JPRS ID: 9617 WEST EUROPE REPORT

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000300090039-7
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 43
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 39
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9617
19 March 19~1
,
- t E u ro e R~ a rt
W~s
p p _
(FOUO 1~ 6/~ 1) -
~
- ~BIS FOREIGN ~ROADCAST INFORM~?TION SERVICE
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- JPRS L/9617 =
19 March 1981 ~
= WEST EUROPE REPORT
~ (FOUO 16/81)
CONTENTS
THEATER FQRCES. .
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY ~
SPD Problems With Tornado, TNF, Defense Budget Continue
(Mario R. Dederichs, Werner Heilemann; STER6', 5 Feb 81~ 1
~ COUNTRY SECTION .
_ FF~DERELL REPUBLIC OF GF~F~MANY -
Poll Shows CDU Ahead in West Berlin
(STERN, 29 Jan 81) 7 -
Journal Probes Motives of Rioting Youth ~
(Hei.nrich Jaenecke; STERN, 12 Feb 81) .........................e. 10 ~
Housing idinister on Housing, Remedies
(Dister Haack Interview; STERN, 22 Ja.n 81) 12
- F~ADTCE
Giscax3's Politi~al Enemies Press Criticism of Him
(LE NOiJV~~, OBSERVATEUR, 2 Feb 81~ 15
- Forthcoming Ariane Launch Date Narrowed Down
(Pierre Langereux; AIR & COSMOS, 7 Feb 81) 20
'Contradictions' in Nation's Arms Export Policy
(Michael Gurfinkiel; VALEURS ACTUELLES, 9 Feb 81) 28
Weapons Manufacture Quality Control Measures Described `
(Lucien Cruchant; ARMEF~ D'AUJOURD'HUI, Jan-Feb 81) 32
- Electromagnetic Signatures Studies Outlined by Eagineers -
- (Ph~ilippe Gad~nne, et a1.; ARNfE'ES D'AUJOURD'HUT, Jan-Feb Slj 35
~ Briefs ' -
PCF Sees Invas,ion Possible 40 �
_ - a - [III - WE - 150.FOU0]
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- THEATER FORCBS FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY ~
~'D PROBLEMS' TiiiTTET TORNADO, TNF, DEFENSE BUDGE'T CONTINUE -
- Hamburg STERN in German 5 Feb 81 pp 25-28
[Art~.cle by l~a,rio R. Dederichs and Werner Y~,eilemann: "Three Rebels on the I~it
List"]
[Text] They refuse to go along with the Chancellor's arms -
- buildup pol~.cy: lef twing SPD Bundestage delegates Manfred -
- Coppik, Klaus Thuesing and Karl-Heinz Hansen. But their
attacks upon Heimut Schmidt did not serve.to trigger the
necessary debate within their fraction; r~~ther, they have
_ b ecame the target of right~wing outrage. Now they are to
be put on ~ce...
Words of encouragement ap~eared like a ray of sunshine out of thunderstorm clouds. -
Naving been badmouthed by f riend and foe alike, Minister of Defense Hans Apel _
had recently been toying with the thought of ma.king goo3 on a longtime threat of
- I~s: "Tf the party leaves me out in the cold, ~ will resign my of.fice." -
It fias not come to that yet. Rather than getting more abuse for armament blunders
- aad for th.e financial scandal invol.ving the Torna.do, he felt the presence of a ,
certain amount of restraint within his own ranks last week. Federal Chancellor -
Helmut Schm~dt reassured him: "Hans, I will sugport you," though he immediately
qualified tfiis by adding: "But that does n~ot mean that I agree with all your
actions." Vice Chancellor and coalition partner Hans-Dietrich Genscher too _
signaled covering fire: "You can count on me, Mr Apel."
Even within the SPD fraction, lef twing critics like Bavarian delegate Rudi -
Scho~fberger suddenly showed him "respect" and former Young Socialists' chief
- Gerhard Schroeder called Apel's justifications for an enlarged arms inventory
~ "~actual and acceptable." When Kiel's Norbert Gansel tried to accuse the
Hardthoehe ehief of partial responsibility for building submarines for Chile, he -
was stopped in his tracks by some of his partisans: "Everybody knows that he had .
~ r.othing to do with it." Fina.lly, SPD chief Willy Brandt showed his support
. for the embattled Hamburger in th~ Bundestag: "We shall not abandon him, not -
even when this becomes difficult." -
~ _
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The Bundesw~efir boss can ascribe this surprising shflw of support to an attack by -
_ 24 Bundestag delegates upon t1~ie rec~rd breaking defense budget ~f DM 41.2 billion `
- and to tTie rea.lization tfiat in Apel~s fun~tional area there fias accumulated an -
expl~sive force wi~fch en~roils aot only his collea.gues but whicfi tfireatens ~~o -
- des~rop ti~e social-liberal govermnent coal~tion.
tt is no longer an issue involving the minis*_Pr and his expensive Tornados. What ~
- is ~nvolved now is the govern3.ng capabilitv of the German Socia~ Democrats.
C~ancellor Helmut SchmidC's head is therefore un the lins tco. Without the SPD `
fraction's approval of tlze armament boom he cannot remair. the head of a coalition ~
- ~rhose FDP junior partner ob~ects to any defense budget reduction as being an -
~rresponsible diminution of defense capat~ility. -
r
In Jiew of this, none of the comrades should have been surprised when the head
of the government scared the SPD fraction prior to the budget deliberation w3.th
the fiollowing announcement: "I realize that I am looking for a vote of co~idence."
- Tfie tar~;et of this remark was the discussion of a motion by 24 Social Democrat
delegates to cut DM 1 billion from the def~nse hudget in favor of development
- assistance.
The chancellor was not alon.e in his fight. Fracti.oz chief Herbert Wehner too -
implored tfie dissidents by conjuring up a vision of the future: "We do not want
a government composed of Social Dzmocrats and Free Democrats to fa11 because one
part of it declares: 'We are no longer participat~ng."' Minister of Foreign _
Affairs and FDP chief Hans-Dietrich Genscher even seemed to detect a violation ~
- of "indispensable" obligations of the coalition: "I certainly hope tha~ this is ~
not a case of serious intentions." Genscher's "running dog" Juergen Moellema.nn
- was allowed to be even more vociferous. The liberals, he barked BILD, are
determinedly against any defense cuts; but for that, "the entire social-liberal
- coalition in Bonn would be endangered."
The authors of the motion b~cked off quicklv. They felt that they had been
completely, and deliberately misunderstood. Bundestag newcomer Gerhard Schroeder
attempted to pacify the irritated colleagues: "We are loyal and have no,intention
= whatever of imparing the gbvernment's freedom of action." They wanted to derail
_ neither the budget nor the Chancellor but, according to spok~sman Schoefberger's -
statement to STERN, merely wished to "show good will."
Despite their professions of l~qalty the 24 were treated like lepers. The
chancellor seemed to think that one of them requiret~ a particular "disinfection"
procedure. Prior to being permitted to assume his new poaition as parliamer~tary
~ state secretary in the"ilinis~ry for Education and Science, S~D delegate Eckart
- Kuhlwein had to g~ve a formal promise to the chancellor's state secretary that
he would in the future completely adhere to government p~licy and that he would _
participate in "opinionoforming processes" only in a nonpublic manner. Still,
this special loyalty oath was not enough ta�satisfy the right wing of the fraction.
In, a"dear Helmut" letter, instigated by "se~aer worker" Brigitte Traupe, they were =
- "most surprised" to see Kuhlwein "on the government bench." More than 20
~ Signatories affr.onted the chancellor: "We would not have thought that such a
thing is possible." ~ _
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Ar~ T[iere Onlp Painted Corpses in the Bundestag?
Before tfie exc~tement had fully abated, a nasty article by SPD extreme leftwinger
Karl-Heinz Ha.nserc about the Scfimidt government's defense and arms export politics
appeared in Hamburg`s lef twing KONFCRET magazine and shocked the nervous Social
Democrat community. Hansen had written the article several weeks ago, ~�rith "rag~
in his belly"--against the NATO counterarming decision, greater defense expen-
ditures and additional arms exports. Even though ma.ny a Social I3emocrat heartily
agreed with Hansen, he managed to alienate even his political partisans with his
rough language. Except for Iiansen cronies Manfred Coppik and Klaus Thuesing, no
one felt like accusin~ his own government of "political filth" and "obvious
reluctance and evident incapability of conducting politics of marality and common
- serLse."
The fraction lea.dership reacted hyszerically, not unlike a communist cadre rather
tfian. a democratic people's party: the sama day the KONKRET article was published,
_ Herbert Wefiner summoned the fraction to an extraordinary meeting. Without much
r�eremony and with. only one dissenting vote, Hansen was reprimanded for behavior
damaging to the party. Beyond that, he is now threa.tened with exclusion from the
SPD, an action whicr. could mean the fflunding of a new socialist party. Says
fraction chief Wehner about Hansen`s future: "If we could be spared that kind
_ of a future, it would be well and good."
Apparently the historical parallel with 1914 is lost on Wehner, who is otherwise
well versed in history. Then too there was a divisive fight over the party's
relationsI~p with the armed forces and the odium of ir~responsibility. At the
outhreak of T~Iorld War I, most SPD delegates in the Reichstag voted for funds to
finance the Ka.iser's war because they did not want to be known as "unpatriotic."
A small group voted against it, becuase it did :~ot wish to deviate from its
- pacifist principles; 3 years later it became the "Independent SPD" and split from
the main par ty .
TEie manner in which lef t and right wir.gers q~arreled in the Hansen affair is an
- indication of the deep division within the SPD even today. Hansen called his
colleagues' behavior "somewhat degenerate" and described them as sycophants:
"Don't we have anything but painted corpses running around in the Bundestag?"
_ Rightwinger Guenter Topmann, a retired criminal police inspector, replied in
kind: "It looks as though he repr~sents all th.e mentally disturbed individuals
in the Bundestag." Locksmith and union member Adolf Stockleben even hinted at
. violence~ "If someone had acted like that in our union council, he would have
- felt a fist in his face."
- But the problem has not been solved by giving the col'league a dressing down.
Because the leftwingers are not the only ones who want to impart new credibility
- to the. part decade's peace politics and, without making odious compromises, to
- rejuvenate them. Says Willy Brandt: "We would all be more than delighted if
we could be pacif ists not only by ~onviction but also in practical politics."
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_ Until tfie presen~, the resolutions of the Berlin SPD party conference of December
1979 are still in force. Th.ey provide that "the basis for national defense lies
in creat~ng conditions for international detente"; also, tha.t in establishing
an equilibrium between East and West "arms control and arms reduction should hav~
unequivocal poliC3ca1 priority." But there is conaiderable "contr�diction and
_ controversy" between these goals and the real. life situation, sr3ys SPD Bundestag
member Karsten Voigt. ~
- At tfie time that the party agreed with the stationing of new American me3ium
. range missiles in Europe, there was still hope that the expectations tied to
_ this (ratification of SALT II and extended negotiations between the super powers)
would be fulf~.lled. But there is no such understand~ng now between Moscow and .
Washington, wk~ere the new Reagan administration openly preaches "arms buildup," -
- says Voigt. Tn a confidential position paper, the former head of the Young -
- Socialists considexs it "legitimate" to argue whether Bonn should not suspend -
i.ts vote in favor of a NATO counterarming until a new SALT agreement is concluded.
The Way Genscher Treats the SPD In Disgraceful
Hawever, on this point there is no kidding around with thP chancellor, who sees
_ ~ it a danger to tlie military balance. Said Schanidt in addressin,o, the fraction:
"The Russians keep building more and more missiles which are aimed at us." I3or
would FDP chief Genscher have anything to do with abandoning the NATO decision: -
_ "Our place is on the side of the Americans."
Such smart sayings are an additional source cf irritation for the SPD, because
tF1e colleagues still have not foreigven Genscher for dictating the conditions for -
~ a coalition after the heady 10-percent election success of the FDP. In H~rbert
T~Iehner's words: "It is a two-digit mood of euphoria." And they also blame him '
= far piously protecting the cha.ncellor against attacks by his colleagues, when
- actually he is ~eeking to compound Schmidt's problema.
With his attempts ar meddling in SPD matters (says a highly placed CDU functionary
about the I'DP chief: "The way he treats the SPD is a disgrace") the foreign -
minister further exacerbates the mood within the coalition. Helmut Schmidt is
the primary target of this irritation.
~
Since last November's changes in the government friction between the pa.r='.es has ,
been on the increase, and not only about differences concerning the arms busii~css
- and arms control:
~ in their ~oint resolution the FDP insisted that union representatives in t.he ~
_ supervisory board not be appointed, but elected by the workers. Schmidt agrEaed
and thereby earned the scorn of the DGB.
_ in energy policy, it is much more difficti+.lt tor the chancellor to obtain a
limited nuclear energy buildup in his own ranks than it is for his partner
Ha.ns-Dietrich Genscher.
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in trade policies, Fi1P Minister for Economics Otto Graf Lambsdorff, just like
Scfimidt, does not wish to figFit the recession with additional state subsidies
(trade stimulat~on pr~grams), despite threatening unemployment for 1.5 million
- workers. Bp~ contrast, inf luential SPD politicians fear that without such support
"conditions like in England" might arise (in the words of economic expert Wolfgang
Roth). ~
Next spring this fractured unity will be further tested by two elections: during `
the Hesse communal elections in March and the overall election of the Berlin house ~
of delegates on 10 May. Should the Frankfurt liberals swing toward CDU Mayor
- ~Ialter Wallma.nn or in Berlin toward Union chief Richard von Weizsaecker, this could
spell the end of the Bonn coalition. Even now the colleagues on the Rhine and
on the Spree are irrita ted by the way Berlin's FDP obstructionist Hermann Oxfort
' is getting chummy with the Christia.n Union by way of rightwing pronounce~~nts and
criticism of the SPD.
Until the Berlin elections, the CDU/CSU will attempt through persistent pressure -
_ in Bonn to keep the SPD and FDP from calming down. the SPD's VORWAERTS is already .
issuing warnings that the party must not "lend its store of commonalities freely -
to a public dismantling." Such initiatives, it continues, as the budget motion -
by the 24 are a�1free lunch" for the Christian Union. Because the opposition
sees especially in the area of def ense a potential weak point for the government
coalition, and it sees in the embattled defense minister Ha.ns Apel the weakest
link in the cha.in. The way they figure it, a resignation by the minister of _
def ense only a few months after the sacrificial departure by the minister of
justice and "chancellor crown prince", Hans-Jochen Vogel, for the Schoeneberg
' city ha.ll would demolish the coalition once and for all.
. This is not Ape1's first experience as a touchstone for the government coalition.
- WIzen in 19%7 the then fir~ance minister, Apel, felt that Chancellor Schmidt had
doublecrossed him during the coalition ~ebate about the value added tax, he _
refrained from resigning solely because he cared about the integrity of the
coalition. Said Apel at the r.ime: "Had I resigned, the coalition would probably
_ have been shaken." As he confided to an advisor, he is today too "ready to stick
it out, though beset with self doubt." It will not be easy; the way SPD defense
- expert Horst Jungmann expresses it, "anyone who has lasted as a minister for more
than 2 years begins to sense how the long-preparea noose is being tightened."
_ Apel has been ~n office at the Hardthoehe for 3 years, and he cannot check off
any of the burning problems in his area as:having been solved:
' a DM 1.3 billion cost overrun in financing the MRCA Tornado multiple-purpose
- aircraft must still be satisfied with all means at his disposals, even at the
_ expense of other armament projects. Apel for instance no longe~ wants a completely
new design for the joint German-French batCle tank 90 ("Napoleon"); instead, he ~
wants a more cost-effective modification and improvement of the Leopard II, at
the risk of dissatisfaction in Da.r.is; _
The TKF 90 tactical fighter for the 1990s too is dead as an all-German project.
- The Hardthoehe now leans toward the purchase of a foreign product;
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an audit o~ the de,~ense budget in March ~aill show whether anyting at all is
le~t for i'~.nanc~ig. Des~pite a 6.2 percent inc~ease in his overall 1981 budget
Apel is not sure even n,~ur whether a supplementary budget allocation will not be
= necessary;
~
' it is questionable whether the continuing arguments about tradition aad public
- soldiers' swearing-in ceremonies will be settled after a hearing planned for April. ~
The generals keep pushing for pomp and circumstance. Critics like former Bundes-
wrhr reformer Wolf Graf Baudis~in do not consider the "decorative-mystical"
performances of young recruits or tha new medals a suitable means for integrating
the armed forces into the overall society. Apel has already brought the CDU's
scorn upon himse~f because he has prohibited any spectacular events by the
Bundeswehr prior to the hearing. In parliament he was ridiculed by soldiers
~ in the spectators seats for venturing the pronouncement that "barracks are public
- places too." Tf thi.s were true, there may r~ot have been any uproar like that in
Bremen and Bonn;
tIze promotian freeze, a sour~e of continuing frustration among profe~sional
soldiers, is considered "unsolvable" even by sympathetic experts in view of lack
of funds;
finally, only Apel knows ho~ the mandatory strength of 500,000 men wili be
" reached at the end of the 1980s, wh2n the results of the "p~.ll" 1:.~:ck will exert
its influence upon available draftees. A much discussed proposed solution: _
draft women into the armed forces.
More than anything else, the badly served Ape1 has been unsuccessful in inspiring
_ military and civilian personnel in his ministry to ].oyal collaboration. Among _
otFier things, the minister was kept in the dark for months before he was told
the entire extent of the Tornadeo affair. Army Chief of Staff Hans Poeppel .
played a confuss~� game with Apel concerning the required number of Leo-2 tanks--
whether it wa~ 1,500 or 1,800, thus embarrassing the minister before the defense ~
- committee with contradictory data. The cool man from Hamburg remains unloved
by his generals; the relationship gains nothing at all from the fact tha.t in
private conversations he refers to some of them as "idiots."
It cannot be excluded that in the hidebound defense bureaucracy there w3.11 not be
a repetition of the Tornado affair, if for instance the value of the dollar and
inflation shouid dri.ve the cost of the airborne early warning,SWACS system a~,ove
tiie proposed DM 1.5 billion, or if the production of the Roland antiaircraft
missile does not proceed as desired. ~
For the rnoment, the Union strategy's lever against Apel remains the expensive, _
accident-plagued Tornado fighter. The oppositian wants to reveal embarrassing
details in an investigative committee: was Apel aware of the financial crisis
onlq as late as November 1980? One of the minister's confidants worries already: -
"He will never come off this particular horse in one piece." It certainly has _
already kicked him several times. _
COPYRIGHT 1981 Gruner + Jahr AG & Co. -
- 9273
- CSO: 3103
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~ COUNT~Y SECTION FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
POLL SHOWS CDU AHEAD IN WEST BERLIN
� Hamburg STERN in German 29 Jan 81 p 15
_ [Text] Berliners have an amazing trust in Hans-Jochen Vogel. Scarcely has he .
installed his "transitional Senat" on the shambles of the social-liberals with
- unknown emergency personnel, than 38 percent of the West Berliners say they want
this Social Democrat from Bonn to continue as the "man in power" even after the -
new elections that everyone wants. This is true in spit~ of the fact that at~the
_ moment only 28 percent would vote SPD, and basely 20 percent think the Social
Democrats will win the election. ~
The results of the rapid'~ poll taken by the Allensbach Demoscopic i:~stitute for
STERN on Friday and Saturday of last week are both contradictory and informative.
Seventy-one percent of the registered voters favor new elections "as soon as pos- _
sibl~." Only 12 percent want to wait until 19~3 for the "normal" election time.
The public's anger is too great over the entanglement of people and offices in
. scandals involving millions of marks. Finally--as the STERN poll sho*~as further-- _
on11� 2 percent were "very satisfied" with the Stobbe Senat, while a total of 21
percent ware satisfied "in general." But 33 percent were "not particularly satis-
fied," and 39 percent were "not satisfied at allo"
It is not surprising, then, that if the elections were held as early as next Sun-
- day, only 28 percent would vote for the SPD (election results in Ma.rch, 1979: -
- ~42.7 percent), while 49 percent would p3ck the CDU (1979 results: 44.4 percent).
But it is surprising that the FDP comes out so well with 9 percent, even though
- it wras, in the person of former Mayor and industrial Senator Wolfgang Luede~,
deeply involved in the Garski scandal, and even though the lonely "away from the
SPD" policy of its rightwing representative, Herniann Oxfort, has caused much dis-
- content among friends of the party.
_ This "snapshot" of ~rhat the public immediately favors and does not favor that ap-
peared in the "Sunday Question" column should nevertheless be discounted a little.
_ First of all, the Christian Democrats and the "Alternative L3gt," which did -
- strikingly well with 13 percent, have actua.lly carried out a complete election "
_ campaign wifih their successful collection of signatures for a referendum on early -
*A representative cross--section of the West Berlin population, 18 and over, was
- polled (527 interviews). -
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elections. And then, too, the new elections will not be held next Sunday, but
at the earliest in mideJune.
Ther efore it will depend upon whether the Christian Democrat, Richard von
= Weizsaecker, can hold and increase his momentary bare confidence ma3ority that ~
has fallen to him through the collapse of the Stobbe Senat. Or whether the
Social Democrat, Hans-Jochen Vogel, with his transition government, will show
himself worthy of the advance confidence that has been placed in him, and whether
he will make the SPD attractive for more Berliners, -
Interpretation of the poll results clearly shows whu must seek what where, and
_ who must catch up where: Those under 44 years of age are more in favor of Vogel;
those over 45 and the senior citiTens have more confidence in Weizsaecker.
The West Berliners know very well that the SPD leadership did not send such a
valuable man as Vogel just for their sake alone: On1y 27 percent feel that the _
diffi.:ulties in their city will not have an eff~ct on the Federal Republic, while
44 percent believe that the Berlin Senat crisis is weakening the SPD/FDP coali- -
tion in Bonn.
- 1. Whom would you prefer as mayor of Berlin? Christian Democrat Richard von
Weizsaecker, or Social Democrat Hans-Jochn Voge12 ~
45 and
Total Men Women 18-44 years older
- von Weizsaecker 39 ~?0 38 25 50
~ Vogel 38 41 36 48 30
Undecided 23 19 26 27 20
2. If you had the choice here in Berlin between a government of Social Democrats
and Free Demc+~r~ts and a government of Christian Democrats and Free Democrats: -
- What would , ~u prefer?
45 and
Total Men Women 18-44 years older -
Prefer CDU/FDP
government 41 43 40 31 50 -
Prefer SPD/FDP -
government 39 41 38 49 31
- Undecided 20 16 22 20 19
3. If elections for the Berlin legislature were to take place, which party would
you vote for?
Election Results =
Total 3 March 1979 Men Women 18-44 44- _
CDU 49 (44.4) 46 52 33 61 -
SPD .28 (42.7) 27 28 29 27
- FDP 9 (8.1) 9 9 8 10 -
Alternative list 13 17 10 29 2 ~
Other 1 (4.8) 1 1 1 -
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4. Wtzich party do you think wiZ? win the election and name the mayor, the CDU '
or the SPD?
45 and -
Total Men Women 18-44 ' years o].der
CD'J 52 57 48 51 53 _
SPD 20 19 21 20 19
Undecided,
don't know 28 24 31 29 2$ _
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Gruner + Jahr AG & Co.
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- COUNTRY SECTION FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY =
JOURNAL PROBES MOTIVES OF RIOTING YOUTH
- Hamburg STEFN in German 12 Feb 81 pp 27-28
[Article by Heinrich Jaenecke: "They Throw Rucks and Look for Love"] -
[Text] During a television discussion at the midnight hour, Alfons Pawelczyk,
Hamburg's senator of the interior, admittsd his helplessness concerning youth =
riots: "How should I as a politician kn~w where it is coming from when even the
parents and the schools do not knowr? And how are adults to provide orientation
_ ~for young people when they themselves ~re looking for orientation?" -
The candid remark was pleasantly different from the stereotyped phrases that are
used by responsible public officials in such cases. Because the world of the =
adults in the FRG is indeed experiencing a mixture of helpl~ssness, confusion and
- barely suppressed rage in its confrontation with a militant youth which has emerged
_ from its self-imposed ghetto to attack the "shit state."
_ To be sure, .a youth protest movement has been in existence for a decade and a half
_ and it has left- c.~nsiderable traces in society; nevertheless, what has been _
happening sir.~.: last year in street battles in Berlin, Zs~~~ch, Bremen, Amsterdam
and elsewhere is something new. No longe*- doe~ have anything to do with social
ref orm or with political goals, no matter how radical.
It is an outbreak oF undisguised, unbridled violence. It finds satisfaction -
within itself, in mere destruction, in physical combat with the police. Any
occasion is suitable for this elementary, anarchis~ic violence, whether it is a _
Bundeswehr pledge, Brokdorf or the occupation of a house. It does not care ~
whether it discredits all these protest movements, which are certainly legitimate. -
The inherent motive is to destroy. Naturally, it also affects the antinuclear
movement, which at one time originated in the adult world. -
Nobody should say that there are only a few thousand who are roaming the streets
with crowbars and bri.cks, a small minority, and it is not worth getting all ex- .
cited about it. Anybody who deals with young people and knows schools and
universities knows that it is not so: The small minority represents a large
aggression potential, recruiting from all social classes. Many young people, if -
_ not most of them, no longer feel that violence is eviJ .
Nevertheless, these bitter statements accomplish nothing at all. The real
diff iculty is finding the causes and solutions. The conservatives always recom-
mend strici: "measures," the progressives only see the causes, from miserahle
= ].0 -
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living conditions to youth unemployment. Both are right: Naturally, there must
bP no street terror and, naturally, there must be an end to the scandalous land
speculation.
~ But this juven3le rage cannot be~defused by the police or through social
legislation. The causes lie much deeper, buried in layers that have not been =
~ reached by politics ur the schools. The cause is society itself, because this -
youth is its product. '
- "The fear of youth produces fear because it is also our fear." This sentence is
written in an investigation by the Swiss Youth Commission, which delved into the _
_ causes of the Zurich riots. T.he conclusions that were drawn can also be applied
- to Germany. In the opinion of the Swiss, the causes for juvenile aggression are -
- the isolation of the individual, the pluralistic industrial society, the technica- _
~ lized environment. As a result, elementary emotional needs can no longer be
- satisfied and the individual is degraded, becoming a production factor. Many
adults are just as overpowered by this feeling of isolation as their children are. _
~ The difference is, adults do not reach for rocks but they drown'their loneliness
~ in alcohol or they become resigned.
Every psychologist knows that aggressiveness stems from an unfulf illed longing
- for warmth, security and self-conf idence. The young generation must have lacked
- all these things to a frightening degree. TY~e Zurich analysis points to the fact
that today's 20-year-olds grew up during the period of wild economic growth and =
frenzied consumption. Ifi was a time when the family as an institution was
= questioned, when the parents themselves were "very helpless because of problems ~
in life that they had not yet overcome," "unable to show genuine affection to
their children."
These children grew up during a time when everything seemed possible, everything
- seemed attainable and everything seemed permissible, and suddenly they were .
_ facing a world that was entirely different: cold, impersonal, rejective. Even _
universitiss proved to be a nigh~mare although their fithers had raved about
them.
Insecure, not easily encumbered, isolated--for this genara*_ion aggression against =
the environment became a way of life. "For the rampaging youth," the Zurich
analysis states, "violence is an expression of a desperate situation and a des- -
_ perate emotional state." A,-!d: "The goal of his rebellion is actually, among
other things, to find peace and order, in other words, to f ind his place in -
society so that he can fulfill himself."
In view of the brutality in the streets, many people may feel that this sentence
is an insult, and, certainly, no police president will be served with this
psychological insight. But if we are looking for answers, this is the only area
where they can be found. Needed is a discussion that does not stop at the
question: How can we restore peace in the streets as quickly as possible?
Such a discussion must remove taboos, also taboos on the left. After all, if
everybody agre~s that these raving.children lacked warmth, security and love, in =
other words, elementary emotional values, ttre left must also ask itself whether _
ist alienating rationalism did not contribute as much as the industrial world to
the fact that these values became a scarce commodity. There is a positive side
to broken windowpanes: They force us to think.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Gruner + Jahr AG & Co.
= 8991 11
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COUNTRY SECTION FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
= HOUSING MINISTER ON HOUSING, REMEDIES
= Hamburg STERN in German 22 Jan 81 pp 123-124
[Interview with Minister for Regional Planning, Housing and City Planning Dieter
= Haack ry Kurt Breme and Werner D'hein: "We Are Working on Progressive Rents"]
[Text] STERN: Mr Minister, how great is the apartment shortage in the FRG?
Haack: It cannot be precisely expressed in numbers. In the big cities, the demand
for apartments ha~ been on the increase for about 2 years. Young and old are
_ flooding the housing market to the same extent as families with children and the
handicapped. The Federal Government, Laender and communities must deal with this
problem j ointly .
STERN: PrivatPly f inanced housing construction is ~ust about dead. During 1973,
' 175,000 apartments were built--last year about 20,000. Why is no one interested in
making investments in this area any more?
- Haack: Many inv~~tors made their investments during the early 1970s in anticipation
of high infl~ .~on rates. Land, construction and financing costs were lower than
they are today- At present, private or institutional investors can hardly look for
a return, because they would have to charge about DM 15 pe~ square meter. Nobody
can afford that. G~Te must therefore look for a way on the one hand to make public
support more eff icient and on the other to create new incentives for private
ir_vestment .
STERN: In that case, please tell us how we might recapture the German life
insurance companies which formerly pumped billions into housing construction, as
investors.
Haack: To guarantee the insurance companies a calculable return on their investment
in housing construction, we are planning progressive rentals...
STERN: ...in which a renter is informed of rent increases in future years as soon
as he moves i.nto an apartment...
Haack: ...correct. This will enable the insurers to visualize probable returns
- ~n their investments for the f irst 10-15 years on the basis of programed rent
increases. In addition, we want to create investment incentives by decontrolling
the rent increase procedure and by introducing a compulsory rental index.
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STERN: Many politicians believe that exaggerated rent control has chased investors
- out of the ma~ket. Do you share their opinion?
- Haack: I do not, actually. But I cannot deny that such argumEn.ts have played a -
peychological part in the matter. Nevertheless, we must not do away with rent -
- control; it is on~ of the pillars of our social security system. _
STERN: Such concepts as decontrol of the rent increase procedure, progressive
rentals, and indexed rents all seem to ~ome under the heading of "a greater
housing mazket." Will that not hurt mostly the wrong people, namely the small-
income citizens? -
Haack: I do not believe so. After all, privately f inanced housing construction to
_ date was essentially directed at the higher bracket earners as well. For lower ~
income groups we still nave public housing construction and rent supports.
_ STERN: But only one out of every five of those entitled to apply for public
- housing actually obtains it. Does ttr.at indicate bankruptcy for housing construc- _
tion policies practiced to date?
Haack: Not at all. We must take into account the fact that renters now have
_ greater expectations of their housing. Increased demands mean greater costs, as a
_ result of which we are producing fewer holising units than in the past with the
- Funds at our disposal. Added to this is of course the overall cost increase.
STERN: How are the approximately DM 20 billion spent which the government usPs
to support housing construction? -
Haack: About 4 million are put into direct support of new construction. More
than 5 billion are devoted to home ownership, pe.r paragraph 7b of the income tax
law; this is new construction also. Rent supports, which are assuming an increas-
ingly important function, amount to about 2 billion. Added to all thatare building -
loan premiums, support for modernization of old buildings, energy savings supports
or income tax deductions for land purchases for the purpose of home ownership. -
that is roughly how the DM 20 billion are spent.
= STERN: You have the intention of collecting supplementary rentals from
"non-entitled" renters in public housing. Will that result in apartments becoming -
available for those entitled to them?
Haack: What concerns us is the justice in making allocations. Those who have
Iong since earned more than the allowable maximum and still occupy public housing
should pay more rent. These supplemental rents should then be returned to the
- public housing fund for appropriate purposes. But we would not intend to use
this means to have anyone evicted from their apartm~nts.
STERN: Have the Laender not declined to go along with this?
Haack: The Laender with CDU/CSU governments are more or less against it at
present. This is surprising, since Lae~ider like Bavaria had been urging a quick
introduction of this tax.
STERN: Another reason for the p.resent rental apartment crisis is the horrible
cost of land. However, in the big cities we can see great numbers of vacant lots -
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~ in str.eets of attached houses. Is there any way in which communities could be made -
to acquire such lots for the purpose of construction? -
Haack: We are indeed attempting to make such land, insofar as it is being held .
- off the market for speculative reasons, available far consCruction by improving -
_ building conditions for communities. -
STERN: You have also spoken about higher real estate taxes for land suitable for -
~ construction How geat will'be the difference between present and proposed real
estate taxes? -
_ Haack: No formal decision has beer~ made on this; it is under study by the
- ministries concerned. The fir~t thing we must determine is w'~ether such a tax
= would indeed serve to "mobilize" those lots. -
STERN: Your intention is, jointly with the Federal Laender, to stop the galloping -
- building costs.
_ Haack: We intend in different Laender to support construction of scme houses or
; apartment buildings, on the assumption that there are no such things as building -
codes or standards, apart from statics principles or insulation requiremen~s. That
- i~ how we hope to determine experimentally whether high building costs are really
caused by standards and building costs. I expect some interesting results from
this. r
_ STERN: There has been some activity in the last few years in the area of renovation -
_ of old buildings. Can we expect in the near future a rPnovation directive for
building owners who are deliberately letting a building fall apart in order to
speculate on demolition and new construction? ~
Haack: There is no need to create such a directive; it is already in existence,
as is the building requirement, as a part of the Federal building law. Communities
- have been able to invoke modernization directives since 1977.
STERN: During the ~iddle of the 1980s, housing market problems will be~ome still =
more urgent, when the fiigh birth rate age groups come on the scene. What prepar-
_ ations are being made for this by the Federal, Laender and community governments?
~ Haack: I am all for giving a greater share of the responsibility to the ~
_ communities, because tti~y are most aware of the nature of their problems. The
Federal support system must permit a more flexible and better differentiated use
of resources locally.
STERN: This would make you the first Federal minister to voluntarily relinquish
some of his jurisdiction...
Haack: ...that depends on what you understand by "~urisdiction." The Federal
- Government does not want to duck its responsibilities. What we are concerned
with is that housing construction problems be solved in a more efficient manner--
especially with respect to the 1980s.
_ COPYRIGHT: 1981 Gruner + Jahr AG & Co.
~ 9273
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COUNTRY SECTION F1:ANCE -
GISCARD'S POLITICAL ENEMIES PRESS CRITICISM OF HIM ~
Paris LE NOWEL OBSERVATEUR in French 2 Feb 81 pp 26-27
[Articles under the heading "The Man Who Wanted to Be King--The Yresident Under
Crossfire" entitled "Pierre Boutang: 'A Usurper In the Service of Satan (by
Jean-Paul Enthoven), "Thomas Ferenczi: 'A Champion of Inequality (by L'hierry
Pfister), "Roger-Gerard Schwartzenberg: 'Resurrection of the Ancien Regime',"
and "Alain Duhamel: 'Four-armed Vishnu
[Text] With Pierre Boutang's mortar, Thomas ~'erenczi's
telescopicsight rifle, Roger-~erard Schwartzenberg's v _
~ bazooka and Alain Duhaffiel's blowgun in bookstore windows,
Giscard does not ris~ "catching cold" this winter.
Pierre Boutang: "A Usurper in the Service of Satan" -
A king? An old-line Maurras follower strongly reproaches him for the treachery of -
not b eing one. This is an unusual Maurras follower, to be sure, since we are talk-
ing about Pierre Boutang, that anarchistic-mEdieval duell3st with inexhaustibl~
reserves of spirit and hatred. So Boutang, who a royalist and liege man via the
senior branch of his family, likes kings, and hates tyrants and their loathsome pro- -
pensity for currupting good."paternalistic power" all the more. In order to make
_ this known, and to shout it out to a France which, if he is to be believed, Giscard
is robbing of its destiny, Boutang has ~ust written a satire (published by Hallier
Books) of the kind that often springs up at the twilight of petty reigns, pre-
_ dictably seasoned with bile, vomit and onto-logical cursing.
But Boutang--with his Latin tags and his enthusiasm reminiscent of a different _
~ generation, and foaming at the mouth with the rhetoric of the grand old men (Bloy
and Bernanos of course)--Boutang adds to all that a method which is solely his own: -
- in order to aim straight, he aims low. And, to tell the truth, this fratricidal
way he takes the law into his own hands piques your curiosity.
Let us get past the title--"Precis de Foutriquet [Little Nobody HandbookJ"--which
the enemy will puzzle at in vain. B~utang, who believes in the devil, has an
obsession in common with certain Mormon sects of not naming him at all. So he
borrows from last century's legitimists and co~unards the surname which they used
to refer to Mr Thiers. This good ~oke right out of a high school graduating class
con~ures up damnation, a thunderbolt, and a big stick. In the context of this wild
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triad, our author--who is better "insgired" when he talks about William Blake or
_ Dostuyevski--seCs up his booby trap and states in esser~ce: "Foutr~quet's" soul is -
concocted out of despicable trai~s. Let us specifically say, for caution's and
f.airness' sake, that these "despicable traits" are not eractly the ones that we here
- wou].d attribute to the Flysee' ~ current te~iant.
- For Giscard, according to Boutang, is guilty of everything, is a~ra-~tor and per~ur.er r
_ a thousand times over, and is a usurper. So Giscard is reproached equally for the
: tiniest and the worst things: his "Marseillaise that just crawls along�' and his
- A~rican policy, the Warsaw handshake and his friendship with Roger Vadim, his "mis-
tresses," his "psychoanalysis at Lacan's" and his racketeering "in the service of
Mammon." Juvenal and Agrippa d'Aubigne are summoned up by the portraitist who
wants to paint a man for us who has "taken off his honor liice people take off their
clothes wh en it is too hot."
Furthermore, and above all, he reproaches "Foutriquet," freshly launched in Auvergne
nobility, for not being "born," as was said in those times when Vol.taire was flogged
by the I'rince of Rohant's lackeys. That is the amazing th-Lng about a point of view: -
Giscard, the symbol of landowner Orleanism, almost become~ a stateless person in
the light of heraldic genealogy--was he not barn in Koblenz?--with his empty coat-~f-
- arms, well off in chateaus but not in roots. Would Boutang be confusing the Gis-
cardian Re~ublic with "the Republic of Joanovici" to which he dedicated a re~volting
lampoon in 1949? You hardly have any d~ubt that is the case because his wr9.ting is
- so packed with mythical reappearances: "Demoeratie fr.ancaise [French Democra;.y]" -
is supposedly coded in masonic language, like Mozart's Requiem; the Veil ~_aw is,
supposedly the Mephistophelean invention of a man who "hates God and the cross," of
= a"knight of the abortion-house," the accomplice of a"Dulcinea of newborn de~~th." `
Finally, the new "Bessarabian millionaire" has a love of filthy lucre, of d..;.amonds
and gold, which makes him a slave to the dictates of "merx" ("merchandise" in Latin).
Let us make sure we are fully aware on this score: might not Boutang be using the
president so he can palm off his hatred of the republic under a vaguely progressive
~ banner? -
Basically he has just written a book in order to proclaim that "Foutriquet" lies,
corrupts "directly and indirectly," and "is burying Francs as its gravedigger." If
it were not for the revolting smell drifting above his presentat3on, we might be
able to take his word for it, especially since style is the least thinb lacking in
_ his hatred. But how can you avoid getting mud in your eye from reading something
like this? Boutang has the right to prefer the father--who wrote a sparkling
trifle on "la Monarchie interieure et la seigneurie de soi-meme [Internal Monarchy -
and Being Lord of Yourself]"--over the son, who clair~s, fortunately for him, not to
read the books dedicated to him. But s'~nce waiting for the Cossacks and the Holy -
Spirit leaves him some free time, why does he not take advantage of it to root
_ around in his subcons~ious? The cries "Montjoie" and "Saint-Denis" have sometimes
saved France but never saved democ,.acy.
_ Thomas Ferenczi: "A Champion of Inequality"
Seven years ago the left hesitated in the face of Giscard. The new president, it is ~
true, did not spare any effort to win it over. By stripping the office of president
of its burdensome protocol, he seemingly wanted to opt for modernity, in the style
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of a Pierre Elliott Trudeau or Olof Palme. Could Giscard--a man who paid
attention to c~nceptual debate, respected the great names at universities, and
believed in smoothing out tense situations--become someone you could ~eal with? ~
After all, a man who claimed to be looking deep into France's eyes could not fail to
_ catCh the eye of all those who feel or believe they are the spokesmen for "the
wor~ters and the masses of the people." Disillusionment was not long in coming. For
= what Giscard was actually looking at was only his cwn x~eflecticn. ~
Thi~ in part3eular is what Thomas Ferenczi explains in his fascinating essay "le
- Prince au miroir [The Prince In the Mirror]" (Albin Michel). He himself was in a
good position to appreciate how artit3.cia1 the poses adopted by the new chief of
state were. He was an accredited correspondent at the Elysee for LE MONDE and ~
"covered" the f irst three years of the 7-year t~erm in that privileged slot, up until
~ the time when living under the same roof with th~ master of the house turned out to _
be impossible. Giscard's vaunted taste for intellectual debate did not go as far
as putting up with critical snalyses from a man who was trying to understand what
really underlay the new government. So all the Elysee's doors were closed to LE
MONDE's representative. Tired of this, he fell back on the cultural area where he
has been able to observe the unfolding of anotrer facet of Giscardian ideology to
his heart's content.
_ For there doe.s exist somethiiig which is specifically Giscardian. Alain Duhamel
believes he has discovered what it is: the will to modernize. In l:is "Republique
giscardienne [Giscardian Republic]" (Grasset), he goes into ecstasies over the
signs the new goverrnnent shows of re~ecting whatever is old-fashioned. If there is
- one point that Bernard-Henri Levy has emphasized in timely fashion in his "Ideologie _
francaise [French Ideology]" (Grasset) it is the shallowness of that framework of _
analysis. Petain's "National Revolution" carried modernism and old-fashioned ways
onward at the same time. And it is the same with Giscard's.
One of the left's errors at the beginning of the 7-year term was to confuse the new -
president's postures with rightist reformism as symbolized by General De Gaulle's
plans for worker participation or Jacques Chaban-Delmas's speech on the "new society."
This mistake is reminiscent of the one the left made at the time the 5th Republic _
was set up when it underestimated Gaullism's originality and wanted to make Gaullism
out to be ersatz f ascism. In the course of a concise description of the political
- reality of Giscardism, Thomas Ferenczi does a good 3ob of laying out the fundamental
difference which exists between these two "modernisms." The reformism embodied in
Gaullism was borrowed from leftist ideology, in particular a certain amount of
humanistic faith in progress. Th.ere is nothing of that kind in Giscard. On the
contrary, his speeches express depp pessimism. You find in them a tone rather like
Huxley's "Meilleur des mondes [Brave New World]," as if the crisis of the 1980's
were allowing ideological currents which developed during the 1930's to spring up
- again.
- For Giscard's modernism recalls that of the 1930's non-conformists. They too were
convinced the world was in deep trouble; however, they theught they had the tech- '
niques with which they could root it out. This is what Paul N3.zan called "the
- revolution of deliberate sacrifice," which Thomas Ferenczi clearly shows is the
basic attitude of the current goveri!ment. By substituting the specter of decline
for a belief in progress, Giscard recommends a kind of "adaptation" which simply -
- 17
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masks the return of theories of inequality, wtiich is to say, of elitism. ~ We are
' witnessing the revenge of the h~.storic right, not to mention tlie "new right," after
the resounding defeat that historic right was dealt by G~neral De Gau11e, a right
confident of its preeminence and what it is clea~ly entitled to.
The most satisfying iilustration provided by Ferenczi is ta.ken fxom cultural pol3cy =
_ carried out '-hr~ughout the 7-year term. From the funeral oration for artistic
_ patronage to the triumph of the Opera House, from the abandonment of the decentral-
_ ization dear to Malraux to state sponsorship of the entertainment industry symbolized
- ty Gaumont, the structures of a"Giscard system" are brought to light. By develop- =
_ ing "an ideology of happiness via the possession of things and trustir~g that they -
will give pleasure," these structures allow society's cadres to recognize each other -
and they distract a large part of the population "which is offered, in tk~e name Qf
a deceptive diversity, a debased version of the products reserved for th~ elite." -
For the right's revenge on Gaullism is accompanied by a cultural transformation due
in particular to the fact that the standards of ENA [National School of Administration]
(and secondarily by the Ecole Polytechnique) are supplanting those of the Advanced -
Teacher Training School. Talking sociology and philosophy is now more appropriate
than talking art or poetry. But ~u.ost of all, virtuoso performance, knowing how to
do things, and knowing the right thing to say now prevail over actual knowledge per
se. This is a drift which the left did not itmnediately notice undoubtedly because
- it too protects itself fram that drift only with diff iculty.
Rober-Gerard Schwartzenberg: "Resurrection of the Ancien Regi.me" _
Roger-Gerard Schwartzenberg, vice chairman of the Movement of Radicals of the Left
~ and a deputq in the Strasbourg European Assembly but also a law professor, makes -
this observation in his book "The Uncomprom~ising Right" (Flammarion): `
"Giscard d'Estaing seems increas~ngly like the third king of the kings who have -
made the 5th Republic, like the head of a strange system of government, restoring
_ what is almost ~.i~~ most out-of-date form of political organization for a society:
absolute monal,.ny.
_ When all is said and done, what was the ancien regime form of absolute monarchy
if it was not one man's having all powers of government? All power of the state
~ resided in the king, and that power was considered indivisible. The new regime is
a monopoly system. The Elysee, buttressed by its parliamentary majority, is accumu-
lating and monopolizing a11 power. It is taking over all decision-making and is now
in complete control.
~ The arbiter president has changed into the monarch president, transforming the prime _
minister into a majordomo and other ministers into people simply carrying out his
' wishes."
= Alain Duhamel: "Four-armed Vishnu"
"France is governed by an elected sovereign, a republican monaxch the next thing to
being an enlightened despot," Alain Duhamel maintains in "La republique giscardienne" -
(Grasset). He goes on: "Frenchmen are barely aware of the fact that the president -
� of their republic is far and away the most powerful Western head of government, the
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one with the most extensive powers within his nation's politj.cal system at his ~
disposal. _
There is no more doubt about Valery Giscard d'Estaing. The liberal patrician, who
had kep~ his distance from what he termed "the solitary exercise of power" of the
General's time, has been led--as were his predecessors and even perhaps to a greater
extent than they, although for different reasons, by different means, and with a
diff~rent style--to gain c~ntrol more forcefully than ever for the Elysee. There
= you have the distinctive characteristic of the Sth Republic. The elected prince _
rules and governs at the same time. He is the Queen of England and Her Gracious -
- Majesty's prime minister all wrapped up in on~. It is the Liberal Empire in 7-year ~
= slices. It is Vishnu, the Brahman four-armed god: the first arm symbolizing the
state and the nation, the second arm embodying governmental and administrative -
authority, the third for carrying on politi,cal and parliamentary activity, and the -
fourth to keep anti-government activ:?_ties in check. -
COPYHT(~T: 1981 "le Nouvel Observateur"
9631 -
C s0: 3100
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_ COUNTRY SECTION FRANCE
FORTHCOMTNG ARIANE LAUNCH DATE NARROWED DOWN
Paris AIR & COSMOS in French 7 Feb 81 pp 44-46 ~ ~
; [Article by Pierre Langereux: "The Ariane Launcher Can Still Become Operational
at the End of 1981"]
[Text] The next and third test flight (L03) of the European Ariane launch vehicle
carrying two satellites, Meteosat and Apple, will take place in late June 1981 or
a little later in July 1981. .
The exact date will be set around 20 March 1981 at the conclusion of the final tests
" of the Viking engine injec~ors of the launcher's first and second stages. These
tests will indeed deterLnine whether the modifications made since the summer of 1980 -
to the injectors are sufficient to insure the adequate operation of the Viking engine
at the time of the next launch. This is to avoid the reappearance of the phenomenon _
= which caused the destruction of the launch vehicle at the time of the second test -
flight (L02) on 23 May 1980 in French Guiana. _
The CNES [National Center for Space Studies] and the ESA [European Space Agency] indeed .
- announced once -~.:in, at the press conference held on 2 February 1981, that the third
- test flight or the launch vehicle was theoretically planned for the second half of
June 1981.
But the exact date of the launch will be set only in a few weeks, Yves Sillard,
director-general of the CNES, said. Th~s means after the final trial of the five -
_ Viking engine injectors of the launch vehicle's first and second stages (L03). -
The CNES has "complete co~nfidence" in the improvements made on the injectors, declared
~ Frederic d'Allest, director of the launch vehicle division of the CNES and president
of Arianespace. He noted however, that "some uncertainty continues in ~onnection with
_ the time france" for finalizing and evaluating the new injectors. "There may still
be some difficulties there," Frederic d'Allest said, thereby reflecting the cautious
= optimism of the program heads.
These new injectors wi11 indeed undergo trials with very rigorous criteria, stricter
than those set earlier. These criteria anticipate notably that all the flight injectors
will undergo an "operational trial" (stationary firing with real propellants) and no
longer merely conventional testing (with water being used instead of propellants).
Those in charge of the program believe indeed that they have the solution to the
problem this time, but they will not take any risks and will if necessary extend
the experiment under way to be sure of the quality of the injectors slated for the
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_ next flight. The continuing scheduling uncertainty stems exclusively, then, from .
the need for the time necessary to completely valid~te the modifications of the
_ in3ectors of the next launch vehicle. The other systems of the L03 launcher have -
incidentially been the subject of detailed review which has not disclosed any
_ significant difficulty, the CNES noted. `
The precise date of the next launch has only relative importance at this stage of the
test flights. The essential thing is first to carry out the launching successufully,
- which would qualify the launch vehicle.
_ Indeed, it is now sufficient to effect two successful firings (not necessarily =
= consecutive ones) to be able to declare the Zriane launch vehicle flight-ready accord- _
- ing to the present validation standrds, Roger Vignelles, head of the Ariane program
in the CNES, announced. Since the first test flight (LO1), which was a complete -
success, is taken into account, it would theoretically be sufficient that either of -
the next two launches (L03 or L04) be equally successful tn qualify the launch
_ vehicle. Even a setback in one of these firings would not prejudice the validation .
~ of the launch vehicle, on condition however, that the cause of such setback established
and the remedy known. But it is obvious, Roger Vignelles mentioned, that a setback -
at the fourth and final validation launching, even after a third successful firing,
would "raise quest~ons!"
First Operational Launch in December 1981
Assuming then that the next launch (L03) should indeed take place this summer and _
that it is successful, the CNES and the ESA have drawn up the following schedule:
The fourth and fina? test flight (L04) would take place in October 1981 with the
MARECS A satellite and the first operational firing (L5) would occur in December 1981
with the Exosat satellite.
Then, in 1982, there are plans to effect an operational firing every 2 months, that -
is five firings a year, on the following dates: February 1982 (L6) with MARECS B
- and Sirio 2; April 1982 (L7) with Intelsat 5(No 6) or ECS-1; in June 1982 (L8) with
either of the preceding satellites; in October 1982 (L9) with Intelsat 5(F7); and
in December 1982 (L10) with Intelsat 5(F8).
- A Year Behind
: This schedule is still tentative. But even a delay of 1 to 2 months of the next
= test flight with reference to the June 1981 deadline would not affect the schedule
of the operationalflights, Raymond Orye, head of the Ariane program at the ESA,
declared.
Furthermore, the consequences of the L02 launch's failure on operational flights -
have been very limited. Arianesapce has certainly "lost" two potential American
clients, but Intelsat converted its options into firm orders a month after the
accident.
_ Under existing conditions, following the L02 launch's failure, putting the Ariane _
launcher into operation has then witnessed "somewhat less than a year's delay,"
Yves Sillard noted. The first operational flight is now set for the end of 1981
whereas 3t had initially been scheduled for early 1981.
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_ . r
- But this is the only one of the four initial go~ls set in July 1973 at the start of the
~ Ariane program which failed to be met. The three others have been accomplished or
- will be, Yves Sillard noted:
1. The performances in orbit of geostationary transfer indeed reach 1,750 kilograms
instead of 1,500 kilograms and the~improvement potential of the launch vehicle ist
considerable:
_ 2. The development cost anticipated as Fr 2.06 billion (January 1973 prices) with -
a contingency ma.rgin of 20 percent should hold. Considering the failure oi the
L02 launch, the present esCimate of the cost of completion totals 115 percent of the -
- initial total (that is, 15 percent of the contingency margin has been used up).
3. Finally, the recurrent cost of the launch vehicle is effectively competitive
- compared to conventional American launchera (the Delta and the Atlas-Centaur) and
will be at "a very high level" compared to the reusable launch vehicle (the [American] _
Space Shuttle).
- Fue1 Instabilities :
The cause of the second test flight's failure (L02) of the Ariane launch vehicle has -
now been clearly identified. -
For 8 months s�i.x groups of experts from the CNES and the SEP [European Propellant
Company] studied in detail the circumstances of the L02 launch's failure. They
reached the conclusion that the accident was due solely to the consequences of the
unexpected fuel instability at high frequencies which occurred shortly after takeoff
(liftoff + 5.75 seconds) on one of the four Viking engines (engine D) of the first
stage of the launch vehicle.
- Involved was an intrinsic phenomenon of the engine which could incidentally be _
= duplicated perf~~i~y since then in the course of the new engine tests effected by the
SEP beginning . .i June 1980.
The investigation has indeed clearly established that no outside cause was involved. -
- All hypotheses other than that of the high-frequency instability have been rejected -
following studies and tests as not having caused the failure of the L02 flight. It
was then neither the results of a disruption due to impurities in the propellants
nor of foreign body in the injector. Neither was it a result of excessively hot
propellants or of a cavitation of the pumps at startup. Nor was it a question of the �
_ sequence of engine startup or of interaction among the four engines when assembled -
in a cluster. As for the impact of the acoustical and dynamic environment of the -
engines resulting from the rate of firing at takeoff, it was considered marginal
after tests on a mockup (built to a ~cale of 1/20) of the motorized launcher
- (microengines with real propellants) simulated the firing rate.
_ 2,300 and 2,700 Hertz
This phenomenon of high-frequency combustion instability is reflected by rapid
oscillations (between 2,000 and 5,000 cycles per second) of the pressure in the
firebox of the engine's combustion chamber. These oscillations have appeared under
certain operating conditions and in the case of some injector configurations when the
- engine does not have a sufficient "combustion stability margin" available. _
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- Abnormally high levels of acceleration occur in the engine as we11 as a modification
of the thermai transfers in the injector able to cause its rapid destruction and
thus that of the launch vehicle.
What is involved here is a conventional phenomenon of rocket engines with liquid
propellants which has already been witnessed in France (Diamant, Coralie) and eVen ~
in the United States (Saturn-5, LEM). -
In the case of Ariane the phenomex~on ca~~sed surprise, however, all the more so.as it
occured after a very successful initiai test flight and appeared in a Viking engine
which has been undergoing tests for the past 10 years!
- In practice this pl?~ilomenon had never occurred during the numerous (about 200)
stationary test~ made during the stages of development and improvement of the
Viking engine.
The analyses ,and tests effected since the failure of the L02 launch have in fact
made it possible to identify two critical frequencies generating destructive instabil-
ities: One of them at a frequency of 2,300 hertz appeared in flight on the L02
launch vehicle while the other at 2,700 hertz surfaced only at the time of the new
; stationary test series made since September 1980. _
The origin of these instabilities is st~.ll unknown for the time being even though
it was thought that the instability at 2,300 hertz could be due to variations in
the production of injectors. In contrast, the instability at 2,700 hertz is much
- more disconcerting but it is also anticipated by a warning signal (at 5,200 hertz) -
[sic].
The combustion instabili~y at 2,300 hertz was reproduced under stationary conditions
only in September 1980 by testing the injector of the L02 launcher (covered at sea) _
and then at the first trial of a injector slated for the L02 launcher. For the _
first time ichis made it possible to confirm the hypothesis of an insufficient margin ~
of stability in some injectors of the Viking engines. .
Those in charge of the program had then considered that they would be able to solve
the problem merely by selecting inj 2ctors under more rigorous trial conditions than
- before. The tests showed that it was possible to identify the instability at 2,3C0
_ hertz because it is symstematically preceded by a significan~t increase in the vibra- _
tions magnitude at 2,000 hertz, a phenomenon which could be duplicated on the same
in~ector.
A selection procedure of flight injectors using a new (operationai) trial method was
then made. But following the tests made from September to November 1980, i~. then -
= appeared that flight testing of the injectors without modification was not valid.
- It seems indeed that a"decisive change in the engine's functioning appeared during
_ assembly operations, startup, or testing," whose exact cause is still not clear.
This was reflectQd by the quasi-systematic appearance since September 1980 of the
new instability at 2,700 hertz which could not so far be correlated either with the
- instability at 2,300 hertz or with variations in the production of the injectors.
- This instabi.li.ty at 2,700 hertz has even occurred on injectors which had earlier
functioned normally under high pressures (above normal). _
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Modifications of In~ectors _
_ It was thus necessary to modify the in~ectors to reduce their sensitivity to the
combustion instabilities of high frequences, both at 2,300 hertz and at 2,700 hertz,
11~.*o types of modifications bearing on the increase in diameter (about 10 percent)
= of the propeJiants' injection apertures (N204 [nitrogen peroxide] and UDMH [Unsymmetri- -
_ cal Dimenthyl Hydrazine)) were approved after already undergoing particularly rigorous
- stationary tests.
_ One of them was dissymmetrical to stagger the lay~rs of injected propellants.
The other was symmetrical which appears the more promising.
- These modifications apply to two types of inj ectors .
_ One af them involves nominal injectors. -
= The other consists in producing injectors "with fewer variations," that is, which
are mor.e likely to respond consistently to instabilities thanks to more ri^orous
manufacturing tolerances and through a slight modification of the injection apentures' -
location. But so far this configuration hasbrought f ew improvements to the phenomenori
of instability.
- The selection of the injectors' configuration earmarked f or the next flight (L03)
_ should occur within the next 6 weeks (in fact between 4 and 8 weeks) in the light of -
the results af the stationary tests carried out by the SEP. -
Tests are continuing however on otner operational modifications of the Viking engine
and in particular on the addition of water (10 percent) in the UDMH. This technique,
according to the SEP, would indeed be as effective as modifying the injection apertures _
concerning inst '_,:.iities at 2, 300 and 2, 700 hertz .
~ So far the factors of combustion instabilities have always been solved, in France -
- as in the United States, following engine modifications and more or less extensive _
tests. Thus, it took more than a year to correct the injectors of the Diamant "
launcher,
Through various devices, the solution consists in increasing the injector's marg~n
= of stability, that is, the extent of the nominal operational field (in terms of
- pressure and [propellazt] mix ratio). But this demands many stationary tests and
= a relatively large degree of empiricism. For this phenomenon of instability of _
high-frequency combustion is still little understood. At present there is no satis-
faction theory on the subject and the mechanisms of combustion involved are very
; difficult to reproduce in a computer model (especially on a radial injector).
' The CNFS has incidentially decided to undertake, beginning this year, a program of `
_ theoretical and experimental studies of high-frequency combustion instabilities that
will be entrusted to ONERA [National Office for Aerospace Studies and Research] and -
- in which the SEP wi11 participate. Credits of Fr 15 million will be earmarked for
this program which wi11 last 3 years.
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6~~:- ~ "
SEQUENCE~S ~F~ RECEITE "~cmiTrr~i~i ~ARS
W
59 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
N ia:10% S~
/ R[CLTT[
~ ~~~~~~~~~~.~~is~~~~~�~~~~~~~~TY?[ It2 ~ARf
57 ~ LO CUl DUI~I
r~ ~~CITJ1~1~1!
~
SS ~ ~
' fj _
t f VOL l O7
?OINT[ IIC D[ IRESfION ( fZ~
G[ DU A III[S3U~ISATION ~ v
- O[M~IlI1~G[ D[S Rl3lRVOIIIS ~IlINCI?AU%
3 i4i
so
TlMK Dt IONRIONN[M[NT
~ - 1 2 7 ~ S .6 7 ~ 9 10 30 100 ISO
_ Fi~ture 1 -
Figure 1. Sequences of trials applied to new injectors compared to the nominal
operational sequence (at 53 bars) for the next launch (L03). Type 3
trials (at 55.5 bars) and type 3+ 2 bars (at 57.5 bars) involve a
variation of the mix ratio 10 percent). At firing of long duration
(100 seconds) is also planned.
Key:
1. Sequence of trials 6. Type 3 trials
2. Firebox pressure (in bars) 7. Type 3 trials + 2 bars (long
3. Startup peak duration)
4. Pressure peak owing to the 8. L03 flight
pressurization of the principal 9. Operational time (seconds)
tanks
5. Type 3 trials + 2 bars -
~
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~ FOR OFFICIAL USE UNLY -
~ ~>�w ~ -
l ' ? -
. ~
~ _
~ _
-
, ~
'
.
a ''Y;~ ~`74~~~t* I .ry'1 _
T ~
{ ~
. ~ ~~Y . a , _
~ `I~ ~V ~ ~ ~'C~+~~' '
1 ,y'~^ ' _ ~ " .
. L
? P'?~ r w2 ,.'g
~ d K t ~ ~~~'~~~a~tl~~..::.
A ~ ~ ~ u"~~r'~ ~
~^I qN~ ,'~i~+: - .
~ ~~~3, ~ ~ ~ _
U f� - I,.y. fy
Yw~ -J ~ ~ ~''.i +G1~ _
~y.
- M( �
r. J
? 1 v~ ~ _
Figure 2. Modified injector ring of the Viking engine after undergoing stationary
operational tests in January 1981. One can identify the six injector
rings which include several hundred orifices. The injector includes -
radi � 1",~ an alternate series of large orifices (4/10 [cm] )~~and small -
or~. ices (3/10 [cm]) which in~ect respectively nitrogen peroxyde and
UDMH [Unsyinmetrical Dimenthyl Hydrazine] into Che combustion chamber. -
This test has not damaged the dome (background) nor the lower cone
(marked with black traces through combustion) of the injector. It is
_ these parts which were the first to be damaged by the combustion
- instability at the time of the L02 launch.
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,
6s ~ DOMAINES D'ESSAIS -
W ET DE RECETTES DES _
W INJIECTEURS DU YIKING _
o ~l~ _
= Q~ _ oN =
~ ( IOSk~/~'~ ~ 1904~h
~ ` y,{ 61 ~
~#i
60 ~ ~F. ~
~ 59.5
'p
~ '
57.5 R[CE1TE TY?E )}2 ~ARS
~Sr~Y6SR:�:v.'l6AObbY~.v' ' 5~:.~ca'~~Afl~~.
~
~ ~[C[TJE~Ii~E I
SS.S ` ~
SS ~RECETTfS E SS LIMITE D[S
uSA1S DE
T1fE 2 [T 3
DES DEMAl11tAGE '
S) UMITE INI[CVOI~f luC 7/O,) _
o~s ~s~,~s ~ 5 ~1
'I' Df DtMARRAC!
_ ~ !~i, ~ MHI /
; ] NOMI~AL
~ ~6
~o -
DOMAIN[
D[S
ISSAIS
D[
~ ~ ~ OEV[l0?~OLMINT _
~ ~ /
RAVVOpT
GE MELANGE
' 1.~ I.S 1.6 i.7 1.6 i.9 2 2.1
Figurs 3
Figure 3. Fields of tests, trials, and flight of the Viking injectors. The
development tests had until now made it possible to verify the operational
' conditions in a field (interior triangle) including the nominal conditions
(combustion at 53 bars with a peak at 55 bars). Now the field of trials _
~ is extended (external triangle). The new trials were made at respectively
55.5 bars peaking at 59.5 bars (type 3) and at 57.5 bars peaking at 61
- bars (type 3+ 2 bars) to valadate in~ectors under extreme conditions.
Startup tests have also been extended with mix ratios ranging from 1.5
= to 2.1. The entire field explored in testing is indicated by the two
- upper curves.
Key: '
- 1. Fields of tests and trials of 5. Nominal '
- Viking injectors 7. Type 3 trials + 2 bars
2. Firebox pressure (in bars) 8. Type 3 trials ~
- 3. Limit of startup tests (UDMH surplus) 9. Limit of the startup tests
4. Mix rati~ (N204 surplus)
5. Field ot types 2 and 3 trials of 10. Field of development tesCs
flight injectors
COPYRIGHT: A. & C. 1981
2662
CSO: 3100
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COUNT'RX SECTION FRANCE
'CONTRADICTIONS' IN NATION'S ARMS EXPORT POLICY
Paris VALEURS ACTUELLES in French 9 Feb 81 pp 27-28
[Article by Michel Gurfinkiel: "Iraq-Paris' Clients"]
[Text] "The difficulties are beginning." That was the comment made last week by a
French exper t following the delivery of four Mirage F-1 aircraft to Iraq. These are
"difficulties " to the extent that the delivery was simultaneously inevitable, insuf- ~
ficient, and can entail diplomatic complications for Paris.
- Iraq ordered 60 Mirage interceptors involving two successive agreements (Ju1y 1977
and November 1979) one of them for 36 aircraft and the other for 24. The present -
delivery concerns the first agreement. Thirty-two other Mirage planes are thus slated
to be shipped to Baghdad shortly, "Within a few weeks," a spokesman for the French
- ~oreign ministry specified on 2 February 1981.
_ These planes regresent only part of the strategic purchases effected in France by
Saddam Hussein's regime. The Iraqis have indeed signed an agreement for 100 heavy -
AN1X 30 tanks and 50 light AM7{ 10 armored vehicles, 40 Puma transport helicopters, and
20 light Gazel" . helicopters.
Negotiations are also underway regarding the Mirage 2000, Che Alpha-Jet training
aircraft (which France coproduces with the Federal Republic of Germany), and naval
_ equipment. Finally, France has provided the Osirak nuclear reactor (which the Iraqis
renamed Tammuz) and its fuel. This represents the transfer of "civilian" technalogy
which under certain conditions could be transfored into military technology.
Such transactions with one of the principal Ail-exporting countries initially appeared
as an opportunity for the French economy (representing nearly 25 billion French francs'
_ worth of exports in 1980). But they involve risks (see our issue of 12 January 1981),
in the first place, that of dependence when the purpose Is--the case with Iraq--to
_ pay for oi1 imports by arms sale. For France's oi1 purchases are worth four times
as much as its arms exports (25 percent of its oil bill).
The production capabilities of the French armaments industry do not compensate for
this fact. For example, the Iraqis envis~oned in the initial days of their conflict _
with Iran purchasing antiaircraft missiles from France. They requested the "urgent"
_ shipment of 200 Crotale missile batteries to replace Soviet-made batteries destroyed -
by the Iranian air force. France cannot deliver at this rate: The French army
itself has received only 16 Crotale missile batteries in 3 years.
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For 5 years now the Iraqis have been steadily reducing the Soviet Union's share in
their arms shipments which fell from over 90 per~ent to some 70 percent. But among
Baghdad's new Western suppliers France is also in competition with Ttaly or even
Brazil and accounts for only about 13 percent of Iraq's purchases. ~
- The capability for technical modernization of Fren.ch military products is also limited.
The Dassault firm has indeed produced the prototype of the Mirage 4000, "the plane
of the 1990's," but does not have it on the production line. Its cost would be pro- -
hibitive for the French armed forces (Riyadh has hinted that a Saudi option was
_ "possible" but has not confirmed its intentions). _
Taken together these factors have placed France in a touchy situation and explain =
the supply of the Mirage F-1 planes to Iraq. But they explain it only in part.
The agreements signed by the French Government with Iraq anticipated that the deliveries
would be made under all circumstances and any conditions. In other words, Paris could -
hati~e advanced only one reason for not making such a delivery, namely, an embargo
decided on by the UN 3ecurity Council against Iraq. However, Baghdad, even though
_ the aggressor against Iran, has not been condemned by the United Nations. France
- thus had to deliver or lose its credit.
_ Furthermore, Iraq has found in Saudi Arabia, if not an ally in the war, at least a
- friend. France, having re~ently concluded an agreement worth 16 billion francs for
supplying equipment (notably naval) to Saudi Arabia, could have jeopardized the
Saudi deal or even others by reneging on an earlier agreement with Iraq. -
Diplomatically, this delivery which so far does not change the balance of forces
favoring Iraq in any way (the planes in question will be stored in Jordan) evidently' ~
- compromises ~rance's proclaimed "neutrality" in the Persian Gulf conflict. ~
r -
- All the French Government could do then was to authorize the shipment to Iran of
the fast patrol boats blocked in the shipyards of Cherbourg. _
Jean Francois-Poncet, the French minister of foreign affairs, will however be hard
- put to make it credible that this twofold delivery (to Iraq and then to Iran) means
_ a return to French "neutrality." _
France used to enjoy a relatively strong position in the Iran of the Pahlavi dynasty -
owing to the fact that the imperial family and a part of the Iranian aristocracy had
been raised in France or in French-speaking Switzerland. In 1978 President Valery
: Giscard d'Estaing however granted permission to the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeyni to -
_ reside in exile from where he could direct the final assault against the Shah.
- After February 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iran did not want to reward this attitude
by honoring Franco-Iranian agreements made with the former regime. In 1980 the French
started however to retrieve their pbsition by delivering agricultural and pharmaceutical
~ products and various medical and scientific materials in execution of agreements -
concluded before the embargo decreed by the United States.
These new advantages, offsetting in part those lost by France, are being threatened
in turn. Before being monarchists, Khomeyni partisans, or. secular nationalists the -
Iranians are Iranians. They will forget all the less France's shipment of combat
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~ aircraft to Iraq, as it occurred while Paris still refused to deliver to Tehran the
patrol boats which were 90 percent paid-for, stressing Iran's unilateral breaking
- of the agreements it had signed earlier with French enterprises.
- France's proclaimed role as mediator in the Middle East, is losing all credibility.
The French foreign ministry had at one time justified its embargo against Israel by
- its concern not to strengthen a"fronC-line country" and then by its disapproval of -
the Israeli mi;itary occupation of the West Bank, Gaza, and the Sinai. Today France -
is resupplying a ~ount.ry which is at war and which proclaims its resolve to annex
_ Iranian territories which it managed ;to seize during the first few weeks of fighting.
_ The contrast between the two situations is obvious. _
- Another element must also be factored in: That of the Tammuz nuclear center whose -
- fuel France supplies.
On 30 September 1980 two Phantom fighter-bombers flew over the center (located 30 km
from Baghdad) and bombed auxiliary inst.allations. Claims were immediately made
about a~: Israeli raid, for Israel like Iran is equipged with these American-built
aircraft. In ~act, however, beginning on 14 October 1980 Iran's President Abol
Hasan Bani-Sadr elaimed his country's responsibility when he said: _
"We did not target the center on purpose. Rather, we were aiming at a ne?ghbo~ing
facility--a refinery, I believe," he explained. _
,
The hypothesis of an Israeli raid had been tak~n in earnest because Jerusalem coizsiders
that the real goal of the Tammuz nuclear center is to produce the "bomb of Islam,"
the bomb earmarked for the "supreme battle against Zionism."
The French authorities assert that all precautions have been taken to avoid the
military application of the enriched uranium or plutonium consumed or produced by
the Osirak-Tammuz reactor. Their arguments show deficiencies.
Thus, accordir. to official spokesmen, the fuel slated for Iraq (13 kilograms of
uranium whose shipment has not been confirmed but appears to have been effected a
few days before the start of the Persian Gulf war) would be pre-irradiated and
therefore unsuitable for the production of a bomb.
In fact, according to various experts, the operation would be limited to simple
irradiation at the site of the Tammuz center itself when the uranium is loaded into
- the reactor. The fuel thus remains subject to diversion for military purposes at
~ the price of dangerous manipulation which is unthinkable in a Western country bL~t
not in Baathist Iraq. This is all the more so true, as the individuals who may be
sacrificed would experiencQ the effects of nuclear contamination only after several
days. -
- The French authorities also assert that they are working closely with the International
Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna. That is correct. But in practice that agency cannot
exercise surveillance in Iraq because of the wartime conditions there.
Finally, France cannot control Iraq's relations with other countries which have -
- nuclear technology available. Baghdad has purchased from Ztaly a laboratory making _
possible, at an experimental stage, reprocessing plutonium as it is done in France
- at the La Hague plant. Reprocessed plutonium can be used for military purposes.
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French spokesmen explain that this method would not be viable. At the Tammuz center
uranium is transformed into plutonium only at a rate of 7 percent compared to 97
percent in an ordinary-type French nuclear plant. However, a technician of the AEC
CAtomic Energy Commission] noted:
_ "Our gravest error would be to underestimate the Iraqis. The interns whom Baghdvd
sends to our facilities are intelligent, patriotic, and hard-working.
If the shipment of 13 kilograms of uranium was indeed made late last summer, it
involved only one of the two Osirak-Tammuz reactors. Another delivery should thus
`take place. This would be an important "test" of France's desire to collaborate with
Iraq, more significant than the shipment of the Mirage aircraf t.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 "Valeurs actuelles"
2662
CSO: 3100
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COUNTRY SECTION FRANCE
= WEAPONS MANUFACTURE QUALITY CONTROL MEASURES DESCRIBED
Paris ARMEES D'AUJOURD'HUI in French Jan-Feb 81 pp 30-31
[Article by Lucien Cruchant: "Q+iality Con~rol"] ' -
[Text] Gen engineer Lucien Cruchant was admitted to the Polytechnical
School in 1947 and graduated fram th~ National Advanced School
af Marit ime Engineering in 1953. He began his career with ECAN
- [Naval Cons.t~uction and Weapons Establishment] in Ruelle in naval
- arti]lery and special missile ma.nufacturing. Eatering the SIAr
[Industrial S~.~pervision of Military Equipment Service] in 196~+,
_ he was successively named disctrict head in the Regional
Directorate of the Southeast and industrial deputy director in
- the Central Department, where he is currently i.n charge of
= quality control rnmder the director of the SIAr. -
Military users see on their equipment the perforated stamp symbolizing, as on the
SIAr emblem, th~ t:.ree branches of the armed forces. This hallmark verifies that
the equipment . ~s been "inspected by the SIAr," to use the common expression. It
is in fact evidence of acceptance, pronounced when the equipment is received, in
keeping ~aith contractual technical specifications. It is attached following the _
final equipment inspection, but is generally the conclusion of a process that
began much further up the line in which inspections of materials and component _
- parts represent only one aspect a ma~or one, to be sure of the "assurance of
quality."
- Various Aspects of Quality Control _
_ Once finished and b efore delivery to the armed force~, all materials are subjected
to a final inspection, which includes verifications of conformity to specifications,
- functional tests, and if need be, operational tests including road tests for vehi- -
cles, firing tests for arms and munitions (samples taken from lots), and flight
tests for aircraft.
While the final ins pection is sufficient for some simple equipment, on the other -
hand, for most weap ons, it would not be ennugh to guarantee the quality of materials
if there had not f irst been preliminary manufacturing inspections of elements that
- cannot be inspected when the equipment is assembled: materials, pieces and compon- -
~ ent parts, subunits and equipment. This inspection also has to do with the
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execution of some manufacturing operationa requiring special precautione: thermic ~
treatment of inetal structures, the welding of armor plate, pyrotechnical articles,
and so on.
Responsibility for the completion of inspections belongg primarily to the manufac- -
- turer. Holding a Gontract approved by a technical directorate of the DGA [General
- Delegation for Military Equipment], the manufacturer,must him$elf complete, durir~g
the manufacturing process, the proper verifications and tests on elements supplied
from abroad and on finished items enabling him to make sure that such items meet
contract specifications. He must present to the SIAr all~documentation and re- ~
sults of inspections and tests performed. �
The Industrial Supervision of Military Equipment Service (SIAr) has the task, within
the DGA, of providing technical supervision of the manufacture of equipment and
munitions in industry and of accepting (or receiving) such equipment fc~r the govern-
ment.
It has some 2,300 persons working throughout th~e national territory. .
The SIAr "superimposes" its inspection on that of the manufacturer and his subcon- -
- tractors, using different procedures depending on the effectiveness of the inspec- _
tion performed by each manufacturer. Its off~icials oversee the completion of cer-
tain key operations and do probes. They th~.aselves conduct the final inspections
and test, particularly operational tests in the final stage for which, in some
cases, they resort to the aid of specialized DGA testing centers. -
And yet, while the inspection does make it possible to separate the wheat from the
chaff, so to speak, it is better to take a11 appropriate preventive measur~s in
the very beginning in order to turn out satisfactory material. The quality and
cost of equipment benefit from this. -
For operational tests of land weapons equipment, the SIAr has officers and noncom-
missioned officers in the infantry. It also receives aid from the Bourges Techni-
cal Establishment (ETBS) for~firing tests of arms and ~unitions. -
Flight tests of aircr3ft are made for the SIAr by the Flight Test Center (CE9).
- The quality of a weapon is defined as its ability to meet the expressed need of '
the user that is, its ability to technically perform the task for which it is
normally intended for what is deemed a sufficient period of time (of use or -
storage).
The growing complexity of weapons and weapons systems, reliability requirements and
the high cost of equipment has led to a demand for ever greater mastery of all
factors affecting obtention of the required quality in all phases of manufacturing.
Having assurance of quality for all personnel responsible for the manufacture of
equipment and for all users: The expression also desigriates all measures takez
and all the organization, means and methods involved in obtaining the required -
= quality. It encompasses control. =
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The military equipment quality control line brings in the ataffs and technical
directorates of the DGA as well as indu$trial designers for the definition of
' equipment, experimentation with prototypes and the qualifying of operational _
_ Cypes. At this stage, the quality of definition is determined.
The manufacturer in charge of mass production is responsible for ensuring the
quality crf mdnufacturing, according to the definition approved by the technical
_ directo-rate, of equipment delivered tu the armed forces.
The SIAr's mission of quality control for manufacturers involves, in addition to -
its actions relating to equipment control, preventive aCtions at the 1eve1 of the
organizations, means and methods used by manufacturers. These actions are for the
- purpose of seeing that the manufacturer does in fact take all measures aimed at
obtaining quality with respect to: the organizat~.on of tasks, preparation for and
execution of work, updating dossier~ of plans and.working documents, control during ~
manufacturing and f inal inspection, means of control and tests, the calibration of
- measuri-zg instruments, separation of defective elements, use of technical data
' pointed out by users, the initiation of corrective attion, handling, packing, and -
so on.
A new regulation (regulation concerning the obligations of eqvipment suppliers to
the SIAr (ROFA) and regulations on quality control'(RAQ)), set forth by the General
Representative foY Military Equipment at the beginning of 1980, spells out the rules
that manufacturers must observe. The principles are simple and were already being -
largely applied, at the urging of the SIAr, by the prineipal equipment suppliers. -
~ This regulation presents the advantage of codifying "rules of good practice" and of _
supplying a new instrument for all manufa~turers, as well as a new lever for the _
SIAr in its work of promoting quality in the armaments industry.
The method developed by the SIAr for this purpose is the "quality audit," the
sounding of an P~.i`~rprise or a sector of activity or certain aspects of its working
methods ~in or~ : to verify the application of rules and initiate improvements if
iieed be. This ~s in-depth work which has beneficial effects for the quality of
- munitions and equipment. -
Multinational Cooperation
In order to ensure quality control for equipment produced in cooper.ation with other
countries, the SIAr has concluded recipracity agreements with homologous foreign
depa;~tments. The principle is that every national service should oversee manufac-
turing within its territory for the entire program and for procedures drawn up in
~ common defining coordinated modes of action and technical exchanges between depart-
ments acting as partners,
= In the case of Alpha-Jet, for example, the SIAr oversees all manufacturing of
_ French industry and is.respon~ible for the aeceptance procedure for ai~craft assem- ~
bled in Toulouse (Colomiers) by Marcel-Dassault Aircraft-Breguet Aviation, and
its German counterpart, the BWB-GP [expansion unknown], oversees the manufacturing
~ of German industry and is responsible for the acceptance of planes assembled in ~
Munich by Dornier. ~ -
COPYRIGHT: 1981 - Revue des forces armees francaises "Armees d'Aujourd'hui"
11,464 .
CSO: 3100 3~
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COUNTRY SECTTON I~'RANCE '
ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNATURES STUDTES OUTLINEL BY ENGINEERS
_ Paris ARMEES D'AUJnURD'HUI in French Jan-Feb 81 pp 36-37, 41
[Article by Engineers Philippe Gadenne, Alain Junchat, and Jean Uguen: "The Electro-
magnetic Signature--An Item of Growing Interest"]
[Excerpts] The effectiveness of a weapon, like the invulner-
ability of a target, experience considerabZe variations due to -
progress in technology. Where do we stand today in the determin-
ation of target signatures? The SCTI (Central Teleco~unications
and Tnformation Division) exercises central control and coordin- -
ates technical matters in the fields of electronics and informa-
j tion science. The CELAR (Weapons Eiectronics Center), an establish-
ment attached to the SCTI, is responsible for tests and evalua-
tions of electronic equipment and information networks.used for -
national defense, elecironic simulation of systems, and major _
scientific computation undertakings. It employs 700 pe�rsons.
The constant improvement of techniques and the sophistication of ineasurement equip-
ment have yielded increasingly precise knowledge on the behavior of targets and
- their environment. All of the data acquired in the entire electromagnetic spectrum,
from UHF all the way to IR, going through the millimeter range, represent a partic-
ularly rich source of information.
_ A concentration of results in a data bank, being established under the CELAR, will
facilitate the task of model, weapons, or weapons systems designers.
_ Toward Better Target Detection
_ Looking at equipment, combat can be subdivided into a series of confrontations be- -
tween an aggressive element and a system charged with preventing it from accomplish-
- ing its missi~n.
- In a defensive situation, the equ~pu~ent uni.ts employed must be able ta guarantee
detection, i,dent~t�i.cation, target selection, and weapons cowmitment functions until
the weapon meets the target, These functions are performed in an ideal fashion if,
at the end of tfii.s process, the target is hit with great effectiveness.
In an offensive situation, the equipment employed must be able to guarantee the
functions connected with tfie commitment of tfie weapons system with the same
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,
_ effici.ency until the camplete effect has been ohtained. These funct3,ans are per-
- formed in an ~dea1 fasYiion if, at tfie end of the process, the ~esult is acfiieved
- aith sufficient ef~i.c~.ency and reliability.
- It is as a ma.tter of fact q~i~Lte obvious that none of these functions is ever ac-
- complished in an ideal fasfiion. Nobody has ever achieved 100-percent efficiency; -
nobody has ever achieved 100--percent invulneraiiility either. On the other hand, -
effectiveness like invulnerability are susceptible to considerable variations due -
to modifications in technique and technology. -
One of the preponderant causes of these variations is the improvement in the per- L
formance of sensors situated in the processing chain. Now, in this field, the
latest developments enable us to look forward to a real noticeable and rapid evolu- -
- tion ~f the situation whicIz we have becnme familiar witlz j.n the recent :past. ~
It is ~or exe~mple well known that the current evolution of radars shoul.d enable us
to detect targets of ever smaller size while benefitting from a certain separation ~
power between the target, the ~amming, and the decoys.
= Likewise, the evolution of IR sensors may well modify the night-fighting ciata on
targets "camouflaged" in the current meaning of the term.
Likewise we are only now beginning to experiment with sensors that use millimeter "
waves and we are thus sti21 having difficulty in figuring out what the~e waves are
going to contribute in the way of new findings, particularly in tfie field of pas- -
- sive (hence, sPCret) detection. _
' Other examples might also be mentioned to illustrate a rapid evolution in the per-
_ formances of sensors with respect to their targets. The above examples persuade
us, by way of r~:c ~procity, to examine the situation of targets with respect to the
various sensc~~ that might be foun3 on the battlefield.
Decoding Target Signatures
Now, what was the situation here until very recently? Knowledge on phenomena in-
volved was much more qualitative than really quantitative. That was not too bad
_ because experience had enabled us to work out models which approximately reproduced
the behavior of the elements of the weapons system. ~
With ever faster progress, prior experience is no longer available and we therefore
- must adapt not only to the needs of the present situation but also to the necessi-
ties of a situation characterized by a very rapid evolution.
Many things are now being done within the General Delegation �or Armament. As part �
of its mission, CELAR was persuaded to concern itsel~ actively with efforts
dealing with target befiavior with respect to sensors, wlzat we call the signature of
_ targets.
The signature of a target, we remember, is the mark of energy whi.ch it radiates,
regardless of whether we are dealing with its own energy or wheth~x we are dealing
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_ with a portion o~ the enexgy wl~.ich atas txansmitted to ~,t and wh3.ch it xe~lects.
This energy is essent~tally characterized bp the intensity of this radiation as well
as by its variations ;tn tfie spectral and space--time fields. .
Its analysis gives us a large number of parameters permitting us in a more or less
: refined manner to accomplish the following:
_ The extraction of the target from its environment,
A knowledge of its kinetics, that is, its speed, traje~tory, attitude, _
`The exploration of its shape.
Access ta a signature can be obtained according to two techniques:
= The passive way which consists in analyzing tfie emission itself and the response to
the natural illuminations of the target;
- The active way which consists in analyzing the response of the target to the illum-
- ination caused by an emi.ssion system operating in conjunction with a detection and
_ analysis system.
Considerable resources were devoted at the CELAR to these measures and they are il-
lustrated below. We can see in particular measurements of the reflecting power of
_ a tank on the outside base and measurements of the reflecting power of an airborne
_ target in the particular case of proximity fuzes.
Likewise, the use of sensors depends on a good statistical knowledge enabling us to -
respond to the operational cond itions encountered in an all-weather situation. This
means that we must make measurements in frequency bands where the absorption is re-
duced (3. 4-5 Gc, n, 8-12~ m) ,
- Data Bank -
= Considering the rapid evolution of sensor performances, considering the growing vol-
ume of information relative to target signatures and the ever more exact and exten-
sive knowledge on the characteristics of transmission channels situated between the
target and the sensors, we can now look forward to addressing ourselves to the pro~ -
blem of desigr.ing future weapons systems in a manner coherent with the development
of knowledge ~n the various elements. Will this actually come true?
Yes, if the designer can rapidly and easily get his hands on information concerning
the state of the art at a given moment.
Yes, if the designez has an oppoxtun~ty to improve the effici.ency o~ the system -
which he is stLdying througfi bettez knowledge of the enemy target and i.f he can thus
' undertake the optimization o~ his system.
Yes, if the designer can te~t tfie vulnerability of the weapons system he is preparing
~ through a knowledge of its own signature vis-a~vis the enemy. `
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To make this infoxmation fully useful, i.t lnust also be easi.ly and automati.cally ac~ ~
cessible. It was thus decided to concentrate the available measurements and models
= in a data bank set up under CEI~AR.
_ With the heln of signature data processing contained in it, the bank is being used
- in the design of weapons systems considered from the aspects of efficiency, secrecy,
and decoying.
_ Under the heading of efficiency, it would thus be possible to get a better knowledge
of the target's behavior in order to make a choice of weapon and to optimize it.
These two operations are generally performed by means of simulations capable of
being worked out either in an analog fashion on test benches or in a purely numerical
fashion on computers,
~
~he increasingly extensive and precise knowledge of signature data will permit the
refining of target models used for these simulations. -
= From the angle of secre~y and thanks to methods figured out by the research teams
_ from the ONERA (National Off~ce of Aerospace Studies and Research~, it will further-
more b e possible to locate tfie origins of signatures. In this case, working on the
- corresponding elements ~change in shape, structu re, or materials) will make it pos- -
sible to improve target secrer_y. _
, Parallel to that, the creation of false signatures, obtained either through the -
- generation of a transmission on the level of the target, or throu~h the creation of
false targets (dropping chaff, for example) will fielp to decoy the detection system
_ provided the signature tfius created is sufficiently similar.
- So far, knowled~,~ ~n target signatures--regardless of whether they are ground, air, -
or maritime ta_gets--revealed certain inadequacies.
- Considerable resources have been gathered under the CELAR. Techniques developed ~
- here were perfected to make measurements, to process the measurement data, and to
improve their accessibility. The elements already acquired are such as to renew our
view of what will be possible ~omorrow and consequently we get an idea of our con-
cepts of camouflage, decoying, and jamming.
PHOTO CAPTIONS
f*? 36, left center] Intended for active or passive measurements on ground targets. -
~ Technical character;tstics: capacity 45 t; sight angles: azimuth 360�, elevation
- angle 0 to 17� or ,40�; equipment: current 8~12 GHz, near future: 12--18 GHz, 94 GHz,
- IR (3-5 and 8-12); this assembly i.s to be completed by a hase suppozt unit to be
used in measuring all attitudes of air targets witfi a weigtit o~ ~ 15 t. -
[P 36, top a rigl~t] Si.,mulati4n o~ "C22" intercept by proximity fuse. Created in
1972, it is among the~most impvrtarit in Europe~ Technical characteristics: Volume
3,600 m3 (25 x 12 x 12 m); range covexed: 300.N~3z~~40 GHz ~soon to be extended to
_ 100 GHz). Ma,in activities; measuring tfie overall reflecting power of targets _
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(Sux~ace Equ~.yalent Radax~~ measuxement and locat~,on of d3,~~exent cantxi,butoxs of
SER; images wi.th b~illi,ant po~nts (see p~ioto~ ~ resolutzon pp~+re.x; .sevexal centa,metez5;
precisi,on 20 percent on Local SER o~ Q~0005 m2~ Measurement of. Doppler s~,gnatuxe in
near f~.eld (simulation of final pfiase of intercept of airborne targets by proximity
fuse) ,
_ [P 37, bottc~m] Illustration, in coded form, of SER density of a missile mockup, ~
- analyzed in the Ku band. Tfiis target is Iiere sfiown along its broadside. The~ana-
lysis of its signature gives access to the following parameters: Length, presence -
of tail assembl; and rudde.rs, distance between tfiese components.
[P 37, lower right, reading from top to bottom] ~
_ Engineer (category IIIA) Pfiilippe Gadenne is a graduate of the National Electronics
and Radio-Electricity School at Bordeaux; he got his M.S. ~n sciences and his PhD, -
3rd cycle, in 1962. He is pre~ently chief of the "hyperfrequency radiation measure-
ment" section, "ma.terials and components testing" division, and is responsible for
the Radar area within the data bank. -
_ Contract Engineer (cztegory IA) Alain Junchat has a M.S. in sciences from the Uni-
_ versity of Nancy. He joined CELAR in 1975 where tie is in charge of the optronics -
section. Directing the French Opaque station since 1979, he is in charge of the
optronics field of the data bank. He is currently chief of the physical optics sec-
tion under the "materials and components testing" division.
Armament Research and Techniques Engineer Jean Uguen graduated from the Technical
College of the CAN in 1972. Assigned to CELAR, he is active in the hyperfrequency -
- detection field. He is currently chief of the "future equipment" section, "materials
and components testing" division, and he is in charge of millimeter activities and
the data bank. -
i
COPYRIGHT: 1981 - Revue des forces armees francaises "Armees d'Aujourd'hui"
5058
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- COUNTRY SECTT~N ' ~
FRANCE '
- BRIEFS
PCF SEES INVASION POSSIBLE Should the USSR or any~other socialist country 3.nvade
Poland on the request of the PZPR, Giscard may decide to put the French Axmy "in a
state of alert." A plan has already been fa ~~!lated in the utmost secrecy Y~y the
general staff of the armed forces. Whatever theu may be saying, the communists
themsel_ves do not exclude such an eventuality. The official communique of the
Communist Party, drafted after acrimonious debaCes, is ready: unquivocal condem-
natior. of ~he intervention with "revelati~~s" an the role played by thz Americans
_ in the "manipulation of some Solidarity leaders. Iu such ~.,^ase Marchais could
- even propose a kind of "mediation." Comment: 'I'he Ir'rench secret services believe
that the American Admin~stration has informed the Kremlin of itis plans should
Poland be invaded: total economic bloc~kade of Cuba, not excluding a military
- operation. [Text] [Paris LA LETTRE DE L'EXPANSION in French 9 Feb 81 p 3] 5157 '
- CSO: 3100 ~D
ti
= 4~ ,
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