JPRS ID: 9318 USSR REPORT AGRICULTURE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300090038-8
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 61
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 38
• Content Type: REPORTS

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- JPRS L/9616
18 March 1981
Japan Report
(FOUO 17/ 81)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFARMATION SERVICE
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NOTE
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JPRS L/9 616
19 March 1981
JAPAN REPORT
(FOUO 17/81)
CONTENTS
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
Suzuki Remark Seen Affirming His 'Dovish Stand'
(EVENING NEWS, 18 Feb 81) 1
Democratic Socialist Party Up-Dated
(MAINICHI DAILY NEWS, 19 Feb 81) 2
'MAINICHI' Raps DSP Chairman Sasaki, Editorial
Clarifies Minimum Defense Measures
' 'Muzzling' of Justice Minister Okuno Examined
(Itaisuke Honda; THE DAILY YOMIURI, 21 Feb 81) 5
_ Significance of Japan-China Amity`Analyzed
(Minoru Hirano; THE DAILY YOMIURI, 22 Feb 81) 7
_ 'New Liberal Club': Urban-Style Conservatism
(Editorial; MAINICHI DAILY NEWS, 23 Feb 81) 9
- MILITARY
Arms Manufacturer Allegedly Supplied Information
to UK Government
(DAILY YOMIURI, 17 Feb 81) 11
r 'ASAHI SHIMBUN' Editorial on Arms Exports
(Editorial; ASAHI EVENING NEWS, 11 Feb 81) 12
ECONOMIC
Country's Role as 'Capital-Exporting Nation' Examined
(Editorial; ASAHI BVENIriG NEWS, 18 Feb 81) 14
Japan-China Trade Hits Record $9.4 Biilion
(MAINICHT DAILY NEWS, 20 Feb 81) 16
- Nippon Steel Studying Poasible Merger of Belgian Steelmakers
(MAINICHI DAILY NEWS, 20 Feb 81) 17
_ -a - [III -ASIA -111 FOUO]
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J
Expert Discuases Arms Export
(Hideo Matsuoka; MAINICHI DAILY iiEWS, 24 Feb 81) 18
SOIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Future of Technology Viewed From Trend in Patent Applications
(Kusuyata Shimamoto; NIKKEI SUSINESS, 29 Dec 80) 20
Concept of Integrated 'Technopolis' Formulated
(NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN, 1:2 Jan 81, KOGYO GIJUTSU,
Jan 81) 28
Construction Coimnittee Chairman's Views,
= Ibo Ishii Interview
. Structure, Operation of Technopolis
Exploitation of Marine Resources To Be Promoted
(NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN, 6, 12, 14 Jan 81) 35
Deep Sea Survey Vessel
Manganese Nodule Exploitation
_ Editorial on Marine Technology
Nagoya University's Project on Thermonuclear Chain Reaction
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 17 Feb 81) 41
Firms Continue To Lose Plant Deals to Foreign Companies
(TAPAN ECONOMIC JOTiRNAL, 11 Feb 81) 42
Japanese Aircraft-Engine Industries To Be Coordinated
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 17 Feb 81) 43
Electronic Equipment Production Continues To Climb
(BUSINESS JAPArI, Feb 81) 44
Bright Prospects Indicated for Japan's Pump Industry
(BUSINESS JAPAN, Feb 81) 46
Medical Electronics Equipment Makers To Promote Exports
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JDURNAL, 17 Feb 81) 48
Robot That Walks Like Human Being Developed
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 17 Feb 81) 49
Japanese Firm Said To Be Builda.ng Pdaval Port in Malaysia
(ASAHI EVENING NEWS, 9 Feb 81) 50
New Technology for Amorphous Silicon Production Developed
' (JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 17 Feb 81) 51
Toshiba Developed Small Type Universal Pressure Sensor
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 17 Feb 81) 52
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Ishikawajima-Harima's Floating Dock Used To Repair Minsk
- (MAINICHI DAILY NEWS, 12 Feb 81) 53
Subsidies To Be Granted to Oil Replacing Projects
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 17 Feb 81) 54
. Steel Companies Cut Down Oil Consumption About 30 Percent
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 17 Feb 81) 55
Briefs
Contract With Sweden 56
Machine Tool Orders 56
.
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FnR nFFTCTAT. TTSF nNT.Y
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
SUZUKI REMARK SEEN AFFIRMING HIS 'DOVISH STAND'
Asahi EVENING NEZIS in English 18 Feb 81 p 3
[Text ]
Prime Mi.nister Zenko
resolutely opposed to Cabinet
That is why Suzuki said in
Suzuki's stacement in the Diet
policy." Suzuki's answers
answers Tut:sday after-
Tuesday that those Cabinet
Tuesday firmly established his
noon that "it has not reached
members who do not agree
Cabinet's policy of not revising
the stage yet (for the Justice
with his policy of aot to am-
the ConstiLution.
Minister) to leave;" and Chief
, mend the war - renouacing
Jusdce Minister Seisuke
Cabinet Secretary Kiichi Mi-
Constitution' should leave the
Okuno has beea making state-
yazawa said in a press con-
Cabinet is considered by ob-
ments since August 1980
ference, "Suzuki's statement
- � servers as part of Suzuki's
c111ing for nvision of the Con-
was not aimed at any parti-
policy to firmly establish his
stitution, and those around Su-
cular person. There is no in-
dovish stand.
zuki say that the prime minis-
tentioa of clamping dowa on
Previously, he had said on
ter had said nothing up until
debate on the Constitution by
"
' Feb. 14 in connection with
now about Okuno's statements
Cabinet members.
the summit meeting with Pres-
because of his desire to pre-
In a press conference, Oku-
- ident Ronald Reagaa, "On in-
serve harmony.
no himself ezpressed the be-
'
ternational problems, I will
Obsezvers believe that Su-
s statement
lief that Suzuki
state frankly that it is a mis-
zuki made his strong state-
W~ not specifically aimed at
take to place hopes on Japan
"
ment Tuesciay to put a stop
him. He said that if he
for a military role.
questions Gy the Opposition
to
is questioned in the Diet, he
Then on Feb. 16 he said in
Parties ~ttacking Okuno s
Wi11 frankly state his opinions
connection with the activities
statements and also to check
on the matter.
b the I.ea ue of Dietmen for
Y 8
Okuno from making any furth-
Meanwhile, ' the Japan
An Independent Constitution,
er statements oa the matter.
Socialist Party Tuesday began
"Yoshio Sakurauchi, secreta-
Ile hawk gcoup within the
studying the question of
ry - general of the Liberal-
r DP is saying Suzuki's state-
whether or not it should de-
'
Democratic Party who is vice-,
ment is inflammatory and that
s dismissal. At
mand Okuno
, chairmaa of the league, will
Cabinet membets should be
a meeting of its Diet Policy
see that there will be np ez-
free to hava their own be-
Committee Wednesday morn-
- cesses."
liefs
ing, the JSP obtained the
Concerning his : uesday
.
$horthand recard of the
statement thut dissenters
�
Lower House tiudget Com-
. against his Cabinet's policy
mittee proceedings aed began
should leave, he added later in
studying it in detail.
the Lower House Budget
Committee, "I meant cases
where a Cabinet member is �
COPYRIGHT : ASAHI EVENING NEWS 1981
CSO: 4120
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POLITICAL ANll SOCIOLOGICAL
DEMOCRATIC SOCIALIST PARTY UP-DATED
' N,A INICHI' Raps DSP Chairmar. Sasaki
Tokyo MAINICHI DA1LY NEWS in English 19 Feb 81 p 1
- [Editorial: "Why Hurry"]
[Test ]
Chairman Ryosaku Sasaki of the Democratic
Socialist Party declared at the annual party con-
vention held this week that his party will concentrate
upon realizing its original target when it was foun-
ded-taking over the reins of government from the
- conservative camp.
It was 21 years ago that the Democratic Socialist
Party emerged under the leadership of the late
Suehiro Nishio, seceding from the Socialist Party.
- Nishio then pledged that his party would wrestle the
reins of government from the conservatives. At that
_ ti,ne, the party strength was 38 in the House of
Representatives and 16 in the House of Councilors,
but has failed to increase since. At present, it is the
- fourth largest political party with 32 Lower House
members and 11 Upper House members. Judging
from its brief history, the party is in no position to
- take over the government single-handedly.
Sasaki, at the party rally, outlined his strategy to
form the government in collaboration with other
parties. First of all, he said the D5P would endeavor
- to join hands with other middle-of-the-road parties
and then extend a hand to other wings, with the
middle-of-the-roaders as the nucleus. In other words,
he meant to inelude even the Liberal-Democratic
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Party and the Socialist Party upon forming an
- alliance with the Komei, the DSP, the New Liberal
Club and the Socialist Democratic League.
- His idea is very simple to understand, but there
are all too many unlcnown quantities in real golitics.
- Chairman Takeiri of the Komei Party and Chairman
_ Seiichi Tagawa of the New Liberal Club who attended
= the rally as guests refrained frorn touching on the
issue while implying in their greetings that the time
- was not yet ripe for a coalition.
= We wonder why the DSP is in such a hurry. Even
rank-and-file DSP members are rather critical of
= Sasaki's rashness. The DSP, in fact, seems to be
going ahead of other parties in various ways, to say
- nothing of its approach to the controversial defense
issue.
Chairman Sasaki recently made a proposal that
= the national Diet should adopt a resolution to the
- effect that the defense forces are constitutional.
Whatever his trae intent is, we can hardly follow his
proposal. Small wonder that fhe other opposition
_ parties remairied cautious about his statement.
. The DSP is known for its propensity to political
change. But, the party would do well ta remember the
time-honored maxim, "Haste makes waste."
; Clarifies Minimum Defense Measures
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 19 Feb 81 p 1
[Text]
Chairman Ryosaku Sasaki of
the middle�of-the-road
Democratic Sociatist Party
clarified his party's detense
policy Wednesday and said that
minimum defense measures
are necessar}� to guarantee the
country's security.
He told the opening session ot
the party's 26th convention in
Tokyo that "our Constitution
dces not denv the countrv's
right of self-defense nor the
maintenance of a defense
capability. The majoritv of the
nation also supports the
existence of the Self-Defense
Forces."
He said "the mission of our
de:ense establishment must be
limited only to self-defense" but
noted Japan's,current de[ense
capability cannot be described
as being suf[ir,ient for this
limited purpose.
He 'thus e!cpressed his belief
that in addition to strengthening
civilian control, Japan should
not neglect bolstering rts
defense capability.
Regarding peace and
securitc. Sasahi said the three
points ~ of standing for the
protection of freedom,
democracy and peace as a
member of the Western camp;
devising the minitnum
necessary defense measures;
and giving priority in all
securitv matters to a com-
prehensive global strategy for
peace should be the basic
policies.
Sasaki regretted that the�
Liberal�Democratic Party
scored a big victory in the twin
Diet elections last June and that
the political situation reverted
to the old pattern.
He declared -the source oE
today's lack of contidence in
politics lies in the long-extended
ru1e of the Liberal-Democratic
Party and in its corruption."
Expressing his firm con-
viction that the structure oi
democratic politics must be
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such that political power
alternates between parties, he
said "the aim of the political
reCorrn which we are tiying ta
bring about should be con-
centr:ited on the single point ot
building a system of rotating
politir.al power and making it
function properly."
As ccncrete ways to promote
reor�;anization of the political
worid for this purpose, Sasaki
said the "proper course for us to
follow is, first of all, to
coliaborate with the sacalled
middle-of-the-road political
parties which are opposed to
cme�party rule and dictatorship
and. with this as the nucleus, to
extend a welcome hand to
sympathetic iorces on the right
and left of center."
He thus indicated a t��o�stage
formula under which middle�ot-
the-rQad parties will first join
together, following which
segments of the Japan Socialist
Party and the LDP �'ill be
asked to take part in the for-
mation of a new party.
COPYRIGHT: MAINICHI DAILY NEWS 1981
cso: 4120
- 4
On economic matters, tne
chairman made known his
opposition to natianaliaation of
enterprises, saying "with the
principle of market competition
as the base, we should clearly
state that we would not adopt as
a rule a policy of nationalization
of the rneans of product(on."
He said, however, ap-
propriate measures wiil have to
be taken to check the ill-effects
of monopoly and excessive
competition, and planned
economic management based
on medium-term constderation
will be necessary.
During the three-day session
until Friday, the concention will
discuss and decide the party's
action pro;ram for 1981 with the
aim of building up a healtny
opposition party which will
enable smooth transfer ot
power.
Sasaki is seen certain to be
reelected to another term as
chairman of the party,
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLGGICAL
' -
- 'MUZZLING' OF JUSTICE MINISTER OKUNO EXAMINED
Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI in English 21 Feb 81 p 3
[POLITICAL BEAT Article by Raisuke Honda: "The Muzzling of Okuno"]
[Text ] , Contrary to his "militant" calls up until
quite recently Por revision of the war-re-
'nouncing constitutton, 3ustice Minister
3eisuke Okuno is now seemingly subdued.
~ Faced with a Sociallst Partq demand
for his dismissal for his anticonstitutional
rema.rks, Okuno has reportedly expressed
to aldes that he himself thinks it neces-
sary to be "more carePul" In discussing
the constitution.
Ii Okuno i5 truly "reper.tar.t" over his
hawkish remarks on the constitutional
issue, then Prime Minister Suzuki can
rest at ease, as the premier has so far
had bitter experiences with the iustice
minister.
Why has Okuno become so somber so
suddenly after a series oi bullish remarks
publicly venting his "politicai faith" In
- seeking amendment'oi the constitution?
According to Liberal-Democratic Party
- (LDP) sources, che main reasons are that
Okuno is now aware of unexpectedly
hostile reactions wlthin the LDP to h!s
controversial remurks, and also has no-
ticed that Premier Suzuki is oSended In
all seriousness.
A former high-ranking oPticial of the
_ delunct internal aSairs ministry, Okuno
_ is known as a "conservative-lundament-
nlist" polltician.
Althouqh he is often said to be too un-
compromising, Oicuno In oi�flcialdom won
recognltion as a, competent bureaucrat so
- that he was,promoted to the post oi vice-
rNnister of the minlstry.
Atter leaving the bureaucracy for a
political career, Okuno, though aPBliated
with no LDP Paction, won support from
such influential politlcians as Kakuei Ta-
_ naka and was named three times chie!
- of the LDP general aSairs bureau In
- charge o1 election cnmpaigns, as well as
education minister two times consecutive-
ly.
When the Suzuki administration was
inaugurated, the prime minister appoint-
ed Okuno as justice minister at the sug-
gestioh af former premier Tanaka, pre-
sumably with no fear that the appoint-
ment would cause such a fuss as has cur-
rently been troubling Suzuki.
During the extraordinary Diet session
last qear, the flrst Diet deliberations since
the start of the Suzuki cabinet, Okuno
caused a commotion when he told the
Diet that he belleved Japan had no sov-
ereignty at the time the existing con-
stitution was established.
Premier Suzukt then was obliged to
apologize for the "disunity" within the
cabinet regarding the constitutlon, say-
ing: "The government has no intention
at all to revise the constitution."
Despite that commitment by the premier
in the Diet, the justice minister seemed to
have been overly elated by hundreds of
"letters of encouragement" from rightist
people across the country who highly
praised Okuno's "bravery" In breaking the
politlcal taboo of constitutional amend-
ment, according to the LDP sources.
However, Okuno was obviously selY-con-
tradictory In insisting on constitutional
amendment on the one hand, while ad-
mitting the "need for refraining from
making any remarks inconsistent with
the cabinet policy" of not revising the
constitution.
I1 Okuno was flrmly committed to his
own political philosophy, he shottld of
course have resolved to carry out his con-
victions even by risking his cabinet post.
Indlcations are, however, that Okuno
had no ides at all of giving up his cabinet
post for the cause of constitutional
amendznent.
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Following the recent statement before
the Diet by Premier Suzuki to the ePfect
that any cabinet membec should resign
as long as he fails to comply with the
basic policy of the $uzuki government,
Okuno has hurr.ledly pulled in his head,
rather intent on showing his "allegiance"
to the cabinet policy.
Regarding the disarray of the cabinet
over the constitutional issue, however,
Prime Minister Suzuki himself should be
held responsible for his lack of strono
leadership in holding eariler Okuno's re-
marks in check.
While comm.itted not to revise the con-
stitution,'the premier allowed his cabinet
members to speak ireelq, besides failing
to give any warning to the justice min-
ister against his proamendment remarks.
The premier's ambiguous stand over the
constitutional issue may have stemmed
from, the priorlty he has placed on "in-
traparty harmony" of the ruling LDP
by means of appeasing rightwing hard-
liners.
The premier's political style of dealing
with sensitive issues without any clear-
cut principle is considered very likely to
give the public misunderstanding and is
eventuallq bound to hit a snag.
COPYRIGHT: THE DAILY YOMIURI 1981
- CSO: 4120
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF JAPAN-CHINA AMITY ANALYZED
Tokyo THE DAILY YOMIURI in English 22 Feb 81 p 3
[BEHIND THE SCENES Article by Minoru Hirano: "Significance of Japan-China Amity"]
[Text]
A C, inese delegation led by a senior of-
$cial o! China's National Technical Im-
port Cor.porat;on will arrive in Japan Mon-
, day to discuss the aftermath of the sus-
pension of industrial plant imports from
Japan. Japanese trading flrms and plant
engineering companies iniormed of the
suspension irom the Chinese side have
decided to sit down at the conierence
table in monolithic unity despite some
differences in the substance of contracts
from company to company.
The general framework !or the upcom-
ing discussions took shape at thorough
talks between Saburo Olata, government
representative for external economic a!-
Pairs, and Chinese offlcials in Peking Feb-
ruary 21-12. Okita was informed oP the
Pollowing Chinese policy:
� The suspension oi imports is limited. to
flve plants, including ihQ Baoshan steel
mill in Sha.nghaS. (The value involved in
the cancellation is V300-3t320 billion ac-
carding to a Japanese calculation.)
� China will rnntinue projects financed
by yen credits totaling V106 billiun.
~ To continue the suspended proiects,
China will seek a low-tnterest long-term
loaa irom the Japanese dovernment or
investment on a Jotnt venture basis, and
ii this !s diPficuit and the project must
be discontinued, negotlations for indemNty
wili be started.
The negotiations in Tokyo will start
with China making a concrete proposal
about ways to settle the aftermath.
Fbreign Minister Ito has repeatedly said
that the plant import cancellation issue
should not be made into s political issue
as this is vitally impc,rtant ior the maln-
tenance of Jupan-China lriendship. The
Japanese companies concerned are dis-
trustlul 01 China which unilaterally scrap-
ped the contracts in violation of interna-
tional rules and are demanding additional
low-interest funds. On the Chinese side,
however, there has been criticism of Ju-
panese economic cooperation as advance
o! Japanese big monopolies into China.
Japanese business circles criticize China
Yor the cancellation of the prdjects say-
ing that China is forcing losses totaling
;1.5 billion on Japan, but there is a re-
futation on the Chinese side that China
renounced war reparations exceeding $10
billion from Japan. If the situation is left
as it is, the mutual'distrust bet:men Ja-
pan and China may hurt the political re-
lations between the two countries. This
should be avoic3ed because Japan-China
friendship and Japanese cooperation with
ASVAN sre the two major premises for
Japan's policq toward Asia. Japan's Asian
policy will collapse 12 Japan-China rela-
tions develop a crack. Because of this
crisis consciousness, the Japanese Govern-
ment sent Okita to Peking to alert the
L'hinese side to the magnitude of the prob-
lem and work out a framework for nego-
tiations to settle the issue.
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Upon his return irom China, Okita alert-
ed the Japunese business community say-
ing that Japan-China relations were a
- strategic problem on whlch Japan's na-
_ tional security hinged and that the plunt
- import cancellation issue should not be
- handled Prom the viewpoint of commer-
cial transactions only;
FIealth and Wei_*are Minister Sunao So-
noda, whea he was foreign minister, ex-
_ plained in aiore concrete terms the signi-
8cance oi Japan-Chlna amity to Japan's
national, securlty. Sonoda said that in or-
der to preven.t 3ino-Soviet rapprochement,
= the Western world should positively co-
operate in China's economic construction
- and iniegrate China in the Western world's
= economic structure. Sino-3oviet rapproche-
ment would be a nightmare, no* only to
Japan but aLso ta the Western world. Ja-
- pan stands to su8er immeasurable pres-
sures from iwth North and West ii China,
with its very large population and poten-
_ tial strength, agatn ioins hands with the
3oviet Union, Because oi such loreign
policy speculations, the Japanese C+overn-
ment has deeply coaimitted itself to Chi-
- na's modernization programs.
The upcoming Japan-China negotiations
- in Tokyo should reflect such thinking oY
. the Japanese Government though the
Japanese Government is not dlrectly tak-
, ing part in the negotiations. The range
' of options !or the Japanese side will be
limited iP it respects such thinking.
Japan cannot radically change its policy
of deeply committing itself to China's mod-
ernization programs even 11 the Chinese
side shocked Japan by abnptly readiust-
= ing its modernization programs to cope
with tts domestic economic sltuation.
COPYRIGHT : THE DAILY YOMIUFtI 1981
CSO: 4120
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POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL
'NEW LIBERAL CLUB': URBAN-STYLE CONSERVATISM
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 23 Feb 81 p 2
- [Editorial Article: "Urban-Style Conservatism"]
[Text] After trials and errors for about five years, the
New Liberal Club has apparently made up its mind to
become the second conservative party but differing
from the Liberal-Democratic Party.
At its fourth national convention held last Friday
_ in Tokyo, the New Liberal Club approved its action
policy and basic policy for 1981. We notice in them a
new direction to be followed by urban-style con-
_ servatives and a determination to support the present
war-renouncing Constitution and follow a disar-
r:lament policy.
These policy lines are distinctly different from
thcse of the Liberal-Democratic Party.
Six LDP members, including Yohei Kono, bolted
� from the scandal�ridden party and formed the New
Liberal Club in June 1976 when the Lockheed aircraft
scandal rocked the JapanQSe political world. The
small party has experi,mced ups and downs in the five
- elections of the both Houses of the Diet since then.
_ The 1Vew Liberal Club has failed to gain strength
- because of its failure to distinguish itself from the
_ government party in policy lines. The obscure
characteristics also resulted in intraparty strifes.
Thus, the New Liberal Club could not strongly im-
press itself as a new conservative party among f
voters.
In his speech at the latest convention, Seiichi
~ Tagawa, the party leader, criticized LDP's arrogant
and corruptible character, and~ the emergence of
opinions among the government party members who
call for a possible revision of the Const'tution and the
- stepped-up defense build-up. Tagawa pointed out that
_ LDP politics "have become more arrogant" due to its
. numerical strength in the Diet and pledged the 1VLC's
efforts to apply a brake on a trend that might push
Japan into becor.iing a military power.
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On domestic policy, Tagawa said the party would
'call for 1) a revision of the Staple Food Control Law
and further import liberalization of agricultural
products; 2) introduction of regulations which will ,
- limit thQ private right to own land; and 3)
reexamination of the state subsicly system for social
. welfare resources. ~
_ We notice in them some bald policies which in-
dicate the iJew Liberal Club's determination to place
emphasis on city dwellers. They are contrary to the
LDP basic policy which pays much attention to rural
voters. The NLC made the choice by apparently
taking into account that it can gain heavier support
from urban voters than from rural voters and aIso
that it must win more voters in the Tokyo
metropolitan assembly election in summer this year.
_ Success or failure of the party depends upon
whether or not it can fully become a party which must
rely on urban voters and thus solidify its image
among these voters that the IVew Liberal Club belongs
to city voters both in name and in real ity.
- Tagawa also said the party was reluctant to
follow the middle-of-the-road coalition concept
promoted by the Democratic Socialist Party. Tagawa
said that the concept to form a coalition government
- by mere numerical strength among moderate op-
position parties was merely similar to a union among
'the Liberal-Democratic Party's intraparty factions.
On this specific point, Tagawa emphasized: "The
party will continue to maintain close relations with
the middle-of-the-road parties. What is required of the
New Liberal Club is to clearly show its independence,
- identity and strengthen itself quantitatively and
_ qualitatively as a political party. The time has come
for us to establish our firm posture and policy. . . "
We can understand that the New Liberal Club
must strengthen itself. The party must conduct a
difficult experiment which is common to other op-
position parties aiming at forming a coalition
government while maintaining their own in-
- dependence.
In the 511-member House of Representatives, the
1DP enjoys a comfortable majority with 287. The
_ situation is similar in the 252-member House of
Councillors where the LDP strength stands at 135.
The comparative figures for the New Liberal Club are
11 and 2, respectively. The government party has
taken advantage of such a numerical strength in Diet
procedures. The importance of the New Liberal Club
is felt all the more under such circumstances. COPYRIGHT: MAINICHI DAILY NEWS 1981
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MILZTARY
ARMS MANUFACTURER ALLEGEDLY SUPPLIED INFORMATION TO UK GOVERNMENT
Tokyo DAILY YOMIURI in English 17 Feb
81 p 1
[Text]
A Komelto interpellator
torq, a weapom-, works de-
Monday dlsclosed a"secret
signated bq the Defense
technical assistance agree-
Ministry.
ment" between a Japanese
Japan 3tee1
Works LS an
weapons maker and the
:
exclusive supplier of 105-
British Defense Ministry
mlwmeter cannons of 74-
and export oi technology
type tanks to the Detense
for tank cannons to. a Brit-
Agency.
ish weapons factory.
The hydraulic barrel-re-
Hiroichi Sakai told the
turning mEChaaism is a de-
House of Representatives
vice which automatlcal2y
Hudget Committee that Ja-
returng the barrel to the
an Steel Works, a govern-
`
original-position elter the
ment-authorized
weapons
barre1 recojls when the
maker, concluded a techni-
cannon Ls Sred.
cal asslstance agreement
' �
with the British DePense
saPELn 3tee1 Workm report-
Ministry in 1975 for the pro-
lq ranks tap in the worid
duction of the barrels of
in technologp to make thia
105-millimeter cannons df
mechanism.
74-type tanks.
The government as a rule
Moreover
the company
bans export o1 weapons-re-
,
allegedly supplied
techno-
lated technology.
,
logy for the production of
But Japan Steel Works
the breech ring ' and hyd-
denied the alleged export
raullc "barrel-returning me-
of technoiogy !or cannon
chanism of tfie cannon to
breech rings and barrel-re-
the Royal Ordinance Fac-
turning mechanism.
COPYRIGHT: DAILY YOMIllRI 1981
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MILITARY
'ASAHI SHIMBUN' EDITORIAL ON ARMS EXPORTS
Tokyo ASAHI EVENING NEWS in English 11 Feb 81 p 7
[Editorial: "Arms Fxports"]
[ Text ] The issue of restricting arms exports has come to the fore
= again with the export of semifinished weapons parts to bouth
Korea. We are now faced with the problem of finding an
effective way of restricll,ng such exports. The Government and
all the political parties should return first to the basic position
that Japan is a peaceabie nation and decide on the requisite
measures wicaout allowing the Diet schedule, the convenience
of international trade administrption and the moves of business
and industrial circles to get in the way.
In debate in the Lower House Budget Committee, the
Government firs[ announced that new, effective measures would
be taken 'to restrict the export of arms. . But in the face of
oppositioa within the Cabinet, the Govemment changed tbe
- wording to "aim at taking effecdve measures." This is clearly
a backward step aed one that results from the overweening
confidence of the Liberal-Democratic Party now that it has a
secure majority in the Diet. LDP leaders have been criticizing
the Miki Cabinet for having added further provisos to the "three
- principles" concerning arms exports. They have even called
- them "one of the legacies of rhe age of Government-Oppositiop
near-parity." These peopie aim at returning to the Sato Cabinet's
- "three principles" nnd at easing the restrictions on arms exports.
These words and actions on the part af the Government
- and the LDP are, at bottom, conneeted with the statements
made by General Goro Takeda, chairman of the Joint Staff
Council, with the debate on civilian control of the Self-Defense
Forces and with the advocacy of constitutional amendment and
augmenting the national defenses.
The views propounded by the Miki Cabinet are iiot so
specific co their time as to have since become invalid. They ex-
press in a clearer way the basic position of our nation, which
should, in accordance with the increase in its national strength
stnd its influence in the world, assume a greater responsibility
for maintaining peace in the world. '
-If efPective measures are to be taken, the Miki Cabinet's
position should be confirmed on a suprapartisaa basis, as should
Japan's basic peacemaking policy. Yf we return to the "three
principles," Japanese firms will be encouraged to export arms and
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- there will be eerious doubb abrQad about Japan's "peuceful
foreign policy." ~ The tegislative steps that the Japaa Socialist Party, the
Komeito (Ciean Govemment Party) and ehe Japan Communist
Party have proposed are worthy of study ia the Diet, even
' though they may iwvolve administrative problems. Giving legal
backing to the Miki Cabinet's po'sition wiil not only resuit in
making the restrictions on arms ezports stronger, but will make
even ciearer Japan's desire for peace.
' It seems that the JSP is preparing an arms export ban bill,
and the Komeito announced iks own arms ezport ban bill back
in 1972. These should be uaed as the basis for a thorough
discussion of the matter, and for the taking of effective measures.
The submissan of a bill poses a number of difficult ques-
tions. For eaample, there an differences over the definition of
arms, the designation of semifinished products and parts as arms,
and the making of on-the-spot inspections at arms plants; and
there are also many problems connected with trade administra-
tion. These must, of course, be diacussed, bue Fhe Diet's most
urgent task is to find a way of clamping down on arrus exports
as soon as possible.
One step the various parties might consider is drafting a
Diet resolution that would give the Miki Cabinet's position con-
' stitutional backing.� 'I'he controversy over foreign policy aad
defense is such that the Government must take into considera-
- aon the opinans of peop[e who are opposqci, to the strengthen-
ing of the national defenses. A vague decision designed to
ensure that debate of the budget bill goes smoothly will only
create problems for thr future.
The Diet and the Oovernm2nt should state clearly, for the
benefit of people both here and abroad, that they intend to
' restrict armg exports. (Feh. 8)
COPYRIGI3T: Asahi Evening News 1981
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ECONOMIC
COUNTRY'S ROLE AS
'CAPITAL-EXPORTING NATION' EXAMINED
Tokyo ASAHI EVENIN
G NEWS in English 18 Feb 81 p 9
_ [Editorial Report:
"Capital-Exporting Nation"]
- ~
[Text]
' A diplomat of a rising industrial country stationed in Tokyo '
has complained that although Japan has - become a capital-
exporting country, it has not departed from its attitude avheu
;
it was still eacporting merchaadise only. We agree with this
criticism.
The relations between Japan and Mexico can be seen as aa
ezample of this. Mexico� has entered the spotlight as a nation
-
having some bf the world's largest reserves of petroleum and
Japan is therefbre promodng the extension of ecanomic coope-
ration. to that country. However, Japan's policy toward Mexico
-
appeats ro ptace too many hopes*on that country's petroleum.
When he visited Mexico in January, Internadonal Trade
aad Industry Miaister Rokusuke Tanaka told President Josa
Lopez that Japan.would provide Mexico with a maximum mixed
=
loan of IV150 billion, including aY30 billioa yea lban and a
loan from the Japar, Export-Import Bank. At thd scune time,
Tanaka made a request for a stable supply of Mexican petroleum
ta Japan and an increase in perroleum exports to Japan. The
Mezicans, however, confined themselves to promising that they
wotild only make efforts to raise the eaport volume.
In an iaternational tender held in connection with a plan
to switch the Mexican aational railway to electricity-which
was considered by Japan as a part of its program to eztend
economic cooperation to Mezico-a consortium of Japanese
enterprises whic6 had beea eyeing a;f25 billion order for
equipment including locomotives and railway signals, was cmw.
pletely defeated by American enterpcises. DisappoinWen: in
Covernment circles over this series of events can be seen.
Japanese enherprises are also extending cooperation to
Mexico on its plana to expand steel mills aad develop industrial
ports. However, in surveying Mexico's economic relations with
other countries, it appears that the nation's des with Japan aze
not as close as they are with Spain and the Uniced States. For
a long time, the Mexican railway has used American-made
locomotives and coaches; and these trains are crossiagy che border
into the U.S. and coming back from that country every day.
Whea this is taken into consideration, it is natural that American
errterprises were successful ia rxeiving orders for locomotives.
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Ia other words,. ecooomic relations betwean Japan and
Mexico must be nurtured steadily. If reladons of mutual
_ dependence--such as in Mezico's supplying petroleum to 7apan
while Japan helps in the iadustrialization of Mexico-are bo be
built Up, a long-tetm-eadeavor based oa a strong foundation
� will be necessary. �
This is not limited to the case of Mexico a]one. Overseas
iavestmencs .will not bring good results if attention is not paid
to the history, society, culture and social etiquette of the
countries where investments- aze being mada. There is a lirnit
to merely pursuing natural resources.
The white paper on investmenu in overseas markets com-
J piled recently .by the Japan External Trade Organization shows
well that Japan has. growa considecably as a capital-exporting
country. First, the amount of overseas investments approved
in fiscal 1979 rccorded an all-time high of $4,995 million.
Second, the keynote of surplus ia investment returns has taken
hold. ' . . -
_ Third, investments were made priacipally in developing
countries, but those in advanced countries, incivding th� U.S.,
have xlso begun to increase. Fourth, the trend of investmeats
made in advanced nations is said to be shifting froin emphasis
oa'commercial aet'wities by trading firms.to direct invotytment
in the manufacturing industry.
_ ' This shows that Japanese technology and management are
_ c6ming to be very h;ghly eValuated. As the JETRO wlute papsr
iadicates, ove;seaz investments SQtngthop tbe context of in-
; dustriai cooperation. The advaace of such proauccs as $Uto-
mobdes and electronic equipment into Westecn and deveip;ng
. industrial nations contcibutes to both countries iavolved by
increasing sunply capacity on one hand, and the 4ransfer of
technology on the other.
As Japan's overseas investrnenis go through wclcy times
along with changes in the investing environment, such as Chi-
na's adjustment of its economic modernization policy and the
revolution in Iran, it is important to coaclude an investrnent
protection agreement and make way for an overseas invest-
ment insurance system. -
- However, what is necessary above all else in making over-
seas investments is readiness on the part of Japanese enterprises
to lend a hand i the development of the countries where the
investments are to be made instead of seeking immediate re-
~ turns. Without this attitude, the maturing of Japan as a capital-
- experting. country cannot be expected.
COPYRIGHT: ASAHI EVENING NEWS 1981
CSO: 4120
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`
- ECONOMIC
= JAPAN-CHINA TRADE HITS RECORD
-$9.4 BILLION
_ Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in
Engll.sh 20 Feb 81 p 5
[Text]
- Two-way trade between
Imports from China totaled
Japan and China rose 41.3
S4.3 billion, up 46.3 percent over
percent in 1980 over the
the previous year, maintaining
- prevrious year to a record high
n
-
the uptrend.
Japan's trade surplus
g the
59.4 billion. surpassi
previous high in 1979 by S2.7
reached about $800 -wuiion.
the Japan External
billion
slightly more than the previous
.
= Trade Organization (JETRO)
year. JETRO said.
Among eYports, steels
reportedThursday.
China became the fifth
Thus
slumped with shipment down
.
largest trad'wg partner for
6.2 percent in value and off 25.3
Japan after the United States.
percent in volume due to
read-
i
'
Saudi Arabia, Indonesia and
c
s econom
China
australia, sa,id the
justment.
semigovernmental trade
promotion agency.
In contrast. machinery ex-
- Customs�cleared esports to
ports increased 3.7 times over
under the
China sharply increased in the
the previous year
lead of heating and cooling
latter half of last year after a
the
Eirst half
th
i
svstems which increased 8.8
,
e
n
slump
report said exports in the first
times, switches and other
i
six months were down 0.5
cent from the like period a
mes.
control systems 3.7 t
loading machinery 4.9 times.
per
ear ago while exports for the
dynamos 4.1 times and test~l9
y
entire year at Sa.l billion were
and fabrics machinery
up 37.3 percent over 1979.
times,
COPYRIGHT: MAINICHI DAILY NEWS 1981
CSO: 4120
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The sharp increase in
machinery exports was
ascribed to concentration in the
latter half of 1980 of piant
shipnnent whose contracts were
concluded betNveen 1978 and the
first half of 1980.
Likewise, passenger cars and
b]acl: and white television sets
increased by 5.4 times and 2.3
times, respectively.
In imports. crude oil con-
tinued to increase rising by 94.2
percent in value. accounting for
70 percent ot the overall in-
crease of imports from China.
Its import share expanded to
45.1 percent from 34 percent in
1979. In volume, it rose by 73
percent.
Cokin, coal rose 31.8 percent.
hard coal 17.1 percent and
`clothings4?.i percent.
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ECONOMIC
~
1 - NIPPO*. STEEL STUDYING POSSIBLE P4FRGER OF BELGIAN STEELMAKERS
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 20 Feb 81 p 5
[Text]
Nippon Steel Corp. said
�'ednesday it wouid soon
' complete a study of a possible.
merger of Belgian steelmakers,
involving Cockerill S.A.
_ Officials said the study, now
under w ay at the request of
Cockerill, would help the
- Belgian t'irm work out a plan for
a merger with minor steelmilis
at Charleroi.
Nippon Steel. which became
- the world's largest steelmaker
after the merger of two mills.
has been asked for help by
Cockerill, hoping to learn from
its esperience.
' Cockerill expects the merger
to contrib=Jte to its effort to get
out of the business slump, the
officialssaid.
COPYRIGHT: MAINICHI DAILY NEWS 1981
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- ECONOMIC
EXPERT DISCUSSES ARMS EXPORT
- Tokyo NIAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 24 Feb 81 p 4
[ZOOMING-IN Article by Hideo Matsuoka: "Japanese Arms - Not for Sale"]
- (Text J jran is resuming oil export. It
- is said shipment to Japan arill
be loaded toward the end of this
month. The si[uation around
Iran has irnproved, due partly
- to the settlement of the hostage
- issue. But then, whatever has
happened to the Iran-Iraq war?
In a war, the oil terminal of a
belligerent will naturally he
bombed, and the tankers of
third-party countries taking in
oil at the terminal run the risk
. of being bombed. Iraa must be
resuming oil export because
there is no lunger such risk. If
this is true, then where did the
��ar go? We have not heard
: about an,r' truce being agreed to
by the belligerents. So the war
must still be going on. But
where is it being fought?
A ��ar which is existing
but is not being fought is a
- rarity in modern interna-
tional relations. A going war not
being fought can only mean that
the warring parties have run
_ out of bullels. When belligerents
are without ammunition, the
fighting ceases and a natural
ti�uce takes place.
Both Iran and Iraq had been
prepared and equipped for ir,
up to a point. They had fighter
planes, bombers, tanks and
guns. In the early stage of the
war, tactories, ports and other
facilities were bombed. The
Iraqi capital of Baghdad was
attacked from the air. But wars
today are a contest to withstand
the attrition of weapons. In
the four warring months, a
nnmber of airwocthy war
planes nose-dived, most tanks
have been stalled on the battle-
fields, and the ammo supply
has run low. Neither Iran
nor Iraq has the industrial
capacity to manufacture
modern weapons. When stocks
are exhausted, there will no
longer be a war. The two
countries must still have some
stocks of weapons. w'hen they
use up the stocks, their war
potential comes down to an
absolute zero.
No Fighting '
Only foreign shipment of
weapons to these countries can
restart the 'war. In the first
place, it was imported weapons
that enabled them to launch a
war. Iraq had arms delirery
from the Soviet Union and
several other European
countsies, and Iran had been
supplied by about 10 Arab and
European countries. These
supplies made it possible for
them to wage war. When these
stocks are used up and there is
no replenishment, there simply
exists a state of war that in-
volves no fighting.
Here we can learn about the
evils of weapons export. Wars
are started because there are
countries exporting weapons.
ut course, w�eapons export is
not the only cause of all wars.
But it is one of the major causes
of war.
The Japanese government of
Prime Minister Eisak-u Sato set
up the three principles to
restrict weapons export 14
years ago. The), banned ship-
ment of weapons to communist
countries, countries under U.N.
sanctions. countries engaged in
disputes and countries which
may be expected to be involved
in a dispute. Ii is difficult to
decide which countries may be
expected to be involved in a
dispute. Who ever expected
Iran and Iraq to go to war with
each other? I have yet to hear of
anybody in Japan who
predicted a w�ar between these
two countries. If Japan had
exported weapons to these
countries on the ground that
they were not expected to be
involved in armed conflicts,
Japan today ti�ould have to take
the blame ior � the outbreak of
the Persian War.
To eliminate the ambiguity in
the arms export principles of
the Sato government, the
cabinet of Prime Minister
Takeo Miki drew up an official
governmen: position five years
ago: "In the spirit of the Con-
stitution and in eompliance with
the provisions ot the Trade
Control Ordinance, Japan will
refrain from arms exports even
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to countries not covered by the
three principles," In short, it
means Japan will not export
arms to any country.
Some elements in the Liberal-
- Democratic Party and the
- business warld are
maneuvering for an official
recantation of the 1liiki prin-
ciple and subsequent reversion
back to the Sato principles.
There are three major reasons
behind this move.
First, Japanese defense or-
ders alone do- not sustain
- defense industries. The small
- scale of defense industries dces
_ not contribute significantly to
consumption of steel and other
products. 14ioreover, military
= science has a vast technological
spinoft in scientificaliy
pioneering areas. For lacking
_ military science. Japan is
behind in some technologies
that could be helped by military
_ research.
Second, unlike the U.S. and
_ European countries, Japan
cannot offer ��eapons in landing
Middle East oil contracts.
Compared with other industrial
countries, Japan thus is at a
- disadvantage in the scramble
for oil. But this assertion is a
blackmail by business.
_ Weapons are not the only
commodity needed by Arab
countries. It, by refusing to
trade in arms, it . becomes
- established that Japan is the
,mly country in the world that
(lces not expert.weapons even if
tk) do so would facilitate its oil
parchase, Japan can really
- prove its peaceful intentions.
Japanese businessmen should
1)e proud of this national
position. Japan's industrial and
technological advantage should
enable the nation to take such a
position.
`Gecaeral Purpo.se'
The third problem concerns
export of' so-called "general
purpose" goods which can
serve both civilian and military
purposes. This is a problem of
extreme complexity. Both the
FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY
5ocialist and (:ommunist
parties have drawn up their
own arms export cvntrol
legislation. Each party seems
to have had considerable dit-
ficWties in tte treatment of
"general purpose" com-
modities. Trucks, electronics,
steel and other pra8ucts can
readily be made to serve either
military or civilian needs. The
crux of the issue is how far can
legal technicalities go in
deciding whether export of a
certain general purpose
commodity is to be labeled an
arms export or not.
Be that as it may, ik is grossly
inadequate for Japan, which
has a unique 'constitutional
provision renauncing war and
officially aspires to be a peace-
loving country, to have only the
Sato and Miki principles to rule
on arms export. Since it already
h;is such laudalory principles, il
should be easv for Japan to
forrnally legislate these prin-
ciples into law. JapaWnaunted
peacefu] intentions will be
suspect if the country� refuses to
provide legal backing tor these
principles.
The Sato and Miki principles
are the products of Liberal-
Democratic governments. For
the sake o( policy continuity,
any Liberal-Democratic
government would do well to
respect these principles and
seriously attempt to make them
into law� to prove that it means
business.
Some say that antiweapons
export principles were no more
than grandstanding by the Sato
and Miki governments. Sato is
in the grave, but Miki is still
alive for comment. Would
anyone dare ask him if his
principles were merely to
please the crowd?
Recently, Hotta Hagane is
being caught up in a legal
tangle for exporting to South
Korea what is pcesumed to be
gun barrels. Concerning this
case, those who oppose
legislation agalnst arms export
and want the present arms
export restrictions eased, say:
"South Korea is thcl first line oi
defense for Japan. Export of
goods that wlll enhance the
defense of South Korea should
be allowed." If they consid2r
South Korea to be ihe first line
of defense for Japan, ihey
should advocate an all-out arms
export and military aid to that
country. An argument does not
wash if it advocates a modest
arms export and condemns an
all-out export. But, how can an
al]-out export of arms be
allowed at this time? Just as an
all-out export is to be
disallowed, so is anv export.
The concept of the "first line
of defense" dates back to the
start of the Manchurian In-
cident. At that time Japan
argued that Manchuria and
Mongolia were its first line of
defense. This is a military
concept. By analogy, Japan's
first line of defense today may
inctude Habomai and Shikbtan
islands, the Strait of Soya, Sado
Island, and you -name it. For
Japaa which cannot survive
without Middle East oil, the
Middle East may well be a first
line of defense for it. Is Japar,
then, to export weapons to the
explasive Middle East?
Japan's security is *not to De
preserved through militaristic
consideration. Swearing off
these considerations certainly
puts Japan's security issue in a
tough spot. But Japan is not
allowed tV shirk the issue. It
should wade right through the
difficulties by mobilizing its
national resources. The
weapons expott problem is one
of sachdifficulties and, as such,
requires great caution in Its
handling. ,
(The Japanese original is
carried on the latest issue ot the
weeAlv "Sunday111ainichl). �
COPYRIGHT: MAINICHI DAILY NEWS 1981
cso: 4120 19
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SCIENCE ,AND TECHNOLOGY FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY VIEWED FROM TREND IN PATENT APPLICATIONS
Tokyo NIKKEI BUSINESS in Japanese 29 Dec 80 pp 73-75
[Article by Kusuyata Shimamoto, director, Shimamoto Patent Office]
[Text] A look at the recent trend of patent applications shows such a dynamic
= change that one must say, "something has changed." Since the oi1 shock the manage-
ment strategy of mass sales with an overwhelming price difference, making use of
cheap crude oi1 and mass production technology, has become unavailable. The comp osi-
tion of consinnption has diversified, and the flow of technological development has
_ changed greatly.
Development of Technology Shifts Away From Oil
Specifically, in the area of high economic growth, the management strategy of
- producing and selling in large volumes led technological development in the
direction of mass production and mass sales--toward technology which could produce
large volumes and technology which enabled reduction of costs through sales of
large volumes. But as consumption has diversified since the oil shock, plant siz e
has been rationalized and the very nature of technological development has changed.
- This change in the direction of technological development is clearly seen in patent
information.
Beginning 1 January 1971, patent applications have been made completeiy public
after a period of 18 months. The flow of technological development and business
- strategy can be understood from analysis of patent information which has been
made public. The trend of patent applications since the oil shock of December 1973
clearly shows that the direction of technological development has changed away
from oil.
- The detailed explanation, drawings and everything are published in the case of
- patents, but only drawings and the scope of the request are published in the cases
of proposed new applications of technology. By quickly studying these public
_ reports, one gets a close-up view of trends in new techiiology and the technological
strategy of rival companies. It is thus possible to quickly shift to growth
areas, to realize where one's own technology is behind the times, and to make
decisive changes in the direction of technological development. In the past
- patent information had the nature of "proprietary information," but now it has
come to be "new technology information."
20
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Patent Informat-ion as a Tool qf Medium-range Forecasting
But patent information cannot do everything. It is difficult to do medium-range -
fordCasting using either the Delphic method of long-range forecasting or the
variety of information used for short-range information. And so patent inform&tion
has emerged as a tool of inedium-range forecasting. ~
Research and technological development plans have to be drawn up about 5 years
in advance, and a view that far in the future can be found in patent information.
But patent information cannot predict 10 years ahead or within the coming year;
in that sense, it cannot do everything.
Patent informazion can be used in many ways and for many purposes because of such
characteristics as its broad range (from lipstick to atomic power), its standardi-
zation (publications are issued in a fixed format with a standardized listing
of applicant, date of application, inventors, patent classification, detailed
description etc.), its international nature (international classification is usPd), _
its suitability to computer indexing (by the Japan Patent Information Center),
its systematic nature (ease of analysis by classification codes), and its concurrent -
appearance at regular intervals and in regular quantities. -
The charts on pages 71 and 72 show the fields of technology (among 118 fields)
in which applications for patents and proposed new application of technology have
increased from 1975 through 1978. The 19 patent fields and 13 new application of -
technology fields are the fields of technology which have been growing, and it is -
- clear that basic research has begun to be emphasized. According to the "Report
on Scientific and Technical Research" from the Prime Minister's Office, this
emphasis is backed by increased spending for basic research (16.2 percent iu 1977, ~
16.6 percent in 1978). Calling Japan a"technology-based country" in the 1980's
- indicates that enterprises which withdraw from technological development cannot -
remain in existence. -
Among patent applications, there are 19 of the 118 fields of technological develop-
ment which have shown an increase each year, and 8 of these fields have grown to
_ more than 130 percent. Let's look at these high-growth development fields one
by one.
Illumination, which has grown to 199 percent, is a manifestation of non-oil
technology. It takes such forms as lighting using solar energy and earthquake-
activated emergency lighting, applications backed by foreign capital for such
things as flashlights are conspicuous. The field of nuclear physics and engineering,
which has grown to 175 percent, has focused on safety and control technology for
' the age of nuclear power. This is primarily technology to prevent radioactive
= pollution inside and outside the reactor: gas safety valve mechanisms, pressure
control devices, leakage exper.imen t equipment and so on.
Startling Growth of Electronic Medical Equipment
~
Water and sewage, which has grown to 160 percent, centers on rechnology for
improvenient of the residential environment, but also includes devices for localized
washing of body parts, noiseless toilets, technology to conserve water or to flush
automatically, devices to prevent freezing of water pipes, water supply and
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distributj.on systems, etc. In the area of inedical, veterinary and health sciences,
which grew to 147 percent, the number of applications increased sharply to 3,180
- per year.
The increase in electronic medical equipment is particularly striking; a base for
growCh products has been laid with the increase in ultrasonic diagnostic devices,
CT (computeu tomography) devices, ICU (intensive care units), artificial kidneys,
_ endoscopes, laser ophthalmiatric equipment, brain wav2 analysis equipment, bio-
feedback devices-, scintillation cameras, respiratory function monitors and others.
There is also promising technology in such areas as artificial bone, laser surgery
and cleansiug of the oral cavity.
Applications have reached the 1000 per year level for laminates, which have shown
- growth to 154 percent, and which involves much promising technology. Laminate
technology is necessary for the housing industry, and sa it includes many growth
areas like f iber-reinforced polymers, dressed panels and packaging materials.
The greatest number of applications backed by foreign capital are for ceii structure
- of hon.eycomb panels using triangular cells, acoustical panels, metal-ceramic
_ compunds, lamin ate tubes, f ilaform textile materials, annular three-dimensional
- structures, pro tective and decorative moldings, transparent fj.re-resistant panels
and so on. The field of sewing, embroidery and tufting, with growth to 143 percent;
increased rapidly in 1976, and there was an increase in computerized sewing machines
which are sweep ing the werld. Computer-driven automatic and energy efficient
- industrial sewing machines have also come on the scene. Also to be noted are
zigzag stitch machin es, chain-stitch technology, programnable sewing machines and
numerically con trolled sewing machines.
In the area of music and sound, which grew to 133 percent, the audio boom was
reflected in the advent of large amounts of new technology. There was an increase
in self_-playing electronic instruments--devices which automatically perform the
- melody or rhythm and devices which use memory to provide accompaniment semiauto-
matically. Electrorlic pianos and devices which play compositions recorded in the
memory have been prominent among electronic musical instruments. In addition,
voire synthesis technology has been actively developed; such things as methods and
equipment to generate artificial voice signals, tuning systems for stringed
instruments, electronic melody alarm clocks, voice synthesis equipment, music
~ synthesizers, touch response circuits and devices to find and display resonances
for stringed instruments stand out.
Advent of the VTR and VD Era
There has been a sharp increase in relation to ceramics in the area of cement,
ceramics and s o und o r heat insulators, which has increased to 130 percent.
Alumin3 ceramics for cutting tools, titanium chloride ceramics for dialectric
material, silicon nitride ceramics for high-temperature structural material and `
nitrogen-boron ceramics for cutting and polishing materials are notable.
In the area of information recording wnich has grown to 126 p ercent, magnetic
~ recording has been prominent with the arrival of the UTR and VD (vidio disk) era.
Especially notable technology includes block multiplexer channel control methods,
dynamic memory systems, address matching control methods, memory modules, memory
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- error loggers, memory protection, sample hold circuits, charge-coupled devices,
bucket-brigade devices and magnetic valve elements.
7'he trend in applications for new application of technology shows increases in
the following areas. Ir_ the area of steam generation, which grew to 161 pe.__erit,
_ there is a concentration of steam generation devices for atomic reactors (high-
speed breeder reactors) and waste heat utilization. Those using geothermal or
- solar heat are also conspicuous. Low temperature heat rransfer elements and waste
heat absorption heaters were also prominent.
In the area of photographs, motion pictures, electrostatic copying and holography,
which has grown to 135 percent, the focus has been on high-level camera technology,
including autofocus, photosensor arrays, motor drive, film movement detection and
focus detection using light wave ranging. Copying technology has been aimed
- primarily at border area technology and system controls in connection with office _
automation. Electronic image printers using laser beams are also notable.
Crush of Energy-Conservation and Miniaturization Technology
_ In the urea of printing and drawing equipment, typewriters and stamps, which grew
_ to 133 percent, there was rapid growth to 1,821 applications in 1978. This centered
- on automation of printing, computer control, drive mechanisms and electronic
display technology. Three-dimensional printing and transfer paper were notable
. within printing technology, and the development of chemical materials brought an
increase in pressure-sensitive paper for multiple copies, heat-sensitive paper,
- paper for telegrams and so on.
Prominent in the area of general venicles, which has grown to 126 percent, are
- such things as reduction of the weight of automobiles, safety, w3.re continuity
checks in response to electronification, disks, trade patterns, hydropneumatic
suspension, door checks and clutch controls.
T'he area of generation, transformation and distribution of electric power, which ~
grew to 126 percent, increased rapidly to 6,551 applications in 1978. There was
a striking increase in linear motors and micro motors, which served a role in -
, energy conservation and miniaturization; such things as thyristors for power
electronics, generator safety controls, variable speed drives for AC equipment,
and technology related to synchronous phase controls for DC equipment.
Development of practical applications was the center of attention in this field;
notable items are application of pulse motor controls to electronic watches and
- application of linear motor controls to various types of equipment. There were
thyristors used both for converters and inverters among the transformation. appli-
cations. In addition there were central control devices, marine cable laying
_ technology, gas insulated electrical devices, optical fiber connectors, and super-
conducting rotary equipment and transformers.
. The area of electronic comnunication technology, which has grown to 125 percent,
is highlighted by growth in the facsimile industry and compression and coding `
methods �or transmission signals, and also by technology to improve videodisk
and TVR image quality and technology relating to the move to cassettes.
23
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J An overall look at the trend of applications for patents and for proposed new
application of technology thus shows that various new technology continues to come,
and highlights the pattern of technology which will sustain growth industries
5 yesrs hence.
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~ FOR OFFICIAL USE OhTLY
Key to Figure 1:
(a) classification
(b) number of applications (1975, 1976, 1977, 1978)
(c) rate of growth
(d) notions and jewelry
(e) furniture and household items
(f) medical, veterinary and health sciences
(g) laminates
(h) non-rail wheeled vehicles
(i) cement, ceramics and insulators
(j) fertilizers and fertilizer production
(k) embroidery, sewing and tufting
(1) water and sewage
(m) illumination
(n) furnaces, kilns, ovens and retorts
(o) general heat exchange
(p) musical and sound equipment
(q) information recording
(r) nuclear physics and engineering
(s) basic electrical elements
(t) power generation, transformation and distributioa
(u) electronic communication technology
(v) electrical technology not otherwise classified
25
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Figure 2
(g ~
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52
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~.821 .~~":''~:~~~`i' ~-'~:i'�f:'~t1� 133
(e )
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6.214 ;;..i's =~,'~,,_','�--~"i1,s"~ r,;r; 126
0 0
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:
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- (0 )
High growth areas for proposed new application of technology
Key: (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Q)
(k)
(1)
(m)
(n)
(o)
number of cases (1975, 1976, 1977, 1978)
growth rate
vaporizai:ion, pulverization etc.
printing, graphics etc.
general wheeled vehicles
embroidery, sewing and tufting
locks, keys, safes etc.
steam generation
measurement and testing
photography, motion pictures, holography
sound and musical insCruments
nuclear physics and engineering
basic electrical elements
power generation, transformation and distribution
electronic communication technology
26
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Figure 3
(C)
Patent applications indexed on 1958-1961 average
Key: (a) patents
(b) proposed new application of technology
(c) 1958-1961, 1962, 1963...1979
COPYRIGHT: Nikkei-McGraw-Hill Inc, 1980
- 9601
CSO: 4105
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. .
. ~ -
_

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
CONCEPT OF INTEGRATED 'TECHNOPOLIS' FORMULATED
Construction Coummittee Chairman's Views
Tokyo NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 12 3an 81 p 1
[Interview With Technopolis Construction Concept Committee Chairman Ibo Ishii]
- [Text] Reporter: The making of a city with a nucleus of industry handling the -
most advanced technology--the so-called technopolis construction concept--is about
to be put into practice. A struggle between local governments inviting the techno-
polis to their areas is developing at MITI, the ministry behind the project. How- -
ever, for the average person, the term technopolis seems very remote and hard to
- relate to.
Ishii: Yes, it does seem that way. As technology becomes more sophisticated, it _
Cends to appear cold and inhuman. The technopolis concept can be seen as the
building of a city which promotes creativity. I myself thought of calling it
"ingenuity village." -
Reporter: I understand that the Technopolis 90 Construction Concept Committee, of _
which you, Mr Ishii, are chairman, will hold its first meeting this year. Let's
begin by talking about the idea behind the technopolis.
- Ishii: In view of the problems of resources and energy and economic security in a
broad sense, our country is moving toward establishing itself on the basis of tech- -
nology. The problem is what form this development is to take over the long term.
Also, the city itself is tending toward regional dispersion--a movement opposite to
the central concentration of the period of rapid economic growth. The industrial
structure is becoming information-centered, and in the future there will be rapid -
progress in biotechnology and the use of new material elements. The problem is to
- determine what structure will be best to cope with these developments. The tech-
nopolis concept was derived from this standpoint. In order to build the city and
train the personnel, advance investment must be made over a span of 10 or 20 years.
In the period of rapid growth, the Japanese economy developed in a form that gulps =
down peCroleum. The problem of pollution also emerged then. So we are coming up
with new concepts of industry and city planning that differ from the structure of
the past.
Reporter: So then what is the desirable form of the technopolis?
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Ishii: As dn extreme case, we have Silicon Valley on the West Coast of the United
States where the semiconductor industry is concentrated. From now on, growth in- -
" dustries or vanguard industries with highly integrated technology will become _
necessary as the pattern of the future. And wiCh them, a clean environment wi11
become necessary. I observed Silicon Valley myself in 1979. It is located clvse
_ tio the city of San Francisco and to Stanford University. From its inception it
~ has been tied in with a city and a university, and it performs the functions of a
- city. High added-value products like semiconductors are not difficul.t to trans-
port. Coastal industrial sites are no longer necessary; an inland site will do.
Such things as the location of an airport and a stable and plentiful supply of clean
water become important. Because of the demographic U-turn phenomenon that has been
occurring recently, it would be we11 to take advantage of the potential strength of -
outlying regions. The technopolis could be taken to the vicinity of regional urban
nuclei. In this way, older culture and tradition could be taken advantage of and a
variety of facilities could be utilized. An atmosphere like that of neighborhood
- bars is good, in my opinion. Without it the population will not settle permanently.
~
Reporter: MITI's technopolis concept includes the three elements of industry,
schools, and dwellir.gs?
Ishii: First comes an industrial zone making up the nucleus of the city where the
- vanguard industries are grouped. Second is an academic zone made up of universi-
ties, cooperative research facilities, and the industries' central research labora-
tories. Third is the habitation zone mainly for the workers in these concerns.
These are the three elements making up the technopolis.
Reporter: Although industries night participate according to your plan in a period -
- of high growth, will they do so in tne present period of stable growth?
Ishii: During this era of stable growth, qualitative changes are taking place in
industry. Thinking of the future, industry is turning to added-value products and
actively investing in that direction. Most of the business executives I know con- -
sider technological development to be a top priority. And considering that small
_ and medium enterprises and even very small enterprises are applying computers and
utilizing high-level technology, the industries will participate if the proper
environment is created. =
- Reporter: So you are saying that the technopolis concept fits the present period,
when the country is establishing itself on the basis of technology and the outlying
_ regions are becoming more importanC?
- Ishii: Exar_tly. Since Japan lacks resources, the only way out is to use our
_ technological capabilities. I would like to emphasize the need to develop creative
' technology rooted in Japan`s own culture and traditions. To do this, it will be
necessary to tap the energy of the masses and regional vitality to the fullest.
- The technopolis concept fits thl.s region-oriented era. But at the same time, the
technopolis should be a cosmopolitan, international city which fits an interna-
tional age. [end of interview]
30 Cities, Towns, and Villages Extend an Invitation
~
- Looking forward to the 21st century, what kind of new city must be built to cope
with the coming changes in the Japanese industrial structure? It is from this
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standpoint that MITI developed the technopolis (technologically integrated city)
concept. It goes together with former Prime Minister Ohira's concept o� a country
of garden cities--rural space in the cities and urban vitality in the country. The
new technopolis would have a nucleus of clean industry in the form of fine tech-
nology--the vanguard technologies of ultraprecision machinery, VLSI's and computer
software, and engineering know-how. The ministry's goal for realization of this
plan is 1990. Research expenses are included in the 1981 budget, and the Tech-
nopolis 90 Construction Concept Committee will determine the standards for selec-
tion of the candidate siCes by March. On the basis of this selection, MITI will
make a study of five candidate sites, with �June as the target date. The plan is
to narrow this down to one site and begin construction in 1983. Already more than
30 cities, towns, and villages are clamoring to have the project located in their
area. It is hoped that these sites will be examined objectively and fairly. Ibo
Ishii, prafessor of engineering at Tokyo University, was also involved with former
Prime Minister Ohira's garden city concept, and he is passionatel.y committed to
construction of the technopnlis. He says, "The technopolis has direct relevance
to this age of internationalization."
COPYRIGHT: Nikkan Kogyo Shimbunsha 1981
Structure, Operation of Technopolis
Tokyo KOGYO GIJUTSU in Japanese Vol 22 No 1 Jan 81 pp 36-39
[Text] In the 1980's, as the 21st century looms just over the horizon, one impor-
tant issue for the industrial sector is the establishment of the Japanese economy
on the basis of technology. The issue for the peopl.e, on the other hand, is to
find a better daily life and establish and maintain a zone of habitation--a concept
which used to appear in urban engineering textbooks. In other words, cities, towns,
and villages must be built up through more and better regional development. There-
fore, "technopolis construction" is being requested by many sectors to solve these
- two national problems of establishing the country on the basis of technology and
developing the regions at the same time. It also has importance as a necessary
preparation for the future.
A report on technopolis construction was prepared by the Industrial Structure Coun-
cil in March [1980], and it was favorably evaluated among the MITI policy visions
for the 1980's as showing the direction for a regional policy. Then in July a
basic canceptua]. statement was made by the Technopolis Construction Concept Commit-
tee, chaired by Ibo Ishii of Tokyo University. In this arricle we wi11 discuss the
- construction of the technopolis, focusing on this concept.
1. The Technopol.is Concept
We can observe from the construction of new industrial towns in Japan, where manu-
facturing practices have reached a high leveZ, that there is a close relationship
between a place of manufacture and the formation and development of a city. Viewed
in this way, the technopolis (highly integrated city) is a place for expression of
advanced technology where the character of the city is arranged around the central
element of advanced technology industries such as the computer and information
industries. In addition to this industrial area, the technopolis wi11 have an
academic area which includes all kinds of research facilities and technical uni-
versities that will carry out development in cooperation with and related to the
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industrial section. There will also be a living area to provide creative vitality
- and moments of relaxation to the people engaged in the activities of the other two
areas. In the construction concept, these three elements of industry, academic
reeearch, and habitation are connected organically. At the same time, the com-
munity which they constitute should blend harmoniously with the traditional society
of the region. Therefore, construction of the technopolis will be a materializa-
tion of the concept of developinent of, by, and for the region, and will be an, ideal
tie-in with the vanguard technology that will support the Japanese economy of the
future.
2. Approach to Technopolis Construction
The technopolis is conceived of as a unified community combining industry, academic
facilities, and habitation. The following considerations have been pointed out as
necessary precautions in construction.
First comes the industrial area. In previous industrial site procurement policies
in Japan, the major concern was to find sites near the sea for materials industries
such as steel, petroleum refineries, and petrochemicals. However, when we consider
the future direction of the Japanese economy we see that the industries which will
take the leading role in economic growth will be the advanced technology industries -
establishad by the creation or combination of new and original high-level technolo-
gies. For the developing advanced industries such as the electronics and machine
industries, access to airports and highways is a necessary factor for location.
Such location factors must be treated as major issues of industrial location policy.
Therefore, in building the technopolis, it will be necessary to carefully consider
the conditions presented by industry, taking into account the future direction of
major technology.
Second, the place where the technopolis is built, while centering on advanced
technology, must fulfill the necessary conditions for a site of future human
activity. It should be a place where the growing desire for settled life is real-
ized--a space far away from major cities, surrounded by a lush natural environment
and a regional culture built upon a wealth of tradition. It is in this context
that technopolis construction is most closely tied to the issue of regional develop-
ment.
Third, we must take seriously the aspect of the technopolis as a place for human
life. The technopolis population includes researchers, engineers, and technicians
working in the universities, high-technology industries, and related industries.
These people are probably heavily oriented toward city life and have a wide variety
of lifestyles. In building the technopolis, it will be necessary to meet the needs -
of these scientists and technicians and at the same time seek a form of community
_ that harmonizes with the culture and tradition existing in the region.
3. Geographical Conditions for the Technopolis
Macroconditions: When the technopolis is placed on the map, it is necessary to
consider two opposing prerequisites. The first is related to the function of the
technopolis as a place for advanced technological expression. It should be more
_ than just a physical base for production. Since exchange and integration of in-
formation will be necessary, the industrial section should pursue the advantages
of such integration as much as possible. The second condition is that the
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technopolis must be some distance away from the big city, surrounded by an abundant
natural environment and a regional culture built upon rich traditions as a suitable
environment for the researchers and technicians who will be the chief permanent
residents of the technopolis.
Based on these conditions, the technopolis must be away from large urban cenCers
but within a 1-day roundtrip from a major city by plane; a nearby airport is a
prerequisite. It will also be necessary for movement to be possible within a
week's time by highway or railroad trunk lines to nuciear cities in regional blocks
with cities over 1 million population.
- Microconditions: To consider the microconditions, let us imagine that the tech-
nopolis is sitting in a display case. The central plants will be IC and computer
assembly plants, and other industries will include related electronics part manu-
facturers, molding and machining industries, related distribution industries, and
subcontractors. The number of employees is estimated at approximately 11,000 peo-
ple. Also, the academic area will include universities concentrating on technical
subjects, company central research laboratories, cooperative research facilities
associated with national universities, and technical high schools. The population
involved in this area, including students, is expected to be approximately 10,000
people. According to these estimates, the size of the technopolis will be from
_ 40,000 people in an area of 1,500 hectares to 60,000 people in an area of 2,000
hectares.
Since most of the inhabitants will be researchers or technicians who are city
oriented, the technopolis will require a city concentration above a certain standard
in size. The standard being considered as a rough guideline is a city of at least
200,000 people. With the exception of saCellite cities of the major urban centers,
the Cechnopolis communities should be on the level of cities next in size to the
- prefectural government seats. (Tables 1, 2) Therefore, the smallest area for
- locating the technopolis will be a city of at least 200,000 people and an area
which is directly re'Lated to it in the living of daily life. Therefore, the city
is likely to take the pattern of an existing urban core of at least 200,000 people
unified and directly connected with the technopolis by subway or linear motor car.
_ Table 1 Technopolis Site Policy
Population of 400,000 Population of 600,000
_ Hectares Percentage Hectares Percentage
Industrial site 120 16.0 120 12.0
- University site 80 10.7 80 8.0
Habitation site 400 53.3 600 60.0
~ Central area 30 4.0 50 5.0
Medical 5 0.7 5 0.5
Supply processing 5 0.7 5 0.5
Main roads 110 14.7 140 14.5
Subtotal 750 100(50) 1,000 100(50)
- Wooded land, etc. 750 (50) 1,000 (50)
Total 1,500 (100) 2,000 (100)
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- Table 2 Average Distribution of Facilities in Relation to Community Size
- v
~
a~ ~ n c~d ~
� o ai > ~ ~ c~d
Facility ~ ~ u o o, o x " c~d a~i ~ �o w u
v> �o �o a'ji o c~ ~ o w o
~n Ca o o a Ln p g ^ ~o
N a.i rl 1+ rl ~ F+ O (V fn c+1 ~!n
N �rA N'-N :1 1-i O Rf cd O GJ p N C1 O
~
Population a 'H Q) +J Cd o . oo u) oo p o a~ o Q) a) a
rn > p ,-1 v o ,.o ,n o > P o . 00 41 > 4, ,j
size ~ o~ o ~ m - a M � a ~ o cd o Cn ~tn a~ o o �H
x b s ~ �-4 r-i
a v a ~n x3
Over
600,000 (13) e a e � 0 ~ a @ � e
400,000 r.o
600,000 (s) e @ e a e e @ o o e
300,000 to
400,000 (li) 0 e a @ o 0 0 A o 0
200,000 to
300,000 (23) @ 0 0 e o 0 0 0 0 0
15,000 to
20,000 (15) o a e e o 0 0 0 0 0
10,000 to
15,000 (27) o 0 0 ~ o o x o x o
5,000 to
- 10,000 (ils) x o o @ x x x x x x
Note: Satellite cities of major urban centers are excluded. Facility size cutoff
points used in the survey are shown in parentheses.
0 found in almost all cities
0 found in about 50 percent of the cities
A found in about 20 percent of the cities
X found in almost none of the cities
- 4. Inner Structure of the Technopulis
In the technopolis, it is desirable that the industrial, academic, and living
_ sectors develop in a form where they are mixed together and mutually supportive.
The community will be laid out with an industrial zone, an academic zone, and a
habitation zone corresponding to the three areas.
Contents of the industrial zone: The industry in the technopolis will consist of
� advanced technology industries which can be expected to have future growth both
domestically and internationally and industries which are related to them directly
or indirectly as part of a complex. Industries which are considered to have real
capacity for growth include semiconductors, opto-electronics, computers, lasers,
ultrasonics, measuring instruments, composite robots, space flight, linear motor
cars, ocean development, superalloys, and medical equipment. The industries mak-
ing up the nucleus of the technopolis, the industrial complex, will probably come
from this group.
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Contents of the academic zone: The technopolis is a place for expression of ad-
- vanced technology. The purpose of the industrial zone is to express advanced
- technology in the for.m of production. The academic zone has the role of importinb
greater vitality to existing advanced technology and developing new advanced tech-
nology. The academic zone is responsible for research and zducation and provides
a basis for self-development in the technopolis. The research function will be
carried out by national and local government basic research facilities and develop-
ment and application research facilities of the companies. The educational func-
- tion wi11 be carried out by high schools offering intermediate education, ,junior
colleges, technical high schools, universities, and other special educational
- institutions that will provide personnel training and basic study.
- Also, creation of a supportive environment for research activities will be required
- for research facilities separated from Iarge cities, so research support facilities
- such as an information center, an international convention center, and a researchers'
salon will be necessary.
- Contents of the habitation zone: In building the technopolis, it is essential to
create a comfortable living space for the inhabitants. First it is necessary to
- provide a relaxing environment to relieve the great stress of developing advanced
_ technology and to nurture the vitality necessary for creative thought for the
people working with the advanced technology. Also, it must sufficiently meet the
- needs of children, youths, the elderly, and women according to their age, occupa-
" tion, social class, and sex.
In creating a good living space for the inhabitants, it is absolutely necessary
to provide an environment that will give relaxation and suitable stimulus for en-
hanced vitality as well as convenience and safety in daily living.
Conclusion
= The major focus of previous industrial policies has been the proper arrangement of -
- the plants where production takes place. This plant layout has been an important
element in city planning as we11. In the technopolis concept, however, the arrange-
ment of research and educational facilities which support the technology used in -
- production has received attention along with the arrangement of plants using ad-
vanced technology. The plants, which are a place for expression of advanced tech-
nology, and the research laboratories that develop the technology are treated as
parts of a.single city structure. In the present situation, it is urgent that con-
_ struction o'� the technopolis be carried out as part of an industrial site procure-
- ment policy. Japanese industrial technology has reached the highest standards in -
the world and our industry has become knowledge-intensive. We should be very
= conscious of the fact that we cannot hope for greater success in Japanese industry
- unless we develop our own technology.
The ancient Roman aqueducts which traverse broad valleys and continue on in an un-
broken line to the horizon are a memorial to the technical level, centering on civil
engineering, of the Roman Empire, the most advanced civilization of the time i.n
Europe. Likewise, the technopolis, built as a city that shows our pride in the most
advanced technology will be a gift f or future generations that wi11 demonstrate our
= technical level, centering on the fine technology of semiconductors, opto-electronics,
and computers.
Construction of the technopolis is highly desirable. Zt will provide a base for
development of future Japanese industry as well as give Japan an international posi-
tion as a technology-developing countr_y.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
EXPLOITATION OF MARINE RESOURCES TO BE PROMOTED
_ Deep Sea Survey Vessel
Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 12 Jan 81 p 15
[Text] The first full-scale deep sea survey vessel in Japan, the "Shinkai 2000"
(displacement, 24 tons), will be launched on the 21st at the Kobe shipyard of
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. It has been under construction since JF'Y 1978
at a cost of 3.7 billion yen for the foundation, the Center for Marine Science a.n3
- Tectuiology (S. Kurachi, director). The supporting mother ship "Natsushima" (gross
_ tonnage, 1,300) was launched on 1 August of last year at a construction cost of
3.8 billion yen, and it is being outfitted at the Kobe shipyard of Kawasaki Heavy
Industries, Ltd.
. Joint trial runs for the "Shinkai 2000" and the "Natsushima" will begin in April _
in Kii clzannel. At the end of July, the first underwater navigation to a depth of
- 2,000 meters will be undertaken offshore from Kumano. The vessel will 'be delivered
after the performance of the hull and machinery is fu113= confirmed, and it will be _
f ormally completed this fall. Approximately 50 firms participated and cooperated
in building these vessels with materials, machinery, measuring instruments, etc. It is the essence of Japanese shipbuilding technology.
; Atmospheric pressure is 1 on land, but at a depth of 2,000 meters underwater, an =
- additional 200 atmospheres of hydraulic pressure are present on all sides. Special =
_ ingenuity in design, construction, and materials is indispensable so that the vessel _
: will not be crushed by the pressure. The "Shinkai 2000" has a double construction,
with a she.ll of S mm thick FRP (fiberglass reinforced plasCic). Since water is .
retained inside, this thiclrness is sufficient. Crew space is in the spherical shell,
which is made of a 3 cm-thick special steel, "NS90." It is almost a perfect sphere, with a sphericity of 0.06, so the presaure is uniformly distributed.
The inter ior of this sphere is 2.1 meters in diameter and 5 cubic meters in volume.
Since machinery.wil.l take up space, there is a net space of only 4.5 cubic meters.
- And on top of that, three crew members will go in. Thus, other tha.n the pilot who
sits on a chair, the others will either lie face down or sit Indian sytle at best. _
They will observe 7
1-8 meters ahead, illuminated by 5 projectors (500 watts each), they will operate inboard television (black and white) and stereo cameras (color),
; and they will be busy measuring and recording. ~
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The living quarters are maintained at 1 atmosphere and 17�C, and the air will be
- circulated by removing the carbon dioxide with a lithium absorbent and adding
oxygen. The standard time for one submergi:ig trip is 8 hours total: 1.5 hours
for submerging, 3 hours for u.ndei-water work, 1.5 hours for surfacing, and 1 hour
before and 1 hour after submersion. However, the air circulation system is designed
to last 10 times that lang--80 hours.
The "Shinkai 2000" will be transported on the afterdeck of the mother ship to the
survey site and lowered into the water with a crane. Upon touching the surface of
the sea, it will submerge under its own power. No rope or cable will be present
= between it and the mother 'ship, and telephone communication wi11 be by wireless
while on the surface and by ultrasonic waves while submerged. The underwater
- vehicle is 9.2 meters long, 3.0 meters wide, and 2.9 meters h'i-gh. It allows 3 crew
members and equipment up to 100 lcg aboard. Batteries (silver-zinc), propulsion
gear, projectors, underwater television cameras, sonar, manipulators, etc. are
mounted on the hull from the beginning. Underwater apeed is 3 knots maximum, averaging
1 knot. It can rotate left and right in a stationary position.
' In addition to observations using television, cam.era, and the naked eyey samples
up to 20 kg can be collected using the manipulator and as much as 50 kg can be loaded
into the port basket. The manipulator is built in such a way that when caught in
rocks, etc., it autanatically breaks off to free the vehicle. Instruments to
_ measure sali-nity, water temperature, and depth as well as a directional flowmeter
- are also on board. The mother ship waits within 100 meters directly above at all
times.
After com:pletion, the "Shinkai 2000" will conduct observations in areas such as
Sagami Bay and Suruga Bay. Crew members include Captain M. Sakakura (36) and
. others r_omprising two groups totaling six persons. Five seagoing trips are planned
in a yn_a,r, with 15 underwater surveys during one trip. The cost for one seagoing
trip i.s approximately 40 million yen. The vessel can be lif ted and lowered in sea
condi'tions up to a wave heighC of 2.5 meters. Therefore, the mother ship carries a
computer to enable satellite navigation, position maintenance, collision avoidance,
meteorological observation including ma.ritime weather, and survey of submarine
_ topography.
There are 14 vessels in the world that are capable of submerging 2,000 meters: they
~ are American, Russian= French, and Canadian. Among them are the 10,000-meter sub-
merging depth class Archimedes (French), the 4,000 meter class Alvin (American), -
and the 3,000-meter class Cyna (French). The "Shinkai 2000" is the 15th. However,
- it is capable of submerging more than three times deeper than the now retired
"Shinkai" (4 passengers, 85 tons, submerging depth of 600 meters). Preliminary
studies have also begun on the next stage, the "Shinkai 6000" (tentative name).
The mean depth of the Pacific Ocean is 4,000 meters. Therefore, it will be a deep
- ses survey ship capable of covering 98 percent of the world's seas, excluding the
Mariana Trench and the Japan Trench. Construction cost, including the mother ship ,
will be approximately 30 billion yen. With today's shipbuilding technology in Japan,
domestic production is possible. The Oceanographic Development Council recommend
"desirable completion by 1987."
- COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1981
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Manganese Nodule Exploitation
- Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 6 Jan 81 p 4
[Text] In order to establish a structure for the development of deep seabed
manganese nodulQS, which contain strategic metal resources such as nickel and .
cobalt, the government tias confirmed its intention to establish a"Deep Seabed
Mineral Resources Development Law" (tentative name). The 13nited States and West -
Germany successively formulated a domestic ].aw in 1980 in order to develop seabed _
resources, and they are about to set their mining areas independentlq for exploration.
~ Thus, in order to cope with this situation, the objective is to formulate a legal
foundation so that Japanese enterprises too can participate in prospecting. The _
main points are 1) to follow the principle of reciprocity with the "party with the
head start" such as the United States and mutually recognize the mining areas, and 2) to make env ironmental assessment (prior evaluation) a requirement f or development... _
etc. However, protests from developing countries, based on their individual domestic
laws, are strongly against the exploration by advanced countries o'L deep seabeds on
the high seas. Therefore, the government intends to make it a"temporary measure"
until international rules for development are formulated by the U.N. Conference on
the Law of the Sea.
Manganese nodules are metallic ingots on the seabed about 5,000 meters in depth.
They contain large quantities of nickel as well as copper, cobalt, manganese,
titanium, etc. According to estimates in the United States and elsewhere, there
are as much as 16.4 billion tons (273 times the terrestrial reserves) of nickel and
5.8 billion tons (similarly 3,600 times) of cobalt in the Pacif ic reg ion alone.
Japan is totally dependent on the import of all of these resources, and their
develapment is regarded internationally as "the strategic industry of the 21st -
century."
The United States formulated a"Deep Seabed Hard Mineral Resources Act" in June
1980. The objective of the law is to promote the investment by U.S. enterprises
- for discovery of promising mining areas during the period until the U.N. Law of the
_ Sea treaty, aimed at formulating international rules for manganese nodule develop-
ment, becomes effective. At the same time, it is an attempt to control in advance
the investigative activities of Japan and European countries so that they do not
overlap and cause confusion.
The United States, particularly, pushed forward the principle of reciprocity and
proposed mutual guarantees of investments by the enterprises for development
= recognized by respective domestic laws. They are urging Japan and West Germany to
expedite a domestic law. In response, West Germany has already passed such a law,
- and Great Britain and France are said to be preparing theirs.
_ Consequently, the Japanese Government has been studying the possibility of legis-
_ lation, and 50 million yen was approvQd in the JFY 1981 budget proposal for seabed
manganese mining technology development. WYth the proapect of a preparatory system
to be in order for development, the governr_+ent confirmed its policy to establish a
= law similar to those legislated in the Unirt;d States and West Germany.
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Based on studies thus far, the gist of the law is likely to be 1) mutual recognition
of mining areas based on the principle of reciprocity between countries which have
laws concerning deep seabed resource development, and 2) requirement of an environ-
mental assessment (prior evaluation) fram the exploring enterprises. If possib].e,
the bill will be presented to the current Diet session. No enterprise with thp
ability to exploit manganese.nodules independently has appeared 3.n Japanese industry.
However, the Sumitomo group and the Mitsubishi group have begun investigative
activities in collaboration with U.S. capital firms such as Kennecott. When these
enterprises become independent in the future, their exploration will be approved
based on this law.
- However, developing nations are strongly opposed to such a movement by advanced
countries, stating tha..t it is against a 1970 decision by the United Nations that
"deep seabeds are the common property of mankind." In addition, opposition has not
been resolved at the U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea regarding the :nanner in
which technology should be transferred from advanced nations to developing nations.
Thus, assuming that the rulers are formulated at the t3nited Nations, it will be
around 1988 [before this takes place].
For this reason, the government, in an effort to allevi.ate opposition by developing
nations, has clearly stated that a law, when legislated, is "a temporary measure
until a conclusion is reached at the U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea."
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1981
Editorial on Marine Technology
- Tokyo NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN in Japanese 14 Jan 81 p 2
[Text] This year will probably become "the first year of the new Law of the Sea."
The drafting committee of the Third U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea began
mezting on the 12th. It convened for the final work of making the new Law of the
Sea treaty draft official, based on the north-south agreement at the reopened
ninth session in Geneva last summer. If it is forma'_ly approved at the lOth
session, to be held in New York in March, the shortest plan now calls for the
signing to take place in Caracas, the capital of Venezuzla, in September. This is
a mammoth conference attended by more than 150 nations of the entire world, and it
is a marathon conference spanning over more than 7 years since the first session in
December 1973. And, the third.U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea has at last
entered its final countdown. Japan is now pressed to positively cope with the
new order of the sea and with the new era of the sea.
The f irst step is domestic legislation for the development of deep sea resources.
Manganese nodules that lie in the deep seabed, as deep as 4,000 meters, contain
useful metals such as nickel, cobalt, copper, iron, etc., aside from manganese. The
estimated reserve in the Pacif ic Ocean alone is 500 billion tons, and that of the
- entire sea.bed several trillion tons. It is said that these can support the world's
metal demands for 140,000 years for manganese, 420,000 years for cobalt, and 2,000
years for copper. They are riches of the sea under our nose and cannot be over-
looked by Japan, which imports as much as 133.12 million tons of inetal raw materi.als,
amounting to 4.8 bilZion dollars.
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Exploration for manganese nodules, propeaed by Malta in December 1969, is currently
frozen by the "moratorium resolution of deep seabed resources development" passed
by the U.N. General Assembly. When the new Law of the Sea treaty comes into
effect, the International Seabed Authority is to be established and the moratorium
_ wi11 be dissolved. However, that time will be 1 year after the number of statea
ratifying the new treaty reaches 60; this ie expected to be at least after 1988.
- The United States and Wes t Germany, among others, are preparing domestic legis-
- lation as a transient mea sure until then, Japan will join the international con-
sortium of the U.S.-European group, and the Ministry of Interna.tional Trade and
Industry will begin its own large-scale project beginning in JFY 1981. The amount
of nickel to be collected from manganese nodules is expected to be 69,300 tons, a
_ dependency of 28.3 percent in 1990, and 153,500 tons, or 40.1 percent, in 2000.
Naturally, it is time to consider domestic legislation.
Japan :nust seek new economic relief in the sea. Although Japan is a small country,
50th in the world when land area alone is considered, her 200-mile eeonomic zone is
sixth in the world, after the United States, Australia, Indonesia, New Zealand, and
Canada. When sea and land are combined, [Japan] jumps up to the level of lOth in
the world in size. The s ea is flat and moreover has depth and an abundance of
water, and solar energy p ours upon it. By making full, multiple use of that
resource, enormous space, energy, water, minerals, and living organisms, a boundless,
wide frontier will undoubtedly open for the Japanese economy.
Substantiating the Marine Survey Ability
To that end, we must f ir s t build an oceanographic researct structure. Our present
survey ability is much too meager for the sea surface, seabed, and cesources of an
extensive economic zone that is 12 times the land area. The Ministry of Transpor-
tation has made an inquiry for "a policy to promote oceanographic investigation in
the 1980's," and the oceanographic development division of the Transportation
Technology Council is hurrying its work, with a target date of June for its reply.
In order to conduct oceanographic studies in the 200-mile era, ships above 500 gross
_ tons are required. However, among the 18 survey vessels belonging to the Ministry
of Transportation, only 4 can meet this criterion. Even when the vessels of the
- Defense Agency, the Fishery Agency, and the Ministry of International Trade and
Industry are combined, the number reaches only 11. The USSR already possesses 37
vessels of this class, the United States 29, Canada 18, France 14, and Great Britain
13.
"Shinkai 2000," to be launched at Kobe on the 21st, is the f irst full-scale deep sea
- survey vessel in Japan tha t can submerge to a depth of 2,000 meters. Teamed with
the mother ship "Natsush ima," which was launched last summer, it is eagerly expected
to become the new fighting force for oceanographic surveys in the vicinity of Japan.
- However, there are already as many as 14 ships in the world that can submerge to
a depth of more than 2,000 meters, and the "Shinkai 2000" is the 15th. Included
among them is the large ve ssel "Archimedes" (French) that can even reach a depth of
10,000 meters. Being near the Japan Trench, which is more than 8,000 meters
- 3eep, and having a long c oastline and an extensive economic zone, Japan should
substantiate its oceanographic survey ability urgently to ma.tch the need.
39
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An artificial satellite is one of the important means of oceanographic survey. The
- marine observation satellite "MOS" series to be launched by Japan in JFY 1984 can
instantly transmit long-term marine survey, observation, and surveillance data from
a wide area to the earth center in cooperation with ocean buoys, ocean bases, and
underwater or seabed sensors and perform general analyses. The sensitivity of modarn
satellite sensors has increased to the point where the navigation tracks of a
submerged nuclear submarine can be detected fram the exhaust heat of the vessel.
The USSR recently made a request that Japan allow a survey of the sea in the
vicinity of Iojima, but the government refused the request. The appearance of a
- new island is possible in this area, due to volcanic activities at the sea bottom.
If such an island is discovered by a foreign flagship or aircraft first, not only
the ownership of the island but an economic zone greater than the entire Japanese
land area up to a maximum of 430,000 square meters, will be established by that
country. Constant sunreillance thua should not be neglected.
More Investment in the Sea
Japan should make more positive investments in the sea. The oceanographic develop-
ment fund based on the JFY 1981 budget proposal is 17,923 million yen, an increase
of 80.9 percent over the previous year �or Science and Technology Agency concerns
alone. However, compared to the nuclear development fund of approximately 200
billion yen and the space development fund of approximately 100 billion yen, it is
far too small. Even when the shares for the ministries of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fishery, International Trade and Industry, and Transportation are combined, the
total is approximately 40 billion yen (JFY 1980) by general account, and 1 trillion
yen/year in op erating expenses. In view of the expanse and richness of the sea,
this [amount] is not yet sufficient. The OceanograFhic Development Council estimates
that "an oceanographic investment of 2,510 billion yen in research and development
and 53,100 billion yen in operating expenses are necessary" for the next 10 years.
There are three sea-based industries in Japan today that rank as the world's No 1
c:lass. They are fisheries, shipbuilding, and maritime transportation, and all are
in the scale of 2 trillion yen/year. Using that fertile ground as a foundation,
further multilateral development should be made as we head for a new era, Fish ~
catches exceed 10 million tons, supplying approximately one-half of the 36.3g daily"
animal protein intake of the people's nutrition. In order to obtain 1 ton of ineat,
- 6-7 tons of f eed are necessary. Thus, the value of the f isheries industry is great.
If we make full use of the 200-mile zone, there is more room to increase production.
In the shipbuilding industry, new markets are being developed such as a floating
airport, a generator ship, ann a plant ship using floating body technology as well
as coastal development. The offshore artificial island concept being studied by the
_ Ministry of Transportation, in cooperation with the Federation of Economic Organi-
zations, is also one of ttie projects. For example, if an artificial island with an
area of 130 hectares is constructed in the ocean 5-7 kilometers offshore, where the
water depth is 20-25 meters, the total construction cost is estimated to be 690
~ billion yen. It assures a Ylace for three units of 1 million kilowatt class coal-
fired steam power plants and their ash disposers, and the power generating cost is
estimated to be about a 10-percent increase over the construction of the land
counterpart. In the area of maritime transportation, Japanese industrial technology
has already contributed to the reopening of the Suez Canal, and a collaborative
plan is being studied for a second Panama Canal. Japan should pay close attention
at all times to the enormous potential of the sea.
COPYRIGHT: Nihon Keizai Shimbunsha 1981
7722
CSO: 4105 40
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLaGY
NAGOYA UNIVERSITY'S PROJECT ON THERMONUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 17 Feb 81 p 13
[Text] ne Institute of Plasma
Physics of Nagoya University
recently revea,led hope to
realize the world first succesftil
experiment to start a practical
chain of thermonuclear
reactions by 1989.
The institute of the national
university, from fiscal 1981
starting April 1, will begin its
10-year R-Project to prepare
and then build a test thermo-
nuclear reaclor for a hard-
ware cost of # 40 billion. The
entire project will require
almost V100 billion of invest-
ments to complete.
It all goes well, it could en-
vision the w'orld's first success-
ful "kindling" of thetma
nuclear reactions by fiscal 1989.
it says.
Similar tries are being
planned in the U.S. and West
Europe, but such Western ven-
tures involve use of huge faci-
lities, like lhose being buiit by
the governmental Japan
Atomic Energ), Research
Institute, and therefore involve
also numerous problems.
The institute is going to seek
a much mare compact and less
troublesome test facility.
During the Cirst three years,
the institute's existing thermo-
nuclear fusion test facility,
JIPPT-II, wil] be remodelled
and used for preparations to
build the reactor.
A full-fledged nuclear fusion
chain reaction will require at
least one second oi capturing
an immense concentration of
plasmas (split-up atoms in
gaseous condition) at a
minimum temperature of 100
million degrees C.
JAERI's neH� facilit}�, JT-60,
to be completed by 1984, looks
similar to the proposed reactor,
but intended only for creation
of conditions for such reaction,
The Nagoya University
reactor, one-fourth the size o[
JT-60, and of the same dough-
nut-shaped Tokamak type,
w�ill make possible penning up
of deuterim and tritium for at
least 0.1 and 0.2 seconds to
create a small�scale chain re-
action.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN, Inc.
cso: 4120
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FIRMS CONTINUE TO LOSE PLANT DEALS TO FOREIGN COMPANIES
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 17 Feb 81 p 7
[Text]
Japan's industrial plant
builders, despite their advan-
tages over western rivals in
_ quality and quick delivery,
have been losing international
jobs recently to their British,
French and American counter-
parts.
U.S. and European plant
enterprises outpoint the Japa-
nese industry by offering at-
tractive credit terms to client
developing countries.
In vying with Japanese rivals
- in international plant tenders,
Western enterprises offer lower
interest rates and longer re-
demption periods in financing
thFir plant exports. This
- finance system, called "mixed
credit," is composed of private
- export tinance and government
loans. B), mixing government
loans.they can offer far easier
- credit terms than their com-
petitors frem Japan.
- Japanese plant builders have
been hard hit by suspension of
construction-engineering pro-
jects caused by the lran-lraq
war and the ensuing unilateral
cancellation of contracts by
China.
~ Coupled m�ith these unpre-
dictable plights, the industry,
handicapped in credit terms,
has been bowing to Western
enterprises in winning con-
vacts irom Morocco, 'hinisia,
Algeria and Egypt.
r1s a step to regain lost
ground or protect themselves
from losing ground further.
Japanese plant enterprises
want their government to work
out some measures to improve
export credit terms. .
Morocco invited international
tenders some time ago to con-
struct a lubricant plant, worth
some # 32,000 million, in which
a Japanese consortium was
underbid by France's TECH-
NIP.
The Japanese team, com-
posed of trader Mitsui & Co.,
Niigata Engineering Co. and
biitsui Engineering & Ship-
building Co., was o4tfought by
the French competitor because
of the latter's easier credit
terms.
In the Moroccan bidding,
TECHNIP initially offered an
annual 8 per cent interest : ate
and a 10-year installment re-
payment, while the Japanese
consortium had a good fight by
otfering an Export-Import
Bank ot Japan loan.
In the final stage of post-
tender negotiations, the FYench
beat the Japanese by ckianging '
the initial terms to a 3.5 per
cent interest and a?a-year re-
demption with support of its
home government.
Such "mixed credit" svstems
adopted frequently by Western
enterprises have led to their
successes in another Moroccan
tender for a steel,plant, an Al-
gerian tender for an electric
power generation plant, and an
Egyptian tender for communi-
cations equipment.
Japanese plant concerns thus
have lost international jobs,
worth some V 200,000 million,
over the last year.
Also in a Tunisian cement
planl tender now underway, a
Japanese team, comprising
traders Marubeni Corp. and C.
Itoh & Co., and Kawasaki
Heavy Industries, Ltd., are
having a hard time facing
strong rivalry from U.S. and
European participants.
Sources say success of the
Japanese team depends on
whether the Japanese Govern-
ment will grant its Overseas
Economic Cooperation Fund to
finance the proposed plant
deal. COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN, Inc.
CSO: 4120
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JAPANESE AIRCRAFT-ENGINE INDUS'IRIES TO BE COORDINATED
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 17 Feb 81 p 6
[Text]
Japan's widely-scattered
civilian sircraft and engine
research and development pra
jects , are expected to tie
brought under the control of a
single central coordinating-
system by sometime during
this autumn if a reorganization
drive now in progress gces
well.
Such systematization of air-
craft and engine development
was recommended last sum-
mer by the aircraft committee
of the joint governmental-
civilian Aircraft & Machine In-
dustry Council of the Ministry
of International Trade and In-
dustry. . '
Accordingly, the drive was
launched last autumn by
various Japanese aircraft
makers centering on three
major industrial corporations,
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
Ltd., Kawasaki Heavy Indus-
tries, Ltd. and Fuji Heavy In-
dustries, Ltd.
ConEinued lack of some
centralized coordination was
feared to weaken U capacities
of the Japat~ese aft aud au'
engine u~ptriespeciallY
becauBe of, inc iDg lDint
itrternationad- dev ' opmetrt pro-
jects invohrUg b ny Japanese
fuselage and eng' malcers.
lhey are. now -W�uped inta�
three interest orzations at
their own - NihoolAeroplane
Manutactttring CO'.; whish has
alre'ady siiocessf~1~ developed
Japan's first, po~t~iar civilian
transport plane~e ries,
Civi1 Transport !Development
Corp., now joinoy,. devel~p}ng
the succe~teor to the YS-11
series (YXserieg), with BoeinB
Co.'s Boeing Coinmerciat Air-
plane Co. (of .the U.S:) lund
Aeritalia S:p.A. fPf Italy in the
form of the-prapo.ed Boeing 767
(and 777)' 3eries, and � the
Engineeririg Resiarch Assocla-
tion for Aerojet Engines in
charge of a curt{ent Japanese-
British RT300 jed�engine deve6
opment project- apd a projected
Japanese STOL~.plane's FJR
engine developm nt venture. _
Anothcr organization may
become necessary if a planned
iDllowup of the YX series, New
YX('Y7CX), is also developed as
a multinatiorlal project.
It has so far'been tentatively
agreed among the ooordination
plannecs that the centraiizing
body take over control of
research and development pro-
jects and governmental subsfdy
receiving and distributing.
It also plans to incorporate as
its headquarters facility the ire-
novatioual aircraft technology
development center of the
Society of Japanese Aerospace
Compaaies, Inc.
But the whole drive is now
being stalled by a dissenting
view of Ishikawayma-Harima
Heavy Industries Co., the top-
rated engine manufacturer,
that such simple and unpre-
cedented project unification
would hardly work well and that
engine makers servicing many
sircraft builders should be
separately grouped.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN, Inc.
CSO: 4120
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SCIENCE AND TEC:iNOLOGY
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT PRODUCTION CONTINUES TO CLIMB
Tokyo BUSINESS JAPAN in English Vol 26, No 2, Feb 81 pp 19-20
[ Text ] The output uf Japan's electronic
industry is expected to continue to
enjoy a double-digit rate of increase in
1951. According to a forecast of the
nation's electronic production in 1981
_ corripiled by the Electronic Industries
Association of Japan, the industry's
o a tpu t is e xpected to total
V8,559,100 million, 13.1% up from
1980. This does not include che out-
put of such items as wire communica-
tion equipment, desk-top electronic
calculators, wire communication parts
and magnetic tapes. If these items are
- included, the industry's total output
- will reach -Y9,770,000 miliion, up
- 12.9%. Following the nation's auto
industry, the electronic industry is
expected to soon reach the Y10 tril�
lion level in output. The industry will
thus play a vital role as the mainstay
of the nation's industries.
The nation's electronic industry
drew a very favorable picture in 1980
in all the three fields of electronic
eyuipment - for general use, for in-
- dustrial use, and electronic parts. Total
output is estimated to have reached
-Y7,570,100 million, up 2417o over the
previous year. This was due to the fact
that against the background of rapidly
growing exports, electronic products
for general use played a major role in
- accelerating the industry's output.
Such alectronic equipment is esti-
mated to have contributed by 44.5%
in the output increase of the electronic
industrv as a whole. Such a favorable
trend is expected to continue in 1981
also and the industry's output is ex-
pected to totat 1~8.�9,100 million or
- an increase of 13.1% over 1980. By
44
categories, electronic equipment for
general use will reach Y-3,287,500 mil-
lion in output, up 11.1%, those for
industrial use -Y2,539,800 million, up
13.8%, and electronic parts
Y-2,731,800 million, up 14.8%. Thanks
to the sharp increase in the output of
video tape recorders (VTRs), the total
output of electronic equipment for
general use is expected to surpass the
Y-3 trillion mark for the first time.
Item-wise, the output of electronic
products is expected to grow as fol-
lows:
Equipment for General Use - Ex-
ports that started to recover from the
middle of 1979 played an important
role in facilitating the industry's total
produciion. As domestic demand in-
creased and consumers' needs diversi-
fied, the shipments of many items
registered an all-time high. As a result,
their output in 1980 is estimated to
have increased by 28.3% tu
Y-2,957,900 million. Video tape re-
corders in particular increased most
phenomenally, and assumed the top
position among all electronic items.
Supported by strong overseas de-
mand and steady domestic demand,
the output in 1981 is expected to
incrsase by 11.1% to Y-3,287,500 mil-
lion, surpassing the Y3 trillion level for
the first time. Above all, the output
of VTRs is expected to reach Y-750
billion, equal to the past highest re-
cord of color TV sets. The oytput of
VTRs for home use is expected to
reach 6,150,000 units, up 38.217oThe
output of color TV sets is expected to
reach 11,630,000 units, up 0.5% over
1980 and a reco;3 high. The combined
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Outlook of Electronic Production in 1981
(Unit: V1 billion)
Results
Results
Rate over
QuUook
Rate over
in 1979
~ 1980
(estimate)
previous
yeaz (5)
for 1981
Previous
yeaz
Equipment for
general use
2,305.6
2,957.9
128.3
3,287.5
111.1
Equipment for
industrial use
1,925.1
2,231.7
115.9
2,539.8
113.8
Electronic parts
1,874.6
2,380.6
127.0
2,731.8
114.8
Total
6,105.3
7,570.1
124.0
8,559.1
113.1
value of both VTR and TV sets includ-
ing both color and monochrome sets
_ to be produced in 1981 is expected to
reach V1,498,800 million, up 11.1%.
The expected output of audio
equipment in 1981 includes
� 64,940,000 sets of tape recorders, up
10.3%, and stereo sets valued at
_ V639,900 million, up 8.4~/a. The com-
bined value of these two items will be
'i`1,648,500 million, an increase of
12.2%. While radio sets are expected
to total 18,350,000 units, up 2.6%,
the output of transcievers should reach
_ 1,100,000 units, up 0.9%.
Equipment for Industrial Use -
The output of electronic equipment
for industrial use en}oyed a mazked
increase in domestic demand thanks to
the steady increase in plant and equip-
ment investments; total output is esti-
mated to have reached -Y2,231,700
million, up 15.9% in 1980. Electronic
equipment (excluding wire communi-
cation equipment and desk top elec-
tronic calculators) include such items
as devices applying electronic tech-
nology and electronic measuring in-
struments for automated operation
- and labor saving. Along with the ex�
pected continued electronification of
industries for energy conservation, re�
sources conservation, industrial ration-
- alization and medical electronics in
~ 1981, equipment for industrial use is
likely to continue to show a stabilized
growth. Above all, devices applying
electronic technolagy are expected to
~ increase in output and surpass the
: previous year's fgure by 15%. Such
devices will be extensively used in
newly installed plants and equipment,
automated offices, government and
public offices, and foreign countries.
The output of electronic equipment
for industrial use as a whole will reach
Y-2,539,800 million, 13.8% up.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 The Nihon Kogyo Shimbun
CSO : 4120
The expected output of major
items is as follows: Wireless communi-
cation equipment, Y357,500 million,
up 21.3%, devices applying electronic
technology, Y-1,569,800 million, up
15.1%, and electronic measuring in-
struments, Y-304,400 million, up
14.3%. Wireless cummunication equip-
ment for amateurs in particular is
expected to increase by 50% in out-
put. Among electronic measuring
equipment, those to be used with
computers will increase by 13% in
output.
Electronic Parts
Electronic parts manufacturers have
been flooded with many orders due to
a strong demand for various electronic
products and electronic equipment for
industrial use. There is a tremendous
backlog of orders. In 1980 alone, the
output of parts reached '�1,163,600
million, 23.7% up and an unprece-
dentedly large figure. [n 1981 also, as
demand is expected to further ex-
pand, the total output of electronic
parts is expected to increase by 12.3%
to Y-1,307,000 million. As electronic
aquipment for general use will become
smaller in size, lighter in weight and
more complicated in functions, and
those for industrial use will be more
widely used even in the fields where
no use could be seen previously, elec-
tronic parts manufacturers will enjoy a
brisk market.
The output of moving parts in 1980
markedly increased by 30.3%'o to
Y-1,217,000 million. The value can be
divided into V357,300 million for
electron tubes (up 20.1%), Y-291,400
million for semi�conductor elements
(up 14.8%) and Y-568,300 million for
integrated circuits(up 48.4%).
The output of parts is expected to
increase steadily in 1981 to finally
reach V 1,424,900 million, up 17.1%.
45
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BRIGHT PROSPECTS INDICATED FOR JAPAN'S PUMP INDUSTRY
Tokyo BUSINESS JAPAN in English Vol 26, No 2, Feb 81 pp 61-63
I, Text j HE origin of Japan's pump indus-
T try dates back to 1892 when
Kawasaki Shipyard Co. manufactured
waterworks pumps and delivered them
- to Tokyo City. Pumps also have veen
used for irrigation for many years. It
was only after World War II, however,
that the pump industry developed as a
modern ildustry, and especially after
the development of water sources for
electric generation was given promi-
nence in order to reconstr:ct the
war-hit country. The nation's power
industry then shifted its main em-
phasis from hydraulic generation to
_ thermal generation and the pump
industry was urged to irnprove its
technology because of the need for
more pumps to be used for supplying
- water for thermal power generation.
When Kyushu Electric Power Co. con-
structed a power station, many large
pumps were required. The discharge
_ capacity of feed pumps has markedly
incteased along with the increasing
- output capacity of power stations, and
the latest model has as hig.h a pressure
as 300 kg per 5 cm2. Previously the
driving force was electric motors but
_ now turbines of rapid revolution are
used. Domestic technology has now
reached an international level and
many large capacity pumps are used
for pumping-up water for power
plants. Their reliability has phenome-
nally improved. Japanese-made pumps
have been installed in both waterworks
and for sewerage in huge cities, and in
' long undersea tunnels.
- The types of pumps can be divided
- basically into centrifugal pumps, axial
, t]ow pumps, diagonal flow pumps,
rotary pumps and reciprocating
pumps. By use, they can also be
classified into corrosion-resisting
pumps, submarine pumps, etc.
Centrifugal pumps are used to feed
liquid with centrifugal force by rotat-
ing the impeller within the casing.
Such pumps assume some 4517o of the
total output of pumps and are exten-
sively used for water supply and drain-
age at power stations and factories,
and for agricultural irrigation.
Axial flow pumps are used to feed
liquid in the direction of the axis like a
motor fan and are suitable for water
feeding for a low head in large capac�
ity. Diagonal flow pumps make use of
both the thrust of the rotating blade
and centrifugal force and have the
characteristics of both centrifugai
pumps and axial tlow pumps. Such
pumps have high cavitation charac-
teristics and are highly adaptable to
varied flows, so that they are widely
used for drainage systems. The output
of diagonal flow pumps has increased
even in the period of recession follow-
ing the oil crisis, and their output
has increased year after year. Rotary
pumps are resistant to high pressure
and are used in fields where durability
is required as compared with re-
procating pumps.
In many cases, a centrifugal pump
is submerged with a motor to be used
as a submarine pump. Such pumps are
suitable for use in civil engineering
works, sewerage, deep wells, etc. As
they are comparatively easy to main-
tain, their use has shown marked
progress in recent years.
Vacuum pumps have shown rapid
progress in postwar years and include
two types, mechanical and diffusion.
The mechanical type includes several
models including the Nash and Lutz
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- models, and is used for machines with
comparatively low vacuum. Along
with the development of vacuum
engineering in recent years, require-
ments for super high vacuum pumps
have increased, and large-scale oil dif-
fusion pumps and others are manufac-
tured for use in nuclear power genera-
tion and space development.
Pumps of large size and capacity are
exclusively produced by the ten lead�
ing manufacturers, and as for small-
size general-purpose pumps, large
manufacturers have established mass-
production setups through standard-
_ ization. in the case of inedium�size
pumps, as they vary by use in capac-
ity, pressure, temperature and liquid
- to be handled, medium and smaller
specialized manufacturers are mostly
engaged in thcir production.
As far as feed pumps for boilers in
thermal power plants are concerned,
the discharge pressure was at a level of
- 60 kg per 5 cm2 or so in prewar years.
. Tokyo Electric Power's Tokyo power
station built in 1954 used pumps
with a pressure of 120 kg. Pumps
- for use in power stations with an
outpui capacity of 1,000 kW in
recent years nave a pressure of 310 kg
per 5 cm= and a water feeding capac-
ity of 1..740 tons per hour. At pump-
ing-up power stations, machines with
higti capacities for both pumps and
water wheels are in general use. The
size of stations has become much
larger than before, and today the
lazgest power plant has an output
COPYRIGHT: 1981 The Nihon Kogyo Shimbun
CSO: 4120
capacity of 350,000 kW.
Pumps for waterworks and sewer-
age systems are capable of feeding
water over a very long distance. They
are equipped with highly advanced
control systems so as to cope with the
seasonal variations of demand. Control
of these pumps is all automatic. As for
pumps for handling liquefied gases,
domestic production has not yet mate-
rialized because of very special tech-
nology required to produce them.
Production of pumps has made
tremendous progress since the war
through the induction of foreign tech-
nologies and tlie industry's effort to
establish domestic production, sup-
ported by the high-paced growth of
the nation's economy. Demand for
pumps is still markedly growing for
the construction of industrial plants in
developing countries and public works
being conducted in Japan.
Demand for pumps throughout the
world is never likely to decrease.
Japan's pump industry is urged to
strengthen its foothold and establish a
setup to develop its own technology.
There are many problems io ; olve in
fhis respect including the development
of types of pumps that can contribute
well to the causes of conserving re-
sources and energy. At the same time
it is necessary to strengthen their
structures and eliminate vibrations and
noises, along with the development of
new sealing systerns and bearings, all
of which will contribute to the indus-
try's successful future. O
47 =
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MEDICAL ELECTRONICS EQUIPMENT MAKERS TO PROMOTE EXPORTS
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 17 Feb 81 p 8
[Text ] Japanese medical electronics
(ME) equipment manu-
facturers have been stepping
up efforts to boost exports of
ultrasound diagnostic equip-
ment, X-ray computer tomo-
graphs (C'T), blood dializers
(artificial kidneys ) and other
ME equipment.
Originally, these equipment
were developed abroad. But
Japanese companies have
succeeded in highly elaborating
them and greatly expanded the
domestic market. They now
have turned their attention to
= markets overseas.
Top leaders ofthe Japanese
ME indusUy are trying further
- to strengthen their positions in
_ the domestic market on the
strength of favorable export
business.
Among them, top maker To-
shiba Corp. is the most
- aggressive toward exports. The
company is estimated to have
yearly ME sales of around
Y 100 billion in the current 1980
term ending March. The sales
value is nearly double that of
� the second-ranked Hitachi
Niedical Corp., an affiliate of
Hitachi, Ltd. As its position in
the domestic market already
has been Eirmly established,
_ Toshiba has shifted its target to
the world market and now
= hupes to catch up with Siemens
of West Germany and Philips of
the Netherlands, which are the
world's No. 1 and No. 2 ME
makErs, respectively.
Toshiba's 1RE sales still
account for only half that of
Siemens. In order to fill the
gap, Toshiba must penetrate
into th2 U.S., or the world's
largest ME market.
In the U.S., Toshiba now has
yearly sales of about Y 5 billion
through its ME marketing sub-
sidiary Toshiba Medical
Systems Co. The company
hopes to boost the sales in the
U.S. to Y20 billion in the next
several years. To achieve the
target, Toshiba plans to start
local production in the U.S. As
for Europe, 'the company is
planning to set up marketing
subsidiaries in major European
countries.
As a first step, Toshiba will
raise lhe export ratio (share of
exports in total sales) to more
than 20 per cent from the
present 15 per cent.
Japan's fYo. 2 h1E maker Hi-
tachi yiedical also has been
greatly increasing exports
mainly to the U.S. and Europe.
lintil early last year, the
company had difficulty in
boosting sales in Lhe U.S. be-
cause its btLSiness arrangement
with Picker Corp. restric!ed
marketing under Hitachi
Medica!'s initiative. However,
the unfavorable terms have
been revised and sales started
picking up remarkably in the
latter half of last year, cen-
tering on ultrasound diagnostic
equipment.
Under the situation, Hitachi
Medical's export ratio is
estimated to increase further in
1981. The company also eyes
China, South Korea and South-
east Asian countries as it sold
ultrasound diagnostic equip-
ment and X-ray CT scanners to
China and South Korea in the
past. It pins a big hope on mar-
keting of X-ray CT scanners to
Southeast Asian nations in the
future.
Fukuda Denshi Co., top
maker of electrocardiographs,
has developed an eiecirocardio-
graph with a built-in micro-
computer, which automatically
analyzes the electrocardio-
gram that is printed out. It
plans to export 20,000 of them
this year.
Asahi Medical Co., top maker
of artificial kidneys, is cautious
about their exports to the U.S.
Instead, the wholly-owned sub-
sidiary of Asahi Chemical
Industry Co. is planning further
to boost exports to European
countries. The company started
artificial kidney Pxports in
1976, and its export ratio now
stands at around 30 per cent.
On the strength of the
favorable export ratio, Asahi
biedical has been en joying good
business, although the domestic
artificial kidney market is
under a cutthroat marketing
competition. Asahi bledical's
artificial kidney sales zre
estimated to top V 10 billion in
the 1981 business term.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN, Inc.
CSO: 4120
48
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
ROBOT THAT WALKS LIKE HUMAN BEING DEVELOPED
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 17 Feb 81 p 13
[Text] A two-legged robot closely
resembling human beings in
the w�ay ai w�alking has been
developed by a research
team of the School of
Science and Engineering,
N'aseda University in
Tokyo.
It was recently disclosed
by the team led by Prof.
Ichiro Kato, simultaneously
w�ith a public demonstration
on the university campus.
The new� brainchild of the
team, named WL-9DR,
worked well during the
show, stepping just as
smoothly and fast as a
normal human being walks.
According to the team, all
conrentional walking
machines, intended for aid-
ing the physically-handi-
capped people with both legs
incurably paralyzed, had
been capable of performing
no better than a one-year or
younger human toddler.
That had been because all
conventional types had been
based on the statics phase of
the theory oi dynamics,
compared with the kinetics
phase.
The team's own idea
represents a decided de-
parture by starting from the
kinetic type of walking to
simula[e the human manner
of walking - to keep the
center of graviiy always
ahead of the body by quickly
shifting its support between
the two legs by making the
most of the force of inertia
of each movirg leg. That
makes quite a difference
from the conventional
machines all placing the
gravity center on the sole of
each leg for slow inter-
changes.
But, because of difficulties
of immediately producing a
complete replica of the liv-
ing human legs, the team
has adopted a semi-kinetic
type of walking manner.
Wher, one leg steps ahead,
the gravity center is kept in
its sole, but when the other
leg follows, its inertial force
is made to work very quick-
ly to take over the gravity
center.
Shaped like the lower half
of an adult human being,
and about as large, the
strong, lightweight robot
made of aluminum alloys
and carbon [iber, and
equipped with a micro-
processor and sensors, the 1-
meter tall, 40.7-kilogram
heaw robot walks at a
speed of 9 seconds a step of
45 centimeters wide.
Compared with the best
conventional equivalent, it
goes more than four times
as fast, paces about three
times as wide, and weighs
only one-third as heavy. It
can also walk uphill or
upstairs and step back.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHIMBUN, Inc.
CSO: 4120
49
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- JAPANESE FIRM SAID TO BE BUILDING NAVAL PORT IN MALAYSIA
- 'Tokyo ASAHI EVENING NEWS in English 9 Feb 81 p 1
[Text] A document clearly s6ow-
. tract might be a violation of.
ing that a port being built on
the thcsa principles� banning
- the �west coast of Malaysia by
exports of arms.
a Japanese construction com-
A copy oi a book of bidding -
pany will be the iargest aaval
specifications on Lumut Port,
port in the five ASEAN coun-
whch has been obtained by
tries has been obtnined by
Kusakawa, who belongs to a
- Shozo Kusakawa, a Lower
Komeito-aligned organization,
House member affiiiated with
has the lettering of the Malay-
the Clean Government Party
sian Ministry oE Defense on,
(Komeito). .
;he cover, It contains a draw-
In March,' 1978, Saeki Con-
ing showing naval vessels, such
high-speed missile.
as frigates
stn:ction Co. of Osaka an-
nounced that it was signing a
.
boats, patrol boats, mine
= contract to build a large port
sweepers and landing ship
, moored alungscde a
tanks
at Lumut for shipping out
,
deep water jetty and a shallow
timber and for other trade
water jetty.
purposes.
- The value of the eoatract,
deep water jetty is
about 600 merers Yong and the-
_ signed two months later, was
'f9.1 billion, according to the
shallow water jetty is about
Intemational Finance Bureau
500 meters long.
' of the Finance Ministry. Saeki
When the ma[ter was taken
Construction won the contract
up in the Diet in March last
in competition with six other
year, the Government said
companies, iocluding West
Lumut Pora is not necessarily
- Gerrtran and French com-
for mititary purposes alone
- panies.
and it may serve as a trading
By 1984. Lumut Port is
port and a home port for
scheduled to be Malaysia's
rescue boats as well.
- principal naval base, capable
But, judging from drawings
of accommodating almost all
of auxiliary facilities in the
the ships of the Malaysian
book of specifications, it will
Navy. !t will be compiete with
not be used by both private
- buiidina and repair facilities
and military vessels. The latest
for ships and a personnei
edition of the ]ane's Fighting
'
training center.
s
Ships describes it as Malaysia
In signing the contract,
principal naval base.
3aeki Construction removed
In a recent statement, the
docks frarii it under guidance
Government said Japanese
from the Construction Minis-
firms can undectake the con-
- try, which took the measure
struction of hospitals, barracks,
after consultations with C-tve
roads and facilities which can
other related Government de-
be used by civilians as well
even at military installations
_ partments. The company con-
without violating the three
sulted with the Construction
titinistry for fear that the con-
principles on arms exports.
COPYRIGHT: Asahi Evening News 1981
CSC: 4120
~ 50
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-:s 1
~ ' ,
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR AMORPHOUS SILICON PRODUCTION DEVELOPED
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 17 Feb 81 p 13
[ Text ] A new simple method of
producing amorphous silicon
film at speed 10,000 times
faster than the best known
process has been experimental-
lp developed by a research
team of Toyohashi University
of Technology at Toyohashi.
According to the group led by
Prof. A7itsugu Hanabusa,
amorphous silicon so far has
been commercially applied in
Japan by some electronic
firms for making solar cells.
I t makes possible production
of solar cells ot orriy 1 to 3
microns in thickness, about
1:100th ofthose to be produced
irom crystal silicon.
But its biggest drawback has
been great difficulties in
commercial production.
Hitherto, it had to be produced
by making silane, a compound
of silicon and hydrogen, react
to an electric discharge and
COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN, Inc.
CSO: 4120
attach to a glass or a stainless
steel subsfrate in a thin film
form. Such a process had posed
many tough problems of setting
proper reaction conditions or
controlling the whole process.
The melhod developed by the
team involves to simply placing
amorphous silicon and a glass
plate inside a vacuum chamber
and intermittently bombard the
amorphous silicon with a 0.5-
micron laser beam of YAG
(y ittrium-aluminum-garnet )
type. .
Although requiring at least
some care for the vacuity,
purity of the material, and
intensity uf the laser beam, the
me[hod has promised to work
at least 10,000 times as fast as
the latest type of electric dis-
charge process.
The team has spent 2 minutes
to experimentally produce a 1-
micron-thick type of filming.
51
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
TOSHIBA DEVELOPED SMALL TYPE UNIVERSAL PRESSURE
SENSOR
~ Tokyo JAPAN
ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English li Feb
81 p 13
[ Text ]
Toshiba Corp. recently dis-
temperatures, a temF�rature ;
closed development of a tiny
change-compensating elec-
been built
h
universal type of silicon semi-
as
tronic circuity
into the silicon substrate to off- ;
-
conductor-utilizing pressure
It is an inexpensive and
sensor
set temperature-created shifts
.
widely applicable version of
in the substrate's sensitivity to
existing high-priced and sophis�
pressures.
heck the pressure of gas,
To
ticated sensors used for indus-
c
the new product has a pair of
trial purposes in Japan and
slender gas pipes', one each
abroad,
rotruding from the center of
According to the Japanese
electric-electronic machinery
w
it
k
p
its top and bottom. One piece of
pipe is filled with gas of stand-
s ne
er,
and appliance ma
ard pressure in a vacuum condi-
-
product works the same as the
Differences between the
tion
-
existing but expensive pre�
cision pressure sensors used for
.
standard pressure and the
'
pressure gauges, flow meters
ill
pressure in the other pipe w
and other measuring apparatus
show the desired gas pressure.
electric power and
in chemical
The gas pressures are
,
other major industrial plants.
measurable up to two at-
The environmental
The idea is to determine
mospheres.
eratures can be found by
m
t
'
electrical and other physical
p
e
reading out the pulse signals of
pressures by electrically in-
dicating distortions of silicon
the temperature compensating
~
semiconductors sensitive to
circuitry.
Although somewhat lower
such prr,ssures.
But its new� product measures
in precision than its major
industcial counterparts, the
-no more than one centimeter in
nem, product is applicable to
diameter, and thus is far lower
the automobile fuei-supply and
in production cost. Its pressure
emission controlling electronic
-
detector is a dispersed layer of a
sensing devices, refrigerators,
resistance substance built on a
washers and other home ap-
4�mm�square silicon semicon-
ductor substrate (base board)
pliances. hemadynamometers
b~~ utilizing the IC producing
and other health care appa-
barometers, ther-
ratus
lechnology. ,
Since the semiconductor's
,
mometers and many other
changes in size under pressure
items.
depend on en iironmental
COPYRIGHT :
1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN, Inc
.
cso: 4120
52
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ISHIKAWAJIMA-HARIMA'S FLOATING DOCK USED TO REPAIR MINSK
Tokyo MAINICHI DAILY NEWS in English 12 Feb 81 p 1
[Text] A floating dock, exported by Ishikawajima-Harima
Heavy Industries Ltd. (IHI) to the Soviet Union in 1978,
a detente year, has been used in repairing the 32,000-ton
aircraft carrier Minsk and other Soviet warships at the
Soviet Far East naval base of Vladivostok.
The military use of the
" floating dock, whose export was
granted for commercial use,
has been confirmed by
American reconnaissance
satellites and other means and
, notified to the Japanese
= government by American
sources.
At the time of export in
September 1978, the .Japanese
government cleared the dock
export by designating its use as
commercial, although the
export ran the risks of brushing
: w�ith the Japanese weapons
export ban principles. The
- principles also ban the export of
equipment and facilities related
to the manufacture of weapons.
- The opposition parties are
now planning to introduce a bill
= banning weapons exports in the
current Diet session. The bill
stipulates that in the case of
equipment and facilities ex-
ported for general-purpose use,
if and when it becomes known
that they are intended for
military purposes, the e:tport
could be banned.
IHI delivered the dock to the
Soviet side at Yagoya port in
September 1978 under a con-
tract worth some 12,000 million
yen (about $144 million then).
IHI won the Soviet order when
the Japanese shipbuilding in-
dustry was in severe recession
in June 1977.
According to the Defense
Agency and the :4laritime Self-
Defense Force, the floating
dock was designed to accept
vessels up to 80,000 tons. Theq
said that after the floating dock
reached Vladivostok, the Soviet
Union transferred the aircraft
carr6er bIinsk, to the Far East.
The USSR possesses oNy two
flattops.
The YI;nsk was last sighted in
late June 1979 moving north-
w�ard through the Tsushima
Strait and was not sighted for 14
months antil late in August last
year, suggesting strongly that
the aircraft carrier had under-
gone a major overhaul in the
floating dock, they said.
The Ministry of International
Trade and Industry said it had
approved the export because
the dock was structured not to
house the submarine locator of
a warship and deemed to be
designed for comrr~,-,rcial use.
The dock was large enough to
accommodate the Iarge Soviet
flattop for repairs.
Soon after the delivery, the
United States aad certain
Liberal-Democratic Party
members strongly voiced their
apprehensions.
At that time IHI explained
that the floating dock might be
used in repairing warships but
the primary use would be in
repairing commercial ships.
The issue was also taken up at
the IHI's general shareholders'
meeting in June,1979. The then
IHI President tiVataru Shindo
said that the company would
excercise due consideration in
advance in receiving these,
kinds of orders.
IHI maintains that Shindo's
remark remains conclusive on
the dock issue.
COPYRIGEIT: Mainichi Daily News, 1981
CSO: 4120
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SUBSIDIES TO BE GRANTED TO OIL REPLACING PROJECTS
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 17 Feb 81 p 13
[ Text ] Various oil-substitute energy
_ projects, including electric
= power generation using resin in
ionexchange methanol combus-
� tion, will be subsidized by the
Japanese Government from
April, under the ivIinistry of
' International Trade and Indus-
-
According to MITI's Agency
of Industrial Science and Tech-
_nology, an additional Y 300
~ million annual national budget
appropriation beginning in
fiscal 1981 from April 1, has
been allotted by the 17inistry of
Finance to MITI's Oil-
Substitute Development Sutr
sidy System inaugurated as of
April 1980 with an initial annual
_ appropriation of '42,4 milliun.
- So far, projects to develop
synthetic and other oil-related
kinds of energy have been chief-
ly subsidized.
With the increase in the
annual appropriation, the
Agency w'ill invite new eligible
private research and devPlop-
ment projects entirely free
from oil, starting April, for
subsidization.
The idea is to help speed up
completion oF effective sub-
stitutes with three to six years,
chiefly as small-scale regional
or localized means of electric
power development.
The most promising of the
prospective subsidized projects
is a methanol-burning project
now under intensive study.
The conventional fuel cell re-
quires cracking of inethanol
(methyl wood alcohol) a cheap
material easily derived from
coal, into carbon, oxygen and
hydrogen. Only hydrogen is
extracted as the energy source.
In contrast, the proposed
methanol electric generating
method is to produce a new
methanol version of the fuel
cell to utilize a special type of
ion exchange resin for instant
electric generation by simply
pouring methanol into the cell.
Under normal room tem-
perature, the new cell will
generate electricity through the
COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN, Inc.
CSO : 4'120
54
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
reaction between the methanol
and atmospheric oxygen. A
single cell will produce only
about 1 to 2 kilowatts of
power, but a chair, of such cells
could produce a maximum of
1,000 kilowatts.
Other eligible projects in
progress at industrial level
include i) One to turn turbines
by converting the lower tem-
peratures generated by waste
organic matters into a turbine
turning f.orce of evaporation for
a target of building a 3.000-
kilowatt class power plant; 2)
Another to develop a big heated
water steam preserver,
something like a "steam
thermos bottle" and using the
steam for running a power
plant turbine; and 3) A high-
efficiency sewer sludge fer-
mentation heat-steam power
plant building project for
development of a 1.3 million
kilowatt class power plant in
case of small communities of
50,000 inhabitants. (Garbage-
burning heat types are already
common. )
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- SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
STEEL COMPANIES CUT DOWN OIL CONSUMPTION ABOUT 30 PERCENT
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 17 Feb 81 p 6
[rext]
Japan's steel industry has re-
_ duced its oil consumption by
about 30 per cent in the past
year. '
According to a recent esti-
mate by the Japan Iron & Steel
- Federation, the indastry's con-
sumption of petroleum-based
fuels (fuel oil, gas oil, liquefied
natural gas, etc.) is likely to
amount to 56 liters per ton of
crude steel produced in fiscal
- 1980, down 29 per cent from the
- year earlier. '
This is because, JISF said,
- Japanese steelmakers have
placed primary emphasis on
the so-called exodus from oil in
their energy conservation ef-
forts, such as by pcopelling oil-
less operation of blast furnaces.
Petroleum-based fuels- ac-
counted for a little more than 20
per cent of the total energy
used at steel works here late in
1973 when the first oil crisis
took place. The percentage
dropped to 10.6 per cent in the
first half of fiscal 1980 and
seems to have dropped below
the 10 per cent level in the
o.
second half. j
JISF alao reveaYed that the
steel'. undustry'a ov*II energy
cansumption in fi3cal 1980 is
expecfed to decline~5.8 per cent
from the prtcedi~g year to
around 77 millioc! tons. The
volume represent~, an 18� per
cent decrease from fiscal 1973.
:.-Settitig the-enetoy-cen5tttmy--
tion per ton of crude steel pro-
duced in fiscal 1973;at 100, such
consumption dropped to el in
fiscal 1979 and further to 68 in
the first half of tisc,al 1980.
The industry's aDl-based fuel
consumption ' is detftnated to
reach about 5;970,00 kiloliters
in fiscal 1960, dowd 33 per cent
from the preceding fiscal year
and 61 per cent from #isca11973.
From 128 liters yn fisca11973,
the oil-based'fuel iconsumption
per ton of ci'ude steel fell to 92
llters in fiscal 1978 and seems
to have dropQed tp 56 litets in
fisca11980.
The ratio of oil-based fuel in
total energy oonstiimed dropped
frrnn 21.3 per cent in fisca11973.
to 10.6 per cent in khe Cust half
COPYRIGHT: 1981 THE NIHON KEIZAI SHINBUN, Inc.
cso: 4120
55
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
of fiscal 1980. During the same
period, the ratio of coal-based
fuel increased from 61.1 per
cent bo 69.8 per cent.
As of the end of December,
1980, 30 out of the 44 blast fur-
naces operating in Japan were
in oil-less operations. Owing to
such oil-less operations, energy
consumption per ton of pig iron
produced rose from 462 kilo-
grams to 470 kilograms in fiscal
1950, because of the increased
use of coke. Fuel oil consump-
tion per ton of pig iron, how-
, ever, dropped from 29 to 13
" kiIoliters.
Among other energy con-
servation efforts were recovery
of waste gas in basic oxygen
furnaces, increase in-the con-
tinuous casting ratio and power
generation by blast furnace top
gas pressure. As of the end of
-#wa1, ,1980; 28 blast furnaces
will be equipped with top gas
pressure power generating
equipment and their gower out-
put will total about 220,000 kilo-
watts.
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BRIEFS
CONTRACT WITH SWEDEN--Kawasaki Steel Corp. said it signed a contract with
Sweden's Svenskt Stal AB, and is holding talks with several other foreign firms,
on the licensing of its beam blank forming technique that makes it possible to
roll wide-flange beams from continuously cast slabs or blooms. The ].icensed
- technique, developed about a year ago by Kawasaki 5tee1 at its Mizushima,
Okayama Pref., Works, permits the forming of the continuously cast semifinished
steel into beam blanks prior to their final shaping on the H-shape mill. The
- use of the continuous casting machine's output for H-shape production leads to
yield imgrovement, as we11 as substantial cost and energy savings, as it allows
the bypassing of several steps, such as the ingot teeming, stripping, reheating
and rolling, that are involved in the less energy-efficient primary mill opera-
tions. [Text] [Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 17 Feb 81 p 61
MACHINE TOOL ORDERS--Machine tool orders received in Japan last year reached a
record high, propped by brisk sales both at home and abroad. The Japan Machine
Tool Builders' Association said that orders won by its 68 member comp3nies in
1980 toCaled M621,500 million, up 42 per cent from a year ago. Orders from
abroad swelled by 40 per cent to V 164,600 million, centering on those from the
U.S. and Europe. Domestic orders burgeoned by 80 per cent to V 165,500 million.
- Heavy orders came from automa.kers which are now striving to install more sophis-
ticated equipment to survive amid the sma11 car war in world markets. Notably,
orders for tools equipped with numerical control devices, such as NC lathes and
machining centres, turned sharply upward. The share of NC device-equipped tools
- accounted for almost half the total order in the year. [Text] [Tokyo JAPAN
ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English 17 Feb 81 p 7]
CSO: 4120
END
56
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300090038-8