JPRS ID: 9260 JAPAN REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 53
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 32
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5
~
FQR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JPRS L/9549
. 13 February 1981
USSR Re ort
p
.
ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT
- CFOUO 1 /81)
-7
1
FB~$ FOREIGN BR~OADCAST INFORMATION SERVI~E
FOR QFFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
NOTE
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original informa.tion was
processed. Where no processing inciicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
' Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within ixems are as
given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
MATERIALS REPRCDUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATLON BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE O~TLY.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
JPRS L/9549
~ 13 February 1981
~ USSR REPORT
~ ENGINEERING AND E~~IPMENT
(FOUO 1/81)
CONTENTS
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Channel-Type Nuclear Power Reactor 1
Installation of Nuclear Electric Power Plant Equipment 5
Nuclear Energy for the Good of Mankind 8
NON-NUCLEAR ENERGY
Calculation and Design of Induction M~ID Machines With a Liquid-
. Metal Working Medium 11
TURBINE AND ENGINE DESIGN
Automatic Equipment of Aviation Gas Turbine Propulsion Units........ 14
Construction and Design of Engine Units 17
Principles of the Theory of Electric Propulsion Systems 20
NAVIGATION AND GUIDANCE SYSTEMS
Use of Gyroscopic Instruments and Systems on Ocean Vessels.......... 24
Automation of Aircraft Piloting and Air Traffic Control 28
Ultimate Capabilities of Control Systems With Constraints on State
Vehicles 31
FLUID MECHANICS
Turbulent Detached Flows 34
Propellers for Ships With Dynamic Principles of Buoyancy............ 36
- - a~~ [III ~ USSR - 21F S&T FOUO]
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Detached and Undetached Flow of an Ideal Fluid Around Slender
39
Wings....... _
TESTING AND MATERIALS
Reactor Thermometry 43
Chemical Monitoring of Water Conditions at Atomic Power Plants...... 46
-b-
FOR UFFICIAL USF ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
NUCLEAR ENERGY
CHANNEL-TYPE NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR
Moscow KANAL'NYY YADERNYY ENERGETICHESRIX REAKTOR in Russian 1980 signed to press
27 Mar 80 pp 2-4, 207-208
[Anrotation, foreword and table of contents from ~ook by Nikolay Antonovich
Dollezhal' and Ivan Yakovlevich Yemel'yanov, Atomizdat, 2550 copies, 208 pages]
[Text] The results are generalized, of scientific research and design work on the
creation of the RBMK-1000 nuclear power reactor-�-the first domestic series-produced
one-million-kilowatt (electric) reactor--designed for the purpose o� developing
the country's nuclear power. Major scientific and technical problems which were
solved in the process of developing the prototype reactor are discussed. A de-
scription is given of designs of the reactor per se, of elements of the monitoring
and regulating system, and of the biological shield. Theoretical calculation and
~ experimental studies of the core and the principles of monitoring and controlling
energy release fields are discussed. Questions relating to the reliability and
- radiation safety of the reactor are analyzed.
For scientific personnel, designers and specialists involved in developing and
using nuclear power reactors; will also be useful to the instructional staff,
: graduate students and upper-class students at higher educational institiutions
specializing in nuclear power engineering.
Foreword
In keeping with the decisions of the 24th, and especially of the 25th, CPSU Con~
gress, in our country in the 70's was developed the massive construction of
, nuclear power plants. This became possible because of the fact that Soviet spe-
cialists had developed, created and mastered types of reactors suitable for the
economical and large-scale production of e].ectric power. As early as the next
few years AES's [nuclear power plants] with reactors of various types will assume
a practically monopolistic position in the growth of electrical capacities in the
European sector of the USSR.
In our country, along with pressurized-water shell-type reactors, a channel type of
nuclear reactor is c,ridely used at AES's. Its construction was suggested and
implemented at the end of the 40's. As applied to power engineering problems, this
design principle was used succe~sively for the reactors o~ the Pervaya [First] AES,
the Siberian, Beloyarsk, Bili't;ino and other AES's.
1
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLX
I
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
An important advantage of this type of reactor is th~ ability to realize high unit
power, to improve individual indicators of an AES and to increase its economic
efficiency. The first one-million-kilowatt power plant with an RBMK reactor of the
boiling water type was put into service in 1973 at the Leningrad AES imeni V.I.
Lenin; it became the prototype for a large seriss of power plants in existence and
to be constructed for a number of AES's ~,ri th a capacity of four to six million
- kilowatts and more.
R.BMK reactors with a unit capacity of 1.5 million kW will be installed at the
Ignalina AES under construction. An engineering pro~ect is being developed for a
sectional heterogeneous channel reactor wi th a capacity of 2.4 million kW. ~
These achievements are of special meaning, special importance, for our ::ountry.
The extensive construction of AES's begun in the preceding and developed in the .
current five-year plan period has become p o~sible practically without considerable _
capital investment in the creation of a specialized machine building base for -
making equipment for this typQ of reactor. Orders for the manuf.acture of key
equipment for the series of power plants with RBMK reactors have beer~ placed at
~ ordinary machine building plants.
The RBMK reactor was created on the basis of considerable work experience in the
mastery of channel-type power reactors. Many teams participated in its creation.
- Important scientific research, calculation and design work was done at the Institute -
of Atomic Energy imeni I.V. Kurchatov, the Scientific Researclt and Design Institute
of Power Equipment, and other institutes and design bureaus. The team of the Lenin-
grad AES imeni V.I. Lenin did a great deal of work on mastering the new type o�
reactor, on running through operating modes, and on eliminating defects which arose
_ in the process of debugging equipment and units.
Scientific research and design organizations in conjunction with the operating
personnel of the LAES [Leningrad AESJ conducted comprehensive scudies of all the
plant's equipment and studied the neutron-physical characteristics of the core _
both in the original state and in thE pro c ess of operation in all of the plant's
operating modes.
The extensive use of these reactors in the USSR's nuclear power engineering necessi- -
tates training skilled AES operating personnel.
This book has had the goal of generalizing the experience of creating, starting up '
and operating the first reactors of this type. At the same time it will aid in
training AES personnel for working with reactors of this type, as well as in
forming specialists in the fisld of nuclear power engineering.
For their assistance in this work, the authors ~rish to thank the following associ-
ates at the Scientific Research and Design Institute of Power Equipment(NIKIET):
~ A.P. Sirotkin, V.V. Rylin, P.A. Gavrilov, V.G. Aden, V.V. Postnikov, A.S. Levchuk,
V.I. Shubin, K.K. Polushkin, Xu. E. Khandamirov, A.I. Klemin, V.P. Jasilevskiy,
N.Z. Rybakov, Yu.I. Koryakin, V.A. Chernyayev, V.I. Mikhan, Yu.M. Cherkashov, L.N.
Podlazov and T.Yu. Kofanova.
_ 2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
_ FOR OFFZCIAL USE ONLY
CONTENTS Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. General Questions 5
1.1. Technical and economic prerequisites for the creation of large-capacity
nuclear power reactors 5
1.2. From 5 tc 1500 MW ~
, Bibliography 10
Chapter 2. Physical Characteristics of the Core il
- 2.1. Structure of core 11
2.2. Neutron-physical calculation procedure 13
2.3. Physical experiments 17
2.4. Calculated neutron-physical characteristics 20
2.4.1. Key periods of operation of the reactor 20
2.4.2. Initiai charge of the reactor 21
2.4.3. Transient period of operation of the reactor 2~
2.4.4. Stationary fuel reloading mode 31
2.4.5. Effectiveness of controls and ~nitoring devices 3~
2.5. Nuclear safety 41
2.6. Physical and power startup of the reactor 42
Bibliography 47
Chapter 3. Construction of the Reactor Unit 48
3.1. Reactor 48
3.2. Technological channel 54
3.3. Reactor pipelines 59
3.4. Flowra[e regulators 60
3.5. Choice of construction materials and water-chemical conditions 62
~ 3.6. Thermal and hydraulic characteristics 66
3.6.1. Deciaive heat engineering parameters 66
3.6.2. Hydraulics of the circulation circuit and heat exchange in the
reactor c4re 68
3.6.3. Heat engineering characreristics of the reactor at steady-state
power levels 71
3.7. Investigation of the strength of equipment and pipelines 74
Bibliography
Chapter 4. Main Basic Hydraulic Systems 80
4.1. Hyuraulic systems of the reactor unit
4.2. Hvdraulic systems of the turbine unit 90
4.2.1. Ke}~ technological systems of the machine section 90
4.2.2. Diagram ei�c~eaerator-delivery unit 92
4.2.3. Hydrogen ignition system 93
4.2.4. System for evacuating the in-pile loop 93
4.3. Gas circuit 93
. Chapter 5. Fuel Asser~blies 95
~ 5.1. Operating conditions and key characteristics 95
5.2. Results of major experimental work on estimating the reliability o~
fuel assemblies 98
Chapter 6. Control Facilities 102
6.1. Monitoring and regulating distribution of energy release in the core 102
3
_ FOR OFFIf;IAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
6.1.1. Tecl:nica], prerey~x~sites ~or discXete nwnitoxing o~ energy xelease
distribution 102
6.1.2. Structure o~ energy release distribution monitoring and regulation 102
6.1.3. System tor physical monitoring of energy release diatr~bution over
~he reactor's radius 106
6.1.4. System fnr physical monitoring of energy release distribution over
the reactor's height 1~J9
- 6.1.5. Equipment for periodfc testing of detectors 111
= 6.1.6. Software for monitoring ar.d regulating intrareactor parameters 112
6.1.7. Calculation of energy release in a fuel assembly 114
6.1.8. Regulation of energy release distri~utions 119
6.2. System for regulating the power of the reactor 121
6.3. Control system electronic equipment 126
6.4. Dynamic processes 131
Bibliography 137
Chapter 7. Monitoring an3 Computing Complex 1~9
7.1. Monitoring measurement system ' 139
7.2. Description of ma~or systems and instruments 140
7.3. Centralized monitoring system 148
Chapter 8. Biological Shield 153
8.1. Features of an AES ~aith a boilin$-water reactor and requirements
for the shield of an RBMK 153
8.2. Calculation and experimental studies in developing the design of the
shield 154
8.3. Description of construction of shield 161
8.4. Results of experimental testing of the shield and radiation safety
of an AES with an RBMK reactor 165
Bibliography 169
Chapter 9. Investigation of Safety Questions 170
9.1. Estimating the technological reliability of the reactor 170
9.2. Investigation of emergency situations 174
9.3. Investigation of emergency situations in stopping of the main circulat-
- ing pumps 180
Bibliography 181
Chapter 10. Reloading Machine 182
10.1. Design and construction 182
10.2. Operating conditions 187
_ Chapter 11. Prospects for the Development of Channel-Type Uranium-Graphite
~ Reactors 189
11..1. Principles of improvement of the core 189
11.2. Sectional homogeneous design of reactor lg2
11.3. Superheating of steam in core 196
- 11.4. Coolant loop and design of equipment 198 _
Bibliography 203
List of Abbreviations 204
Sub,j ect Index 205
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, 1980
[126-8831]
8831
CSO: 1861
4
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~
IIdSTALLATION OF NUCLEAR ELECTRIC POWER PLANT EQUIPMENT
' Moscnw MONTAZH OBORUDOVANIYA ATOMNYKH ELEKTROSTANTSIY i~ Russian 1980 signed to ~
press 11 Dec 79 pp 2, 254-256
[Annotation and table of contents from book by Vladislav Vikent'yevich Girnis,
Gennadiy Vasil'yevich Filatkin, Val~riy Alekseyevich Fedulov, Boris Dmitriyevich
Pilkin, Antonina Nikolayevna Kovshova and Mikhail Ivanovich Poluektov, Izdatel'stvo
"Vysshaya shkola'~, 6000 copies, 256 pa3es]
~ [Text] In this book information is presented on the installation of thermal systemt3
of nuclear electric power plants (AES`s) and on the construction of nuclear react-
ors. Questions relating to the organization of and methods of assembling nuclear
power reactors, auxiliary equipment and pipelines of nuclear electric power plants
are discussed. The fundamentals of nuclear physics are expounded.
CONTENTS Page
Introduction 3
Chapter I. Fundamentals of Nuclear Power Engineering 5
1. Atomic nucleus and nuclear energy 5
2. Nuclear reactor 8
3. Materials used in reactor building 14
4. Classification of nuclear reactors 18
5. Nuclear fuel breeding 23
' 6. Thermal systems of nuclear electric power plants 23
7. Technical water s~pply system of nuclear electric power plants 29
8. Radiation environment and radiation monitoring at a nuclear electric
power plant - 30
9. Layout of a nuclear electric power plant 32
Chapter II. Nuca.ear Electric Power Plant with an RBMK-1000 Reactor 35
I0. Layout of the main structure of the AES 35
11. Thermal system of the AES 35
12. Construction of the RBMK-1000 nuclear reactor 38
13. Repeated forced circulation circuit 42
14. Heat insulation of steam generating plant equipment 44
15. Main circulating pump 44
; 16. Auxiliary reactor systems 46
Chapter ITI. Nu~lear Electric Power Plant with ~ WER-440 Reactor 49
17. Layout of ma~'.n structure of the AES 49
18. Thermal systc~m of the AES 49
~ S
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL~j
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
19. Construction of the WER-440 nuclear reactor 51
20. Construction of equipment of the i.n-pile loop 60
21. Auxiliary reactor systems 65
Chapter IV. Nuclear Electric Power Plant with a BN-60C Reactor 67
22. Layout of main atructure of the AES 67
23. Thermal system of the AES 67
24. Auxiliary reactor systems
25. Construction of the BN-600 nuclear reactor ~1
Chapter V. Features of the Assembly of Nuclear Electric Power Plants 77
' Chapter VI. Assembly of Equipment of an AES with an RBMK-1000 Reactor 80
26. Combining metal structures of the reactor 80
27. Assembly of inetal structures of the reactor 80
28. Assembly of graphite br.ickwork and reactor channels 92
29. Assembly of reactor main pipelines 97
30. Assembly of equipment of the reactor and turbine sections 101
Chapter VII. Assembly of Equipment of an AES wtth a WFR-440 Reactor 103
31. Assembly of inetal structures in the reactor enclosure 103
32. Assembly of the reactor vessel 107
33. Assembly of equipment inside the ~essel 110
34. Assembly of the reactor's top unit 113
35. Assembly of equipment of the in-pile loop 118
Chapter VIII. Assembly ~f Equipment of a BN-600 Reactor 120
- 36. Combined assembly and erection of the reactor vessel 120
37. Asaembly of equipment inside the vessel 12~
38. Assembly of reloading system and of system for protection and control
of the reactor 130
Chapter IX. Transport Process Equipment of an AES 133
39. Reloading o� graphite-water reactors and assembly of the loading-and-
unloading machine of an RBMK-1000 reactor 133
40. Reloading of water-cooled reactors and assembly o� the reloading
machine of a WER-440 reactor . 135
Chapter X. Design and Assembly of Special Water Decontamination Systems 141
41. Radioactive waste and media; methods of decontaminating radioactive
media 141
42. Special water and gas decontamination systems 142
43. Layout of special water decontaminarion system; assembly of equipment
and pipelines of special water decontamination system 152
Chapter XI. Pipelines of an AES and Their Assembly 153
44. General rules for assembly of pipelines 153
45. Pipeline parts 154
46. Supports and hangers 156
47. Pipeline ~itt~n~g 159
48. Emerger.cy containment devices 165
- 49. Preparation of pipelines for assembly 166
S0. Preparation o~ areas and equipment for assembly of pipelines 171
51. Assembly of pipelines 1~2
Chapter XII. Fabrication and Assembly of Non-Standard Equipment and Metal
Structures 176
52. Non-standard equipment and technological metal structures 176
53. Fabrication of non-standard equipment and metal structures 177
54. Assembly of non-standard equipment and metal atructures 182
- 6
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE Ot1L,Y
Chapter XIII. Welding Operations in the Erection of an AES 185
55. Distinctive Peatures of welding operaticns 1$5
56. Norm-setting documents on welding 186
57. Basic materials and welding materials; welding equipment 188
58. Welding operation technology; weld~ng methods 140
59. Weldiag AES gipelines 197
60. Defects in welded joints and methods of correcting them 202
Chapter XIV. Quality Control of Assembly Operations 205
61. Forms of technical inspection 205
62. Structure of the technical inspection service 206
63. Methods and sub~ects of inspection in assembly 2~7
64. Methods of inspecting welded ~oints 211
65. Scope of inspection of assembly and welding work; formation of technical
documentation 219
~ Chapter XV. Prestartup and Startup Work 223
66. Prestarrilp work 223
67. Debugging and functional testing of equipment 226
68. Hydraulic testing; cold and hot flushing of the main circulating
circuit 22~
69. Physical and power startup of an AES; overall testing 230
Chapter XVI. Organization a~d Planning of Assembly Work at an AES 232
70. Organization of assembly work 232
71. Planning of assembly work 239
Chapter XVII. Safety Engineering in the Assembly of AES Equipment 243
72. Organ~zation of work safety 243
= 73. Organization of combined and especially hazardous work 244
74. Safety procedure requirements in general assembly work 245
~5. Safety procedures in electric welding and gas flame work 248
76. Safety procedures in working with special reactants 249
77. Safety measures and fire-protection measures when working with sodium 251
78. Safety procedures in making and assembling containers at an AES 251
79. Safety procedures in assembling main circulating pipelines 252
80. Safety requirements under conditions of ionizing radiation 252
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Vysshaya shkola", 1980
[134-8831]
8831
CSO: 1861
7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLX
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- NUCLEAR ENERGY FOR TEiE GOOD OF MANKIND
Moscow YADERNUYU ENERGIYU--NA BLAGO CfiELOVECHESTVA in Russian 1978 signed to press
2 Dec 77 pp 4, 391
(Annotation and table of contents from collection of works by Igor' Vasil'yevich
Kuzchatov, Atomizdat, 8000 copies, 391 pages]
[TextJ This publication of a collection of selected works is dedicated to the 75th
, b~rthday of Academician I.V. Kurchatov. Articles and papers are included which
~ characterize various stages in the develop~ent c+f work.on nuclear physics and
power engineering. Some results of the work done by the Institute of Atomic Power,
organized and directed by Academici.an I.D. Kurchatov, ar~ described.
This co~lection makes it possible to give an idea of the breadth of interests of
the prominent Soviet scientist and outstanding statesman I.V. Kurchatov, and of the
value of the results of his work.
This book is intended for a wide range of specialists working in atomic science and
engineering, as well as for all who are interested in the history of atomic research
in the USSR.
CONTENTS Page
Foreword by Academician I.K. Kikoin 5
1935
"Splittino the Atomic Nucleus," I.V. Kurchatov 13
Splitting nuclei with alpha particles 15
The neutron 43
Splitting nuclei with protons 73
Splitting nuclei with deuterons 101
Splitting nuclei urith neutrons 122
Artificial radioactivity 128
"Scattering of Neutrons by Means of Water and Lead," M. Deyzenrot-Mysovskaya,
I. Kurchatov, G. Latyshev and L. Mysovskiy 159
"Absorption of Slow Neutrons," L. Artsimovich, I. Kurchatov, L. irtysovskiy znd
P. Palibin 175
8
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
I
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
"Case of Artificial Radioactivity Caused by Bombardment with Neutrons Without
Their Capture," B. Kur.chatov, I. Kurchatov, L. Mysovskiy and L. Rusinov
(in French) 191
- "Absorption of Neutrons in Water, Paraffin and Carbon," L. Artsimovich,
I. Kurchatov, G. Latyshev and V. Khramov (in German) 197
1936
"Splitting Nuclei with Neutrons," I.V. Kurchatov 209
"Selective Absorption of Neutrons," I. Kurchatov and G. Shchepkin
_ (in English) 235
1938
"Interaction Between Neutrons and Nuclei," I.V. Kurchatov 239
"Splitting of Boron by Means of Slow Neutrons," I. Kurchatov, A. Morozov,
G. Shchepkin and P. Korotkevi~h 261
1941
. "Fission of Heavy Nuclei," I.V. Kurchatov 273
= 1947
"Isomerism of Atomic Nuclei," I.V. Kurchatov and L.I. Rusinov 287
1956
"Some Questions Relating to the Development of Atomic Power Engineering in
the USSR," I.4. Kurchatov 305
"Fsasibility of Creating Thermonuclear Reactions in a Gas Discharge,"
I. V. Kurchatov 319
"Address at the 20th CPSU Congress, 20 February 1956" 335
1958
"Nuclear Radiation in Science and Engineering," I.V. Kurchatov 341
~ 1959
"Address at the 21s t CPSU Congress, 3 February 1959" 361
- 1960
"Address at the Join t Session of the USSR Supreme Soviet Council of the Union
_ and Council of Nationalities, 15 Jauuary 1960" 371
~ 1961
"Some Results, Obtained in the USSR, of Research on Controlled Thermonuclear
Reactions," I.V. Kurchatov 375
9
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Index of Published Works by Academician I.V. Kurchatov 384
COPYRIGHT: Atom~zdat, 1978
[131-8831]
- 8831
CSO: 1861
10
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
NON-NUCLEAR ENERGY
CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF INDUCTION I~II3D MACHINES WITH A LIQUID-METAL WORKING MEDIUM
Moscow RASCHET I PROYEKTIROVANIYE INDUKTSIONNYKH MGD-MASHIN S ZHIDKOMETALLICHESKIM
RABOCHIM TELOM in Russian 1978 signed to press 22 Feb 78 pp 2-4, 246-248
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents of book by Gennadiy Alekseyevich _
Baranov, Vasiliy Andreyevich Glukhikh and Igor' Rafailovich Kirillov, Atomizdat,
1530 copies, 248 pages]
[Text] In this book are discussed the fundamentals of the calculation and design
of induction-type I~IIiD (magnetohydrodynamic) pumps and generators with a liquid-
metal working medium. The results of extensive experimental research on electro-
magnetic and hydrodynamic processes in these machines are presented. 7'he most
widespread kinds of design for liquid-metal 1~D machines with flat, helical and
_ cylindrical channels are discussed.
This book is intended for engineering and technical and scientific personnel
, working on designing MHD pumps and generators with a liquid-metal working medium,
as well as for graduate students and upper-class students at WZ's in the appro-
priate fields of specialization.
Foreword
Induction-type MHD machines with a liquid-metal working medium are being used ever
more extensively in various sectors of the national economy, such as in nuclear
power engineering, metallurgy and foundry production, the chemical industry, etc.
Of definite interest also are systems for the direct conversion of heat energy into
electrical, in which MHD ;nachines are used as pumps or I~iD generators. Therefore
the development of engineering methods of calculating and designing liquid-metal
rIIiD machines is a topical problem.
In monographs on inductior~ liquid-metal machines, by A.I. Vol'dek [39], N.M.
Okhremenko [116], Ya.Ya. Liyelpeter [103], Ye.I. Yantovskiy and I.M. Tolmach [157]
and other authors, are discussed mainly theoretical aspects of individual questions. r
Insufficient attention has been paid to engineerfng methods of calculating and de-
signing these machines. -
In this book called to the reader's attention are discussed methods of the engineer-
ing calculation and design of I~ pumps and generators, based on the results o�
the authors' own developments and on the data of other teams. These methods are
11
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
based on the application of the theory of an ideal MEID machine in an electrociynamic
approximation. Fringe effects of various kinds, as well as the influence of the
velocity profile of a moving medium, are taken into account by means of introducing
- correction factors arrived at by solving individual boundary problems. The hydraul-
ic characteristics of the working channels of machines are calculated on the bas3.s
of semi-empirical dependences arrived at from corresponding experimental data. The
- optimal shapes of the connecting sections of channels are also determined on the
basis of experimental data.
In this book is discussed a group of theoretical, experimental and design studies
conducted mainly at the Scientific Research Institute of Electrophqsical Apparatus
imeni D.V. Yefremov. Experimental investigations were performed r~n a number of
full-scale models of induction 1~ID machines in the pump and generator aperating
modes with liquid metal as the working medium.
The authors of the book express their sincere gratitude to the following colleagues,
who participated at various stages in working out individual probletns: R.A. Alek-
seyev, A.M. Andreyev, V.V. Ivano~, B.G. Karasev, A.P. Ogorodnikov, V.P. Ostapenko,
and G.T. Semikov.
The authors will receive with appreciation all critical comments arid recntnmenda=
- tions.
CONTENTS Page
Foreword 3
Intaoduction 5
Chapter 1. Fundamentals of the Theory of Induction MHD Machines with a
Liquid-Metal Working Medium 10
1.1. Fundamental equations of magnetohydrodynamics 10
1.2. An ideal I~iD machine and features characteristic of a real machine 11
1.3. Distribution of the electromagnetic field over the height of tt~e gap 16
1.4. Transverse edge effect 20
1.5. Influence of electrtcally conducting channel walls on characteristics
of Ir4iD machines 27
1.6. Longitudinal end effect 31
1.7. Influence of velocity profile on integral characteristics 51
1.8. Distinctive features of the calculation of I~ machines with cylindrical 56
channels
1.9. Distinctive features of the calculation of I~iD machines with helical 61
channels
1.10. Integral characteristics o� a real MEID machine 74
Chapter 2. Experimental Investigations of Liquid-Metal Induction P4IA 84
Machines
~ 2.1. Basic design data of induction I~ID machines 84
2.2. Experimentation benches 90
2.3. Leakage reactance of primary windings 92
2.4. Integral characteristics of 1~ machines with channels of the flat
and cylindrical type 95
2.5. Integral characteristics of a helical I~iD machine 108
12
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
2.6. Methods of compensating the longitudinal end efPect in linear MHD
machines 115
Chapter 3. Calculation and Design af I~IIiD M,achine Channels from the
Hydraulic Viewpoint 12$
3.1. Investigation assumptions 12$
3.2. Flat linear channels 129
3.3. Cylindrical channels 137
3.4. Helical channels 147
3.5. Gavitation in channels, vortices 153
Chapter 4. Investigation of Liquid-Metal Induction MEID Generatoxs 157
4.1. Energy conversion systems and types o� I~'kiD generators 157
4.2. MtiD generators with channels of the reactive type 160
4.3. MHD generators of the active type 174
4.4. MHD generators employing a free jet of liquid metal 192
4.5. Experimental investigation of plug jet flow 2~2
Chapter 5. Optimal Proportions and Design Principles of Indul~t~'on I~Qil~
Machines 215
5.1. Calculation procedure for an induction MEiD machine 215
5.2. Choice of optimal proportions for induction MHD machines 223
~ 5.3. MHD machine design and utilization experience 227
Bibliography 234
COPYRIGHT: Atomizdat, 1978
[129-8831]
8831
CSO: 1861
13
FOR OF'FICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
TURBINE AND ENGINE DESIGN
AUTOMATIC EQUIPMENT OF AVIATION GAS TURBINE PROPULSION UNITS
Moscow AVTOMATIKA AVIATSIONNYKH GAZOTURBINNYKH SILOVYKH USTANOVOK in Russian 1980
_ signed to press 10 Aug 79 pp 2, 245-247
[~~,nnotation and table of contents from book by Sergey Aleksandrovich Gayevskiy,
Fedor Nikolayevich Morozov and Yuriy Pavlovich Tikhomirov, Voyenizdat, 7000 copies, ,
248 pages]
[Text] In this book, in a form intell~gible to readers ~aith an average technical
aviation education, with the extensive use of illustrations, automatic systems for
controlling aviation gas turbine propulsion units are discussed and the autamatic
equipment of these systems is described. The structure of the book makes it
possible to study it selectively.
Intended for air force engineering and technical and flight personnel; can be used
- by students and cadets at military aviation educational insCitutions.
CONTENTS Page
Principal Conventional Symbols 3
Section One. General Questions Relating to Controlling Aviation Gas Turbine ~
Propulsion Units
Chapter 1. General Information on Automatic Systems of Aviation Gas Turbine
Propulsion Units 5
1.1. Goals of automatic equipment of aviation gas turbine propulsion units;
- place of automatic systems of AGTSU's [aviation gas turbine propulsion _
units] in overall automation of an aircraft
1.2. Description of automatic systems of AGTSU's and general technical
specifications for them; ways of implementing these requirements 8
1.3. Characterization of a GTD [gas turbine engine] from the viewpoint of
controlling it; operating requirements for accuracy of control 10
Chapter 2. Gas Turbine Engines as Sub3ects of Automatic Control 14
2.1. Controllable quantities, controlling factors and programs for con-
trolling single-rotor TRD's [turbojet engines] and TRDF's [turbo~et
engines with afterburner] -
2.2. Controllable quantities, controlling factors and programs for controll-
ing two-shaft TRD's and TRDF's 20
- 2.3. Controllable quantities, controlling factors and programs for controll-
~ ing bypass TRD's and TRDF's 25
14
FOR OFFICIAL USE 0'DtLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
2.4. Controllable quantities, control7.ing ~actoxs and progz~qs Rox control,l.~
ing TVD's [turboprop engines~ 27
2.5. Dynamic properties of a GTD in relation to the rotor's r.p.m. 30
2.6. Dynamic properties of a GTD in relation to teiaperature o~ the gas
in �ront of; the turbine 36
2.7. Inf luence on stability of a GTD of a fuel delivery system with a
power fuel pump 38
Chapter 3. Control of Aviar.i_on Engines in Operation 43
3.1. General information on control sqstem equipment making it possible .
to preset the engine's operating mode -
3.2. Problems solved by control point setting equipment of control systems;
requirements for control point setting equipment 48
Section 1tao. Automation of Turbocompressors of Gas Turbine Engines
Chapter 4. Cor:trolling the Rotational Velocity of GTD Rotors 55
4.1. Manual control -
- 4.2. Automatic systems designed according to the deviation principle 62
4.3. Automatic systems designed according to the principZe of compensation
of disturbances 71
4.4. Automatic systems designed according to the combination principle 74
Chapter S. Systems fc:r Automatic Control of the Temperature o~ the Gas
in Front of or Behind the Turbine 79
5.1. General information -
5.2. Closed systems 81
5.3. Non-closed systems 90
Chapter 6. Automatic Systems ior Compreseors 91
6.1. Objectives of automatin�; compressors and requirements for their
automatic systems -
6.2. Automatic air bypass systems- 94
6.3. Automatic systems for swivel vanes of the stator 104
Chapter 7. Automation of Processes of Acceleration and Startac.?g of GTD's 110
7.1. Generai characterization of processes of acceleratie~~ and starting -
7.2. Available propellant consumption in control systems without pickup
automation; need for pickup automation 120
7.3. Time-dependent pickup automation equipment and its operating character-
istics 122
7.4. Tachometric and combined pickup automation equipment and its operating
characteristics 131
7.5. Automation of processes of starting GTD's 134
Chapter 8. Automatic Systems for Limiting Uncontrollable Quantities;
Limiters and Special Automatic Equipment in Systems for Con- .
_ trolling the Consumption of Fuel Supplied to Main Combustion
Chambers 138 -
8.1. Autocnatic limitation systems and limiters of uncontrollable quantities
of the operating process in AGTSU's -
8.2, Automatic limiters of minimum pressure and fuel consumption 147
8.3. Automatic equipment for discharging and cutting off fuel when using
airborne weapons 152
Section Three. Automation of Boosted GTD's and Output Units
Chapter 9. Systems for Controlling Boosted GTD's 157
9.1. Programs for controlling TRDF's under maximum boosting conditions -
15
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLX
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
9,2. Systems ~ox automatical7.y contxo7.ling con~uwption o~ a~terbuxner ~ue1
under conditions of maxiivuiq boosting 163
9.3. Aspects of the control o~ the bo~sting thrust o~ gas tuxbine engines 171 _
Chapter 10. Systems for Controlling GTD Outlet Units 177
10.1. Ob~ectives of controlling outlet units "
10.2. Systems for automatic control of the area of the critical cross section
of the nozzle 180
- 10.3. Systems for automatic control of the supersonic section of the nozzle 189
Section Four. Autamation of Supersonic In1et Uni.ts.
Chapter 11. Automation of Supersonic~Inlet Units with External-ConsCriction
Air Intakes 192
_ 11.1. An inlet unit as a subject for control -
11.2. Principles o~ the design of automatic systems for inlet units 198
11.3. Automatic systems for inlet units implementing the principle of
- compensation of disturbing influences 202
11.4. Automatic systems for inlet units designed according to the deviation
principle 208
Chapter 12. Automation of Supersonic Inle~ Units wlth Combined-Constriction
Air Intakes 212
12.1. Featu~es of an inlet unit as a subject for control -
12.2. Automatic systems for inlet units 215
Section Five. Automation of Aircraft Propellers
Chapter 13. The Aircraft Propeller in the System for Controlling the
Propulsion Unit 221
13.1. Distinctive features of the aircraft propeller as a component of the
control system -
- 13.2. Automatic systems for controlling the rotational velocity o~ aircraft ~
propellers 223
Chapter 14. Systems for Limiting the Negative Thrust of Turboprop Propulsion
Units 229
_ 14.1. Principles of limiting the negative thrust of an aircraft propeller -
14.2. Systems for feathering an aircraft propeller 232 ,
14.3. Systems for placing the aircraft propeller at an intermediate stop 235
Conclusion 23$
Bibliography 241
Subject Index 242
COPYRIGHT: Voyenizdat, 1980
[137-8831]
8831
CSO: 1861
16
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN OF ENGINE UNITS
Moscow KONSTRUKTSIYA I PROYEKTIRiOVANIYE DVIGATEL'NYKH USTANOVOR in Russian 1980
signed to press 29 Feb 80 pp 3-4, 320
[Foreword and table of contents from book by Aleksey Fedorovich Guxov, Dominik
Dominikovich Sevruk and Dmitriy Nikolaqevich Surnov, Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostro-
yeniye", 2300 copies, 320 pages]
[Text] Foreword to Second Edition
The first edition of this textbook appeared in 1970 under the title "Konstruktsiya
i raschet na prochnost' kosmicheskikh elektroraketnykh dvigateley" [Construction
and Calculation for Strength of Spacecra�t Electric Rocket Engines].
During the time which has passed since the appearance of the first edition space
technology has made a mighty step forward. People have been on the moon, Soviet
automatic stations have studied the moon, and spacecraft engines have operated for
prolonged periods in space, making possible, in particular, the record stay in
space of Heroes of the Soviet Union, pilot-cosmonauts V.A. Lyakhov and V.V. Ryumin.
Extensive data have been published on the construction and designs of parts of
spacecraft engine units, the class of which has been expanded considerably. All
this has made it necessary to make important additions to the textbook and to
change its title.
_ The present edition has kept the methodological structure of the textbook used in
the first.
In this textbook constructions are described and calculations are given for the
strength, stability and vibrations of key parts of spacecraft engine units, in-
cludin~ power plants and electric rocket engines (plasma jet, electrostatic and
electric heating). Great attention is paid to power sources for spacecraft engine
units (nuclear reantors, isotopic power supplies, solar batteries and collectors,
chemical fuel eells); a description is given of designs of energy converters
and of procedures for desisning and calculating them. Furthermore, in the textbook
has been introduced a section on magnetohydrodynamic converters, designs of colloid-
al-fuel and resistive engines are discussed, sections have been added, devoted to
calculation of parts at the stage of creep, and questions are discussed, relating
to strength reliability and shortterm fatigue strength. At the same time some
material of the first edition has been somewhat abridged and partly regrouped.
17
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Examplea of designs are of an instructional nature and are not related to any
specific engines and units.
Physical quantit:tes are given in International System (SI) units, with the exception
of temperature, which the authors for a number of reasons have con.~idered advisable
to leave in degrees Celsius.
Section 1.5.6, devoted to the problem of the strength of spacecraft engine units,
was written by Doctor of Technical Sciences Professor D.D. Sevruk, chapter VI by
Assistant Professor D.N. Surnov and the remaining material by Doctor of Technical
Sciences Professor A.F. Gurov.
The authors express their sincere gratitude to Doctor of Technical Sciences A.I.
Belousov, who made a number of valuable comments in revis~ring the manuscript, and
to Assistant Professor Yu.A. Broval'skiy.
All comments and inquiries regarding this book should be sent to the following
address: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye," 107885, Moscow, GSP-6, 1-y Basmannyy
per. , 3.
CONTENTS Page
Foreword to Second Edition 3
Part One. General Information on Spacecraft Engine Units (ICVTJ'sj 5
- Chapter I. KDU Diagrams; Strength 5
1.1. KDU classification ~ 5
~ 1.2. Requirements for spacecraft engine units ~
1.3. Structural diagrams of KDU's 19
1.4. Designing; draft
1.5. Questions relating to calculating KDU's for strength 56
Part T~ao. KDU Power Sources
Chapter II. Nuclear Reactor 56
2.1. Structural and power diagrams of nuclear reactors 57
2.2. Construction of reactor elements 60
2.3. Calculation of reactor parts for strength 66
Chapter III. Radioactive Isotope Power Supplies 115
3.1. Structural diagrams of isotope generators 116
3.2. Calculations for strength 120
Chapter IV. Solar Power Sources; Solar Batteries 128
4.1. Power diagrams and designs of solar collectors 129
4.2. Solar batteries 133
4.3. Calculation~,for strength of film collectors and solar batteries 138
Chapter V. Fuel Gells; Fuel Accumulators 142
5.1. Structural diagrams and designs of fuel cells 145
Part Three. . ~onuerters 155
Chapter VI. Mechanical converters 155
6.1. General information 155
6.2. Choice of major dimensions of turbines 158
6.3. Structural diagrams and designs of turbine parts 159
6.4. Turbogenerator supports 163
18
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLX
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
6.5. Calculation o~ working vanes ~or strength and vibrations 171
Chapter V~I. Direcr f:onverters 193~~
7.1. Thermionic energy converters 193
� 7.2. Magnetohpdrodynamic converters 205
7.3. Thermoelectric converters 207
Chapter VIII. Heat Exchange Equipment 214
8.1. Radiator-coolers 214
8.2. Heat exchangers 221
8.3. Calculation for strength of heat exchange equipment parts 227
- Part Four. Engines 245
Chapter IX. Plasma Jet and Electric Heater Engines 245
9.1. Structural diagrams of engines and electrodes 246
9.2. Construction of engines 251
9.3. Calculation for strength of engine elements 253
Chapter X. Electrostatic Engines (ESD's) 292
10.1. Structural diagrams of ESD's 293
' 10.2. Design of an ESD and its elements 298
10.3. Calculation for strength of plate electrodes 304
Appendix 313
Bibliography 319
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1980
[133-8831]
R831
CSO: 1861
19
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL7j
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR O~FICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 621.455(075)
PRINCIPLES OF THE THEORY OF ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS
Moscow OSNOVY TEORII KOSMICHESKIKH ELEKTROREAKTIVNYKH DVIGATEL'NYKH USTANOVOK in
Russian 1978 signed to press 11 Jul 78 pp 2-4, 383-384
[Annotation, preface and table of contents from book "Principles of the Theory of
Electric Propulsion Systems", second revised and enlarged edition by Oleg Niko-
layevich Favorskiy, Viktor Veniaminovich Fishgoyt and Yevgeniy Isaakovich Yantov-
skiy, Izdatel'stvo "Vysshaya shkola", 4000 copies, 384 pages]
_ _ _
[Text] This is a textbook on space propulsion systems of a new type differing from
conventional chemical rockets in the capability in principle of attaining greater
specific thrusts and higher spacecraft payloads.
The book presents the principles of the theory and calculation of the most impor-
tant components of such propulsion units: heat engineering facilities (sources of
thermal energy and radiator-coolErs), converters that char~ge hea*_ to electric energy
of both mechanical and nonmechanical types, as well as electric thrusters.
The work is intended for students of technical academies and engineering schools,
and also for engineering and technical workers in this and related fields.
Preface
The launching of the first Soviet artificial satellite into near-earth orbit on
4 October 1957, and the flight of Yu. A. Gagarin on 12 April 1961 were the triumph
of socialist science and technology and the implementation of ideas of our genial
compatriot K. E. Tsiolkovskiy.
Man's conquest of space poses ever newer problems for science and technology with
each passing year and with every new goal. The "Main Areas of Development of the
National Economy of the USSR" for 1976-1980 calls for "continuing the investigation
and conquest of outer space, expanding research on the application of space facili-
ties to the study of resources of the earth, in meteorolo gy, oceanology, navigation,
n
communications and for other needs of the national economy.
One of the decisive directions in improving aerospace technology is the development
of flightcraft propulsion units. Itwas the successful development of powerful and
efficient rocket engines that enabled us to take the first steps in outer space
with the launching of Soviet satellites, and then within a few years to go from
solo missions to the manned group missions of the Sov~et Vostok series followed by
20
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
the U. S. Apollo series. The sixties saw the completion of research probe missions
to the moon and near planets Mars and ~enus and a soft landing on the moon.
All these missions up to 1970 were successfully handled by a single type of pro-
pulsion unit the chemical rocket. Electric propulsion units that had been
launched up to this time, with the exception of pulsating erosion engines that use
thermal acceleration of the working fluid, carried no payload; the main purpose of
launching these electric rockets was to study processes taking place ir~ the engines
themselves, and to verify their workability in outer space. In subsequent years a
selection was made of electric propulsion designs to meet up-to-date requirements,
improvements were made, and these propulsion units gradually began to be used on
satellites to carry out the direct tasks of stabilizing space vehicles and correct-
ing the~r orbits. For example in late 1971 the Meteor satellite was launched with
two stationary plasma engines that were used to place the vehicle in a predetermined
standard synchronous orb it . The year 19 74 saw the beginning of operation of tk~e
U. S. ATS-6 communications satellite with two miniature cesium ion rockets designed
for stab ilizing the orb it of the vehicle in a south-to-north direction. At the
pres~nt time extensive space research programs and projects have been developed
that include interplanetary missions using electric rockets as sustainers (the
U. S. SEP project and others).
This book deals with questions of theory and calculation, selection of parameters
and working fluids, designs, experiments, and matching of the individual units of
electric propulsion systems for space. Despite the fact that such facilities have
been infrequently used as yet, research on them has been comparatively far-reaching,
and their promise, as well as the numerous theoretical.and experimental papers that
are even now at hand combined with the necessity of training pertinent specialists
prompt us to present the material as a textbook. In recent years courses of this
kind have been introduced in some schools and academies, and there are almost no
textbooks available.
In writing this book, the authors have made comprehensive use not only of the
specialized popular works and surveys at their disposal, but also a considerable
numb er of their own stud ies, both those that have been published and are mostly
cited at the end of the book, and those that were specially done in preparing the
text .
The basic goal in preparing this book was to teach the student an engineering and
technical approach to problems of electric propulsion with a rather detailed physi-
cal explanation of the major processes that take place in the individual elements,
and presentation of principles of calculation in an up-to-date form.
Since the major types of electric propulsion systems in the next �ew years will be
- ion rockets and plasma engines w ith relatively low thrust, this second edition of
the book examines these types in more detail and the corresponding sections have
been enlarged with new materials published both in the Soviet Union and elsewhere.
As to the power plants, the sections on MHD generators have been condensed in this
edition, and the section on electrogasdynamic generators has been eliminated in
view of the poor outlook for using such facilities in outer space; the section deal-
ing with nuclear power sources has been updated somewhat, and the section on therm-
ionic generator units has been considerably modified from present-day viewpoints.
21
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Each of the authors wrote the following chapters and paragraphs directly: Doctor
of Technical Sciences 0. N. Favorskiy preface, chapter 1, ��2.5, 3.1, 4.2,
= 4.3, 4.5, 4.6, 5.1-5.5, sections a, d, ��5.6, 5.8, 5.9; Candidate of Technical
Sciences V. V. Fishgoyt ��3.2 and 3.3; Doctor of Technical Sciences Ye . I.
Yantovskiy ��2.3, 2.6, sections b-f, �5.6.
In addition to the principal authors, there were a number of scientific workers
who took part in preparation of the book by writing the following sections: Candi-
date of Technical Sciences V. Z. Kaybyshev sections a-g of �5.7; Candidate of
Technical Sciences Yu . V. Moskvin �2.4; Candidate of Technical Sciences V. M.
Matveyev �4.4; Engineer R. G. Avalov �4.1; Candidate of Technical Sci-
ences V. S. Romanychev �2.1 and �2.2; �5.10 was prepared by 0. N. Favorskiy
, in cooperation with Candidate of Technical Sciences M. M. Piskunov.
The authors thank the reviewers, doctors of technical sciences, professors D. D.
- Sevruk and L. A. Kvasnikov, for ~heir attentive and sympathetic inspection of
~ this book. ~
Comments and requests should be addressed to "Vysshaya shkola": Moscow, K-51,
Neglinnaya ul., d. 29/14
Contents
Preface 3
- Chapter 1. Introduction 5
1.1. Spaceflights and types of propulsion units 5
1.2. Fundamental scheme and major components of electric propulsion units 15
1.3. General concepts and def initions of specific parameters and efficiency 22
1.4. Basic principles on selecting and optimizing the parameters of electric
propulsion units and some examples 30
Chapter 2. Some Physical Principles 43
2.1. Thermodynamic properties of gases at high temperatures 43
2.2. Thermophysical properties of gases at high temperatures 59
~ 2.3. Electric conductivity of ionized gas 69
2.4. Optical properties of gases at high temperatures 76
2.5. Some information on the structure and electric properties of materials
in the solid phase 81
2.6. Elements of Magnetogasdynamics 90
Chapter 3. Electric Thrusters 101
3.1. Electrothermal thrusters (electric-arc jet and resistojet) 101
3.2. Ion thrusters 120
3.3. Electromagnetic plasma thrusters 152
Chapter 4. Principal Technological Facilities (Thermal Energy Sources and 174
Cooling Radiators)
4.1. Nuclear power sources 174
4.2. Some typical cases of heat transfer in solids with internal heat release 195
4.3. General principles of calculating parameters in motion of a coolant in 2p1
channels 213
4.4. Principles of calculating systems for reception of solar energy 221
4.5. Principles of designing cooling radiators 238
4.6. Selecting the type of coolant in a closed loop
22
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FiDR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Chapter 5. Power Plants 250
5.1. General considerations on selecting the parameters of the thermodynamic
cycle under the conditions of outer space 251
- 5.2. Plant with steam turbogenerator 257
5.3. Plant with gas turbogenerator 269
5.4. Plant with piston engines in a closed cycle 283
5.5. Particulars of plants with thermoelectric generator 287
5.6. Plants with M1~ and magnetogasdynamic generators 307
5.7. Plants with thermionic generator 328
5.8. Photovoltaic generators 363
5.9. Working principles and major premises of calculating converters that
operate on products of alpha and b eta decay of isotopes 369
References 378
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Vysshaya shkola", 1978
[141-6610]
661~
CSO: 1861
23
P4R OFFICIAL USE ONLY
,
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
- NAVIGATION AND GUIDANCE SYSTEMS
USE OF GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS AND SYSTEMS ON OCEAN VESSELS
Moscow PRIlN~'�NENIYE GIROSKOPICHESKIRH PR?'BOROV I SISTEt~ ~~TA MORSKIKH SUDAKH in
Russian 1977 signed to press 24 Oct 77 pp 2, 259-261
[Annotation and table of contents from book by Mikhail Mitrofanovich Bogdanovich,
Izdatel'stvo"Transport",3000 copies, 261 pages]
[Text] In this book are discussed the fundamentals of the theory and the principles
~ of the operation of navigation gyrosco~ic instruments and systems used on ocean
vessels as meridian, vertical direction, tossing angle, angular velocity and
acceleration, and linear velocity indicators, as well as of those used as stabiliz-
in~ devices. Special attention is paid to determination of their accuracy under
conditions of actual use and to ways of improving it.
Several new instruments and systems are discussed, e.g., gyro latitude compasses
- an~ multi-purpose systems.
This book is intended for navigation personnel and is recommended by the Ministry
of the Maritime Fleet Educational Institution Administration as a textbook for
navigation majors at marine engineering higher educational instittitions. It can
also be useful to scientific personnel.
CONTENTS Page
Section I. General Questions Relating to Gyroscope Theory 3
Chapter 1. Basic Inform~tion on Gyroscopes 3
1.1. Some definitions ~nd concepts S
1.2. Parameters determining the position of a gyroscope 5
1.3. Angular velocity of a gyroscope ~
1.4. Key dynamic characteristics of a gyroscope 8
1.5. Equations of motion for a gyroscope 11
1.6. Stability of the figure axis of a free gyroscope 15
1.7. Precession law 18
1.8. Motion of a free gyroscope under the influence of a constant moment of
external force 21
1.9. Motion of a free gyroscope in terms of inertia 25
1.10. Gyroscopic moment 27
1.11. Differential equations of motion for a Cardan's suspension gyroscope 30
24
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLX
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
1.12. Gimbal dynamics 33
1.13. Influence on a gyroscope's motion of forces of viscous friction in
suspension bearings 37
Chapter 2. Equations of Motion for a Gyroscope in a Noninertial System of
_ Coordinates and Analys~s of Them 40
2.1. Diurnal rotation of the earth and its components 40
2.2. Taking into account the movement of a system of coordinates relative
to the earth 42
2.3. Behavior of a free gyroscope on the earth's surface 45
Section II. Gyroscopic Meridian Indicators; Azimuth Gyros and Gyro compasses 51
Chapter 3. Azimuth Directional Gyros ;~Azi~uth Gyros ~ 51
3.1. Purpose and operating principle of azimuth gyros 51
3.2. Azimuth gyro with a computer 55
3.3. Azimuth gyro with external azimuth correction 55
_ 3.4. Azimuth gyro with magnetic correction 56
3.5. Aspects of navigation with an azimuth gyro 61
3. 6. Inf luence of acceleration of a vessel on the accuracy of an azimuth
gyro's readings 63
3.7. Analysis of some errors of an azimuth gyro 69
3.8. Cardan error 72
Chapter 4. Equations of Motion and Transient Processes of the Sensing
Elements of Gyro Compass es 74
4.1. Operating principle of a gyro compass 74
4.2. General differential equations of motion for the sensing element of a
two-rotor gyro compass with a hydraulic damper 77
4.3. General differential equations of motion for the sensing element of a
single-rotor correctable gyro compass 86
4.4. Influence of the motion of a vessel with a steady speed and course on
the position of equilibrium and free vibrations of the sensing element
of a two-rotor compass with a hydraulic damper 90
4.5. Influence of the motion of a vessel with a steady speed and course on
the position of equilibrium and free vibrations of the sensing element
of a single-rotor correctable compass 100
_ Chapter 5. Ballistic (Znertial) Deviations of Gyro Compasses 110
5.1. Influence of uniformly accelerated m~otion of a vessel on readings of ~
a two-rotor gyro compass 110
5.2. Influence of a uniform turning circle of a vessel on readings of a
two-rotor gyro compass 131
- 5.3. Influence of uniformly accelerated motion of a vessel on readings of a
single-rotor correctable gyro compass 139
- 5.4. Influence of a uniform turning circle of a vessel on readings of a
single-rotor correctable gyro compass 145
5.5. Influence of acceleration of a vessel directed along a parallel on
readings of a gyro compass 150
5.6. Influence of repeated maneuvers of a vessel on readings of a two-rotor
gyro compass 154
5.7. Accumulation of errors in a single-rotor gyro compass with velocity
deviation compensation 157
5.8. Filtering out errors of a gyro compass 160
25
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLX
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Section III. Other Gyroscopic Navigation Instruments and Apparatu~ 163
Chapter 6. Gyroscopic Horizontal Plane Indicators; Vertical Gyros 163
6,1. A pendulum undisturbed by acceleration of the point of suspension 163
_ 6.2. General differential equations of motion for a gyro pendulum installed
on a moving vessel 167
6.j. General differential equations of m~tion for a vertical gyro with
radial correction 170
' 6.4. General differential equations of motion for a vertical gyro with
integral correction 173
6.5. Influence of motion of a vessel wtth steady speed and course on the
position of equilibrium and free vibrations of the figure axis of a
gyro pendulum 175
6.6. Influence of motion of a vessel with steady speed and course on the
position of equilibrium and free vibrations of the figure axis of a
vertical gyro with radial correction 1~~
6.7. Influence of motion of a vessel with steady speed and course on the
position of equilibrium and free vibrations of the figure axis of a
vertical gyro with integral correction 180
6.8. Ballistic deviations of a gyro pendulum 181
6.9. Ballistic deviations of a vertical gyro with radial correction 185
6.10. Ballistic deviations of a gyro pendulum furnished with correctors 191
6.11. Influence of tossin~ of a vessel on readings of a gyro pendulum 195
6.12. Influence of tossing of a vessel on readings of a vertical gyro
with xadial correction 196
Chapter 7. Gyroscopic Instruments for Measuring Angular Velocity and
Acceleration, Angles of Departure of a Vessel from the Assigned
Course, and Linear Velocity 198
7.1. Purpose and operating principle of gauges for angular velocity and
- acceleration 198
7.2. Equations of motion for a gyro tachometer with two degrees of f reedom 200
7.3. Influence of external perturbing factors on a gyro tachometer 202
7.4. A floated one-axis gyroscope 204
7.5. Equations of motion f~r a gyro tacho-accelerometer 206
7.6. Vibrating gyroscopes 207
7.7. Integrating gyroscopes with two degrees of freedom 212
7.8. A f loated integrating gyro~cope 216
7.9. Gyro linear velacity integrators 219
Chapter 8. Gyroscopic Stabilization 223
8.1. Principle of the design of gyroscope gimbals 223
- 8.2. Equations of motion for a single-axis stabilizer with a single
gyroscope 225
8.3. Equations of motion for a single-axis stabilizer with two gyroscopes 228
8.4. Stability of a stabilizer 230
8.5. Forced oscillations of a gyro stabiiizer 232
- 8.6. A two-axis gyro stabilizer 234
_ 8.7. A three-axis gyro stabilizer 236
Chapter 9. Gyroscopic Navigation Systems 238
9.1. A gyro latitude compass with indirect correction 238
9.2. Combination of a gyro compass and azimuth gyro 244
9.3. A gyro co~pass with electromagnetic correction and a vertical gyro
with integral correction 24~
- 26
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ~NLY
9.4. A multi-purpose gyro system 250
9.5. A gyrohorizon compass (gyro system) 252
Bibliography 255
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Transport", 1977
[135-8831]
8831
CSO; 1861
27
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 629.014.69-506.4.001
AUTOMATION OF AIRCRAFT PILOTING AND AIR TRAFFIC CONIROL
Moscow AVTOMATIZATSIYA SAMOLETOVOZFIDENIYA I UPRAVLENIYA VOZDUSHNYM DVIZHENIYEM in
Russian 1980 signed to press 9 Jan 80 pp 2, 354-357
[Annotation and table of contents from book by Pavel Artem'yevich Agadzhanov,
Vladimir Georgiyevich Vorob'yev, A1'bert Andreyevich Kuznetsov and Yevgeniy Davy-
dovich Markovich, Izdatel'stvo "Transport", 6,000 copies, 357 pages]
.
[Text] The book presents the basic concepts of aircraft piloting, theory of flight
control, principles of designing airborne pilot-navigation complexes, and particu-
lars of hardware realization. An examination is made of the basic principles of
organization, planning, operational control a.nd support of air traffic, as well as
problems of collecting, processing and imaging information on the air situation.
Principles are given on the control of air traffic en route and in the vicinity of
e,irports .
The book is intended for technicians and radio operators who use automated air
traffic control systems, and ma,y also be of use to the engineering and technical
- staff of operational rivil ~,viation enterprises.
- Introduction 3
SECTION ONE
Automation of Aircraft Piloting 7
Chapter 1. Characteristics of Aircraft Flight Over a Space Tra,~ectory
1.1. Coordinate systems and parameters of aircraft position 7
1.2. Pars.meters of aircraft motion 10
1.3. Aircraft flight stages l~
Chapter 2. Principles of Designing and Using Automated Aircraft Piloting Systems 17
2.1. Basic problems of automated aircraft piloting 17
2.2. Technical facilities for automated aircraft piloting 19
2.3. ~perating automated aircraft piloting systems 22
Chapter 3. Software of Automated Aircraft Piloting Systems 26
3.1. General characteristics of piloting-navigation data sensors 26
3.2. Gyroscopic instruments and systems 2a
3�3. Diaphragm-aneroid instruments and systems ~5
3.4. Faciliti~s for imaging piloting-navigational information 51
Chapter 4. Automa,ting the Piloting Process 58
4.1. The r~ircraft as an ob~ect of automated piloting 58
4.2. Semiautomatic control of aircraft flight 73
28
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
4.3. Autome.tic control of aircraft m~tion relative to the center of mass 77
4.4. Automatic control of motion of the center of ma,ss of an aircraft along
a given tra~ectory ~ 87
4.5. Automated control of an aircraft on the approach in ta.keoff and la.nding 92
4.6, Makeup and structure of piloting complexes 10~+
Chapter 5. Automatioii of the Navigation Process 116
j.l. Content and basic algorithms in automation of the navigation process 116
5.2. Automatic course plotting systems 129
5�3. Makeup and structure of navigational complexes 142
SECTION TWO
Automation of Air ~affic Control
Chapter Principles of Organizing Air Traffic and Designing Air Traffic
Control Systems 149
6.1. Purpose and ma,jor goals of the air traffic control system y 149
6.2. Flight conditions and rules in the air 15~+
6.3. Interrelationships between systems of navigation and air traffic control
in ensuring air traffic safety 158
6.4, Structure of the air space 160
6.5. Brief characteristics of regions and zones 163
6.6. The concept of handling capacity in the vicinity of the airport and
en route 165
6.7. Principles of organizing air traffic control 172
6.8. The complete cycle of control of the motion of a flight vehicle 174
Chapter 7. Air Traffic Control Systems Complicated Hierarchical Automated
Sy s t ems 176
7.1. Principal features of complex systems 176
7.2. Air traffic control systems hierarchical sy~tems 178
7.3. Formulation of the problem of optimizing processes in the system 181
Chapter 8. Ma,jor Processes of Air Traffic Control that Require Automation 183�
8.1. Increase in air traffic intensity 183
8.2. Generalized technolo gY of work of the preliminary planning dispatcher 185
8.3. Generalized technology of work of the operational air traffic control
dispatcher 187
8.~+. Ma,jor ICAO requirements for automation of air traffic control processes 191
, 8.5. Priority for automa,tion of air traffic control processes 192
- G`hapter 9� Hardware of Air Traffic Control Systems 195
9.1. Purpose and classification of hardware 195
9.2. Surveillance dispatcher radar stations 197
9�3. Secondary radars 201
9.4. Principles of transmitting radar information over communication channels 206
9�5� Precision approach radars 2~9
9.6. Brief informa.tion on the flight field surveillance radar 211
9.7. Brief information on methods and technical facilities for weather data
support of flights 211
9�8. Communication facilities in air traffic control systems 214
~ 9.9. Automatic radio direction finders 216
9�10. Electronic facilities for short-range navigation 218
9.11. Electronic systems for aircraft landing 221
9.12. Information imaging facilities 224
9�13� Collision preventing systems 23~
29
FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Chapter 10. Optimizing Preliminary Planning Processes 233
10.1. Scheduling air traffic 233
10.2. Formulation of the problem of day-to-day planning 233
10.3. The critical path problem 235
10.~+. The problem of maximum flow in a grid with limited throughput 237
10.5. Solution of the problem of day-to-day planning
1U.6. Problems.of current planning 239
Chapter 11. Processing Radar Information 2~+~+
11.1. Conversion of a radar signal from analog to digital form 2~+~
11.2. Detection and evaluation of signal parameters 2~+5
11.3. Primary processin~; of binary-quantized signals 25~
ll.k. Secondaxy processing of data on the air traffic situation 253
11.5. Tertiary data processing 262
Chapter 12. Computer Complexes for Automa,ted Air Traff~c Control Systems 264
12.1. General requirements and classification of computer complexes for automated
air traffic control systems 26~+
12.2. Hardware of the computer complex 266
12.3. Software of the computer complex 27~
12.1+. Management and customer service disciplines in the computer complex 271
12.5. Memory control 279
12.6. Ergonomic requirements of the dispatcher work area 282
Chapter 13. Automated Air.Traffic Control Systems 286
i3.1. Classification of automated air traffic control systems and their
hardware . 286
i3.2. Automated "en route" traffic control systems
13.3. Particulars of design of the air terminal automated traffic control
system 300
13�~+. Airport automated air traffic control systems 300
13�5� Dispatcher trainers 307 ~
Chapter 14. Artificial Satellites and Their Use in Aviation Systems for Com-
munication, Navigation and Air Traffic Control 3~9
- 14.1. Brief information on artificial satellites 3~9
14.2, Energy and information characteristics of radio lines 317
1k.3. Influence of radio wave propagation on the operation of radio lines 320
14.4. Command-measurement complexes 32~+
14.5. Satellite systems for communication, navigation and air traffic control 331
Appendix 3~1
References 3~+5
Sub,ject index 347
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Transport", 1980
[1 38-6610]
- 661.0
cso: 186i
30
~'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 62-50
ULTIMATE CAPABILITIES OF CONTROL SYSTII~iS WITH CONSTRAINTS ON STATE VEHICLES
Moscow PREDEL'NYYE VOZMOZHNOSTI SISTEM IIPRAVLENIYA PRI OGRANICHENIYAKH NA PERE-
MENNYYE SOSTOYANIYA in Russian 1979 signed to press 26 Jun 79 pp 2-4, 160
[Annotation, preface and table of contents from book by I1'ya Davidovich Kochubiyev-
skiy ~nd Yevgeniy Vasil'yevich Korol', Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1240 copies, 160 pages]
[Test] The monograph examines the influence that natural constraints have on tlie -
operation of dynamic systems. The boundaries of a set are determined that are per-
missible for given limitations of states, and an investigation is made of the way
- that the limiting Fermissible values of the ma~or qualitative characteristics of
systems (temporal, spectral and informational) depend on the restrictions on state
variables. Recommendations are made on selecting parameters of the elements of
automatic cantrol systems.
The book is intended for specialists in the theory, development and experimental
investigation of automatic control systems.
Preface
The question of the ultimate capahilities of automatic systems as formulated by
A. A. Fel'dbaum is always of concern to developers, starting with feasibility
~ studies, and ending with testing of series-produced systems. Essentially, the de-
- signer's task is to be able to make decisions about the behavior of the final com-
plete system from attainable parameters of major elements in the initial planning.
Obviously, in doing this it is possible to consider only estimates of the ultimate
capabilities of the system, i. e, estimates of the maximum attainable values (with
given elements) of the principal qualitative characteristics of the system, and
these estimates must not depend on details of structure, type of correcting links,
control method and so on. In other words, it is required to get a fairly reliable,
albeit incomplete, idea of system behavior before final development.
In such an approach to this question, the necessity arises not so much for a strict
mathematical formulation of the problem of ultimate capabilities of automatic sys-
tems, as for a reliable estimate of capabilities of a system after manufacture.
Such an estimate will help shorten the path to development of a system that meets
specific technical requirements. It will show the developer whether he is on the
right track.
31
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Of no less importance is the problem of the developer's inputs to get such a prog-
nostic estimate. The methods of obtaining it must be adequately workable, and in
necessary cases must b e approximate, since excessively cumbersome calculation that
requires voluminous and varied input data may cancel all advantages of precise de-
termination of the opt imum values of quality criteria of the system.
Any problem that involv es designing and using real ob~ects leads to a f inite scheme
that is to be understo od in the sense of a fin ite number of state variables to be
considered, and a finite number of distinguishable limited values of each variable.
The structural complex ity of real objects is a quite considerable impediment to the
design of "good" (idea lized) analytical models that match the results of observa-
tions. A finite scheme of a real object facilitates construction of a variety of
computational methods as computational models that reflect with fair accuracy the
actual properties of th e technological object of control. Among such, we might
mention suggested methods of constructing and studying limiting motions and sets
of permissible states of systems.
The authors have set themselves the task of developing methods of estimating the
ultimate capabilities of automatic control systems with respect to constraints on
their state variables. The concept on which these methods is based is as follows.
If the technological object of control is described by an ordinary differential
equation of n-th order, then the process at its output is described by a function
that has at least n de rivatives. Consequently the Hadamard-Kolmogorov condition is
satisfied for such an analytical function, i. e. there is a mutual relation between
the set of limiting va lues of the function and its derivatives (the state variables
of the technological object of control) on the one hand, and the class of functions
that satisfy this set (i. e. the classes of processes in the technological ob~ect
of control) on the other.
Since the constraints on state variables are determined by structural peculiarities
of the major elements of the system, by their mechanical or electrical strength and
the like, and may be d etermined or assigned in the initial planning, an investiga-
tion of the mutual re lation between these constraints and the class of possible
limiting motions of th e system (object) will give an estimate of its ultimate capa-
bilities. Such an est imate should be compared with experimental data obtained for
the actual system. If the comparison gives an acceptable result, then the proposed
methods will have pot ential applicability.
Chapter 1 justifies th e necessity of formulating problems and demonstrates their
historical and logica 1 development.
Chapter 2 gives the physical and intuitive fundamentals for finding ways to solve
the formulated problems. In showing the dependence of the major characteristics of
limiting motions of s ystems on the constraints on their state variables, the authors
have deemed it necessary not only to give a deeper presentation of the proposed
material, but to help the reader in real practical cases where it is necessary to
bridge the gap between the indistinct real ity and the rigorous mathematical model.
Chapter 3 is an intro duction to a certain formal approach that lays the foundation
for constructing the 1 imits of sets of states of systems that are permissible with
given constraints (se ts of permissibility). Chapter 4 presents an analysis of the
32
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
properties of sets of permissibility of secund-order systems. Such systems are
simple enough to graphically exemplify different formulations and solutions of
problems. The fifth chapter generalizes the properties of sets of permissibility
and develops a technique for constructing their boundaries from the constraints on
state variables of the systems.
In chapters 6 and 7 an investigation is made of the way that the limiting admissible
values of the major qualitative characteristics of systems (temporal, spectral, in-
formational) depend on the restrictions on state variables. In these chapters, as
well as in the fifth chapter, a generaZ procedure is given for solving the problems
formulated in the first chapter.
Chapter 8 contains examples of practical application, and their possible simpli-
fication for solving the corr.esponding problems.
Contents
Preface 3 .
Chapter 1. General Formulation of the Problem of Estimating the Ultimate
Capabilities af Systems 5
Chapter 2, Limiting Motions of Systems with Constraints on Sta te Variables 17
Chapter 3. Sets of Permissibility 34
Chapter 4. Sets of Permissibility for a Second-Order System 45
Chapter S. General Properties and Methods of Constructing Sets of Permissi-
bility 54
Chapter 6. Temporal and SpecLral Characteristics of Limiting Motions of
Systems 74
Chapter 7. Informational Characteristics of the Limiting Motions of Systems 89
Chapter 8. Using Methods of Estimating the Ultimate Capabilit ies of Systems 105
Appendix. Major Characteristics of Positional and Peri.odic Motions of
Maximum and Near-Maximum Speed 130
References 156
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1979
[127-6610]
6610
CSO: 1861
,
33
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
FLUID MECHANICS
TURBULENT DETACHED FLOWS
Moscow TURBULENTNYYE OTRXVNYYE TECHENIYA in Russian 1979 signed to press 21 Nov 79
PP 2-4
[Annotation and table of contents from book by Lev Vladimirovich Gogish and
Georgiy Yurevich Stepanov, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka,", 2900 copies, 368 pages]
[Text] In this book are discussed modern notions regarding detached flows originat-
ing when a viscous fluid or gas flows around bodies, along with approximation
methods of calculating them, which are illustrated by solutions to some topical
problems in hydro- and aerodynamics. .
A critical survey is given of models and calculation diagrams of two-dimensional
(plane and axisymmetric) detached flows over a broad range of M and R numbers. �
Described in mor~ detail is an integral method, developed by the authors, of cal-
culating turbulent flows with weak (non-detached) and strong (detached) interaction .
between dissipative and non-viscous flows.
This book is intended for scientific personnel and engineers interested in the
theory of detached flows, in particular, as applied to calculation of aircraft
and aviation and power engines; this book can also be useful to teachers, graduate
students and students at appropriate ViJZ's.
CONTENTS Page
Foreword 5
Introduction 9
Chapter I. Method of Integral Relations 46
1. On deriving and using integral relations 50
2. Strong interaction of turbulent and non-viscous near wake flows 55
3. Weak interaction of turbulent and non-vtscoua far wake boundary
layer 65
4. Use of integral relations for cal~ulating mean parameters of the region
of detachment
5. Pseudo-discontinuity as the simplest model of strong interaction between
a turbulent wake and flow 89
6. Local theory of detachment of a turbulent boundary layer 96
Chapter II. Interaction of a P1ane Turbulent Wake with a Supersonic Bas~
Flow 112 _
34
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLX
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
1. Model of base flow and ini.tial near wake conditions 115
2. Calculation of near wake flow 134
3. Simplified calculation of the near wake 149
4. Edge interaction of various supersonic floras 156
Chapter ITI. Turbulent Wake Behind a Cone in a Supersonic ~low 166
1. Calculation of axisymmetric near wake behind a semi-infinite cylinder 168
2. Quasi-onedimensional calculation of near wake behind a cone 179
3. Influence of vorticity of a non-viscous flow 186
4. Calculation of the far wake 194
Chapter IV. Interaction of a Turbulent Wake With a Supersonic Stream 202
1. Supersonic detached flows under conditions of the internal problem 208
2. Calculation model of interaction of a turbulent near wake with
wave disturbances in an external supersonic stream 232
3. Interaction of a supersonic plug flow with a turbulent nearby wake 241
- 4. Interaction of a circular supersonlc stream with a turbulent nearby
wake in jets with sudden expansion 259
5. Calcuiation model of interaction of a shock wave with a turbulent
boundary layer on a plate 271
Chapter V. Detached Flows of an Incompressible Fluid 280
1. Parametric flow models of steady-state detached flow of a non-
viscous fluid around bodies 282
2. Detached flow around a projection with formation of a turbulent wake 313
3. Detached flow around a symmetric shape with a zero angle of attack 334
4. Flow around an airfoil cascade with detachment at the intake edge 358
COPYRIGHT: Glavnaya redaktsiya fiziko-matematicheskoy literatury
izdatel'stva "Nauka", 1979
[128-8831J
- 8831
CSO: 1861
35
FOR OFF'ICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
PROPELLERS ~'OR SHIPS WITH DYNA~"iIC PRINCIPLES OF BUOYANCY
Leningrad DVIZHITELI SUDOV S DINAMICHESKIMI PRINTSIPAMI PODDERZHANIYA in Russian
1979 signed to press 14 Aug 79 pp 2, 237-239
[Annotation and table of contents from book by Aleksandr Alekseyevich Rusetskiy,
Izdatel'stvo "Sudostroyeniye", 3800 copies, 240 pages]
_ [Text] Pursuant to the program of the course titled "Ships wlth New Principles of
Propulsion," a classification is given of the ma~or types of pxopellers for ships
with dynamic principles of buoyancy and their operating principle is described.
The fundamentals of the theory and design of screw propellers, water-jet propellers
and air screws are discussed and their interaction with the hull and supporting
surfaces of the vessel is considered. A description is given of px~opellers with
controllable hydrodynamic characteristics.
This textbook is intended for students of shipbuilding WZ's and departments and
for cadets at nautical schools. Shipbuilding engineers working on the design,
construction and utilization of ships with dynamic principles of buoyancy wi11
pick up much useful information fron~ it.
CONTENTS Page
Introduction 3
Chapter I. General Properties of Prapellers 5
1. Classification of propellers -
2. Theory of an ideal propeller 13
3. Quality factor of ship propellers 21
Ch~pter II. Geometrical and Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Screw Propellers 22
4. Features of the geometry and construction of screw propellers -
5. Kinematic and hydrodynamic characteristics of a screw propeller 34
Chapter III. Fundamentals of the Rotational Theory of a Screw Propeller 41
6. Rotational systems of screw propellers '
7. Velocity field and hydrodynamic characteristics of a screw
prapeller with an infinite number of blades 4~
8. Two problems in propeller theory; optimal infinite-bladed propeller 52
9. Determination of overall hydrodynamic characteristics of an optimal
infinite-bladed screw propeller 55
10. Calculation of characteristics of a propeller with a finite number
of blades 57
36
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
11. Taking into account the finiteness o~ the width of bladeg ~f a screw
propeller 59
12. Verification calculation of a screw propeller 64
Chapter TV. Experimental Investigations of Screw Propellers 68
13. Principles of similitude in testing screw propellers -
14. Tests of models of propellers in free water 71
15. Diagrams for designing screw propellers , 74
Chapter V. Interaction of Propellers with the Ship's Hull and Supporting
Surfaces 76
16. Basic concepts -
- 17. Propulsive coefficient components 84
18. ExpErimental determination of interaction coefficients; systematic
data on interact~on of propellers with a hull 85
Chapter VI. Cavitation ~ 90
19. Concept of c avitation -
20. Cavitation in flow around wings 93
~ 21. Cavitation with screw propeller blades 96
22. Cavitation erosion and noise of screw propellers 98
23. Experimental study of cavitation 101
24. Means of eliminating cavitation for screw propellers 104
Chapter VII. Operation of a Screw Propeller in a Non-Unifortn Velocity
Fie ld; Variable Hydrodynamic Forces Created by a Propeller 107
25. Principles of calculating a screw propeller operating in a non-uniform
velocity field -
26. Determination of the hydrodynamic characteristics of a propeller _
operating in a non-uniiorm stream 108
27. Operation of a screw propeller in an evenly tapering stream 113
28. Periodic forces created by a screw propeller in a uniform velocity
field 115
29. Periodic forces transnitted by a working screw propeller to *_he hu11
of a ship through the water 117
Chapter VIII. Designing Screw Pr~pellers 118
30. General tenets -
31. Determination of key geometrical elements of a screw FLOpeller 119
- 32. Calculation of the strength of a screw propeller 125
33. Coordinating a screw propeller with the power plant; selection of
carlculated operatinQ conditions for the propeller 130
34. Performance chart and its construction 133
35. Designing a screw propeller from diagrams of series tests 135
36. Designing a screw propeller on the basis of the rotational theory 140
Chapter~ IX. Theory and Calcula.*..ion of Cavitating Screw Propellers 144
37. General tenets -
_ 38. Hydrodynamic characteristics_bf cavitating sh,apes 145
39. Principles of designing strongly cavitating screw propellers 147
40. Diagrams for calculating cavitating screw propellers 153
Chapter X. Di'st,inctive Features of Calculation of Screw Propellers of Pro-
pt~lsion Units for Ships[Jith Dynamic Principles of Buoyancy 158
41. Calculation of screw propellers operating in a tapering stream -
42. Operation of screw propellers in an angular column structure 160 -
37
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/48: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Chapter XI. Screw Propellers with Controllable Hydxodynamic Characteristics 164
- 43. Propellers with a controllable pitch and their operating characteristics -
44. Features of the geometry and construction of variable-pitch propellers
- ~VRSh~S~ 168
45. External loads influencing the blades of a VRSh 171
46. Aspects of calculation of the speed/power ratio for ships equipped
wi th VRSh's 174
Chapter XII. Methods of Improving the Propulsion Characteristics of Screw
Propellers 176
~ 47. Major sources of losses in power in propellers and methods of reducing
these losses -
48. Controlling attachments -
49. Coaxial screw propellers 180
Chapter XIII. Air Screws 182
50. Estimate of the effectiveness of air screws; area of application -
51. Designing an air propulsion complex 184
Chapter XIV. Water-Jet Propellers 187
52. Basic diagrams and designs of water-jet propellers -
53. Fur.damentals of the hydrodynamic calculation of water-jet propellers 190
54. Operating principle and estimate of the effectiveness of water-jet
propellers 199
Chapter XV. Reversing Gear of Ships and Hydrodynamic Characteristics of
Screw Propellers in Reversing 2~2
55. Process of reversing a ship ~
56. Hydrodynamic characteristics of screw propellers itz reversing 203
57. Calculation of reversing of a ship 209
Chapter XVI. Choice of Type and Key Characteristics of the Engine-Propeller
Combination 212
_ 58. Choice of type of engine-propeller combination -
59. Some questions relating to design of the propeller combination 215
Chapter XVI. Full-Scale Tests of Ships 216
60. Purposes and scope of full-scale tests ' -
61. Speed tests of ships and analysis o~ their results 217
Appendices z2~
Bibliography 235
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Sudostroyeniye", 1979 _
[130-8831]
8831
C80 : 1861
38
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
UDC 532
DETACFiED t1DTD UNDETACHED FLOW OF AN IDEAL FLUID AROUND SLENDER WINGS
_ Moscow OTRYVNOYE I BEZOTRYVNOYE OBTEKANIYE TONKIKH KRYL'YEV IDEAL'NOY ZHIDKOST'YU
in Russian 1978 signed ta press 13 Jun 78 pp 2-6
[Annotation and table of contents from book by Sergey Mikhaylovich Belotserkovskiy
and Mikhail Ivanovich Nisht, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 3000 copies, 352 pages]
[Text] The book gives a systematic exposition of the nonlinear theory of a wing,
and numerical methods of digital computer calculation of detached and undetached
flow around wings of ar~y planform, ~heir flaps and interceptors, foil cascades and
so forth .
General approaches are given that are based on a model of an inviscid incompressi-
t~le fluid. An examination is made of two-dimensional, axisymmetric and three-
dimensional flows. Results are given from systematic calculations of nonlinear
(steady and unsteady) aerodynamic characteristics of various lifting surfaces, the
characteristics of the wake behind them and c:omparisons with experimental data.
The book is written for scientists, engineers, graduate and undergraduate students
ma,joring in the field of aeroc~ynamics, hydrodynamics, flight c~ynamics and aero-
elasticity.
Contents ~
Preface 7
FIRST PART: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- Introduct ion 13
Chapter 1. General Information 16
- l. Coordinate systems. Kinema.tic parameters 16
2. Geometric parameters of the wing 19
3. Aerodynamic coefficients 21
4. Priricipal kinds of flows that are studied 22
5. General description of the proposed method of study 25
Chapter 2. Principal Vortex Systems 27
1. Vortex, and vortex chain of infinite span 27
2. Annular vortex of constant intensity 29
3. Vortex segment arbitrarily oriented in space 30
4. Yrincipal vortex systems with consideration of the influence of flow limits 33
5. Velocity potential of a discrete vortex 36
39
FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5
FUR OFFICIAL USE UNLY
Chapter 3. General Formulas for Dynamic Characteristics 38
- l. The Cauchy-Lagrange integral 38
2. H. Ye. Zhukovskiy's theorem ~1
3~ On calculating the pressur~e field a.nd static characteristics of a wake ~+3
Chapter 4. Formulation of Ma,jor Problems. The Discrete Vortex Method 46
1. General formulation of the problems ~6
2. Mathematical formulation of problems ~8
3. Ba,sic principles of the discrete vortex method 5~
4. Formulation of unsteady separated flow in the two-dimensional case 53
5. Validation of the principal scheme and computational method 55
SECOND PART: TWO-DIMENSIONAL AND ASIXYNIMETRIC FLOWS
Introduction 58
Chapter 5� Principal Equations for ~ro-Dimensional Flows , 60
1. Unsteady unseparated flows 60
2. Separated flows 6~
3� Steady-state problems 65
4. Calculation of loads, forces a.nd torques 68
5. Some peculiarities of the method of calculation T~
Chapter 6. Investigation of Flow Around a.n Isolated Airfoil 77
l. Formation of unseparated and sepa.rated flows around the foil 77 -
2. Loads, forces and torques 81
3. Two modes of detached flow around a plate 86
4. Structure of asymmetric wake behind a plate 9~+
5. Statistical characteristics of wa.ke behind a plate 99 -
6. On estimating the influence of fluid viscosity on wake characteristics 102
Chapter 7. Investigation of Flow Around a Foil with Mechanization 108
1. Flow schemes and equations 108
2. Steady-state problems 112
3. Unsteady aerodyn~.mic characteristics in unseparated flow around a flap 113
- 4. Separated flvw around an airfoil with flap 116
5. Investigation of the effectiveness of inechanization 118 _
Chapter 8. Investigation of Flow Araund a System of Airfoils 123
1. Flow schemes and equations 123
2. Flow around two plates perpendicular to the strea.m 125
3. Flow around a foil close to an interface 132
Concerning investigation of buffeting 135
5. On the mechanism of formation of a normal Porce during flapping of wings 137
Chapter 9. Investigation of Flow Around a Foil Cascade 1~~
l. Flow schemes and equations 1~~
2. Some data on nonlinear steady-state characteristics 1~$
3� Unseparated and separated unsteac~y flow around a foil cascade 15~
4. Moving separation 15~+
5. Two-level cascades 162
- Chapter 10. Investigation of Axisy~etric Flows 166
1. Flow schemes and equations 166
2. Flow around flat, convex and concave disks 168
3. Flow around a cylindrical wing, a convergent charinel and an exit cone 175
- 4. Comparison of two-dimensional and axisynmmetric flows 177
THIRD FART: THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEHS
Introduction 181
- Chapter 11. Equations of Steady-State Nonlinear Problems in Undetached Flow 185
l. Vortex scheme of the wing 185
2. Field of velocities due to the vortex system of the wing 189
40
FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
3. Calculation of vortex structure. Equations for circulations 191
4. Calculation of aeroc~ynamic loads, forces and torques 194
5. Peculiarities of calculation of flow around wings with mechanization 196
6. The problem of impact-free entry of the stream at the leading edge of a wing 203
7. Calcu].ation of a wing with flaps with impact-free entry of flow on the
leadirif~ edge 206
8. k'eciilif~r.ities o.f' flow calculation around wings with slipping and with
rotation about the longitudinal axis 208
9. Some problems of the method of calculation 211
Chapter 12. Steac~y-State Nonlinear Problems in Separated Flow 220
1. Calculation of sepaxated flow around delta wings 220
2. Peculiarities of calculating sepaxated flow around wings of complex planform 223
3. Peculiarities of calculating separated flow around wings with mechanization
and with slipping 225
4. Some problems of the method of calculation 227
Crapter 13� Unsteady Nonlinear Problems in Undetached Flow 230
1. Vortex scheme of the wing 230
2. Circulations of vortex systems 233
3. Velocity field due to the vortex system of the wing 23~+
4. Cal~ulation of vortex structures. Equations for circulations 237
5. Calculation of aeroc~ynamic loads, forces and torques 239
Chapter 14. Unsteady Problems in Separated Flow 241
l. Calculation of unsteady detached flow around a wing 2~+1
2. Pecularities of calculation of unsteady separated flow around a delta wing 246
3. Concerning mixed unsteady flow around a wing with complex planform 250
Chclpter 15� Nonlinear Steady-State Characteristics of Wings with Different
F'lanforms 251
1. Vortex structures in unseparated flow 251
2. Vortex structures in separated flow 254
3. Vortex structures with slipping 262
4. Aerodynamic characteristics of wings in unseparated flow 267
5. Aerodynamic characteristics of wings in detached flow 271
6. Aerodynamic characteristics of wings in asymmetric flow 277
Chapter 16. Nonlinear Unsteady Characteristics of Wings with Different
Planform.~ 283
, l. Formation of vortex structures in unsepaxated flow 283
2. Formation of vortex structures in detached flow 288
3. Aerodynamic coefficients 298
Chapter 17. Consideration of the Influence of an Interface
l. Concerning the method of calculation 303
2. Vortex structures 306
3. Aerodynamic coefficients 306
Chapter 18. Investigation of Stability and the Process of Formation of a
Vortex Wake Close to a Wing 312
1. General principles 3.12
2. Some peculiarities of formation of a vortex wake in pla:~e-parallel flows 314
3. Investigation of the process of breakup of a vortex sheet of a wing of
finite span based on the unsteady-state theory 318
4. Concerning the stability of the leading-edge vortex sheet of delta wings
and wings with complex planform 320
5. Or~ the influence that slipping has on breakup of vortex filaments 326
6. Experimental study of breakup of a vortex sheet 329
= 41
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
7. Some general considerations on the stability of vortex structures of
slender wings 336
Conclusion 338
References 3~+~+
1. Russian references
2. References in other languages 3~+9
COPYRTGHT: Glavnaya reda.ktsiya fiziko-matematicheskoy literatury izdatel'stva
_ "Nauka", 1.978
[125-6610]
6610
cs ~ : 186i
42
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY =
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
TESTING AND MATERIALS
UDC 621.039.564.3
REACTOR THERMOMETRY
Moscow REAKTORNAYA TERMOMETRIYA in Russian 1980 signed to press 18 Mar 80 pp 2-4,
199-200
[Annotation,foreword and tahle of coatents from book by B.V. Lysikov and V.K.
Prozorov, Atomizdat, 1200 copies, 200 pages]
[Text] This book treats a specific branch of thermometry--thermometry of nuclear
reactors.
In 1975, the book "Temperature Measurements in Nuclear Reactors" was published with
participation of the same authors. S ince that time, considerable progress has been
made in the development of inethods for measuring temperatures of the main elements
of the core. This book is a logical continuation of that book. It gives the re-
sults of studies on the behavior of pr imary thermal converters in the core and ex-
_ amines the latest achievements in the area of standard means of intracore tempera-
ture monitoring. The authors analyzed more concretely and widely than before the
specific characteristics of temperat ure measurements in reactors of various types.
The book is intended for engineers, technicians, and scienrists engaged in the de-
velopment, designing, and operation of AES [atomic power plants]. It can be used
' by graduate and upper division student s in these fields.
Tables, 16; figures, 73; bibliography, 238 items.
Foreword. The use of nuclear reactors in large-scale pawer engineering and the
prospects of their use in other branches of industry (for example, in the chemical
- and metallurgical industries, as well as for producing industrial heat and for
central heating) determine the ever increasing requirements for the economy, re-
liability, and safety of reactors.
One of the means of ensuring these requirements is temperature monitoring of the
limiting parameters of the core and it s elements (fuel elements, moderator, heat-
transfer agent, structural assemblies). The necessity of obtaining direct informa-
tion about these parameters has determined the development of inethods of intracore
temperature measurements which started in the 1960's and continues at the present
time.
The thermometry of nuclear reactors is characterized by a complex of factors deter-
, mining the methods and means, metrological characteristics, and methodology of
43
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY "
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICiAL USE ONLY
temperature measurements. At the present time, the reactor thermometry as one of
the branches of the general thermometry is of great importance for increasing the
- effectiveness of newly developed reactora and improvement of the existing reactors.
Yt ie logical that specialists are interested in scientific and technical problems
of reactor thermometry. However, there is a shortage of published materials on in-
tracore reactor measurements at the present time.
During the time since the publication of the first book on reactor thermometry*,
technical periodicals published new data some of which the authors felt necessary
to include in this book along with the results of their studies. The authors give
special attention to the methodological aspects of reactor thermometry which pri-
marily have to do with primary thermal converters.
~
Much attention is given in the book to the problems of studying the core thermo-
physics and specific effects of ineasurement conditions on thermal converters.
Therefore, the authors considered it appropriate to enlist the cooperation of spe-
cialists on these problems in writing individual sections: V. I. Donetskiy, who
wrote Section 3.4, and N. S. Lavrukhin, who wrote Section 5.2.
The authors realize that this book is not without shortcomings, and will be grate-
ful to the readers for their remarks and suggestions on the material included in
the book. The authors are grateful to S. R. Petrunin, P. A. D`yakov, and A. V.
Dudorov for their help in the creation and designing of the book.
Contents
Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Nuclear Reactors and Methodology of Reactor Thermometry 5
1.1. Development of Reactor-Building and Tasks of Temperature
Measurements 5
1.2. Reactor Tilermometry and Its Methodology 10
Chapter 2. Methods and Means of Temperature Measurement 16
2.1. Specific Characteristics of Temperature Measurement in
Nuclear Reactors 16
2.2. Thermometry Methods Used in Nuclear Reactors 17
2.3. Structural Materials of Thermoelectric Converters (TEP) 33
2.4. TEP Designs 47
2.5. Promising Directions in the Development of TEP and TPS 55
2.6. Cable TEP Manufacturing 59
2.7. Varities o� Errors in Temperature Measur.ement 60
2.8. Problems of the Standardization of Reactor Thermometry 68 _
"Temperaturnyye izmereniya v yadernykh reaktorakh" [Temperature Measurements in
Nuclear Reactors] by B. V. Lysikov, V. R. Prozorov, V. V. Vasil'yev, et al, Moscow,
Atomizdat, 1975
44
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Chapter 3. Problems of Ensuring the Accuracy of Temperature
Measurements in Reactors 69 ~
3,1, Ensuring the Required Accuracy of Temperature Measurements 69
3.2. Dynamic Characteristics of Thermal Converters 74
3.3. Effects of Radiation on the Metrological Characteristics of TEP 79
3.4. Effects of Magnetic Fields on TET Indications 96
C hapter 4. Temperature Measurement of Fuel Elements 100
4,1. Fuel Elements and Special Characteristics of Their Temperature
C onditions 100
~ 4.2, Temperature Measurement of Fuel Element Cladding 104
4.3. Temperature Measurement of Fuel 112
4.4, Temperature Fields of Thermometric Fuel Elements and Errors
in the Methods of Temperature Measurements 119
4.5. Thermometric Fuel Elements and TVS [fuel assemblies], Their
Use in Studying and Monitoring the Conditions of Reactor Cores 135
Chapter 5. Temperature Measurement of Graphite Brickwork, Shields,
_ and Metal Structures 145
5.1. Reactor Graphite and Special Characteristics of Brickwork
Temperature Measurement 145
5.2, Temperature Field of Graphite Brickwork and Methods for
Studying It 147
5.3, Principles of Designing Thermometric Devices for Graphite
Brickwork and Analysis of Method Errors of Stationary
Assemblies 155
5.4. Thermometric Devices with Contact TEP. Studies of Method
Errors of Contact TEP 164
5.5. Principles of Designing Temperature Monitoring Systems for
Graphite Brickwork 1~2
5.6. Temperature Measurement of Shielding Devices and Metal
Structures 175
C hapter 6. Temperature Measurement of Heat-Transfer Agents 178
6.1. Requirements for Heat-Transfer Agents 178
6.2. Designs of Thermametric Devices 181
Biblio~raphy 189
C OPYRIGHT: AComizdat, 1980
[ 145-10233 ]
10,233
CSO: 1861
45
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
UDC 621.311.2:628.1:66.01
CHEMICAL MONITORING OF WATER CONDITIONS AT ATOMIC POWER PLANTS
Moscow KHIMICHESKIY KONTROL' VODNOGO REZHIMA ATOMNYKH ELEKTROSTANTSIY in Russian 1980
_ pp 2-4, 206-207
[Annotation, foreword, and table of contents from book by 0. I. Martynova, L. M.
Zhivilova, and N. P. Subbotina, Atomizdat, 207 pages]
[Text] The authors described and generalized the problems of the organization of
chemical monitoring of water conditions at atomic pawer p2ants. They examined main
characteristics and water quality indexes both of the heat-transfer agent and of
the working substance for AES [atomic power plants] with reactors of various types,
formulated requirements for the methods of manual and automatic chemical monitioring,
and described theae methods.
Principles of the organization of chemical monitoring of water conditions of vari-
ous sections of the steam and water channel of AES are given and schemes of chemi-
cal monitoring and specific characteristics of devices for representative selection
and preparation of samples, as well as methods of proceasing and evaluation of the
reaults of analyses, are described.
This book is intended for engineers and technicians engaged in designing and opera-
tion of AES. It can be used by stc~dents of higher educational institutions in
studying such subjects. ,
Figures 71, tables 41, bibliography 36 items.
Foreword, The significance of chemical monitoring of water conditions at atomic
power plants for ensuring the reliability and safety of their operation increases
every year. At the same time, there have been practically no specialized publica-
tions fln these problems in our country or abroad except occasional articles in peri-
odicala and publications on methods for departmental use.
' For this reason, the authors attempted to explain the role of chemical monitoring
of the chemical conditions of water as a means of ensuring a reliable and econimi-
_ cal operation of individual elements of the AES equipment. They showed the depen-
dence of chemical monitoring on the specific characteristics of the plant. They
- gave theoretical principles of the methods of manual and automatic chemical monitor-
ing complex types of water with various impuritles, generated steam, reagents, etc,
- 46
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
which are characteristic of the water facilitiea of a modern plant. In accordance
with the requirements of technical progress, primary attention is given to automated
methods of monitoring which are increasingly replacing the manual methods of analy-
ses.
- Naturally, because of the sroall size of this book, attention is given only to the
main points, i.e., it doea not contain detailed descriptions of any monitoring me-
thods and does not discuss the monitoring of all kinds of water flows constituting
the water management of an atomic power plant. The authors are compelled to limit
_ themselves to the examination of the characteristics of water conditions only for
the main circuits of the plant connected with the selection for monitoring the most
representative chemical indexes of water quality and, f inally, of the reco~ended
schemes and methods of chemical monitoring.
Because of the nature of their work, the authors of the book had to engage them-
selves in some studies in the area of chemical monitoring and to acquaint themselves
with its organization at electric power plants in the USSR and abroad. Some of the
appropriate materials ar.e used in the book. References tn published sources make it
possible to obtain more complete information on each of the problems discussed.
In writing this book on chemical monitoring of water conditions of atomic power
plants published in the USSR, the authors used the results of studies conducted by
teams under their directio~: The Department of Water and Fuel technology of the
Moscow Power Engineering Institute and the Laboratory of the Automation of Chemical
Monitoring and Water Treatment at Electric Power Plants of the All-Union Aeat En-
gineering Institute.
The authors realize that their first attempt at generalizing the main requirements
for the or~anization of chemical monitoring of water conditions at atomic power
plants, its optimal schemes and methods of their realization is bound to have some
shortcomings. Therefore, the authors will be grateful f or any remarks, additions,
and suggestions addressed to the publishers.
Chapters 1-8 of the book, as well as the foreword and the introduction are written
by 0. I. Martynova, Chapters 9-13 and 16 are written by L. M. Zhivilova, Chapter
14 by them jointly, and Section 2.1 by N. P. Subbotina.
Contents
Page
Foreword 3
Introduction 5
Chapter 1. Basic Characteristics of Chemical Water Conditions
of AES and Recommended Water Quality g
1.1. Problems of the Organization of Chemical Water Conditions 8
1.2. Single--Loop AES with Reactors of the Boiling-Water
TYPe 9
1,3, In-Pile Loop of Two-Loop (AES) with Pressurized Water
Yo~aer Reactors (WER) 11
47
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02148: CIA-RDP82-44850R000300084432-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
1.4. Second of ~ao-Loop. (AES) with Pressurized Water Power
Reactors ~WER) 15
- Chapter 2. Organization of Chemical Monitoring of Water Conditions
a�a a Means of Ensuring Reliable and Economical Operation
of AES Equipment 21
2.1. General Propositions 21
2.2. Single - Loop AES with Reactors of the Boiling-Water Type 26
2.3. Ch~em~cal Monitoring System for the In-Pile Loop of Two-
Loop AES 29
2.4. ChemiGal Monitoring System for the Second Loap of
Two - Loop AES 32
2.5. Organization of Chemical Monitoring 34
2.6. Organization of Chemical Laboratories at West European AES 42
Chapter 3. Main Quality Indexes of Water and Steam at AES and
Principles ~f Selecting Methods of Their Manual and
Instrumental Monitoring 43
3.1. Expression of the Results of Analyses of Water, Steam,
and Deposits 43
3.2. Classification of Analysis Methods and Basic Information
on Laboratory and Automatic Devices for Chemical Monitoring . 47
3.3. Basic Principles of Selecting the Methods of Automatic
or Manual Chemical Monitoring of Water Quality Indexes 52
Chapter 4. Basic Propositions and Examples of Use of the Methods of
Volumetric Analyses for Manual Chemical Monitoring of Water.
Neutralization Methods 56
4.1. General Propositions 56
4.2. Neutralization Methods 58
4.3. Indicators Used in Determinations by Volumetric Analysis
Based on the Neutralization Method 63
4.4. Indicator Error of Titration 68
4.5. Determination by Volumetric Analysis with the Use of the
Neutralization Method
Chapter 5. Basic Propositions and Examples of Using Volumetric Methods
of Sedimentation and Complexing for Ma.nual Chemical
Water Monitoring ~1
5.1. Changes in the Ion Concentration in Processes Which Form the
Basis of the Sedimentatinn Methods of Volumetric Analysis 71
5.2. Changes in the Ion Concentration in Volumetric Analysis
Methods Leading to the Formation of Complex Ione 73
Chapter 6. Basic Propositions and Examples of Using Oxidation-Reduction
Methods fAr Manual Chemical Monitoring 75
6.1. Oxidation-Reduction Potentials 75
6.2 Equilibrium Constants of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 7S
6.3. Permanganatometry Method 80
6.4. Iodometry Method 81
48
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102108: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
6.5. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Consumption
(Oxidability) of Water 85
Chapter 7. Basic Propositions and Examples of Using Photometric
Methods for Laboratory Chemical Monitoring ag
7.1. Fundamentals of Ph~tometric Methods of Analysis 88
7,2. Classification and Basic Characteristics of Colorimetric
Methods of Analysis 8~
Chapter 8. Basic Propositions and Examples of Using Electrochemical
(Conductometric,Potentiometric) and Some Other Physio-
chemical Methods of Analysis 92
8.1. Potentiometric Method 94
8.2. Conductometric Method 102
8.3. Optical Methods 109
- 8.4. Optical Methods 115
Chapter 9. Laboratory and Automatic Potentiometric Devices 118
9.1. pH-Meters 118
9.2. Sodium Determinators 122
9.3. Calcium Determinator 125
9.4. Chloride Meters 126
9.5. Borometers 129
Chapter 10. Laboratory and Automatic Conductometric Devices 131
10.1. Laboratory Instruments for Conductometric Titration 131
10.2. Laboratory Instruments for Direct Conductometric Analysis 134
10.3. Automatic Instruments for Conductometric Measurements 135
Chapter 11. Laboratory and Automatic Optical Instruments 143
11.1. Photoelectric Colorimeters and Spectrophotometers 144
11.2. Automatic Photoelectric Colorimeters 152
11.3. Photoelectric Nephelometers 159
11.4. Flame Photometers 161
Chapter 12. Laboratory and Automatic Instruments for Determining
Gaseous Admixtures DiZuted in Water 164
12.1. Hydrogen Meters 165
12.2. Oxygen Meters 170
12.3. Determination of Carbon Dioxide 179
Chapter 13. Sampling and Preparation of Samples f o.r Automatic
and Manual Monitoring 180
COPYRIGHT: Atoxnizdat, 1980
[144-10233]
10,233
CSU: 18G1
END
- 49
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300080032-5