates and requirements of the five-year plan for the projected -
year, production associations (entexprises) and orgaAizations develop progressive
indicators to conserve fuel and power resources in the forthcoming plan, based on
the expansion of socialist competition and the utilization of internal ec.onom~.c re- -
= serves. Along with the requirements of the f i~ e-year p1an, these progressive indi- _
cators are considere3 by the ministries and departments of the USSR and the State
Planning Committees of the union republics when preparing the draft ~f the plan for
the next year. ~
10
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At aI1 levels of planning, the indicators for the yearly plan must not be lower than ~
zhe requirements of the five-year plan which have ~eer. set for that year.
: 6.8. The ~ninistries and departments of the Z1SSR and the State Planning Committees
� of the union republics differeatiate the plan indicators (five-year and yearly) in-
- dicated in paragraphs 6.4, 6.5 and 6.7 and prepare them for the responsible associ- ~
ations, enterprises and organizations no later than ane and a half months before
- the beginning of the planned period. The values of the differentiated rates and
tine requirements for the mean reduction of tr~ fixed rates of conaumption for fuel
and thermal and electric power according to the levels of planning must be 3n accord
~ with the r.ates and requirements established by the organizations listed above.
_ 6.9. Within the limits of the f ixed rates and requirements for the mean reduction ~
in the f ixed rates of consumption which have been established for them, the produc- -
tion associations (enterprises and organizations) set f ixed rates of consumption -
for fuel and thermal and electric power that are differentiated for shops and units -
r both yearly and quarterly.
- 6010. The fixed rates of consumption may not be adjusted upwards, and the require-
menta for the mean reduction in the f ixed rates of consimmption of fuel and power
may not be adjusted downwards, based only on the actual level of their realization.
7. The Organization of Fixed Rates of Cons~ption and the Monitoring of the Uti1i- ~
_ zation of Fuel and Thermal and Electric Power
7.1. Work on the organization of f ixed rates of consumption for fuel and thermal _
anci electric power inclu3es:
_ - the developnenz of p~ocedures and instructions for f ixing rates;
- the development of the established list of products (or work) for the production
of which the r4tes of consumption are determined;
- the development of or~anizational and technical measures to conserve fuel and
thermal and electric power;
~ the development and approval of individual and group f ixed rat~s of ccnsumption
and the requirements for the mean reduction of the f ixed ratea of consumption for -
the planned period;
, - thP delivery of theae fixed rates and requirements to those individuals who will
implement them;
- the con~iuction of analysis and the provisions for monitoring the execution of the
establiahed rates of consimmption for fuel and thermal and electric ;~awer, of the
requirements for the mean reduction of these rates and of the planned organizational
and technical measurea; _
- the ia~provement of inethods to a:.count for the implemeatation of the f ixed rates
of consumption for fuel and thermal and electric power and of the requirements for
the mean reduction of these rates.
11
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Model Composition of the Fixed Rates o= Cona~ption
for Fuel and ThermaZ and Elect.r.ic Power for Industrial Enterprises ~
TyFes of rates, names of the items of Types of resourcea
expenditure of fuel and thermal and
electric power
Fuel Thermal Electric
power power
Production process: ~
The consumption of fuel and thermal and ~
electric power for production pr~cesses X X X ~
_ in industry, with cons~.deration given ~
- to the expenditure needed to mairitain i
- groduction units in the hot reserve, for ~
th~ir heating-up and restarting after '
scheduled maintenance and cold dawutime, ;
as well as the technically unavoidabl~
' losses in the equipment u~ed, the pro- i
I duction units and irastallations. ~ _
I General Industrial and Shop i "
i f
I The consumption of thermal and electric ~
~ power that forms a part of the produc- ~ X X !
tion rate { ,
i
The consumption of thexv?al and electric ~ I
" power for secondary shop needs: ~ ~
heating X X
ventilation X %
_ lighting X -
in-shop transport X
maintenance shop operations X X
domestic and sanitatiotz and hygiene _
needs (hot showers, washrooms, per-
sonal hygiene rooms for workers) X X
Power losses from in-shop networks and
. transformers X %
General Industrial and Plant (
The consumption of thermal and electric
power that farms a part of the general X X
industrial and shop rate -
~ _
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Typea of rates9 na:nes of the items of Types of resources
expenditure of fuel and thermal and ~
electrlc power
~ Fuel Thermal Electric
power power
General Industri,al and Plant
(continu~d) -
' The conaumption of thermal and electric
power for the secondary needs of the
enter~rise:
production of compressed air X X
- refrigeration X X
production of oxygen and nitrogen X X
production of producer gas X R
water supply X X
~ production needs of secondary and
maintenance shops and services (re-
_ pair, tool and other shops, p=ant
- laboratories, warehouses, admini-
strative buildings, etc.), includ-
ing their lighting, heating and
ventilatian X X
operation of in-plant transport (elec-
tric truck~, diesel shunters, cranes,
= pneumatic transport, rail transport) X X
_ oi~tdoor lighting, heating of plant
= pipQlinee, intershop traneport of
_ � raw materials and semif inished goods, X X
_ etc.
- Lossea in plant thermal and electric
networks 8nd transformers up to the
point where shops are accountable X X
~ 13
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1.6. In order to monitor the implementation of the f ixed rat~es of consumption f or
fuel and chermal and electric power, the accounting for the expenditures of these -
resources in enterpriaes muat be organized with the sid of computers, installed in
compliance with thcir operational epecif icat3ons. During the design of new enter-
- prises or the renovation of those now operatirng, it is necessary for the design or-
~ gaa3zations to provide for devicea to account for the consumption of fuel and ther- -
ma1 and electric power in the deeign eatimate dacumentatioa.
7.7. Indicators of the specific rates of cansumption of fuel and thermal and elec-
tric power as well as generalized unit power expenditures for the groduction of _
gooda (or work) must be included as a technical and economic part of the designs
for new and renovated industries.
- 7.8. It is necessary t~ provide for indicators of the specific rates of consumption
cf fuel and t:~ermal and electric power per unit of production (or work) in the new
standards for machines and equipment, along with the other qualitative characteris-
tics. ~
7.9. Monitoring of the implementation of ineasures to co~aerve fuel and thermal and
electric power, ttleir fixed rates of conswnption and the requirements for tne mean -
reductian of these rates is carried out by departmental and estradepartmental moni-
toring organizations. This monitoring is based upon data from the original account-
ing figures and is accomplished b~~ checking the status of rate fixing on the spot _
and by analyzing the State and departmental accounts.
_ 7.10. When performing work associated with rate f ixing.and ~he accounting of fuel
- and power reaource utilization, it is necessary tn provide for the application of
computer technology.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya," "Promyshlennaya energetika," 1980
9512 "
CSO: 1822 ~
14
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~ ENERGY CONSERVATION
ENERGY CONSERVATION IN THE ALUMINUM INDUSTRY _
Moscow PROMYSHLENNAYA ENERGETIKA in Russian No 8, Aug 80 pp 4-5
[Article by Yu. D. Zhuravin, engineer, Soyuzalyuminiy All-Union Produc-
tion Association" "Ways to Coaserve Fuel-Energy Resources at Enter- -
prises of the Aluminum Industry"J
[Text) The aluminum industry is the moet energy-intenaive subsector of
the USSR Ministry of Nonferrous metallurgy: enterpriaes of ~
Soyuzalyuminiy (USSR Aluminumj All-Union Production Association con-
s wned 27 percent of our fuel, 34 percen~ of our thermal energy, and 56 =
- percent of our electricity. Such a voc'~NC~ NvM ~ ~"~c'')c~MMCric'1MM ~COOOt~f~cD ~ ^.Ipv
H ,
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~ v
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...e~~ert~ ntiti V ~t~t..e~t~e~e~titi ~ ~d E
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O a0 N OD > tn ~ c7'
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V ~ ~av ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G~i � r-1 tt0
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Q �lM90 !1!~ r..~i ~i b ri Q w .
_ rr K~ ~/1'
,O w (f~ w ~i
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'wKr~eaHa ~n o o ' ~ ~ O ~ ~
U aaa~R aN
~ td~ttadauxal ~ ~ ~ � ~ p,~ c0 ~ � p U
~ fa O d0 Oa
y ?c ~ 'O N �rl ~
q. 6
O r~ ~ f3 U r~ O~
V � 7[~' ~ ~e � r-1 a C~ Ci
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wrw~ :"~~3 a~~~ ~ .-~NM~r~n~oc-
daeoH
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choosing sources of water supply and methods for the preparation thereof in a PPD
[reservoir-pressure maintenance] system. The method of computing the carbonate _
balancc for purposes of forecasting th~ deposition of salts can be used also for -
other West siberian deposits that are marked by similar hydrogeological
conditions.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Alekin, 0. A. "Osnovy gidrokhimii" [Fundamentals of Chemical Hydrology], Le~-
ingrad, Gidrometeorologicheskoye izd-vo, 1970. -
2. Garrels, R. M. and Krayst, U. L. "Rastvory, mineraly, ravnovesiya" (Solutions,
- Minerals and Equilibriaj. i�;~~c~*.~*, Mir, 1968.
3. Zavodnov, S. S. "Karbonatnoye i sul'fidnoye r~vnovesiye v mineral'nykn vodakh"
' [Carbonate and Sulfide Equilibrium in Mineral Waters]. Moscow, Gidrometeoizdat,
1965.
_ 4. Levchenko, V. M. "Teoretich~skiye osnovy fiziko-khimicheskogo issledovaniye -
prirodnykh vod" [Theoretical Foundations of Phtysico-Chemical Study of Naturally _
Oceurring i4aters]. TRUDY GIDROKFiIMICHESKOGO IN-TA [Transactions of the Hydro-
_ chemical Institute], Novocherkassk, 1966, pp 123-132.
5. Namiot, Yu. B. and Bondareva, M. M. "Rastvorimost' gazov v vode pod davleniyem" _
[The Solubility of Gases in Water under Pressure]. Moscow, Gostoptekhizdat,
1983.
- 6. Chernikov, 0. A. and RovPnskaya, A. S. "Prop,noz soleobrazovaniya pri razrabot-
ke plasta BVB Samotlorskogo mestoro~;~aeniya" [Prediction of 5alt "r'ormation liui~- _
ing the Development of Stratum BV8 of the Sairiotlui� ciS~d;: TRUDY IGiRGI
- [Transactions of the Institute for the Geology and Development of Fuel Minera-
als], No S, 1976, pp 130-136. �
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", Geologiya nefti i gaza, 1980 _
11409
CSO: 1822
29
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~ FUELS
UDC 553.98.2:532.311.8(47+57) _
- PECULIARITIES OF ANOMALOUSLY HIGH FORbIATION PRESSURES IN OIL, GAS WELLS STUDIED
Moscow GEOLOGIYA NEFTI I GAZA in Russian No 4, A~r 8~J signed to press 30 Nov 79 pp
36-40 _
[Article by V. S. MeiiK~Ya6i;Sy8V~ V. V. Vlasenko, V. N. Seregina and M. A. T?tuni.na
- (VNII [All-Union Scientific-Research Institute for Petroleum]): "AVPD L~omalously
high formation pressure] in the USSR's Oil and Gas Fields"]
[TextJ In this article the authors analyze data on 350 W[hydrocarbon] deposits,
the selection of which was based mainly on actual measurements of reservoir pres-
sures in cased wells, as well as on data from horizon sampling with drill-stem
testers. This solution was adopted because the reservoir pressure that is comput-
ed on the basis of density of the mud that is used in drilling proves basically to
be ovarstated. Formation p^essure values obtained by oilfield geopY~ysics methods _
- were not us6d.
During the work it became necessary to validate the lower limit of the coefficient
of the high anomalousness of formation pressure (ka), since the numerical indicator
of this limit was i~o~ 6i^bj-e-valued for various researchers.
By k is meant the ratio of formation pressure to the Y~ydrostatic pressure computed
conv~ntionally for the same depth. Solution to the question of a lower limit for
AVPD can be Wpgz^^ached from two standpoints: that of the highest value of density
of the brine water as a result of its mineralization, and that of the conditions for
' drilling wells at stratigraphic complexes in whieh AVPD is absent.
If brine waters are examined from the point of view of their maximum mineralization,
then it should be noted that the den~ity of even the most highly mineralized waters
does not, under the most favorable geological conditions for their appearance,
exceed 1.2-1.22 g/cm' (the DD~, the Ciscarpathian trough, and West Ciscaucasia;.
On the other hand, in areas where AVPD is unknown, wells are drilled with mud with a
density of 1.2-1.25 g/cm'. ~
Theref~re, a pressure that requires weighting of the drilling fluid with hematite,
barite, and so on, for the exeeution of normal drilling, must be considered to be
anomalously high.
Thus, when considering maximal mineralization of the brine waters and the normal
conditions for drilling wells without using mud~rveighting materials, 1.2 can be
30
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adoptr:d as the lower limit ka of reservoir pressure that is categorized as
anemalously Y~igh. The upper limit of this coefficient theoretically should be
considered the ratio of overburden pressure to hydrostatic pressure, which is 2.3.
The ~.ixthors restrict thenselves in this article to use of the methods of mathemati-
, cal statistics, to establishment af the frequency and to distribution of the for-
- mation-pressure gradients, and to finding their dependence upon the depth of depo- _
sition of the horizons.
For this purpose, all the deposits examined, which relate to the Azov-Kuban' NGO -
[oil and gas bearing region], the Ciscarpathian trough, the NGO of the Fergana
intermontane depression, the Apsheron NGR [oil and gas bearing district], the Baku
Archipelago, the Nizhnyaya Kura NGR, the Balkhan NGR, the Caspian depression, the
Black Sea-Crimea, biiddle Ob', Tersa--Sunzha and Tersa-Caspian NGO's, the Lena-Vilyuy
NGP [oil and gas bearing province], the Pripyat' depression, the DDV and the
- Surkhan-Vakhsh NGO were placed in a field, the bounds of which were the values of
the ~ydrostatic and geostatic pressures (figure 1).
- In analyzing the chart of formation pressures as a function oi ~he depth of depos-
~ its with AVPD, a number of interesting observations can be expressed. Certain re-
searches have previously noted that AVPD is characteristie for depths of more than
3,000 meters, but it is obvious from the chart presented that in some oil and gas
bearing regions that are confined to tectonically active geosynclinal fold zones,
AVPD begins to appear at depths af just 400-500 meters. Thus, for example, within -
the West Apsheron zone, the Baku Archipelago and the Kura lowland of Azerbaijan,
- the minimal depths of appearance of AVPD are associated with the crestal portions
of uplifts that are complicated by mud wlcanism. Nearly the same situation is ob-
served in oilfields of tne Balkhan zone of Turkmenia~ where the minimal depths for
the deposits of the red-rock series are noted in the more elevated zones of
folds (the Dagadzhik field, 560 meters), in the ~as deposits of the inner zone of
the Ciscarpathian fore-trough, and in the fields of the Surkhan-Vakhsh NGO of
Tadzhikistan.
As is apparent from the chart (see figure 1), some deposits are situated in zones
in whicl~ formation~ressure to hydrostatic-pressure ratios approach the value of
the overburden-pressure gradient. Thus, of all the depo~its examined, 6 were in
the 2-2.1 interval, 4 in the 2.1-2.'L interval, and 2 in the 2.2-2.3 interval
(t~ble 1).
Thus, only solitary deposits possess maximal ka that is close to overburden
(geostatie) pressure.
- The distribution of deposits by their position between the hydrostatic pressure
(-the density of the water is 1 g/cm') and the overburden pressures (average density
of the rock is 2.3 g/cm9) indicates that the frequency of occurrence of deposits
with AVPD appears to be as fol2ows, with regard to ka: ?2 percent for 1.3 -1.8,
9 percent for 1.8-~2 and only about 3.5 percent for 2-2.3 (figure 2). Change of
ka with depth is of major interest.
The data of average ka values are examined at intervals of 1,000 meters in _
table 2.
- 31
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Table 1 '
Distribution of USSR Oil and Gas Strata ~yacmocmb,%
by Coefficient of Anomalousness 20 (1)
In erva s Nur.~ er o Frequency,
of k~ deposits percent
17,0 f7.0
1.'L-1. 3 50 14.5 16
1.3-1.4 59 17.0
1.4-1.5 59 17.0 15 ~4,5
1.5 -1.6 57 16.5 ~3
1.6-1.7 46 13.3
- 1.?-1.8 31 9.0
~ 1.8-1.9 18 5.2
1.9 -2.0 13 3.8 ~ _
2.0-2.1 6 1.7 9,0
2.i-2.2 4 1.2
2.2^2.3 2 0.6
Table 2 ~'1
5
Change of Average Values of Coefficients '8
of Anomalousness with Depth
1, 7
Depth inter- Number Average Q6
~.~w? , in of de- K l~mi.ts value
meters osits a of ka ~f 1,2 d4 ~6 ;8 ?,0 P�~~1~}
I.ess than 20 1.47-1.78 1.58
1,000
1,000-2,000 42 1.25-1.78 1.55
2,000-3,OO~i 105 1.37-1.59 1.51 Figure 2. Diagram of Distribution of
3,000-4,000 91 1.45-1.68 1.58 Coefficients of Anomalous Formation
4,000-5,000 70 1.46-Z.69 1.5? Pressure for USSR Oil and Gas Bearing
5,C00-6,000 13 1.53-1.75 1.68 Regions: -
Key :
Despitc the fact that the number of de- 1. Frequency, percent.
pusi:.s at depths of less than 5,000 2� Pn,~/P~,Ka Lformation pressure/hydro-
_ rr,eters varies between 20 and 105, the static ressure].
average ratios of formation pressure to
hydrostatic pressure change practically
no~ at all, experiencing fluctuations in the 1.51-1.58 range. However, below the
- 5,000-6,000 meter interval, a trend toward an increase in the value of this rati4 to r
1.68 is noted. Below this depth, where there are only solitary points, the nature
_ of further change of ka cannot be judged.
Twelve, or 3.5 percent of the total number of deposits examined, possess maximum
values of k(from 2 to 2.3),and only two, or 0.6 percent, have values from 2.2 to =
2.3. It mustabe supposed that the existence of oil and gas deposits with AVPD
close to the overburden pre ssure is theoretically possible where conditions are
more favorabl~ for the act ion of pliant rocKS l~'ocit sal~, clay) along crevices -
directly on the fluid of the deposit. However, such geolcgical conditions for the
emergence of formation pressures that are close to the overburden pressures are
fairly rare in the deposits. Basical~y, ~he pressure in an oil or gas deposit
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should not reach the overburden pressure. A generalization of oilfield data about
the hydraulic fracturing of strata indic~ted that this phenomenon sets in at vari-
ous pressure gradients as a function of natural fissuration, the degree of cementa-
tion, and so on. It must be supposad that the presaure at which hydraulic fractur-
ing of atrata occurs will be close to the maximum value of the AVPD tor a epecifio
deposit.
- It ahould be noted that, along with AVPD, in deposits situated at depths of more
than 4,000 meters, there are also nor.nal pressures that are close to hydrostatic
pressures. Thus, for example, in the DDV there are strata with normal pressure
where there is AVPD in oil and gas deposits of coal measures. In the Gadyach area,
at a depth of 5,109 meters, the ratio of formation pressure to hydrostatic pressure
- is 1.08, while in the Upper Poltava area, at a depth of 5,150 meters, the ratio is
1.1, that is, the formation pressure is not anomalous and it almost corresponds to
the hydrostatic pressure.
- tG ZO`30 40 50 60 ' 10 BO .A'1~M"d
The data of well drilling at the Tatar ante- T r~ rT (3)
: cline, near the village of Minnibayevo, which ,
~ reached a depth of 5,099 meters, 3,215 meters ~p ~
of whicla p~Gsed through rocks of Archeozoic ~ '
age, is of considerable interest, testifying ~ _
' to the absence of AVPD in crystalline base- .
ment rocks. Especially important are the re- 2sno �,~~~,5)~� _
sults of a study of the lower part of the log ~
where a atream of water with a flow of 81 m'/ ~ ~ ' "
d~y was obtained in the 4,876-5,005 meter in- ~
terval at a formation pressure of 54.4 MPa ~ ~g ~
and a water density of 1.228 g/cm� (R. Kh. .
~ Muslimov et al, 1979). 5 .
.
~ �
Change in absolute value by depth interval is ~
shown in a chart (figure 3), from which it is 6~n ~
evident that in the 5,100-5,500 meter inter- 6~ ~ :
- val the pressure varies within the 92-94.6 .
MPa range. In the Shevchenkovo area, the ~
. formation pressure reaches 120 MPa in well ~(4) ~
No 1 at a depth of 7,010 meters. The results Figure 3. Curve of Change of Aver-
of studies at a superdeep well on the Kola age Formation Pressure by Depth
Peninaula will be of special significance for Interval for Deposits with AVPD.
the characteristics of formation and overbur~
den pressures. Key: -
- i. Average value of the formation
The following conclusions can be drawn, based pressure for the 100-meter
upon what was said above: interval. -
2. Curve of the increase of forma-
1. In geosynclinal folded areas, deposits tion pressure with depth. -
_ with AVPD are found on the log for sediment 3. MPa [megapascals]. -
series at depths of 400 to 6,000 meters and 4. M[meters].
_ more. 5. Geostatic pressure.
- 6. Hydrostatic pressure.
2. In some oil and gas bearing provinces of
the USSR, average ka values fluctuate within
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~ sma11 range (1.51-1.58), achieving the grestest value (1.68) in the 5~000-6,000
meter depth interval.
3. Formation pressure gradients that are computed according to density of the -
drilling mud used in drilling the well are overstated, and, as a rule, are greater
than the initial formation pressure gradients of the oil and gas deposits.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", Geologiya nefti i gaza, 1980
11409 .
- CSO: 1822
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FUELS =
- BOOK EXCERPTS: MOSCOW CENTRALIZED HEATING SYSTF~'I
Moecow TEPLOFIKATSIYA MOSKVY (The Moscow Centralized Heating System) in Russian
19$0, pp 165-173, 186, 187
- (Annotation, table of conrents, chapter eight from book by Ye. Ya. Sokolov et al,
Lditors I.N. Yershov and I.N. Serebryanikov, Izdatel'atvo "E::~rgiya",188 pages)
[Text] The book depicte the features in the det~elopment of the Moscow centralized
heating network as one of the ma~or elements of the economy of the city unde~ a
socialist society. The book uses the Moscow centralized heating system, the largeat
in the world, to show that the wide scope of centralized heating in our country ia
~ a great social achievement of Soviet society.
The book is intended for the wide circle of engineer readers intereated in advances
in Che area of centralized heatin~ syetem development. It may also bg of interest _
to the foreign reader.
TABLE OF CONTENT5
Foreword
Chapter One: The Power Basis and E�fectiveness of Centralized Heating.....
Chapter Ztao: The Development of the Moacow Centralized Heating System..... ' -
Chapter Three: Centralized Heating Syatem Equipment and the Technical and �
Economic Indicators of the Moscow TETs
Chapter Four: The Organization of Conatruction and Design of Centralized
Heating Syatems........
Chapter Five: The Operation of Central.ized Heating Systeme ' -
Chapter Six: The Automation and Remote Control of a Heat Supply...........
Chapter Seven: A Centralized Heat Supply From Regional Thermal Power _
Station
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Pa~e
CYiapt~r :~i~ht: Prosp~cts for the Growth of the Moscow Heat Supply in 1990.. 165 -
rlemorable Dates of th~ Moscow Centralized Heating Syatem............~.~.... 1'74~
Eibliogr'aphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 -
- Chapter 8~ Prospects for the Growtn of the Moscow Heat Supply in 1990
It is difficult to find an area in ~Ioscow where th~y are not building housin~~
cull;ural and personal service, administrative~ and other types of buildin~s and _
structures. Old buildin~s~ having historica.l or architectural value~ are being
restored so that they will become architectural and historica.l monuments to the
_ ol.d days. Old and va.lueless structures are being demolished and in their pl~.ce -
ar~ being built new modern buildl.ngs answering high urban development require-
ments--Young Pioneer palaces, sports facilities, eommereial complexes~ theaters~
museums, exY,ibition halls~ administrative buildings~ and housing. -
- The future llth and 12th five-year plans will also see the creation and further
- development of the city,
The intensive build-up of the city will continue in accordance with the general
plan for the development of MoscoK during the lith and 12th five-year plans.
The volume of housing construction will let each inhabitant of Moscow have 12
square meters of living or 19 squa-re meters of total housing space. They plan _
to locate the ba,sic part of the city institutions in the genera.l ci.ty center
system and the correaponding district institution~ in the Y~ousing area centers.
By 1990 they plan to construct in Moscow a large number of theaters, concert
_ and exhi~.i:~on ha11~, museums, palaces of culture and alubs, movie theaters ~
Young Pioneer palaces, libraries, stores~ public dining facilities, hotels,
hospital.s, and ather buildings of.a cultural and personal nature.
~ioxever, rloscow is also an industrial center. Its industry too will be devel-
oped and improved. Industries which poilute the environment wi].1 be moved out
boyond the city limits.
ihe housing, municipal and everyda.y buildings, cultural and sports complexes,
and industrial enterprises which they inte:~d to construct muat be centrally
heated. Thermal power is required for heating, a hot wa.ter supply, ventilation~
cond.itioning~ and the technological needs of industry.
The annual heatong load growth ra.te in the 1980-1990 peri.od will be about 4~.5- -
5 percenta The heat load density on the average for Moscow will increa.se to
_ 0. ~2 megawatts per year~. 7 gigaca.lories~(hour.s x yea.rs~].
The general trend in supplying heat to the new projects planned for construc-
tion in the 19$0-1990 period will be, as in the past ,50 yea.rs, a centralized
heat supply based on the combined output of thernial and electric power at a
TETS. This trend is l~,sed on conclusions stated S,n the preceding chapters of
this book~ namelyi fuel savings, a decrea.se in environmental pollution, creation
of high hygienic and comfort conditions for the population, and an inarease of
la bar productivity in the power industry.
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.
The following positions have been adopted in determiaiing the lovel of development
of centralized heat supply sources in 199o--providia~g 100 percent of the heating, �
ventila~;ion, and hot water supply load of the housing, administrative and public, '
- and cultural and peraonal sectors= providing ?0 peresnt of the hp.ating~ ventilationo
and hot water supply load of the production sph~re(industrial enterprises~ scien-
tilic research institutes~ design bureaus with experimsntal ahops, planning in~~i-
tutes, and apecialized higher and secondary educational institutions); the paz~tial
- provision ai hea.t for the protective f~rested parkla.nd zone of the cityi the li;a-
- ited provision of industrial enterprise steam loads.
Under these specified situations they require a centralized heat source capa.city(in
- hot water) of about 46,780 megawa.tts(40,155 gigaca.lories per hour) when reta,ining -
- a part of the industrial boiler systems to cover a thermal load of about 4,89G
megawatts(4,200 gigacalories per hour).
'I'wo options to provide the required thermal poxer for the developm~nt of heat
_ sources are being examinedi organ~c fuel and nuclear fuel. The development of
organic fuel heat sources is being examined in two sub-options. The first sulr
- option is to develop Moscow TETS with the xetention of a centralized heating system
coofficient at a level of 0.5-0.6 by the inatallation of centralized heating system
Lurbines, mainly the T-250-244, and also the T-100-1 30 and PT-80 turbines. This is
the sub-option of the maximum development of centralized heating systems. Nore-
~,ver b~anch TE`TS-9, and T~TS-21 ~ 23, 25, and 26 will atta.in maacimwn expa.nsion. By
maximum expansion we mean the maximum possibie nwnb~r of boilers, turbines~ anci
PVi:~xpansion unknow~ which can be installed while still maintaining the esta.b-
_ 1lshed environmenta.l pollution health sta.ndaxds and the possibility of placing
these ma.chine units on the TETS premises.
At the same time that they are installing new centra3lzed heating system blocks at -
the branch of T~."'TS-9 and at TE'i5-21, 23~ 25~ and 26, they are also considering the -
reconstru~tion of TETS-9, il, and 12 by replacing ~he oiosolete and physically worn-
' out machine pa.rts with new ones having a larger unit ca,paci ~y Ril~ high steam para-
meters. They envisage completing work on the maximum broadening and reconstruction
of the Moscow TETS before 1990.
`I'he construction of the Northern TETS is beir.g plan.-~ed along with the widening and
reconstruction of the existing Mosco~r TETS. The technical and economic explanatory
- d.oc~~ment:, for the Northern TETS will be 42~300 mega~a.tits(36,300 giga.calories per
- houx) by the end of 1~90, and the electrical capacit3r--11,260 m~gawatts.
Iiesides the TETS in oporation must be �ound 21 existing RTS~xpansion unknow~ ~to
include the develop~.ent of their thermal ca.~city to 6, ?00 megawatfis(~~ 750 giga-
, calories per hour) and two new RTS with a tota.l thermal capacity of 932 megawatts
(800 igaca.lories per hour) . The tota.l ca.pacity of the R1'S amounts to 7, 630 me~a-
watts~6 ~ 550 gigaca.lories per hour) . _
'I'he ahare of covering thermal loads with vartous heat sources in i~yu wiii ue as
followss 75 percent from TETS, 15 percent from RTS~ and 10 percent from loca.l
sources. By local heat sources we mean building and small city block boiler sy- `
stems.
The be,sic type of fuel for practica.lly all Mosec~w TETS will be gas because its use
causes only minimal environmental pollution. ~
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The sc~cond ~~ib-option--the development of the Moscow TETS using or~anic fuel--
.lowc~rs th~ centralized heating system coefficient to 0.3-~�35�
The l~uild-~.ip oj' thermal ca.pa.city at 'rE'I'S-8(~.tranch of TE'I'S-9~ and TLTS-21, 2;3~
and ~fi will be ma.inly through the installation of hot-water boilors. They intei~d
to rnodornize T~,'TS-9? 11, and 12. The construction of new TETS is noi: envisioned. -
'Che e:,i~~blishod capacity of the Moscow TE'i'S in this sub-option will amount to the
followin~5 in 1990: electric power--8,150 megawatts; thermal(in the form of hot
wator.)--33,6a0 megawatts(28,830 gigaealories per hour)i and engineerir,g steam-- -
_ 3,400 hundred tons per hour. The the-rmal capacity of t~-,e RTS must be increase~ -
to 13~800 megawatts(11,810 ~;i~aca.lories per hour).
An analysis of the technical and economic ca.lculations has shown that the option
favorin~; the ma,ximu.m development of the centralized heating system is the mo~t
economica,I. Aioreaver, a savings of about 2.5 million tons of conventional fuel
per ;,~ea-r and 130 million rubles of ca.pita.l investments will be achieved. Another _
- option has not been ruled out--the option of c~nstructing ATLIS~tomic heat and
_ electric power plant~ or A~:~tomic boiler system].
The creation of cen~ralized heating systems with ATEZ'S or AI~; requires the solution
o~ number of serious scientific and technical problems of jahich tr,e following are
thn most important: the selection and development of new types of centralized
heai:inr; system equipment, the selection and creation of neW centra,lized heating
- syr~tems and equipment for hi~h-extension transit ne~works, the creation of auto-
matic control systems~ the use of purified drainage water for AT~'TS and in-
dustrial water supply, and a whole series of other things.
_ In the ca.se o~ the i~toscow power system, which posseases a high share of central.ized
- heai,ing systen equi~meiit, 'che quest~.on about TETS pa.rticipation in regulating the
variable electric load schedu~e looms sharply now and in the future. The most
- effoctiva ~ay tc regulate Zoads in similar ca.ses is to construct water storage
_ stations whict:, using the surplus Tr,'I'S electrica.l ca.pacity during the .night-time
- hours, ca.r. c~i.stribute it in the peak hours by the speeific expenditure of fuel in
the i-ieating period of 200-30~ gxams per (kilowatts x hours~. The construction of
such a station in the Masenergo~nscow Regional Administration of Power System
ria.na~;emon~ system, with a cap4.city of 1~ 200 mega~ratts, has already begun. In the _
lOt~i five-year plan they intend to put the first ma.chine units of this GAES~pwnped-
_ ,torage ele~tric power plan~ into opera.tion. Resea,rch on the siting of a second _
GA~ has b~gun.
, Jne of the interestin~ and long-range trends in the area of hea.t supply, which will
permit a decrease in fuel expenditure, is the use of compression type heat pumps
utilizing disposed-of~ 1ow-poten-tial heat for heat supply purposes. Tne use of
- heat pump and heat accumulation systems will permit them to fill nigri schedule -
electrical load gaps.
`.Che heat supply boiling syszem is now being studied ~'or the use of the low-potent-
_ ial heat of waters disposed by the citv whose temperature even in t,he xintertime
lU maintained at a level of 16 degrees
There is long-term work going on to crea,te absorption refrigerators which will use
- t,ho thermal power o~' hot wa.ter to produce cold. This wil~ permit an increase in
TLTS summer therma.l loads.
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Heatin~ network..; and their components are an importa.nt part of a centralized ~
hoat supply. The rloscow thermal networks have been devel~ped as radia7~ ones.
Gr.adually the end sections of the trunk heating systems from the various T~'!'S
have beon joined io~e~i~er. However, these end section~~ as a rule~ have relative-
ly small pipe diameters~ 4~00-600 millimeters, which s�educe the possibility of
the pa.ra.llel working of a Tr;I5 on a common heating trunk and, consequently, of
mutual redundancy. At present and in the future the trunk networks, connecting a
;..'~e neighboring T~,~TS to each other, are being built and will be built to include
the possibi~ity of mutua.l redundancy~ i.e.~ the practically identica.l pipeline
d3ameter over the entire extent of the trunk. This ca.uses an increase in capital -
investments in the construction of networks which is justified by an increase in
the reliability of the heat supply.
Besides an incr.ease in dependa.bility, the opportunity to have two TET5 with diff- -
erent economic indica.tors connected makes it possible to cover the summer heating
load with the more economica.l equipment of one of the TETS. The question of a
reliable and quality heat supply for the Moscow cue~tomers is of paramount import-
ance.
The following are the basic ways to increa.se the reliability and longevity of the
heatin~ main and to have an uninterrupted heat supplys protection of the pipes
fram external corrosion, the use of more improved equipment in the thermal n~t-
~ wori.s(fittings, compensators~ pumps~ etc.), the use of more reliable bui.lding
ma.~;erials~ the wide use of automation and remote control, an increase in the level
of operation and high-quali~y conduct of preventive maintenance and repair work.
The most effective way to protect pipelines from external corrosion is to apply a
0
pratective c~at of vitreous enamel to the outer wall of the pipe. By 19s5 they
;~rill. construct several shops for the application of vitreous enamel coatin~s which -
will cover the requirerrient for coating pipes with vitic~u~ e:Lamel for repa.ir wor?~
needs. The life of pipelines with a vitreous enamel coverin~r~ according to the
most inodest estima.tes~ will double and the cost of constructing the shop will pay _
- fos� itself in one and a half to two years. The pipe-milling plants must Jupply
pipes with the coatin~ already on them for the pipelines to be built in the 19~5-
1990 period.
'i'he reliability and economy of transporting heat depends, to a significant degree,
on effective and hi~h quality thermal insulation. The search for effective thermal
' insulation materials is being conducted continually. The thermal insulation rna-
terials being used now do not fully satisfy the high requirements resulting from
di.fficult operati.ng conditions(high humidity and temperature). The insulation, _
especially on large-diameter pipelines, is insta.lled right on the route durin~
the construction work. This does not provide for a high quality work production,
i.t reguir~s hi~h labor expenditure, and it lengthens the constLu~tior. time.
By 1990 all of the thermal insulation work, with the exception of abutment joints
and the individua.l sectors with equipment, must be done at special plants before
installatlon. This will significa.ntly increase the quality of insulation insta,ll-
.ation, and will decrease labor expendituxe and the length of thermal nstwork
~ consi:ruction.
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Tho con~,truction of reserve connections will be continued as a way to further in-
crease r~:,~liability. Reserve connections tie two or more nei~hboring ~runks to~;eth-
ur which permits~ during t:~e emergency switch-off of one from the heatin~ trunk~ -
the supply of heat to the customer oveY� the o+~her. The further strengthening of
- connections between nea1; sources--T~5 and RTS--will be continued.
- The selection of a connection circuit of customers is an important factor in in-
crea.sing the xeliability of the heat supply. About 70 percent of the heating load
_ is now connected ~y a denendent circuit which does not permit in the return line
of the fi,herma.l network an increase of pressure of the ca.st-iron heaters which are
at~ove t.he maximum, limited by the mc chanic~.l strength. For this very reason diffi-
_ culties arise in the mutua.l redundancy of the heat trunks and when switching the =
_ thermal network over to a supply from another heat source. _
_ To ;naint,ain permissible pressure in the return trunk one must, in a number of cases,
construct pumpin~; sta.tions and provide for an inereased pipeline diameter which
- leads :.o a rise in thermal netxork costs and complicates their opera.tion. Accord-
. ing to the reasons stated, they plan to make wida uae of a hea� ~~nnection ir.de-
k~end.ent. circuit so that in 1990 ~0 percent of tYie heating load will be connected
by an independent circuit.
The connection of the hot water suppl;;~ load in 199~ will be clirected at a t.wo--sta,ge
t;radu~.l circuit which is more ecunomical in compa.rison with other aonnection schemes.
~ne of 1;h~ trends in increasing the reliability of the heat supply system ie the
use of' a new circui+ connecting distribution thermal network~ to trunk ones throuEgh
_ t~~e ['Rl'~checking and clearing point~. Figure 79 ahows the principal i