JPRS ID: 9462 EAST EUROPE REPORT POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS

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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300060043-5
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• Sequence Number: 43
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9462 _
30 December 1980
E~st Euro e Re art
p p
POLITICAt, SOCIOLOGICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS _
(FOUO 7/80)
~B~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9462
30 December 1980
EAST E~JROPE REPORT
POLITICAL, SOCIOLG~ICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS
(FOUO 7/s0>
CONTENTS
- POLAND
French Journalists Give Eyewitness Reports on Poland
(PARIS MATCH, 24 Oct 80) 1
First Photographs of Russians, by Andra G~rgreaux,
Jacques Lange
Disguised Journalists Cross Poland, hy Jean Cau
UK Correspondent Reports on Confusion Surrounding Polish
Censorship
(Michael Dobbs; THE SUNDAY TIMES, 21 Sep 80)
Italian Journalist Interviews Students on Socia3.ism,
Democracy
(Sandro Scabello Interview; CORRIERE DELLA SERA,
17 Oct 80) 12
- a - [III - EE - 63 FOUO~
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POLAND
~ FRENCFi JOURNALISTS GIVE EYEWITNES~ REPORTS ON POLAND
First Photographs of Russians
Paris PARIS MATCH in French 24 Oct 80 pp 44-45
~ [Photographic Report by Andre Gorgreaux and Jacques Lange: "Under the Russian
Boot")
[Text] First Photographs of Russians in Poland
This photograph is a document taken. hastily by our reporters right in the middle
of a Red Arnry base hi~den in a forest near Born. "We were following a military
convoy," they tell us, "when we suddenly found ourselves right in the middle of
this semisecret base. We were careful not to stop, and boldly forging ahead, we
took these pictures on the fly, while our cmmper was sluing around in a skillful
abont u-turn.The most extraordinary thing was that no one bothered us. It was
a miracle!" ~verywhere in Poland, in the most remote country areas as much as in
the cities, our reporters met Russian troops, and they felt, as if it were just
beneath the skin's surface, the exasperation of the Poles, the hate they had for
a"liberator" who had been occupying their country for the past 35 years. The
first secreta�ry of the Polish Communist Party, Stanislav Kania, who succeeded
Gierek--who had been sent into retirement--recognized that "there was a feeling
= of edginess and constant excitement in the factories." In fact, the communist
party leaders are in complete confusion. It is up to whoever will denounce another
so as to lay the blame on the latter as being responsible for "iche greatest poli-
tical crisis in the history of contemporary Poland." And while Walesa, the leader
of the workers in the shipyards of Gdansk, calls tor an hour long warning strike
to express everyone's impatience with and suspicion of a communist party that is
seeking postponement of reforms, all Poland fears the intervention of the Warsaw
Pact troops. As it had happened in Prague and Budapest.
Through the Window of Our Camper
"We only had our camper T,aindow through which to take our photographs," our reporters
tel~ us. 1�And we had a.1n~Yl of a time meeting up with units of the Red Army.
You would think there ra.~re no Soviet soldiers in Poland. We came upon convoys
but never any soldi~e.~~, singly or in a group wa3.king in the street. Only once,
just once in Szcz~cir~, right near Born, did we see three military men walking along
~ preceded by an, a~~~cer. They ~_iterally cut through the crowd which~silently
opened up bef~re 'them. The officer's arrogance was unbelievable." The Poles have
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their own way of showing their rebelliousness as well as their pawerlessness.
"If we talk to them about the Russians," say our reporters, "they stay silent.
If we ask them whether they fear an invasion by the Red Army, they answer 'Not at
all, they are already in our country'." Everyone is awa'r.e of the trap they risk
- finding themselves in again, even more humiliated and mnre a prisoner than before.
- The pitch is rising in the Kremlin which is denouncing "~ne antisocialist elements",
in other wordls, the workers who are struggling to get �`ree unions. The warning
has been clearly stated for whoever, in a so-called people's democracy, knows
how to read PRAVDA. And the latter states in an article signed by A. Petrov, a
pseudonym for a gruup of Central Committee officials: "Elements hostile to a
socialist Poland are becoming more and more active." And it should be remembered
- that this country's frontiers are protected by the member countries of the Warsaw
Pact. It is just as it was with Czechoslovakia. "Poland is at the edge of the ~
unknown," our reporters calculate. "One f alse step and the whole thing can ex-
plode. The Poles, unlike the Czechs, are ready for anything."
Gomulka Consigned Before Gierek to Oblivion '
Our photographers surprised the one who was disgraced bsfore Gier�ek was disgraced.
- Gomulka is seen leaving his modest home at 19 Frascati Street in Warsaw. Like -
_ Gierek, who retired for "reasons of health" on the last 16 September after the
strikes in Gdansk, Gomulka also retired for "health reasons", 10 years ago on .
20 December 1970, after the riots that ravaged Gdansk and Szi:zecin. He now leads
- the life of a small pensioner. Every morning, Gomulka, wearing a bsret, rides in
his chauffeur-driven blue Fiat 132 into the countryside. During his glory, Gierek,
his successor, had use of a sumptuous dacha located in the Conjtancin region near
to the capital. Today this deluxe residence is closed. Comrade Gierek is under-
going treatment in a hospital in Anin, in the Warsaw suburbs. Thus those who
have been nicknamed "the two G's" have met the same fate, the same political disease
that requires, in a crisis, immediate treatment and total isolation. No more than -
his predecessor Gomulka, Gierek will not reappear on the stage of history. Stanislaw
Kania, who, henceforth, presides over the destini~s of Poland, icnows full well
that he may undergo a similar disgrace. He has a few weeks, if not 2 months, to
take in hand these free trade unions that the Soviets are already denouncing. If
- he has Leonid Brezhnev's confidence, who practically enthroned him during the
latter's visit to the Kremlin, ~t will only be for a while. The time needed to
succeed.
Disguised Journalists Cross Poland
_ Pa"ris PARIS MATCH in French 24 Oct 80 p 45
- [Article by Jean Cau: "The Russians Are Indeed There"]
[TextJ They told me they were photographers and it was not their job to write.
Now, I, it seems, know how to write, and so, if I wanted to, they would tell me -
their story. They would give it to me verbally and I would write it down. That's
what I'm going to do now, that's the agreement, not wiChout first giving my two
strapping young friends something to eat. They are young men, cunning as a fox,
as lively as quick-silver, highly professional, nuts about "sensational actions
fond of laughing, and--which often goes with it--self-assured. Full of courage,
easy to get along with. They were men. I have said it all. And now, my friends,
let's get to it, I am writing. And you, the reader, listen to this dangerous and
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vivid adventure and you will learn what journalists, whose only desire is to tell -
y ouu something, are capable of doing. Let's get started; they are telling their
3tory.
"So, what did we want to do? To see whether, yes or no, there are Russi,an soldiers
in Poland. We had been told: It is not possible, it is impossible, you will never
see any. They are there but you cannot see them, etc. They are there, but they
have made themselves invisible. They are in safe areas, protected, etc." Very
good. Therefore, that's our goal, to spot Russians, no matter what it takes. _
How? By acting like tourists on a special trip to Poland so as to be able to
discover their "reserves," to approach them, or get as close as possiblF; to them.
We reated a big fantastic camper, luxurious, it had everything, and it was terribly
~ conspicuous. Inside the camper, there was everything for a trip, eveYything we
needed to be abie to act like guys sold on ecology. ThEre were fishing rods, fish-
nets, books on animals, etc. And a girl friend to complete the picture and to give L
the impression of being on a joy-ride. She was a girl who spoke Gem?an and a~.
little Polish. And there we were on our way, through East Germany, the DDR [German
Democratic Republic], on a visa giving us the right to cross East Germany withouC
stopping. We cross into the DDR where we meet customs officials who were silent
and closemouthed. There was barbed wire everywhere. People were silent, undoubtedly
a bit astonished because tourists are not seen at this time of the year. We go
- on, forging ahead on the freeway. No turns to the left nor to the right, signs
everywhere. We stopped to have samething to eat at a dismal and absolutely filthy
eatery on the freeway. The W.C. was disgusting; tl:ere was no paper, not even a
lock on the door. The waiters we~e as cold as ice. We acted like French ~erks,
smiling good h~oredly; but nothing happened, absolutely t~othingl No response of
any kind, not even a smile. And, it was raining, haw it was raining! Our objec-
tive was to reach the frontie~r that we wanted to cross at Forst at dawn. Why at
dawn? Because we told ourselves that the customs officials and cops would not be
fully awake; they would still be groggy from sleep, and because we had an idea
that it would be a big scene. You are going to see. So, 50 kilometers farther -
on the fzeeway suddenly became a cruddy road. We kept on, then abruptly the free-
way appeared again! It was huge, brand new, a fantastic stretch of cement, trees
were cut down all around. There were enormous hangars. In fact, right in the
' middle of a lost forest of pines, there was an airfield. There were no airplanes,
but there was an airf ield, all ready for ar. emergency. By the way, during our
trip, we came across a bunch of these hidden airfields. We arrive in Forst in
our breathtaking rig. It was dawn. We told the girl: "Get to it", and she began
to fix some toast, make some coffee, eggs and bacon. We had a little music in
the camper. It was a gimmick to give them the impression that they were coming
into our home, if they wanted to look over our machine. The gimmick was to make
it look homelike--coffee, bacon, toast, they are used to those things, you under-
stand? It surprises them, and intimidates them. It was our idea and it worked.
They looked, those East German cops, with their big eyes. They took in deep
= breaths. They came out still sleepy from their huts with blinking lights, and ~
half kaput--from their huts, I950 style, enough to make you sick. They come in
_ just the same and say to us: "Any magazines? STERN? PARIS-MATCH? Anything?"
We had brought with us a pile of Maison de Marie--Claire, fishing, and gardening
magazines, that sort of thing. They went through all of them. They squeezed the
mattresses, they opened a closet and a box of noodles fell on their head. "No
weapons? No radio transmitters? Why?" We just stood there, always laughing, _
actin~ dazed, like idiots hung up on ecology. They did not press matters. "O.K.,
go on." At the Polish cust~ms--no problem. The customs officer, a serious young -
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girl wearing trousers, looked at the camper, and w3.th the hint of a smile, said:
"Go on." What a relief! Fifteen for our side. It was now daylight. We were
driving through a magnificent pine forest, in the direction of Swietoszow, where
we had been told--obviously we had begun to use the familiar form of "you" amongst ,
ourselves before staYting out on our expedition--there might be a Russian. Of
course, at the frontier, w~ had been asked where we were going. We had anawerad '
that we were tourists out to see beautiful forests, nature, fish, birds, little
beastys--we lovea that sort of thing. They thought we were complete idiots. We
kept on through a thick forest, and the first Pole we saw was a mushroom picker
whose baskets were filled with big mushrooms and chanterelles. At the same time,
there was a loud noise--it wa~ a gigantic Russian militarq helicopter, flying
at tree level, some hundred feet above our heads. "Russki," said the mushroom
picker. We said to ourselves: "Good, we are getting warm!" We rubbed our hands
thinking about getting some photographs of the Russian basP and camp. No way!
It was impossible to leave the road through the forest. Everywhere, on the left
and on the right, there were signs telling us we cauld not. Then, wham! We
suddenly came upon a convoy of Russian military trucks with yellow stars and Rus-
sian signs in cyrillic. Overhead, above the forest and over our heads, there
was a continuous line of aircraft. Eno~ous helicopters, MiGs, the sound filled
our ears. In any case, however, we were happy. There /were/ [printed in italics]
Russians in poland, and we were righ* ir. the m3ddle of the whole caboodle. To
take photographs, that was impossible to dc. And what ones would you take? We
had to keep moving if we did not want to be caught being curious. Sn, we continued
on to the nearest village called Trzebien--a shabby place, with its brick houses,
peasants driving horse--drawn carts, women riding patched together motor-bikes,
- norses and plows--the village gave an awful impression of being extremely poor.
People looked at us as we went by as if we had 3ust fallen from the sky. They
had never seen a person from the West. We were from another world. Without
stopping the eamper, we took pictures as best as we could through the window
curtains. In fact we stayed under cover in the camper. There in Trzebien we
saw Russian officers, stiff and impeccable in bearing. Again we saw a convoy of
Russian military trucks. We left this area and drove on to a larger town called
Zielona-Gora. Here, there was a change in attitude. Although the people did not
say a word to us, they were not hostile. We roused their curiosity, but they made
no move, as if they were afraid to approach us. Only the kids kept calling to us
"Gum! gum!" The town was shabby. The people were dressed like the French used
to dress 40 years ago. Everywhere there were people in lines, shops with only
three eggs or a man's suit in the window. At last, a young girl came up and spoke
- to us in Fr~anch. She was a student. Trying to be nice, she took us to the Student's
House where we talked with her and her boyfriend. We said to them, straight out,
that we had seen military convoys and a lot of aircraft. There must be a few
Russians in the area, eh? "Yes, in Legnica, there's even a large garrison also."
We did not press the matter because we could see that it would be impossible to
get them to say any more. Regarding Russkis, not a word, no comment, nothing.
"Yes, there are Russki..." and that was all. They were clearly frightened. We
could feel it. With a steel carpet over their head, and these convoys on the ground,
_ it was as if they were made into a sandwich. We went to the superniarket where
_ all there was were a few canned goods that looked to be a hundred years olds some
- garlic and onions. ThesE were the first words of Polish we learned: garlic--
, /czosnek/ [printed in boldfaceJ, onion--/cebula/ [printed in boldface]. We bought
' some and we were so happy to speak Polish that for the rest of the trip we cal?ed
each other Czosnek and Cebula.
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4~/e set our course for Legnica, through a cruua~y countryside, cflvered in woods.
i~le arrived in Legnica, hurrahl It was somethingl There were convoys, columns, -
Russkis everywhere, as if it were raining Russkis. But they never looked at us,
no way. And never a word spoken. Besides, you never saw them in the streets,
never. The troops were in their trucks or in their Russian-made jeeps. You -
- did not see any Russki in the bars or in the stores, not a single Russki. They
keep moving on wheels or in the sky.
During our trip, we could count on our fingers the ones we saw in the streets.
They absolutely did not mix with the population. Always sitting in their vehicles,
on the ground, or sitting in their aircraft, in the sky. Yes, really, it's as
if the Russians were sitting on Poland! It's unbelievable the number of MiGs,
helicopters, and cargo planes flying around without let-up. We had the feeling
of being squashed da�a, of a cover being pressed down over our heads. Just the
same, we did see in town--it was a miracle--two soldiers and an officer going along
on foot. An unheard of exception. And then what a sight: They were walking along
three abreast, and ~he crowd, abruptly and silently, moved apart as if they were
the bow of a ship cutting through the water. And no one was looking at them, not
a soul. It was almost heart-rending.
From Legnica, we set our course to the north, northwest. Our objective was to "
drive to the Ba~tic. We forged on towards an area called the "lake region". On
the highway, there were the eternal convoys and motorized columns, as if the
Russkis always had to be on the move; and all day long there were aircraft as if
they enjoyed wasting their gas without having to account for it. We arrived in
Poznan in the mi.ddle of the night--air maneuvers all night long--and, without ~
stopping, we continued on to Szczecin and Zaplinek. The first tawn was filled,
filled to the rafters, with Russian military personnel, trucks and ,jeeps, driving
at night .
We came upon a long convoy of tanks; the men were in black uniforms with black '
helmets. Very impressive and ominous. In Zaplinek, we did the bars; we went to
the barber's and got drunk on vodka with him and the optician on the corner. But
there was never a mention of the Russkis, not a single word. It was a forbidden
subject. Even with a glass of vodka under the nose, no word! Even when they were
drunk, the barrier still held. As soon as we said "Russki", you could see the
fear. As soon as we tried to speak about politics, even a tiny allusion to politics,
that was it--not a word. We asked about "Walesa, the guy from Gdansk, you know
him?" "No." One "no" and that was all. Curtain.
' Next we were off towards the Baltic Sea, to have a look-see. On the wa,y, during
the night, we had a funny experience. At 11 o'clock at night, we came upon a
military convoy going towards Bodovo. We said to each other, "Shall we follow
it? Let's do it! We'll get a good look." We followed along at a distance from
the tailend of the convoy. Suddenly, without anyone seeing us in the black night,
we found ourselves smack dab in the middle of a huge Russian camp. We thought -
- we were in a village, but we were in a camp .*_hat was crawling with soldiers.
There were stone houses, signals, dim lights, etc. Good God!
We were right in the wolf's maw with our tremendous photographic equipment, our
Minox cameras, our "500" cameras, our telescopic lens, and exposed films. We had
had it. We could already hear them: "Who are you? Where do you come from?
Why are you here? Let's see your film! Ah, you are fishing and nature nuts and
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you sp~nd yc+ur time taking photographs, even out of fn~~:;, of Red Army convoys?"
- Well, too bad, before reaching the heart of the camp, we did an abrupt u-turn _
happily it was at night--and hauled out expecting to be followed. But they must
not have understood what was going on. Perhaps Chey thought that we were big- -
shots in a special vehicle. The people in the camp must have thought we belonged
to the convoy; those in the convoy thought we belonged to Che camp. And since
they must nc~t ask about their big-shots, we moved out. We were unbelieve~bly '
lucky. We drove on to the Baltic, right to the sea, at Kolobserg. There was still
a hubbub on the road--convoys and aircraft. In Kolobzerg, there were MiGs all
night long. This whole underpopulated region in the heart of Poland is covered
with Russian bases, camps, and garrisons. It is their central area; from this
point, hidden in the woods and among the lake~, and except for cities like Warsaw
and Crakow where they are not to be found, the Russians can (a) spread throughout
Poland as soon as the whistle blows, and (b) they are concerned only with the _
peasants or terrorized inhabitants of small towns cut-off from the main stream. .
Finally, in short, those who say there is no Red Army in Poland or who, from Warsaw,
say that there are no Russians to be seen, we can point out the mushroom patch to ~
them. If they want to see some Russians, we can give them the address~s. They .
will have all they want, as these poor Poles have already.
So, we sa.id to ourselves: "On to Warsaw!" And here's warsaw. It's dull, the
people are sad, lines of them everywhere. As sooa as they see a foreigner, it's _
the same sad and never-ending thing: "Change money? Change money?" Here we
talked with the people. In Warsaw they were not afraid to say something. We met
no one who liked the Russians, not a soul. We wondered if there is a single Pole
who likes them. There were pictures of the Pope everywhere. The churches were
full to overflowing until 11 o`clock every night. You see young people, liberated
types, young girls with'make-up on who, the poor things, want to be dressed in
the vulgar style prevalent here and you see them ent~ring the churches where they
remain on their knees for an hour. One evening "here it`s "Cebula"--the onion--
who's speakin~) I say to my buddy Czosnek (garlic): "Heys I am going to take in
_ a mass." I go in. It's 10 o'clock. ihe church is packed. There is an unbelievable
piety. At the end of the mass, everyone takes communion. I do too. I say to
mr,elf: "I'm going to do it." The feeli.r.g was overpowering. I had not taken
communion since my confirmation, but I had th~ feeling that I wanted to be with
them. When you see a whole people weighed down, a whole people withdrawn into -
- themselves, who open up only to tell you that they are afraid; when you give a
bar of chocolate to two old people, to whose house you return the following day,
you see the chocolate bar lying untouched in the knick-knack cabinet, next to a
picture of the Pope, and they say to you: "We will not eat it. We have put it
- there as a souvenir from you." Damn it, you feel you want to take communion with
them.
In Warsaw, we spotted the place where Gomulka lives, the guy who was succeeded
by Gierek. He lives at 19 Frascati Street in an area of small houses. It is
~ surrounded by a lawn and an iron fence with a cop at the entrance gate. It is -
forbidden to park longer than a minute. Gomulka lives on the fourth floor and has
- a reddish-brown dog. He is no longer young and wears a beret. Nor is he senile.
Every morning at 0820 sharp, his driver arrives in a big Fiat 132 and he drives
Gomulka and his mother to a small countr~ area, Konstancin some 15 kilometers
away. It's a small village where he shuts ~?imself in a hut built of wood--his
dacha. He does not go out, and at 1315, he returns to Warsaw. We followed him. -
Every day, it was the same thing, as regulated as lines on a sheet of music paper. -
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The road that goes to Konstancin is very beautiful because it had been built for =
Comrade Gierek who used to live in a magnificant dacha two kilometers from there,
but we were not able to get r_~ar his place. The house is superb and secluded,
because Comrade Gierek had a taste for luxury. We found the hospital where he
is taking a rest. It's in the Warsaw suburbs, in Anin, on a road which leads to
the woods. It is impossible to drive on it without being seen. The hospital is
exposed and is surrounded by an iron fence. Gierek is on the second floor.
''_'he ~:ospital is loaded with cops. That's a change for him from his dacha. We
nosed around without stopping. Our young girl succeeded in talking with one of
the nurses. ~he said: ''Hey, there is a famous person here?" The nurse, tense,
answered dryly: "There is some one who used to be famous, but he is not any
longer!" And she turned on her heels. _
From Warsaw, we went on to Crakow. From there, we went towards Czechoslovakia
where the Russkis do not ride themselves. They move around, they maneuver, we
saw them everywhere. The Czechs are even more withdrawn than the Poles, they have
an even more unhappy look. In order to cross the frontier, we went through our
usual routine with the coffee, eggs, music, and ham, but here it was the worst.
Wait--that's their gimmick, wait! And barbed wire, iron fences, a no man's land -
between barbed wire and observation posCs. When we arrived at the crossing point,
there was only one car which they were in the process of taking apart, from top -
to bottom. They had a large mirror to look underneath. They ran rods intc the
exhaust pipe, etc.
We told ourselves: "This time, we can throw in the towel. If they work us over
with that much curiosity, they have got us, what with our cameras, film." "So,
just like that, you are coming back from a fishing trip in Poland? Where were
you? Wait a minute, we will develop your fil~n and make a telephone call to find
out what area in particular you visited." Happily, the aroma of the coffee and _
toast, the ham, the fishing poles, the camper so obviously a capitalist trick,
all that saved us and we went on. They asked us: "Where were you?" "In Poland.
_ Ah, you know, to fish, to pick mushrooms, to see nature!" "You had a good tr~p?"
- "We were pleased!" "Go on, go on through, have a good trip!" "Thank you!" We
- were in West Germany, safe. We are here, what a trip! Good, my friends. I closed
my notebook. Ti1ey asked me what had been happening in France while they were
away. I told them there had been an attack and we had promptly taken up arms to
fight and had courageously demonstrated against nazism which would not pass.
They looked flabber~;asted: "Nazism? Where? Here? What riazism?" They were
completely dumbfounded. They were returning f rom occupied Poland, with fire at
their heels and fear in their guts.
PHOTO CAPTIONS ' -
1. p 44. Soviet tanks hidden in a forest in the Born region, near Szczecinek,
in northern Poland. Red army saldiers are everywhere kept apart from
the local inhabitants for fear of an incident.
2. p 46. From left to right. Above: A Rus s ian officer on a street in Szczecin,
near Born. One of the few Soviet military men on foot seen in the
crowd by our reporters. Belaw: A driver in a Soviet convoy. On the
right: The arrival of Soviet troops at the Legnica railroad station.
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3. p 48. Gomulka, a man in disgrace. He has been forgotten for the past ten
years, since Gierek had succeeded him after the great uprisings in
Gdansk. O~ur reporters succeeded in surprising "this pensioner of
History" that Gierek has now become.
4. p 51. A Soviet soldier and his jeep near our reporters' camper.
COPYRIGHT: 1980 par Cogedipre�se S. A.
9766
CSO: 8319/0204
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pOLAND -
i
, UK CORRESPONDENT REPORTS ON CONFUSION SURROUNDING POLISH CENSORSHIP
~ LD221333 London THE SUNDAY TIMES in English 21 Sep 80 p 8
i
j [Michael Dobbs dispatch: "All the News (A1m4st) Fit for Poles"] -
~
~ [Text] Warsaw--Last Thursday a newspaper in Gdansk carried a front-page report on
~ the first full conference of Poland's new independent trade unions. The historic
i meeting, attended by delegates from all over the country, had been held in the
' city the previous evening, and the account carri~d by the VOICE OF THE COAST [GLOS
WYBRZEZA] was both gripping and accurate.
' It was an excellent example of a new style of journalism that has been helping to -
transform the usually turgid pages of the Polish papers over the last month. But
no other Polish newspaper carried a similar report. Although the event clearly
had i~ense implications for the whole of Poland, all ~nention of it elsewhere was
banned by the censor.
~
The incident provides an insight into the confusing position in which Polish
~ journalists find themselves. Since the end of August, when the government
; formally agreed to workers' demands for a relaxation of censorship, the pxess has
become a good deal more interesting and lively. Much that was previously unpub-
lishable gets into print every day, including the formerly unmentionable word
"strike." But many ~ournalists say the changes are patchy.
, "At present, the press is like a cake that has not been fully baked," says ,~erzy
; Salacki, a~ournalist with the government information agency INTERPRESS. "Parts
are nice and fluffy--but then you come across an indigestible bit in the middle."
, An illustration is provided by the n~wspapers' coverage of Parliament [SejmJ
earlier this month. The session was unprecedented in Poland's post-war history ~
for MPs' frankness and the sharpness of their criticism of government policies.
Next day, the arguments were reported in the press, but many comments were con-
; siderably toned down.
In the past fortnight, some newspapers have published articles that had previously
been banned by the censor. One piece in the weekly POLITYKA was an intervi.ew with
a former socialist politician on the conflicts with the communists immediately
after the Second World War.
~
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~ Another described the way tt~e Hungarian Government treats its intellectuals. ;
- Thia article had been hald up for seven montha because, without ever referring to ;
Poland, it was implicitly critical of policies pursued by the former Poli.sh
leader, Edward Gierek.
One particularly sensitive issue is what the censors refer to as "the August .
events. POI:ITYKA, which has always en~oyed a privileged position in the Polish
media, was allowed to prin t a colourful and objective account of the end of the
- strike in Gdansk. But cove rage has been limited, apparently to avoid over-
exciting the people.
~ By normal East European s tandards, even the brief reports of the strikers' demands
that have appeared in the Polish press are subversive. Czechoslovak and ~ast
German customs men have confiscated copies of official Polish newspapera con-
- taining details of the Gdansk agreement.
" In one sense, demands by j ournalists for greater freedom are merely a ref lection of
the deeper stirrings in Po lish society. But they also have a particular importance '
of their own. In Poland, as in other Soviet bloc countries, control of the mass
media has always been regarded as a cornerstone of Co~unist Party authority. _
The abolition of censorship during ~zechoslovakia's Prague Spring was one of the -
actions that led to the S oviet invasion of Aug~s t 1968. After the invasion, the -
Soviet leadership compla~ned that the Czechoslovak reformers under Alexander
Dubcek had ignored their repeated calls for controls over the press. Formal
censorship was quickly reimpoaed.
~here are, of course, imp o rtant differences between the Czechoslovak and Polish ~
upheavals . One is that the Polieh Government has, not agreed to abolish censor-
ship, but merely to restri ct it to "the proCection of state and economic secrets
and matters relating to the security of the state and its impor~ant international
interests."
Another distinction is drawn by Jerzy Wiatr, a distinguished political scientist.
He says: "The essence of the problem is the attitude of the editors. In Czecho-
slovakia, most of the peop le controlling the media were unwilling to compromise at
all. Here, most editors s upport the reforms--but they are not willing to push
everything to the same extreme."
In Czechoslovakia it was the intelligentsia that formed the core of the reform
movement. By contrast, the first demands for change in Poland came from the
workers; only later did the journalists join in.
Many calls are now being heard for the reform of the Journalists' Association [SDP]
anc~ its close involvemen t in drawing up a new press law to be submitted to Parlia-
ment within the next thre e months. At a lively meeting a week ago, a group of
265 journalista signed a p etition demanding an extraordinary congress of the asso-
ciation~, fresh elections to its leadership, and "independent" journalism.
In a weekly column in POLZTYKA, Daniel Passent said the association should trans-
f orm itself from a cafeteri a-courtravel office into a professional organization
representing ~ournalists` interests.~
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Ironically, reports of the Journalists' Association meeting were themselves cen-
sored. Coverage was limited to a three-paragraph item by the Polish news agency
PAP briefly mentioning the topics discussed without reporting any of the speeches.
_ A similar fate befell a resolution on press freedom adopted by ~ournalists in th e
southern city of Krakow. The resolution was published in full on the front page
of the local newspaper, but not reported at all in the national press. The depu ty
editor of POLITYKA, Zygmunt Szeliga, described the censor's decision in an inter- _
- view as "a relic of the old way of handling the press."
Many journalists object to the fact that the Polish public is better informed by
foreign radio stations such as Radio Free Europe and the BBC than by the Polish
press. Jerzy Salecki, who represents I?VTERPRESS journalists in the association,
commented: "It is very upsetting that we journalists are not trus ted by our own
- authorities."
He added: "A letter can be published in the Krakow press, but not in the central
press. I don't understand it." -
COPYRIGHT: Times Newspapers Limited, 1980
CSO: 2020
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POLAND
ITALIAN JOURNALIST INTERVIEWS STiJDENTS ON SOCIALISM, DEMOCRACY
Milan CORRIERE DELLA SERA in Italian 17 Oct 80 p 3
- [Interview by Sandro Scabello: "Thirst for Democracy, Not Anarchy"]
[Text] As enthusiasm for the new independent students' ,
association mounts, the official socialist association ;
cnncedes the setback and offers a welcome to everyone in
� its ranks, political ideas notwithstanding. The danger
of excessive fragmentation in the organizations.
Warsaw--Along with Solidarnosc [Solidarity], democracy is coming to Poland's
universities . The new Independent Association of Polish Students (NZSP) , _
which is recruiting hundreds of inembers in all the nation's universities,
wants to adopt the same title used by Lech Walesa's union as a symbol of
something more than hope. The (official) Union of Polish Students (SZSP)
acknowledges its loss but declares that it will not dissolve, as the old
central union apparently wants to do. -
"The mistakes we have made do not justify the dissolution of our organiza-
_ tion," say SZSP's directors. Last year its membership numbered~ 300,000, or
71-72 percent of all Polish university students; today, this percentage,
estimated by SZSP's own representatives, has plummeted to a scant 20 percent.
In its courageous self-critici sm, the organization admitted its faults, its
[adverse] responsibilities and unpopuZar interfere.nces, but it denies that
it is a direct emanation of the party.
"We see the party's direction," said SZSP deputy chairman Tadeusz Sawic, "as
a function of partnership, not subordination, providing we maintain our aut- -
onomy. The central committee d oes not finance us, and the ministry of edu- .
cation contributes only 40 percent of our budget. The rest we raise our-
selves through our own initiat ives."
SZSP now wants to "unlace the c orset, which has kept us imprisoned," and
declares its readiness to accep t anyone in its ranks, whatever a student's
_ political opinions or visions of the world may be. "Wider student partici-
pation in the life of the nation, democracy and pluralism in the life of
the university," "we support our autonomy with action and deeds, not only _
words" at the debates in Krakow, Gdansk and Warsaw, these slogans, hand-
written on placards, ring aut their messages with fervent passion.
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If the aims of the associatioiis are identical, their strategies often differ.
_ Before deciding which one to join, many students want to know what the pre-
cise program of each of the various organizations will be. The most ambitious
objective is some kind of self-management, above party and groups and free
from the power and tentacles of the government.
But how can ths students structure a system of self-management and insert the
university int~ the process of.democratizing Poland's society and ins titu-
tions? We discussed this problem with four students of the University of
Warsaw, the capital's biggest: Piotr (political science), Jan (history),
Adam (sociology) and Stefan (literature), all barely 20 years old and all
members of the new independent association's founding committee.
[Question] To what extent can your association's program be consider ed a-
political?
Jan: Until now there has been no way of eliminating the government's firm
control over every aspect of social life. Therefore, everything that hap-
pened has been given some political label. Now, it seems, the government
has reverted to the position it should have taken since the beginning just
looking after certain indispensable state matters, but not our entire social
life. What does our political attitude signify? The defense of demo cracy,
the demand for more freedom in the university, and the right to publ i sh our
journals without censorship.
Adam: We students have a precise job to do in democratizing the country
through university activities. In the other socialist countries, th e univer-
sities are dominated by the party in power. If our universities in Poland
can shake off the party yoke and function autonomously, that will be a long
stride forward and an indication that Poland is really changing. We will add
the democratic creed we formulate to those adopted by other social groups,
with which we intend to cooperate from now on. We will publish indep endent
journals that will fulfill an important purpose, not only for the universi-
ties but for the rest of the people, too.
- Piotr: My friend here has spoken of an autonomous university. It would seem
that such an institution, totally independent, is unthinkable in a c ountry of
the socialist bloc, that a university cannot exist on its own terms b ecause
the powers-that-be would close it down immediately. Fortunately, we can
count on the majority of our people to stand behind us, just as they are sup-
porting the new unions. We are not alone, and the spread of democracy in
our institutions of higher learning will influence other social organisms
and institutions.
Stefan: Then too, democracy in the university will exert an enormous influ-
ence in molding the students. Until now and the same applies to the whole
life of the country the students had only one organization, with a very
definite political character. You could take up politicai activities only
if you submitted to its predetermined position, otherwise you didn't commit
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yourself at all. Now, after the changes we believe will come in our nation,
our association will enable young people to complete their studies with a
sound cultural preparation, as well as a social and political ~wareness far
more complete and freer. That's certainly not a negligible factor.
[Question] The process of democratization carries certain risks with it.
. What particular risks for you?
Piotr: The biggest would be if there are too many student organizations be-
_ cause the result would be anarchy, and that would make it easy for the auth-
orities to wipe them out on some pretext or other. Let's not fool ourselves. .
Right now our association is legal, but it's looked upon with suspicion and
bewilderment. Some students are impatient to win their freedom sooner than
we do. That's why we insist so much on democracy, on the kind of democracy
you saw during the strike in Gdansk. There, the workers' demands, whether
approved or not, were discussed rapidly, the strikers didn't get lost in
futile speechmaking. But I see our pro~ect beset with difficulties. There
is too much debating, too much splintering. Maybe that's because we're only
at the beginning, or maybe it's the fault of our environment.
Jan: All the same, you must realize that discussions teach people to think.
They learn about things and problems they never before knew existed. That's
our purpose: to accustom people to think and take part in a pluralist sys-
- tem. We now have two student organizations, and we might have others. The
individual shaped by our new university system and we believe that some
day there will be many more like him all over Poland will have learned
democracy from the ground up before he takes up a professional activity.
Stefan: What's more, this individual won't be demoralized as in the past
when he had to show his loyalty to the party before he could earn any immed-
iate profit from anything. We don't want our association to give people ma-
terial benefits, but only to satisfy their will to work in the social field
on a vast scale.
- Piotr: The best way to carve out a career for yourself, whether political or
otherwise, has always been to take an active part in some youth organization,
especially SZSP.
Adam: Someone mentioned anarchy. To me that's not the greatest danger. For
years we've been suff.ocaied, repressed, prevented from giving voice to our
demands or discussing our problems. I have heard a lot of talk in discus-
sions about rational politics. The writer Stefan Bratkowski spoke of the
revolution of reason. I think there won't be any lack of reason with us.
We all realize our geopolitical situation, and we won't go beyond the limits
of our specific program.
[Question] Do you think the party is ready to switch over to democracy?
Piotr: That's a tough one. It doesn't seem to me that the party needs to
go through any great metamorphosis, yet it must take into account the reality
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of the new unions and the new universities, which are going to be a power
and a mechanism of control. Who knows what will happen in the future?
There are enough precedents in our history, there have been periods, li'~ce
the so-called thaw, when the party was confronting 'difficulties and loosen-
ed the screws for a while. But once matters were smoothed over, it inexQr -
ably reverted to repression. Today, I think, that would be difficult, in
vi.ew of the pressure from below for the movement of liberation to turn the
screws. It's essential to organize as soon as possible a(popular) force
_ that can put strong pressure on the party. Perhaps that can happen now.
_ Adam: The party base is widely favorable to democratization. Two years ago,
when the association Experience and Future (DIP) was formed, many members
of the party joined it. Even before the union revolt in August, DIP had
~ seriously analyzed the country's political, economic and social situation,
and arrived at conclusions that were subsequently borne out by facts. So
you see, there are men in the party who are fighting for democracy. But we
have another problem: should we really hope for liberalization? We mustn't
forget that when the communist parties democratize look at Hungary in
1946 and Czechoslovakia in 1968 the Russians step in. Will that happen
to Poland, too? It's a risk we cannot ignore, and we must discuss it.
[Question] Do you four believe in socialism?
Piotr: Socialism is such a threadbare, devaluated word that you don't really
know what it means any more. In Poland, though, it preserves an exact sense.
Speaking of opposition groups, it is often used to attack antisocialists.
It's a sort of code the authorities use to brand the people who reject their
line and directives as antisocialists.
Jan: Apart from that, like us, many communists in the opposition don't want
to fight socialism or revolutionize its principles, but rather set up a real-
ly democratic socialism that's more just and human.
Adam: Two years ag~, a group of specialists asked students at the University
of Warsaw about their political ideas. Three fourths of those interrogated
did not know how to answer the question: what is socialism? They simply
said it was a very good thing, a system that made it possible for people to
live well, that people are happy with it. That was all they could say. To
be frank, I don't know myself whether it's more a doctrine or a utopia. Young
people in the West will certainly know better than we do.
~ COPYRIGHT: 1980 Editoriale del "Corriere della Sera" s.a.s.
9653
CSO: 31.04 E~
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