JPRS ID: 9670 USSR REPORT CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
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JPRS L/9670
17 April 1981 ,
= ~~SR Re ort -
p
CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND
~UTOMATION TECHNOLOGY
_ CFOUO 10/81)
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. JPRS I~/9670 -
'7 ApriZ 1981 _
n USSR REPORT -
- ~ ~
CYBERNETICS, COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATIaN ~ECHNOLOGY ~
(FOUO 10/81) ~ -
CONTENTS
HARDWARE
CAMAC Controller for the Elektroni,ka-6Q Cc~?puter With
In+ernal ProcessLng of Reques~~ .a.~.o..,..........o.,.~..,.....,..oo.. 1
Elektronika-60 C~mpaxison ...,o...o....o.........oo..o.oo....,.......ooo... 8
~ New Device Developed for Elektronika,60 10
Controller for Connection of the Elektronika T3-lfi Ke~board
Computer With the CAMAC CratE~ 14
- CAMAC Modules Oriented Toward the Creation of Terminal ~
Complexes for Various Purposes 16
Microequipment for U;3e in Small Digital Systems Bescribed 18 _
Basic Features ~f PS-300 Control Computing Complex Advertised 22
PS-300 Contxol C~~mputing Complex Described . 24
HYBRID COMPUTERS
Specielized Hybrid Control Compu~ers 31 ~
Development of Specialized Hybrid Cont,rol Computers 3~
Practicel Synthesis of Problem-Oriented Hybrid Devices 41
Problema of Hybrid Computer Technology ...........o............ 52
SO}'7'WARE -
Automated Production of Applied Program Packages 55
APL/M for Elektronika-60 .............................a.........o....a... 58
, - a- [1ZI - USSR - 21.C S6T FOUO]
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I
Design of Syntactice,lly Controlled Transle~tors in Dialogue
Translator Design System--E1'brus Applic~tion .....o...,............o.. 61
T~~anslator From El'brus-1 MVK Autocode--Model and Realizr~tion .......~n. 65 ~
~ Ree,lization of the First Version of the C~088 SF~T on the
BESM-6 Computer .........................o............................ 67
The MIS System-mEl'brus Application ........o..................0 70
Fundamentals of the Operating System of the Unified Computer System 71
Ba,sic Software of an Air-Space Data Processing Complex .............o... 7~+
Development of an Automated Control System for the .
~ Econo~y of an Administrative Reaion .........................o.o....... 75
Characteristics of the Me,in Complexes of Problems of the
~'irst iJnit of the ASOD of Valmi.yerskiy Re~y~n . , , . ~ . . . . . . . . 77 -
Calculating the Economic Effect3veness of the Automated
~ata Processing S3rstem for Valmiyerskiy Ra5�on .....o..........oo...... 78
APPLICATIONS
1ltilizin~ Elektronika S5-12 Microcomputer in M~nitoring Sys-tem 86 ~
~
, GenersJ.-�Purpose Computer Conanunications~ SyB~tem Utiliaing
Flektronika-60 .................o.o..o~~..............o...... 90 =
Recognition of Graphic e.r_d Sound Si~nals 98
Raman Spectrometer Controlled by an Elektronika-100I
Mini-Computer ...................o....~..o.....~..................... 101
~lektronike,-60 CAMAC System .......o...~..........oo 103 ~
Network Confyguration of Colleetive-Use Ca~puter Centers .o............ 109
Network Configure,tion of Collective U;3e Computer Centers 11A
Experimental Computer Network oF the Latvian Ace~de~y oi' Sciences 111
Solution o.f Economic Problems on Irskit~,-/53~+ Machines . 116
Briefs
Optical Memory ~ � 123
- Elorg 123
- Laser Communications Channel 123
Removable Disk Pack 123
- Bulgarian Computere 124 -
Bukhara Computer Center 124
YeS-1010, YeS-1033 Computers - 124
~ b ~
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CONFERENCES, PERSONALITIES
Regional Conference on Image Processing an~i Remote Investigat~ons 125
Anniversary CongratulF~.tioils, Career Review of Control
Scientist Trapeznikov .o...a.......o........o.o.oo 127
PUBLICATIONS
Translation of Computer Security Book .o,o,,,.o � oQOO.ooo.ooo.ooooo~..0 129
Computer Security and Protection Structures oooa,.,.o.oooo..o.o.o.o..o. 130
Comput~:r Hardwa.re,. Softwaxe for Coffinuni.cations o a o.. . a. o. o o~ o o.~... 132
Computing Systems ooQOOa.oaooooo040000~0000000.0000.0.0.0.0000.00.000.. 1~3i;
- lable of Contents from the Journal 'CYBERNETICS' o,.,.,,o.,ooo.oo,o.oo. 138
Abstracts from the Journal 'PROGRAMMING' ~ooo,a,a..o~..~o...ooo.oo.~o.0 1~+0
' Abstracts fxom the Journal 'AUTOMETRY' o,,,,a,oo,o,..ooo.a~o.~.o.a.o.oo 1~+3
Visual Information Processing in Robots .,oooooooa.o.o...o.~o,.o.aa.o.o 1~+6
Dig~ital Control Systems o,~.ooa.ooooao..o.oo~oo~o.oo..o~oooo..o..�.~~o~ 150
Information Gathering and Transmi~sion ,~ao.o,oo.ooao.o.ooo.o.o�ooo.o.0 152
~ Problems and Prospects of Developing Neuron Technology .,,.o.o.ooo..oo0 15~+
~ High-Speed Measuring Subsystems o,o.,~~oo~aooo.o..ooo~~~~o~.o..~.~a..~o 16~
~ ~
~1
_ ^ ^ ^
C.
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HARDWARE
u~c 621.32E�3
CAM.~C CONTROLLER FOR THE ELII{TRONII{A-60 COMPUTER WITH INTE.iNAL" PROCESSING OF
RgQUESTS
~ Novosibirsk AVTOMETRIYA in Russian No 4~ Jul--Aug 80 pp 10-15
[Article by V. Ye. Saloboyev and V. I. Solonenko, Novosibirsk]
[Text] In the controllers oxdinarily used for the "Elektronika-60" microcomputer
the time of response to a request is about 20-2s microseconds (and due to regener-
ation in the memory that time can reach 180-200 mi%;roseconds). In addition~
module-to-module transfer of information requires ~0-35 microseconds of time. All
this greatly limits the possibilities of servicing rapid processes. The task was
set of developing a CAMAC crate controller for the "Elektronika-60" microcomputer~
' which together with the realiza,tion of ordinary modes (program and of interrup-
tions) would assure a request response time of less than 1 microsecond and a
- module-to-module exchange rate of up to 2.5-3 microsec~nds in a single crate for
a certain class of requests.
In developing tha,t controllsr the following idea was used: that of introducing
_ into the controller its own storage, into which programs for the handling of main
line requests are loaded. At the requests of modules the controller must issue
necessaxy control signa,ls with minimum delay from that :,torage to the crate ma.in
line and assure da.ta transmission within the crate. Similar ideas of control
function decentralization were expressed earlier (cf, for exa.mple, [1.2]), but
efficient devices of that type axe still not widespread, evidently beca.use of dif-
ficulties in their technical realization.
Taken as the ba,sic variant for a controller with internal request hax:dling was the
controller developed in the Institute of Automation and Eleetrometry~ 3iberian
Department~ USSR Academy of Sciences [3]. That controller contains all units of
the ba,sic one~ but the internal request handling mod.e a.nd its border with other
modes were obtained by introd.ucing 35 raicrocircuits of n~edium integration in which
the storage and necessary control units were realized.
F;~ure 1 presents a structural diagram of the controller. In it, in ccmparison
with the basic variant, only two units have been added--an address sto.rage regis-
ter and a main housekeeping program store ~NAF, and a control device was also
simulated. The forma,ts of the controller registers axe presented in b'i~ure 2.
Work in ordinary program and interruption. modes is not examined in detail here,
as it was described in [1]. In the internal request handling mod.e all re~uests
1 -
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OW 3-60
/6 Tt1D BY C6D BB BQI tiflPt C~A cHr,` nnvo
~2 68P ~3~ YY
16 ~
n~u ' ~
9 f0 IOK S D B ~6 ~B !6 'i I- ~
. 8 i ' t5
{ 5~ PA PY G~ gr 36 . ~~8 T Cti ~NAF
~V 5 # I ~ N
`~5 ~,wH 1 0 ~~6~ w
3's 2~' a 2
ZX
,V:3D4 F4C A 9
L?3 N: A R 8 F. 16i~6 iv t5 F -
KAMAK .
Figure l. Structural diagram ~f collector.
1-- E-60 computer c:ommon bus 9-- va,lve request register
2-- buffer valve register 10 seni~r byte register
3-- control device 11 readout register
- 4-- pseudo-common bus 12 valve recording register
5-- address register 13 a,ddress counter-register
6-- control registPr 14~ NAF register '
- 7-- priority register 15 number (station) decoder
_ 8-- discontinuity vector former 16 group request decoder
for priority level recorded in the controller priority register are divided into '
two ;roups~ the external and internal (in the ordinaxy discontinuity mode these
are the permitted and unpermitted); the following system of priorities, taken in
the �'Elektronika-60" computer, is extended to all requests; modules more remote
from the controller have a lower priority. When the priority level is lowered,
internal .requests will be translated into external~ starting with the greater
prioriti?s. Modules which must be serviced in the internal request ha.ndling mode
- are alloca,ted places with lower priority in the crates.
External requests, as in an ordinary controller, are serviced by computer. Intern-
al questions are ha.ndled without direct participation of the computer. The intern-
al request ha.ndling mode is included (after the housekeeping program ha.s been
recorzled in the NAF register~ when "1" is record.ed in row M1 of the controllt~r
control register, and is removed when any reference is made to that crate (during
the request ~raiting time) or when an external request appears. `
The housekeeping program is recorded in the NAF register in the followin ma.nner:
a) for the suba.ddress A(5~ the initial address is recorded in the RSA; fbr sub-
address A(7)~ series NAF of the housekeeping progran?(after each re~istration the
a,ddress is automa,tica.lly increased by 1) . To monitor the content of -che NAF regis-
- ter the possibility of its readout is provided for. Figure 3 presents a block dia-
gram of the internal request handling unit .
2
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~IOOt~407~ 2OT~ IDT~ 4 T ~ 2 T ~ I T ~400~200~ 100~ 40 ~ 20 ~ 10 4 ~ 2 ~ 1 ~ '
(D~is~D~a~Da?s~D~i2~D~n~D~iO~as dD,~ 8 ~D~? ~DA6~DA5 ~DA4~DA 3IDA2 ~DA 1 ~DAO~
~5~ Pe2ucmpadpeca PA ~ ~p~ ~ ~ ~ 0 C2 C1 Nl6 H8 N4 N2 N1 AB A4 A2 A1
- AetuCmp ymexua PuT R16 R15 Rf4 R13 R12 Rlf Rf~ R9 R8 R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1
~ CL N(0;
~
~12~ ~~^~N~O P3~B ' wt6 wt5 wi46 wr3 MR1b Wt?b N9b WBb wI6 w6b w56 w46 w36 vi?b wr6
Pezucmp ynpoeneHUa PY ~n~ MI P~D P PX Z C I F8 F4 F2 F1
~6~ C~N(0)A(0) `ymerw2 Q Pfl P PX X 1 F8 F4 F2 F1
PezucmpnpuopumemaPll ~pnuCO Bfi 113 f12 fl1 f10
) C4N(0)A(1) t]meHUe Dv sn n3 n2 ni no
/lo` PezuCmp .PC6 ~onuL1D w24 w23W W2?W20W19W1B ~~17
l 1 CtN(0)4(2) ~neHUe R24 R23R2?R21 k R19 R/6 Ri7
r9~ Pe2ucmp 3onpxoe P38 ~neHUe ai6 6~,i5 G112 GLII GUO GL9 CLB C67 CC6 CL5 GL4 GL3 CL2 GL 1
~ C4N(0)A(3)
1 P82LIC/?1PC48/f14UKOdpECOPCA A3 A4 A2 A1
~ 3~ CyN(0)A(5)
/1~1 P82uCmp NAF PNAF Y I N16 NB N4 N2 N1 A8 A4 A2 A! F16 F8 F4 F2 F1
L ! CiN(OjA(7)
' d HoMQp HoMep zp nnOBO-
C ~opMam ?cDeu?na ao son oca
eeKmopa C2-CI x3 X? X/ XO 0 0
npepaeoHUa
Figure 2. Formats of controller registers.
a- Recording d- Crate number
b- Rea~out e- Group request number
c- Format of discontinuity vector Numerica,l keys sa,me as for Figure 1.
a ow 3-so
aE
~8 4e~ ~ Figure 3. Block diagram of
~ ~ controller with internal request
c ~ processing.
c~K~ cn yy ~ a- Priority
b - Program
_ (16 u.~r3 oay c- Main storage
. t~ N A F Numerica,l keys same as for Figure 1.
KAMAK
The controller functions as ~ollows after transition into the internal reqi~est
handling mode. Upon appearance of a x�equest which must be serviced in the inter-
nal reques't h~�ndling mod.e, the code from the output of the interruption vector
former is recorded in the address counter-register as the starting address of the
i subprogram for ~ihe servicing of tha.t reque~t. For th~~ initial address the first
control word of tp~e house~eeping program is summoned frcm the storage. The con-
trol unit prod.uces the first CAMAC cycle, according to which the module selected
3
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by the control word performs the required operation (.the control word contains the
module number N, its subaddress A and the oper~,tion F~. Besides NAF, the control
word contains the instruction digit Yl. If in tha.t digit "1" is written, after -
the first CAMAC cycle follows a second cycle during which on the ma,in line a new
NAF will be produced, rea.d from the next storage cell. The described process will
be repeated until the moment when "0" appears in digit Y1; after performance�of
the last NAF the controller goes over into the mode of awaiting a new request~
During the servicing of internal requests the controller is disconnected from the _
computer common bus, and this minimizes the mutual inte:rference of the controller _
and computer.
In the internal request handling mode several requests can be handled by :nul+,iple
repetition of the NAF cha.in (for example, in the drawing of a graph on a CRT). If
during the handling of such a request a request with a higher priority appears, it
starts to be handled after completion of the NAF cha.in. If the request has arrived
from the zone of external ze quest, after completion of the NAF cha,in the external
requenst ha,ndling mode will be removed, the controller pror3~aces a KTPR signal and _
cha,nges to the ordinary ha.ndling mode by means of the computer.
At least one active moci.ule must be provided for automa,tic emergence (without com-
puter participation~ from the internal request handling mcxie in the crate (in that _
ca,se the request of that module must be related to the area of external requests~.
Emergence from the internal request handling mode can also be accomplished upon
request, formed in the controller upon appearance of the signal Q. Let us note
tha,t provision must also be made in the crate ~or facilities for the assignment
and storage of corstants, for example, the tumbler register modules.
The main storage used on K15jRU2 microcircuits (4 each~ has a capacity of 16 15-di
~it words a.nd permits servicing 4~ internal GLO~L3 requests with an NAF quantity
of up to 4~ in the housekeeping program of each request. Those 16 words form in
the storage four regions with their own initial addresses (Figure 4~. If a larger
number of NAF is required for the servicing of any address at all, a region of the
storage of adjacent requests can be used if it is not used in the given experiments.
In our opinion, f~ur internal requests are completely adequate ~or the servicing .
of a large number of experiments.
� a
xod Figure 4. Distribution of housekeeping
3BM
pr~grams in the storage.
bCvemyuK odpeco , a-- computer code d-- computer data
b-- address counter e-- NAF signal of end
c-- number count~ of housekeeping pro-
gram.
I ll 111 l: -
C py
AoHHnie ~
qBM NAF ST
~
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In cases in which several mod.ules generating requests axe used in the crate but
their housekeeping programs are run in turn (for example, the accumulation of in-
forma.tion and visua.lization~ ~ it is advisable to store the internal r~quests house-
keeping subroutines in the computer main storage and fill them with the controller
storage at the necessary mlments of time. If the modules ge~erating rPquests can-
n ot for any reasons be set in position with the ordered requests GLO-~L3, then in ~
that situation a replaceable coder of ~rdered requests should be used�. In prin-
ciple it is possible to increase the storage volume for the servicing in an inter-
~ nal request handling mode of 16 ordered requests used in the controller, but tha.t
does not seem necessaxy.
In the case where subroutines for internal request servicing are stable and do not
vary it is possible to use an ROM instead of a storage unit in the contr~ller,
which will simplify the controller and work with it.
S ome difficulties arise in the use of the described controller if the module con-
- tains several sources of request s. To service these requests in internal request
ha.ndling mode, they can be spatially divided. In that case it is a.dvisable to
bring the additional requests out on the front panel and through auxiliary modules -
(established in a desirable position of the crate~ feed them to the crate main
line. This method permits the controller to run branching programs, determining -
the direction of branching from the saurces of requests wi+hin the module.
On the basis of the examined structural diagram a model of a controller with iriter-
J na.l request handling ha,s been developed, made and debugged, one completely satisfy- -
ing the requirements of EUR 4100 and specifications of the "Elektronika-60" com-
puter common bus . -
T o verify the working capacity and illustrate the possibilities of a controller
with internal request ha,ndling, a system for data collection and visualization was
assembled which included the following modules: a 10-bit analog-d.igita.l conver+.er;
a main storage of 4-K 16-digit words; ,a 10-digit digital=analog converter; a start-
ing pulse generator; a 1'I'R1 iumbler register which assures selective setting of
the counter ma.sk trigger; a 2 TR 2 tumbler register which sets the array length;
a 3 TR3 tumbler re~ister which sets the initial address of the main storage; a
c ounter register (of the array length~ and also an oscillograph and sine-wave sig-
, nal generator.
The system assures analog-digital conversion of da+a, their remembrance in the
storage and their withdrawal by means of a digital-analog converter to an oscillo-
graph for observation. The work of the system proceeds in two stages: I--
accumulation of da,ta from the analog-digital converter; II visualizatioii.
The equipment is started by the pushbutton of the starting generator, which gener-
, ates a pulse which start~ the analog-digital converter through the front panel.
U~,.n the appearance c;r a request from the analog-digital converter a series of NAF
instruct~nns is issued from the NAF register which assures data readout from the
analog-digital converter~ its starting and erasing of the request, the registration
of data from the controller in the main storage and deduction of a unit from the
contents of the counter-register. Upon completion of the analog-digital conversion
a new request develops from the analog-digital converter.
5
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Those chains will proceed at a rate determined b;~the conversion time of the
~ analog-digita.l converter until in the counter-register the content becomes unequal
to 0, which summons a request from the counter-register. The counter-register is
set in such a position that its request is external. On the basis of tha,t request
the internal request handling mode will be removed and the computer will perform
preparatorV operations necessa.ry for data visualization.
Qn the basis of a request from the counter-register, which was not yet removed dur-
ing emergence from the intemal request handling mode, the controller issues a
- series of instructions which assure preparation of issuance of a single realization
of data from the oscill~graph. Then on the ba,sis of a request from the generator,
- which is switched on by a tumbler on the front panel, the controller issues a ser-
ies of instructior~s necessary for issua.nce of each readout to the oscillo~raph.
As soon as a single realiza.tion is brought out to the screen from the storage, the
process will be repeated cyclica,lly on a new request from the counter.
Thus, after coruzection of the generator a picture of the registered process is
vi;;ible on the oscillograph screen. By means of tumbler registers TRl and TR3 the
in3.tial address and length of the arr.ay can oe varied~ which permits examining any
fragment of tYie ima,ge in details.
Tests have shown the complete working ca,pacity of the controller tha.t ha,s been de-
, velaped. The results obtained in tests confirm the accuracy and correctness of the
technical decisions adopted. At the present time the developed controller has been
~ trarlsferred to experimental operation.
The controller has the following chaxacteristics:
l. The ra.te of module-to-mod.ule exchange is 2.5 microseconds per transfer.
. ~
2. 'Che delay time of reaction to a request is not over 250 nanoseconds.
_ 3. 'I'he number of internal requests from the crate processed without computer
intervention is 4.
4. The number of NAF iri the housekeeping program of a single address is ~(it can
be inereased to 16 when the number of requests is reduced accordin~ly).
5. The total number of microcircuits is 110 (ma,inly with sma.ll and medium degrees
~ of inte~ration).
6. Consumption of 2A from the crate 6V power source and of 0.3A from the +jV com-
puter source.
The developed controller assures control of rapid processes and unloading of the
- computer of routine operations. In some cases, aPplicat~_on of the developed con-
troller can assure a simpler realization of the system than when multicontroller
systems created in accordance with EUR 6500 are used. The ~rinciples built into
the controller ca.n be used in the development of controllers for other computers
controll.ing CAMAC .
In conclusion the authors expres~ appreciation to A. I, Yefrimov, who participated
in the e~;perimental part of the work.
- 6
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BIBLIGGRAPHY
l. GusPv~ 0. Z., et al. A measurement ma.in-line modular system combined with the
NR2116V computer. AVTOME~'RIYA, 19?3, No 2.
2. Aksenov, G. A., et al. Programmable controllers in system for control of phy-
sica,l experiment. Ma.terials of Reports presented at the Second All-Union Sym- ~
posium on Programma.ble Modular Systems. Dubna, July 1978. -
3. Kasperovich, A. N.~ and Solor~enko, V. I. Crate controller for the "Elektron-. `
ika-60" computer. In the book: Avtomatiza,tsiya, na.uchn kh issledovaniy na
osr~ove primeneniya, EVM (Tezisy dokladov Vsesoyuz. konf.~ [Automa,tion of Scien-
~ tific Investigations on the Basis of Application of Computers (Abstracts of
Reports Presented at the All-Union Conference~~. Novosibirsk~ Izdatel'stvo
of the Siberian Department, USSR Academy of Sciences, 1979
- COPYRIGHP: I zd.atel'stvo "Nauka", "Avtometriya", 1980
~71-A-2174 ~
217~
cso: i863 ~
~
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unc 68~..32
EL~{TRONIICA-60 COMPARISON
~ Novosibirs,k AVTOMETRIYA in Russian No Ju1-Aug 80 pp 104-107
[Article~ by A . Kasperovich, Novosibirsk~
- [Excerpts] In the planning of CAMAC systems an important place is occupied by the
� development of devices which assure handling the requests of modu.Les. The andling
of requests (identifica,tion, separation of the hi.ghest-priority rE~ques~;~ change of
the priority levels, ma.sking~ etc~ can be accomplished by either software or hard-
war~;; the use of ha,rdware assures a cor~siderable acceleration of handling.
The hardware needed for request handl.ing ca.n be arr�d.nged either in special modules
(request sorters~ ~_1~ or directly in the controllers. Thus~ for example, in a con-
troller ~2~ a device is used which solves the prob.lem of sepa.rating and identifying
- a request of higher priority. Requests arrive in that controller at the input of
the sorter which, after analyzing them, issues the interruption vector (the address
_ at wh~ch the ha,r..dling subroutine starts~ of the highest-priority request.
A second ~task, control of the re aESt
q~ priorities, can in principle be accomplished
by commutation of requests arriving a~ the controller sorter input. Change of the
priority level is desirably done by means of a computer which controls the crate
through a controller. Commutati.on of requests by mechanical switches is not
effective and not always convenient.
_ In the contreller's request sorter [3~, microcircuits of priority interruption
5891K7-~ are used to separate the highest-priority request.
In tha,t ca.se when erasure of the discussed request and permission of the new inter-
ruption will be accomplished in succession by two computer instructions, with a
length of execution of an instruction of more tha.n 6 microseconds (which is valid,
for exampl.z~ for a computer of the Elektronika-60 type), erroneous secondary re-
quests will not arise. Therefore it can be concluded that it is advisable to use
such a device to change the priorities of requests in controllers controlled by
mini-computers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
l. Nikityuk, N. M. Programmno-upravlyayemyye bloki v standarte KAMAK (Progran:-
controlled Units in the CAMAG Standard~. Moscow, Energiya, 1977, pp 22-116.
8
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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2. Yelizarov~ 0. I., Zhukov~ G. P.~ and Ma.chev~, A. A. Frame controller in the
CAMAC standard for coupling with the M-4-00 computer. Preprint P-8396, Dubna~
Izdatel'stvo Jo:Cnt Nuclear Resea~ch Institute, 197~~
- 3. Kasperovich~ A. N., and Solonenko, V. I. Crate controller for the Elektron-
ika-50 computer. In the book: Avtoma,tizatsiya na.uchnykh issledovaniy na
osnove primeneniya EVM (Computer-based Autamation of Scientific Investigations)
(Summaries of Reports Presented at the Al1-Union Conference). Novosibirsk,
izdatel'stvo Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Uepartment,
USSR Aca.demy of Sciences, 1979�
~vPYR~GHtI': Izd.atel'Gtvo "Nauka", "Avtometriya", 1980
[71a-zY74]
2174
cso: 1863
J
~
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FOR 'OFFI~TAT, I1SR ONT.Y
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UDC 681.327.3.8
NEW DEVICE DEVEI.OPED FOR ELEKTRONIKA-60
Moscow PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA in Russian No 11, 1980 p 13
[Article by Candidates of Tee}~ni:cal Sciences. S. I. Yemets and I. F. Khanin
and engineers P. P. Kulikov, A. A. Ovdiyenlco, and I. D. Fetrenko: "Unit
for Parallel Exchange of Information with the Elektronika-60 Microcomputer"]
[Text] Contemporary complexes of hardware for automated control systems for -
indus*_rial processes are~created on the basis of broad employment of the
latest advances of microelectronics, in particular using microprocessor
sets and microcomputers. The Elektronika-60 microcomputer stands out among
the computing machines of this r_lass p~oduced by domestic industry. Thanks
to its small size, low cost, and program compatibility with the SM-3 and SM-4
- computers, it can be used in both local systems and comprehensive automated
control systems for industrial processes with decentralized data processing.
~ The connection of external units to microcomputers is envisioned using the
� I1 parallel exchange devices produced together with the computers. Each of
them can connect one external unit working on input-output to the micro-
computer. Considering that the maximum load of a channel of the Elektronika-
- 60 microcomputer is 17 standard units, where the standard Console-260,
FS-1501, and PL-150 units and a full volume of internal memory are used in
a set with the machine, only eight extex~nal units can be connected by means
of I1 devices. In some cases this is plainly inadequate.
A device for parallel exchange of information that converts the internal
interface of the Elektronika-60 microcomputer into a coupling interface
_ with the external unit was developed to expand the functions of systems `
built on the basis of this microcomputer.
The coupling i.nterface with an external unit is organized on the radial
mainline principle and includes the following 36 sig-~a1 lines: 16 two-
directional data exchange lines D< 0-15 eight address lines for selec-
tion of external units A< 0-7 one line ap iece for strobing the address
of tfie W's [possibly subtracters] which transmit and receive data; eight
interrupt request lines from the external memory units < 0-7 one clear
external units line.
10
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- T}ze D< 0-15 W, data receiving, data transmitting, and clear lines are
collective; the A< 0-7 > and memory unit < 0-7 > are individual. When
, the lines are used in this way one parallel data exchange unit permits con-
- necting up to eignt external ~nits to the microcomputer, and where the
A< 0-7 > lines are used as collective-use lines it
is possible to connect up to 256 external unit registers to the device.
The parallel exchange device provides information exchange between the micro-
computer and the external units in a program mode and upon interrupt de-
mands from the external units.
Through the use of two-directional data exchange lines with the external
units the total number of external interface lines was reduced in comparison -
- with the number of external lines of the I1 device.
Data may be transmitted from the microcomputer to external units in 16-bit
words and bytes (higher-order and lower-order); data can be received from
the external units only in 16-bit words.
Figure 1 below shows a structural diagram of the device. The coupling buf -
fers with the microcomputer and external units are built with K589AP26 and
K589AP16 elements respectively and provide two-directional data exchange.
Key: (1) Address/Data; ~
~ (2) Buff er Coupling with Micro-
Computer;
_ (3) Multiplexor;
6Cc PO ' (4) Data Register; _
M ~~By (5) Buffer Coupling with "
3BM (3~. External Units;
,aePec/ (2) 5) .4oNNa~ (6) Data; ~
Q~NHOlP ~ 6,
~1~ ~ . (7) Interrupt Logic;
, (8) Interrupt Request;
(9) State Register;
'~~~~NUq (10) Address;
. . ~
Ad ~ ~~1) Control;
y~~~~ /lu~ n evieaue ~12) Decoder;
12 (13) Control.
- Figure 1. Actual Diagram of the Unit
The levels of the signals in the lines of tfie microcomputer are: logical
"1" - + (0-0.8) volts; logical "0" - + (2-3,4) volts.
The signal levels in the lines of the coupling interface with external units
are: logical "1" - + (2-3.4) volts; logical "0" - + (0-0.8) volts,
, 11
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The data and state registers are built with K155IR13 elements. The data
register is designed to store 16-bit words of data received from the micro-
computer and to output it through the coupling buffer to external units. It -
may be loaded and read by program. The state register has 16 bit positions:
eight low-order bits are allocated for storage of interrupt authorizations '
from external units and may be loaded and read by programs; the eight higher-
order bits m~y only be read by program and serve as external unit flags.
The decoder analyzes the address part of the cycle of data exchange with the
microcomputer. The bit positions 00-2 of the address together with control
signals of the computer are used t~ produce internal and external control
signals; positions 11 and 12 are used for addressing the appropriate ex-
change units, and positions 03-10 are used for addressing to external units .
connected to the particular exchange units.
The logical part of the interrupt is made with a K589IK14 element and is
designed to receive eight interrupt requests from external units and or-
ganize priority service for them based on control signals from the micro-
computer.
The multiplexor provides feeding of four types of information to the micro-
computer: addresses of interrupt vectors; data from the state register,
external units, and the content of the data register,
Figure 2 below presents a combined time diagram of the work of the exchange
_ unit in the data input-output mode.
Key: (1) Channel Signal for Trans-
mission of Data/Address;
/r A~ ABpec fjQNN~/C * ~2) Channel Signal for Selec-
~1) Q C tion of External Unit; ~
~2~ K ey ~12) - (3) Channel Signal for Syn-
~3~ ~ ~~A chronization of Active
Device;
(4)A : (4) Address Line Signal;
(5)sre ~ (5) Address Strobing Signal_;
(6) Channel Signal of Data
( 6 )'~r ~ee~reo,q out put ;
e~ . (7) Strobing Signal of Trans-
mitted Data;
(,g) K CN~ (8) Channel Signal of Synchroni-
~9~ . zation of P~ssive Unit;
(10)K ~~.4 _ (9) Data Transmission Signal;
(10) Channel Signal of Data
(11) B~ Input ;
(11) StT�obing Signal of Data
Received;
(12) Address;
(13) Data.
Figure 2. Combined Time Diagram of the Work of the Unit
in Input-Output Modes.
12
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I
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- ~ I
In design terms the exchange unit is a single printed plate with dimensions
~ 240 x 28~~ x 12 millinieters. It receives power from a power supply source
with a voltage of +5 volts �5 percent. The current used by the device does
not e.YCeed 1.5 amps.
COPYRIGfIT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyen~iye", "Pribory i sistemy upravleniya",
~ 1980 .
[72-11176]
11,176
CS0:1863
' � 13 ~ ~
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~
UDC F81.3
CONTROLLER FOR CONNECTION OF THE ELEKTRONIKA T3-16 KEYBOARD COMPUTER WITH THE
CAMAC CRATE
Novosibirsk AVTOMETRIYA in Russian No 4~, Jul-Aug 80 pp 15-19
[Article by A. M. Shcherba,chenko and Yu. I~ Yurlov, Novosibirsk) ~
[Excerpts~ Electronic keyboard computers are finding ever-wider application in the
automation of processes of ineasurement and control. They permit creating and later ,
developing inexpensive and simple-to-operate systems for data collection and pro-
cessing and for the control of various technological processes.
The low cost, simplicity of programming and introduction of the workin~; program and
the possibility of operating with words w9_th large digit capacity make it prefer-
able to use specialized keyboard computers in such systems in cases where the lat-
_ ter do not need the speed and storage possibilities of minicomputers or for economic
considerations the de�~elopment of systems does not allow expenditures connected with
the applica,tion of minicomputers.
Proposed in this article is one of the approa.ches to the construction of a crate-
controller, intended for the inclusion of specialized "Elektronika T3-16 (T3-16M~"
keyboard computers [1~ in system~ for da,ta collection and processing and control
cor_r.esponding to CAMAC pxinciples ~2~.
The crate-controller developed in the Institute of Automation and.Electrometry~
Siberian Department, USSR Academy of Sciences assures the formation and performance
of CAMAC instructions in modules of a single crate; transmission of numerical in-
formation from one CAMAC module to another without being reme:~bered in t;he internal
registers of keyboard computers; the accomplishment of operations of tetrad output
- of binary numbers obtained in keyboard computers by programming; the accomplishment
of interruptions according to requests from CAMAC modules.
The developed controller is used to control CAMAC modules in a precision photo-
plotter to record synthesized optical elements with axial symmetry, controll~d fror~ _
an "Elektronika T3-16M" keyboard computer C3~� '
BIBLIOGRAPHY ~
1. Malogabaritnaya spetsializirovannaYa vychislitel'naya ma.shina. "Elektronika ~
T3-16" (The "Elektronika T3-16" Specialized Desk Compu~er). Moscow, TsNII-
Elektronika, 1975� -
l~+
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
. I
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FOIt OFFICIAL LTSE QNLY
2. EUR 4100e. A Modula,r Instrumenta.tion System for Data. Handling. Revised
Description and Specifica.tion. ESONE Commi~t~e~ 1972�
Vedernikov, V. M. , et al. ;iinoformy. Pretsizioruiyy fotopostroitel' dlya 6iri-
teza opticheskikh elementov (Motion Ficture F'orms. Prscision Photoplotter for
Synthesis of Optica,l Elements). Preprint No 93~ Novosibirsk, Izd.a,tel�stv~
Institute of Automa,tion and Electroscopy, Siberian Department, USSR Aca,demy of
- Sciences, 1979�
COPYRIGHT: Izda.tel'stvo "Nauka", "Avtometriya", 1980
[71A-2174]
_ 2174
cso: i863
15 _
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~
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
~
unc 681.3z
~
CAMAC MODUI~ES ORIENTID TOWARD TI~ CREATION OF TERMINAL COMPLEXES FOR VARIOUS
PURPOSES
Novosibirsk AVTOMETRIYA in Russian No 4,Jul-Aug 80 pp 20-24
[Article by Ye. N. Bobrov, V. A. Slepnev and B. V. Fesenko, Novosibirsk]
[Excerpts~ At present work is being widely done on the creation of computer net-
works which combine a large number of ~~~territorially dispersed terminal complexes.
~ The terminal complexes provide convenient and effective access to the computer sys-
tem and permit realizing multilevel computation procedures and ma,xima,lly satisfying
requests of users.
In the NP ~unidentified~ Special Design Bureau, Siberian Department, USSR Academy
of Sciences a number of modules ha,ve been developed tha,t are intended for the or-
ganization of terminal complexes of the network of the Shared MulticomputEr Center,
Siberian Depa~-tmenti, USSR A cademy of Sciences. The modules were executed in the
CAMAC~ str.~,nda.rd, which provides tr~e possibility of programmed control of any unit
- of the terminal network. Be~.ow are described the ba.sic mod.ules of the terminal
complexes, provisionally broken down into two groups: modules for coupling a crate
with di~ferent kinds of termina,].s and modules for coupling the crate ma.in line with
successive communica,tion channels.
All these mod.ules ha.ve standa.rd control from the crate ma.in line .
The following apply to modules of group I:
The V-340 drive serves to ma.tch the signa,ls of the para11e1 interface of the "Video-
- ton34~0" alpha,numeric display with signa,ls of the crate ma,in line. The module has a
- width of 1 M.
The FS-1501 r,.rive is intended for ma,tching FS-1501 photoreader signals with crate
ma,in-line signals. The module ha.s a width of 1 M.
The PZ-150 drive ma.tches P1-150 tape punch signals with crate main -line signals.
The module has a width of 1 M.
The V-311-3 drive serves for matching signa,ls of the "Videoton-34~3" line printer with
crate ma,in-line signals. The module ha.s a width of 1 M.
- The UWK-601 drive is used to ma,tch signals of the input device from UWK-601
punched ca,rds with crate ma.in-line signals. The module ha.s a w~dth of 2 M.
16
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The C-260 drive is intended for ma.tching signal~ of the "Consul-260" electrica.l
typewriter with crate ma.in-line signa,~.s . The module ha.s a width of 2 r! .
mhe ASR-33~V��3~0 drive serves for the matching of ASR-33 teletype signals or of
"Videccon-3~b0" alphanumeric display interface signa,Is with crate ma.in-~ine si~n~.ls.
- The modu3e ha.s a width of 1 M.
A model of a dialog-packa,ge terminal complex is being experimentally operated on
' communication channels with the M-6000 and BESM-6 computers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Nikityuk, N. M. Prog~rair.mo-upravlya,yemyye bloki v standarte CAMAC (Program Con-
trollable Units in the CAMAC Standard). Moscow, Energiya, 1977�
2. Marchuk~ G. I., et al. The program of work on creation of the shaxed multi-
_ computer center in the Novosibirsk Scientific Center~ Siberian Department, USSR
Aca.demy of Sciences ~Project "Shared Multicomputer Center"). Preprint No 130.
Izdatel'stvo Computer Center, Siberiax! Department~ US5R Aca.demy of Sciences~
1978.
3. ISO 3309. Data Communica.tion--High-level Data Link Control Procedures--Frame
' Structure. ,
COPYRIGHT: Izda.tel'stvo "Nauka', "Avtometriya.", 1980
[71A-2174)
z17~
cso: 1863
- 17
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- UDC 681.325.5-181.4
MICROEQUIPMENT FOR USE IN SMALL DIGITAL SYSTEMS DESCRIBED
Moscow PRIBORY I SIST~,MY UPRAVLENIYA in Russian No 11, 1980 p 29
[Article by engineers V. T. Yermolov and G. E. Vasarin'sh and Csndidate of .
Technical Sciences A. A. Chipa: "Set of Microequipment Based on a Series
K580 Microprocessor"]
[Text] The Institute of Electronics and Computer Technology of Academy of
Sciences Latvian SSR has developed a set of microequipment based on the
K580 microprocessor for building comparatively small digital systems based
on microprocessors (see Figure 1 below). It consists of two printed plates.
s
~
~~S '
S~, i.~~~~~. .
3 y~~ ~
t ~T~
>yY:h,;~.
~~l:'
. ;s;
e<
_
:ti~.
: ~~:'ai_~
.~~,k~,~ ~~y
t~...:. . .
Figure 1
One is a single-plate microcomputer and the second is a control console (key-
board and display) and may be connected to the first by cable. A resident
monitor with a read-only memory of 1,000 bytes on a microcomputer plate has -
been developed as system software.
The set is designed to provide developers of small digital systems based on
microprocessors with inexpensive built-in microcomputers for use as design
modules; to devise an inexpensive and easily mastered system of debuggi.ng pro-
grams written in the machine code of the series K580 microprocessor without `
using scarce standard input-output units; to develop an easy-to-handle set of
training equipment for studying microprocessor technology.
18
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I
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Figure 2 below shows a structural diagram of a microcomputer whose central
element is an eight-bit K580 microprocessor. The tw~-phase synchronization -
signals necessary for the work of the microprocessor are issued by a cyclical
pulse generator built with K155 microcircuits and 2T608 transistors. -
A !l PN ~ PN N CA 0~ I
Mn D!U .
2 ~ CK 1, 6
~
- ~T 5) 14 y ~
Figure 2
Key: (1) Address Line;
(2) Microprocessor;
(3) System Monitor;
(4) Address Line Drfver;
(5) Read-Only Manory;
( 6; Internal Memory;
(7) ParalleZ Interface;
(8) Parallel Interface;
(9) Sequent3.a1 Interface;
(10) Priority Interrupt System;
(11) Data Line Driver;
(12) Buffer Memory;
(13) Data Line;
(14) Control Line;
(15) Cyclical Pul~e Generator .
The appropriate series 589 microcircuits are used as address ana data line
drivers, while the system monitor is made from a series K589 multimode buffar
register and series K155 microcircuits. The monitor forms all necessary
microcomputer control signals and the control line. The read-only memory
unit is constructed from K505 reprogrammable large integrated circuits.
The internal memory unit is made from K565 aeries large ir~tegrated circuits.
The outputs of the read-only and internal memory units form the auxiliary
line, which is connected with the systan data line through the buffer memory
built with series K589 MBR's [expansion unlmown] .
The microcomputer has parallel and sequential interfaces for coupling with
exteznal equipment; for this the appropriate K580 series large integrated
circuits are used. The microcomputer contains a system of priority int~r-
rupts. One vector of the system is used for efficient operation of trie _
system monitor.
The system lines are connected tc, a separate plug of the microcorLLputer plate,
which makes it possible for the user to expand the system if necessary.
19
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Technical Description of the Microcomputer
Programming Language . . . . . . . . . . Machine Godes
(in 16-Position Systems)
Central Processor . . . . . . . . . . . K580IK80 Single-Crystal .
Bit Config~iration :in Binary Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Speed in Operations per Second 2,600 (R-R Format)
Interrupt System . . . . . . . . . . . . . Priority, 8 Vectors
Capacity in Bytes:
Internal Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,000
, Read-Only Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 000
Number of Programmable Input-Output Lines:
P~ra 11 el . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8
Sequent ial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Voltage Supply from DC Network, in volts ....+5, -5, +12, -12
Dimensions, millimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 x 24~
When system software is used a control console made of an in.dividual plate
, with a button-type keyboard and one-line display is connected to the micro-
computer plate. The keyboard buttons are b;.o ken into t~ao groups. One has
16 buttons and is designed for the set of 16-bit codes (O:F); the other is
formed of eight buttons and is for executing monitor commands.
The one-line display can show six 16-bit characters and is assembled from
seven-segment light-emitting diodes. The keyboard and display are served
_ by the system monitor using one of the parallel interfaces of the micro-
computer. In tl:is case the code is outputted through port A of the inter-
face to segments of the display (see Figure 3), while the excitation code of
tE~e iines of the matrix of .the keyboard and anode switches goes through
port B. The code taken from the columns of the keyboard matrix is f ed to
the microcomputer through port C. The MOS outputs of ports A and B are
~ coupled to the console circuit through a group of series K155 TTL[expansion _
unknown] gates. The console has dimensions of 240 x 140 millimeters.
e
Key: (1) Gates;
~~~c (2~ Parallel Interface;
~ (3) Anode Keys;
pp,~l ) ( 4 ) Keyboard ;
js . ~ ' 3;`y~r
e ~ .
i ~ vn"` ~
~...,`ta4 e `
~~k` F
~:.'V~,'i~El
a.. ' � . . , ; ~
Figure 2
- The interrupt system in the PS-300 computer is a priority circuit system
with one level; the sources of interruption are programs, the timer, and
external units.
Punched tape is fed by a FS-1501 unit, Output is printed using a small
~ MPU16-3 printer
Detailed information on the PS-300 computer has been published at an earlier
time.*
Basic Technical Description of the PS-300 Computer
Volume of i~iain M~ory, in bytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 000
Equivalent Productivity in Short Operations per Second . 50,000
Volume of Decision Field in Cells of Similar Structure . 24 x 16
Number of Outlets to 2K Linkage . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The Analog Signal Input Unit
This unit is designed to handle data from analog signal pickups: switching,
normalization, conversion to binary code, and output into the processor and
operator`s console. The unit has contactless switching with galvanic iso-
lation of the input circuits.
*
Prangishvili, I. V., Todau, D. A., Abramova, N. A., Vep khvadze, A. N.,
et al, "The PS-300 Computer," PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA No 10, 1978.
26
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Basic Technical Description of the Analog Signal Input Unit
Number of Input Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Value of Signal:
Input, in milliamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-5
Output, in b3nary bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
- Basic Calculated Error, % . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25
Conversion Frequency, in Khz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
. Input Impedance of Measurement Channel without
Norming Resistor, in Kohm . . , . . . . , 50
Coefficient of Suppression of Noise Signal,~in dbs: ~
Transverse Frequency of 50 Hz, at least 60
Longitudinal Frequency, at least . . . . . . . . . . 100
Maximum Distance to Pickups, meters . . . . . . . . . . 500
Power Input, watts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Dimensions, millimeters . . . . . . . . . . . .482 x 482 x 265
Discrete Signal Input Unit
This unit is used to switch and transmit to the processor data from initi-
ative and noninitiative pickups of discrete signals. The input circuits
of this unit are protected against accidental voltages of 220 volts rela-
tive to the ground in the linkage line with the "dry contact" sensors.
The unit also has automatic monitoring of the linkage line with the sensors
for a break in the circuit or a short circuit to the ground.
Data is f ed to the processor by groups. The interrupt signal goes to the
processor_when the state of the initiative pickups chang~s from "0" to
"1," from "1" to "0," and for any change. Along with Che interrupt signal
the unit issues to the processor an address and information on the sensors
of the group in which the change occurred.
Discrete signal pickups of the "dry contact" type and two-position pulse
type with signals of 2.4-5.25 and 0-0.4 volts, corresponding to logical
"1" and "0" respectively, are connected to the discrete signal input unit.
Basic Techn ical Description of Discrete Signal Input Unit
Niimber of : -
Two-Position Inputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128*
Sensors in a Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Frequency of Polling of Sensors, Khz . . . . . . . . . . 10
Maximum Distance to Sensors, meters . . . . . . . . . . 500 _
Power Input, watts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Dimensions, millimeters . . . . . . . . . . . 482 x 482 x 265
*The number of initiative sensors is unlimited.
27
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In the analog and discrete signal input units cyclical polling of connecced
sensors is organized with writing of results in the buffer memories of these
units. When the processor refers to the analog or discrete signal input
unit the information is outputted from the internal memory and, thus, the
frequency of data exchange between them and the processor in fact depends
entirely on the fr~quency of the programmed processor channel.
With the exception of the channel switching blocks the diagrams of tha ana-
log and discrete signal input units are identical. This kind of standardi-
zation greatly simplif ies their manufacture and use.
Output Unit
This unit is designed to output analog and discrete signals to influence the
controlled ob~ect. It receives the address of the channel and the value of
the action in binary code from the processor and converts the analog action
into a standardized current signal or amplifies the discrete action signals.
It is possible to assign values of analog and discrete action signals in bi-
nary code by manual means from the engineer's console. They are given in
groups.
Basic Technical Description of the Output Unit
0
Number of Channels for Outputting Analog Action 16
Output Analo~ Signal, milliamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0-5
Load Impedance, in Kohm, not more than 2.5
Error in Processing Analog Action Signals, ,�o 0.25
Conversion Time, milliseconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Number of Channels:
Two-Position Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
In a Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Parameters of Two-Position Action:
For Log ical "1" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
For Log ical "0" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Maximum Distance from Output Unit to Regulators
and Actuating Mechanisms, meters . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Power Input, watts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Dimensions, millimeters . . . . . . . . . . . 482 x 482 x 265
Operator's ConsolP
The functions of the operator's eonsole include indicating the values of
parameters being measured and calculated on the digital instrument, con-
necting a requested program in the line for execution in the procassor
or remov ing a program from the line, feeding the values of constants to
the processor, and indicating the state of the particular units of the
PS-300 CCC.
The console is connected to the processor by two interface cards, one of
which is designed to connect the processor to the unit for controlling
external digital units and the deviation warning panel. This unit is de-
signed for inclusion in the console and provides output of information
28
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from the processor and the analog signal input unit on the external digital
instruments as well as warnings on the warning panel when parameters
deviate from the norm. The external digital instruments and deviation warn-
ing panels can be put om m~e~nonic diagrams or at any place convenient for
the operator. ~
Basic Technical Description of Operator's Console _
Bit Configuration of Digital Instruments in Decimal Bits . 4.
Maximum Number of:
Analog Signal Input Units Connected . . . . . . . . . . 4
Digital Instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Parameters Output to Signal Panels . . . . . . . . . . 32
Power Input , wat t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Dimensions, millimeters 482 x 482 x 265
Software of the PS-300 CCC
The software of the PS-300 CCC includes a system of commands, a library of
commands (arrays of adjustment information), and the following systems:
- control; input-output control (drivers); test; translation~-simulation, and
command design. The programs of the translation-simulation and command
design systems and the library of operators form the cross-software of the
PS-300 CCC. The bulk of it is written in FORTRAN-IV; it has been written
for the YeS disk operations system and the ASVT [possibly modular system _
of computer equipment] disk operations system.
The PS-300 CCC is supplied with a package of applied programs. The first
phase of the applied software of the PS-300 CCC contains the following
packages: standard programs and programs for adaptive control oriented to
automated control systems or chemical production; manitoring and control of
power industry facilities; analysis of the composition of matter; process-
ing of chromatographic data; dynamic optimization of indu:trial processes;
system of d iscrete control of flow lin es.
Characteristics of the PS-300 CCC
The ~entral computer in the PS-300 CCC is a computer with rearrangeable homo-
geneous structures. The presence of an arithmetic-logical unit with rear-
rangeable homogeneous structures in the PS-300 processor makes it possible _
to feed new commands that are essential to the user to the command system
_ without changing the machine circuits. Although machines with micro-
program control also have this advantage, when the same commands are re-
peated in computers with microprogram control the corresponding micro-
program is run each time, whereas in the PS-300 computer the homogeneous
medium, once� adjusted, guarantees subsequent hardware execution of these
commands.
The cross-software for translation and simulation makes it possible to de-
bug new programs witttiout disconnecting the control computing complex for a -
long time.
J
29
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The internal 1 inkage insures continuous representation and updating of data _
from the analog signal sensors in the digital instrumen ts even if the proc-
essor malfunctions. This is especially important for normal maintenance of
an industrial process when switching to manual control. It greatly improv~g
the reliabil ity of a control system built on the basis of the PS-300 CCC.
The reliability, noise suppression, and speed of arealag signal input are im-
proved through the use of contactless ~witching and galvanic isolation of
the input analog channels.
The functional and design completenass of all the units of the PS-300 CCC,
which is expressed in the fact that all the elements necessary to accomplish
consolidated functions are contained in one invariable design~ simplif ies as-
sembly for designing automated control systems for industrial processes or
other systems as well as the ordering and ~aanufacture of control computing
complexes. ~
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", "Pribory i sistemy upravleniya",
1980
[72-1176] -
11,176
Cso : 1.863
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HYBRID COMPUTERS
SPECIALIZED HYBRID~CONTROL COMPUTERS
Moscow SPETSIALIZIROVANNYYE GIBRIDNYYE UPRAVLYAYUSHCHE-VYCHISLITEL'NYYE USTROYSTVA
in Russian 1980 (signed to press~6 May 80) pp 2$4-286, 288
[Table of contents and annotation from book "Specialized Hybr id Control Computers",
by Kemer Borisovich Norkin, Izdatel'stvo "Energiya'�, 5,500 copies, 288 pages]
Contents Page
Foreword 5
Introduction 8
Part 1. General Principles of Constructing Problem-Orieizted Hybrid Computers
Chapter 1. General Principles of Constructing Elementary Hybrid Machines 17
l.l. Main principles of constructing hybrid systems: c losed state and
algorithmic capability 17
1.2. Effectiveness of interaction with external medium 21
1.3. Controllability of functional assemblies and decomposition of
controls 26
1.4. Optimum display of digital variables 28
1.5. Unitary principle of accounting and control 30
1.6. Optimum garallellization of calculations 34
Chapter 2. General Principles of Constructing Large Widely Specialized
Hybrid Systems 39
2.1. Structural completeness of association 39
2.2. Separability 40
2.3. Blocking capacity 41
2.4. Balancing capacity, elementary competitiveness and optimum
complexing 42
2.5. Hierarchical ability and autosimilarity 4~
Part 2. Component Base of Hybrid Computers of Unitary Configuration
Chapter 3. Systems Approach to Component Base and Nomenclature of Components
of Unitary Machines 56
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3.1. Main features of component base of unitary hybrid machines 56
3.2. Methodology of systems approach 59
3.3. Nomenclature of component base of unitary mr:hines 62
Chapter 4. Circuit Components of Unitary Machines 63
4.1. Operating amplifiers 63
4.2. Threshold components (comparators) 66
4.3. Switching components and code-current and code-voltage converters� 71
' 4.4. Passive components 74
Chapter 5. Resolving Components of Unitary Machines 76 ~
5.1. Balancing circuits 76
5.2. Adders of digital multilevel signals 80
- 5.3. Analog and digital signal multipliers 82 ~
5.4. Unitary signal to elementary integral code converters 86
5.5. Integral code to elementary differential (unitary) code converters 88
5.6. Uncontrolled functional converters 89
5.7. Storage cells 92
5.8. Multistable components 99
~ 5.9. Comparator assemblies 102
5.10. Pulse counters 102
5.11. Addressing devices 104
5.12. Promising circuit components 105
Chapter 6. Most Important Functional Asser,lblies of Unitary Machines 105
6.1. Multidigit counters 105
6.2. Semipermanent (one-sided) binary memory with unitary addressing 107
6.3. Semipermanent (one-sided) unitary memory with unitary addressing 109
~ 6.4. Controlled functional converters 113
6.5. Analog (unitary) st~rage devices 115 -
6.6. Analog-digital converters for unitary systems 117
Part 3. Universal Unitary Iterative Machine
Chapter 7. Formalized Description of Iteration Process 120 `
?.1. General definition of iteration process 120
7.2. Standard components for description and canonical order of
fulfilling operations 123
7.3. Complete description of iteration process of unitary computers 129
Chapte r 8. Structure of Universal Unitary Computer 144
H.1. General configuration and varieties 144
8.2. Structure of elementary machine 147
8.3. Main program 156
Chapter 9. Realization of Devices of Elementary Machine and Formalized
Description 163
9.1. Resolving part and time analyzer 163
9.2. Locking device 167
9.3. Data input-output 172
- 9.4. For.nalized description of elementary machine 173
32
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Part 4. Synthesis and Realization of Prablem-Oriented Hybrid Computers
Chapter 10. State of the Art of the ~'roblem of Synthesis and Prospects 182
10.1. Obtaining a closed description ~.82
10.2. Equivalent conversions of descriptions 187
. 10.3. Use of ~ptimization 193
Chapter 11. Practical Synthesis of Problem-Oriented Hybrid Devices 198
11.1. Practical experience of synthesis 198 -
11.2.. Control device of instriunent for adjusting the quartz circuit
to resonance 201
11.3. Aircraft navigation computer 218
11.4. Synthesis of widely specialized unitary machines and program�ning 229
~ Chapter 12. Experience of Develo?~cnent and Application of Unitary Computers 240
~ 12.1. Experience of constructing widely specialized devices 240
12.2. Experience of constructing *~arrowly specialized devices 263
12.3. Area of feasible application of developed methods of construct-
ing hybrid computer systems 265
Bibliography 2~z
The problems of constructing sx~ecialized and problem-ariented hybrid computers are
considered and the methods of describing the r,~achines and programs, the principles
of contr~lling ~he calculating process and methods of displaying digital variables
are given.
Intended for developers of various types of computer equipment. It will be useful
to students and graduate students specializing in the field of computer technology.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1980
[108-6521]
6521
CSO: 1863
33
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DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALIZED HYBRID CONTROL COMPUTERS
Moscow SPETS IALIZ IROVANNYYE GIBR7DNYYE UPRAVLYAYUSHCHE-VYCHISLITEL'NYYE USTROYSTVA
in Russian 1980 (signed to press 6 May 80) pp 5-16 ~
.
[Foreword and introduction from book "Specialized Hybrid Control Computers"� by
Kemer Borisovic~ Norkin, Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 5,500 copies, 288 pages]
[Text] Foreword
The proposed book is addressed to specialists whose activity is related to develop-
ment of specialized control computer equipment. This has in mind both those who
directly make specific engineering decisions and those who are responsibZe for
planning the system as a whole and its configuration and those who conduct theo-
retical investigations in this field.
Hybrid control computer devices are considered in the book. This does not mean
that the use of hybrid devices xs recommended in all cases. However, it is obvious
that only on the basis of the theory of hybrid computer systems can specific real-
izations of contrcl computer devices be achieved with different,ratio of analog and
~ digital variables--from completely digital to completely analog. Thus, selection
of the optimum ratio of the volumes of analug and digital variables and ~;pecifical-
ly selection of the point of conversion of analog variables to digital foi-m is car-
ried over from the sphere of scholastic a priori discussions to the sphere: of
precise calculations. Purely digital or purely analog approaches do not provide
this capability.
The main thing that distinguishes the ideology of constructing computer devices
being developed in the given book is the viewpoint that the form of information
display (analog or digital) is not, reqardless of how paradoxical it seems, the
mair. feature by which digital and analoq computers of traditional config~iration
are distinguished. The determining factor is the difference in the degree of auto-
mation, algorithmization and parallellism of the calculating process. Indeed, the
variety of possible engineering solutions in the field of display of variables is
now so great that it is obviously rational to first determine the configuration of
the system and its operatinq program and then to determine the optimum form of in-
formation display in i~s different parts from economic and other concepts. Thus,
we feel that it is incorrect to reject the digital or analog method of information
display without consideration of the specific situation in which the cor~C~Yonding
computer system is beinq developed. This means, according to the adopted method
of synthesis, that the initial structure must be hybrid so that a purely dzgital,
purely analog or some other intermediate solution eould be found during opti_mization
from this structure.
. 3~
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The structure of some universal hybrid computer ora.ented toward a very broad class
of problems is proposed in the book to realize the indicated useful propert~� of
the hybrid approach. The structure has great flexibility, i.e., it permits one
tC find many possible ~:ariants of technical realizat.ions. Many generally accepted
engineering solutions are also found as a special case. The variety of germissible
variants provides the possibility of optimization.
The plan of the proposed book is simple. It is divided into four parts by content.
The language of describing the iteration processes and machines, the structure of
a universal iteration machine and methods of realizing the individual devices of
it are given in Part 3. The developed formalism requires justification both in the
- sense of feasibility and in the s~nse of practical realizability of the recommenda-
tions ensuing from i~t. Therefore, general principles are given in Part 1 which
should be the basis of efficient hybrid systems, while principles of engineering �
realization of devices of iterative hybrid machines are given in Part 2. Part 4-- .
the largest in the volume--is devoted to appli.ed aspects of the developed methods.
Examples of formalized synthesis are given here and examples of synthesis of spe-
cific devices are presented. Moreover, a number of specialized machines which
embody the principles re commended in the book are given in Part 4.
A. A. Fel'dbaum and L. N. Fitsner were innovators of investigations in the given r
direc*ion in 1959. Many authors influenced the fo=-mation of views outlined in the
book. This is indicated by the bibliography. I would especially like to note the
influence of such well-known scientists as G. Ye. Pukhov, A. V. Kalyayev, B. Ya.
ICogan ar..d R. G. Smolov. I am glad to note the import~nt assistance which Ye. G.
Aleksandrov, S. A. Vazhnov, S. B. I~leybanov, N. L. Logunova, E. D. Mit'kov, I. P.
Myshkin, V. M. Prut, V. D. Spiridonov, O. B. Suslova, G. G. Alarchenkov, A. B.
Shubin and I. S. Yakovlev provided in development and constructive criticism of
the outlined ideas. ~
Introduction
An attempt is made in thE book to develop and universally justi �y an approach to
construction of hybrid computer sy~tems which would make it possible to create
specialized control computer devices with different degree of hybridization--from
almost totally digital (for exa.mple, on microprocessors) to purely analog--as a
function of conditions of application.
The word hybrid is understood in the generally accepted meaning: processing of `
digital and continuc~us (analog)* variables is possible in the systems under consid-
erat,'.on. The word specialized is interpreted very broadly. It is assumed that a
universal machine may be enly an abstract or theoretical machine, while practically
any specific machine is specialized to one degree or another. In order to talk `
about different degrees of specialization, narrowly specialized devices of the
regulator type, the simplest computers, filter, signaling devices, optimizing de-
vices and so on and broadly special~zed devices of the problems-oriented computer
type, for examp7e, are considered.
*
The word continuous is better than ar.alog in our view, since it is frequently im-
possible to see any "analogy" whatever in analo3 variables. Following tradition,
we frequently used the term analog.
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The conviction of the timeliness of new research on hybrid computer devices de-
veloped because the followinq propositions are sufficiently reliable:
1. Non-automated systems with purely analog display of variables do not have any
serious future prospects.
2. It will never be possible in the future to construct cont rol computer systems
based on digital principles alone--there wil 1 always be the need to receive some
input data and to issue the results in analog form.
3. The point of converting data from analo g to digital form and from digital to
analog form in future systems will be flexible as a fi:nction of the specific prob-
lems and significant volumes of calculations may be required for data proc2ssing
in analog �orm.
4. The existing ratio between the distribution of digital and hybrid systems (with
favor given to digital systems) is explained only by the historically established
insufficient automation of early analog proc essors and will vary sharply in the
future under the influe,nce of success in automation of hybrid systems in favor of
expanding the application of these systems.
5. Data pr~cessing using significant volumes of continual va�riables will be re-
- lated to finding complex phase trajectorie s of dynamic systems and functionals of
sets of these trajectories and to organizat ion of procedures of purposeful selec-
tion of the parameters which determine thes e t~ajectories.
6. Future hybrid systems will be developed not only as a combination of analog
and digital ~rt s rut as a unit whole as well. '
7. Future systems will combine high autonomy with the possib ility of using them as
peripheral equipment of large digital systems of the most varied configuration.
The investigations, the results of which are outlined in the book, were stimulated
by analyses and also mainly by the following factors.
First, there was the convictior~ as a resul t of prolonged practical work in the
field of computer technology that the nomenclature of possible engineering solu-
tions at the disposal of spec~alists was too sparse and does not correspond to
modern ideology, engine~ring and technolochs. Because of this, many "generally
accepted" solutions are only a special extr eme value found in this "sparse" set.
If the variety of versions is expanded, one can achieve an apnreciable advantage
due to better adaptation of designs to spec ific problems. The time has now come
_ when the range of versions can be expanded due to the new structures which utilize
the latest advances of engineering and technology.
First, the fundamental incorrect idea of the ratio of the capabilities of analog
and ciigital principles of constructing computer equipment c~ussd specific concern.
And there still exists the opinion that ana log devices are less expensive, have in-
surmountably limited~accuracy, high speed a~d weak logic capabilities and are in-
capable of algorithmic calculations. Digital devices are more expensive and
slower but have unlimited accuracy, unlimi ted logic capabilities and easily carry
out algorithmic calculations. More detailed analysis partially presented in the
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proposed book showed that the enumerated properties are more inherent ~o configura-
tions in which analog or d igital components were traditionally used rather than to
the method of information d isplay. Let us give just one example. As is known,
development of so-called structural-analog digital devices is now possible. Dig-
ital versions of all theanalog blocks can be taken as the resolving elements bf
these devices. The variab les in structural-analog diqital machines are a parallell
_ binary code. Combinations of resolving elements are carried out, as in analoq ,
machines, but by multistrand conductors (the nt:mber of strands is equal to the
number of digits of the binary display). If a configuration traditional to analog
- computers is taken, there will be neither alqorithmic nor~ broad logic capabilities
in this purely digital dev ice. Colossal effective speed will then be achieved. It -
is now time to synthesize control computer devices from unified configurational as-
pects without regard to the form of display of variables, while the form of the ,
display is selected, for example, fram economic concep~ts. It is now known at the
modern stage how to diversify the metho~is of display of variables.
Third, the generally accepted rules of interaction of digital machines and hybrid
peripherals do not correspond to the problem of coordinated use of the capabilities
of both types of computer devices. A hybrid peripheral usually has a too strong
negative effect on the central digital computer in the traditional structure. On
the other hand, cases when the digital computer is used with insufficient efficien-
cy comprised the majority among all cases of access of the hybrid peripheral to the
digital computer. All operations on servicing these accesses can be carried out
completely by elementary hardware. There is a need to improve the rules of inter-
action of digital computers with hybrid peripherals, to give greater autonomy to
the hybrid part and to res ort to digital computers only in those cases when use of
them is effective.
And finally, the inveterat e intuitive method of synthesis of hybrid control com-
puter systems is archaic at the modern stage. Not only specific systems are de-
veloped in this case without any formal apparatus, but even many new nroposals are
formulated in terms of the operating principle. The time has come when the first
approximation of the general theory of hybrid computers and the first approximation
of the f.ormalized method of synthesis can be formulated. And even if this method
is unperfected initially and labor expenditures on synthesis are not reduced com-
pletely or are reduced ins ignificantly, one should still move along the path of
formalized synthesis since only this tyne of synthesis permitted a flexible re- .
sponse to the needs of practice in all other fields of technology.
The indicated difficulties and deficiencies are overcome by the nontraditional ap-
proach to the problem of constructing specialized hybrid devices. A very flexible
structure of a universal hybrid machine oriented to~vard the most diverse parametric
problems fcr. differential eqaations solved by iteration methods is proposed. The
proposal is based on some innovations in the field of the component base, methods
of display o� variables, methods of controlling the calculating process and m ethod
of describing machines and programs. The practice of usinq this structure for dif-
ferent applications shows that it is easily adapted to different conditions o� ap~
plication. It provides variety and economy of inethods of displaying analog and
digital variables and if n ecessary a high level of automation of the calculatinq
process, algorithmization, significant autonomy (up to separability) during oper- _
ation in hierarchical systems and ~ number of other useful properties.
37
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~ The develo~xnent of tre general theory of hybrid computer devices is essen'cially
discussed in the book, but significant restrictions of generality and strictness
must be permitted in some problems.
First, the class of problems is limited and primarily problems con sisting of mUl-
tiple solution of ordinary differential equations, formulation of functionals from
sets of solutions of these equations and organization of processes of selecting
the parameters in these equations with regard to the purpose of selection and the
past values of derived functionals are considered. ThPSe very widespread and
rather universal problems are briefly called iteration problems over parameters of
differential equations or simply iteration problems. Such concepts a s differential ~
equation, set of solutions, parametric set of solutions, phase coordinate, phase
trajectories, functional and operator are assuaned to be known.
Second, a number of terms not strictly defined is used. The greater part of them
, are generally accepted in computer technology. These are primarily general con-
cepts: input, output,computer, analog computer, digital computer, varia}~le, var-
iable value and so on. A number of concepts must be borrowed from the theory of
formalized synthesis of logic devices. Some concepts are introduced without
strict definitions, being oriented toward the semantics of the corres,ponding words.
Let us enumerate the most important of these concepts.
An elementary machine is the smallest hybrid machine which can rationally be re-
garded as a unified whole. The volume af tre machine is the maximum dimensions of
the problem being solved and the maximiun number of variables useci in ths problem.
The capacity of the machine is the maximum rate of variation of phase coordinates
and some analog of the concept of effective speed. ~he computer product is the
concept that c~harac,:erizes the reason the machine is developed and connected. One
can assume that the product of a computer is some process or some sequence of val-
ues at the outputs of special or specially noted components of the ma chine.
Besides those enumerated, other strictly undefined concepts are f.ound in the book
which are essentially explained only by their properties during outlining.
An finally, the level of the strictness of exposition is largely inf.erior, for ex�-
ample, to the level of strictness of the theory of finite automatons. This oras
inevitable at the stage of formation of theory.
Let us explain briefly why the ranqe of problems being solved is limi ted to itera-
_ tion problems over parameters of differential equations. Iteration processes, un-
derstood as processes of multiple applicacion of some operation to its result, are
very frequently accomplished by computPr eRuipment. This is explain ed by the fact
that the highest efficiency is achieved with homogeneous calculations. As a re-
sult c~ir.ect calculation (without the iterative process) is less advantageous, al-
though the iteration process may even include a much greater number of onerations.
The effectiveness of using iteration processes increases especially with respect
to parallel calculations. Actually, the high degree of parallellism of computer
devices caus es large expenditures for initial input of the problem. It is ob- -
vious that single use of the system after input of the problem is not advar.tageous.
Hence ensues the feasibility of orientation toward iterative calculation processes
an~ especially toward iterative processes related to differential equations, since
in the latter case the effectiveness of parallel calculations increas es even more.
- 38
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_ If the process of developing computer equi.pment is analyzed, it must be stated
that the main difficulty is understanding and description of the machine as a
whole, including its configuration and operating process. This difficulty is ag-
gravated by the fact that machines are developed as a result of the work of col-
12ctives, frequently rather large collectives, rather than individual specialists.
The only method of c 1 ear description of complex systems is sequential decomposition
of the description. Confining oiirselves to the given method, let us present for a
beginning the most general description of the working process of an automated hy-
brid computer system.
A hybrid system is de signed to convert input data and external synchronaus signals
to other variables wh ich are actually its product. Conversion is accomnlished by _
the resolving element s connected to a special network. The input data and the con-
version program are s tored in a special memory or are assigned by the position of
_ different machine control members. The lifetime of a hybrid system is assumed to
be divisible by the periods of the initial position, operation and shutdown.
Machine operation consists in the following. Different machine control members
are set to the requi red initial position, while a special memory is filled with the
n~cessary contents. '!'he ,position of the control members and the content of the
memory are called adj ustments. The adjustments are set directly manually, manually
through the input device or automatically through the readout device or from de-
vices of the upper 1 evel of hierarchy. Further, the machine is transferred to the
"Operation" mode if n ecessary and begins to change its states automatically (in-
formation variables, phase coordinates and values of output and internal variables)
according to adjustments in time by digital or analog means and automatic exchange
of information is accomplished inside the machine and with the external environ-
ment. According to the meaning of the concept product indicated above, the machine
product is the values of certain variables at certain intervals or at certain mo-
ments of the operating period. Shutdown provided by the program or cause3 by the
external environment (opera~tor or an old machine) can begin during operation. No
- variables change in a hybrid machine during shutdown that are equivalent to stopping
of time.
, A period of the initi al position or operation may begin after shutdown. By defin- -
ition, adjustmQnts can be changed only durinq periods of the initial position. The
unit of work is the problem, i.e., tha entire product between two variation~ of
adjustments.
The functions of each resolving element of a hybrid system change form more or
less strongly due to the effect o~ adjustments and special control variables. By
definition, control variables change during operating periods, Thus, the variable
- functions of resolvi ng elementis may occur during perio~ls of operation and the in-
itial position. .
An automated communi cations system between components function in the general case
. in a hybrid system. Methods of combining the components and parameters of commun-
ications channels ar e determined by the adjustement and control variables. The
control and ynformat ion variables may occur outside the system, but they are pri- -
marily formed inside it. Therefore, separation of variables into control and in-
formation is ar bitrary and serves to facilitate understanding and description of
machines and their components. One pr another type of variables can be formed on
a unified basis and the type of variable can be converted by using the operation
of conferment. This will be discussed in more detail below.
' 39
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The qiven external description of a hybrid system with details permits a consider-
able variety of versions that corresponds to practical needs. Since hybrid devices
are more efficient as problem-oriented and specialized devices, this leads to the
_ need to have u siqnificant nomenclature of them. Moreover, the decision to use
universal computers is made in many cases only because development of a specialized
device, even one known to be inexpensive, is itself unjustifiably laborious to the
developer. The timeliness of developing methods of synthesis of specialized hybrid -
devices is obvious in this situation. Therefore, a significant part of the book is
devoted to the problem of synthesis.
The traditional methodology of synthesis has been adopted. Its essence is that
some standard, universal structure has been adopted as the basis. Fverythinq that
is not required for workinq with the given flow of problems is thrown out of this
structure and equivalent transformations of. the remainder are made to optimize some,
for example, economical criterion.
An obvious weak point of this method is the dependence of the final result on the
initial structure. However, no methods of synthesizing an optimum structure have
yet been found, so this method is inevitable. In order to lessen the effect of
this deficiency, one can select all the known structural proposals with regard to
the state of the art at the moment the development is introduced. This is not
such a difficult problem. First, there are not so many developed and complete
proposals on the structures of hybrid systems. Second, it is frecruently not re-
nuired to bring the synthesis to a final conclusion to analyze the quality of the
engineering solutions. Thir�d, it is rare ~hat the same designer or organization
synthesizes specialized devices for very many fields of application. Making the
_ area of applications more specific usually permits one to select a single baseline
structure after several attempts at least until there is a fundamental chanqe in
the technology of the resolving element. -
COPYRIGfiT: Izdatel'stvo "E~ergiya", 1980
[108--6521] �
6521
r.so: 1~63
- 40 .
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PRACTICAL SYNTHESIS OF PROBLEM-ORIENTED HYBRID DEVICES
Moscow SPETSIALIZIROVANNYYE GIBRIDNYYE UPRAVLYAYUSHCHE-VYCHISLITEL'NYYE USTROYSTVA
in Russian 1980 (signed to press 6 May 80) pp 218-228
[Excerpt from chapter 11 of book "Specialized Hybrid Control Computers", by
Kemer Borisovich Norkin, Izdatel�stvo "Energiya", 5,500 copies, 288 pages]
[Excerpt~ 11.3. An Aircraft Navigation Computer
The problem of aircraft navigation has essentially already become a classical prob-
lem. The present position of an aircraft must be computed on a map during naviga-
tion on the basis of data of various measuring instruments, input data and data of
radio beacons. These calculations are essentially simple, but they require a con-
siderable v~alume of apparatus. It is of interest to consider the possibility of
using the outlined methods to reduce the volume of apparatus by multiple u~e ~f
components.
Table 11. 7. Input Data for Navigation
Number Measurement
of Item Notation Range Pda~~ne
1 xpi; yPi Up to 2,000 km Rectangular coordinates of the
i-th and (i + 1)-th turning
~ xp (i+l) % Yp (i+l) points of the route (PPM) with re-
spect to the origin of a half-
route chart (see Figure 11.10)
2 xmi; ymi Up to 2,000 km The same as item 1 for beacons _
- (see Figure 11.10)
3 W 180-1,200 km/hr Ground speed of aircraf.t with
respect to ground surface
4 US 0-30� Drift anqle--angle between air
(see item 5) and ground speed
(see Figure 11.13)
[Table continued on following page]
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rvK vrri~.~,a?L u~~. UIVLY
Table 11.7. [Continued from preceding paqe]
Number Measurement
of Item Notation R3nqe Name
5 V 180-1,200 km/hr Air speed--speed of aircraft with
respect to air� (see Figure 11.13)
6 K 0-360� Course--angle between longitudin-
al axis of aircraft and initial
direction of readout (see Fiqure
11.13)
7 UK 0-360� Angle of chart--angle between
meridian of initial direction and '
mean meridian of position of
half,route chart (see Figure 11.12)
8 U 0-250 km/hr Wind speed (Up at initial moment,
see Figure 11.3)
9 S 0-360� Wind direction (8~ at initial -
moment, see Figure 11.13~
- 10 D 0-400 km Distance from beacoii to aircraft
11 A 0-360� Azimuth of beacon--true bearing
of aircraft with respect to
beacon
The input variables in aircraft navigation are those enumerated in Table 11.7. The
necessary refinements can be �ound in [54). The output variables used in naviga-
tion are enumerated in Table 11.8. The abbreviated names of the navigation vari-
ables are explained in Tables 11.7 and 11.6 and in Figures 11.10 to 11.13. The
navigation system is an inertial type with correction by radio beacon data. The
following flight modes are distinguished.
l. Shortest distance. The FPU [A ctual track angle] must be maintained so that the -
aircraft flies toward the PPM [Turning point] all the time.
2. Correction. Accurate values of the output variables of the device are intro-
duced from the beacon data. -
3. Turning. The goal of the aircraft changes (it flies toward a new PPM).
4. Operation. Main operating mode of navigation equipment. There is partial in-
ertial calculation of output variables.
5. Memory. The enumer�ated W and US are not measured; the flight is made on the
basis of the nearest previous memorized values. All calculations are made inside
the system.
42
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Table 11.8. Output Variables of Aircraft Navigation Device
x. (2 ) I
~~i 06r3H8qlIltl! Hauve`i
e,_xe
~ Z~i~ 4)OrK~ioi~cinic C8MOA2T8 I10 38j~qIINUH ;1~11111N
nyr~i (rA~. puc. 11-II)
~ Wz 5~1pocKU~'A W ua oTUnoueiiue z�
3 S; 63 PaccroA~iHe oT ovepeA~+oro !//7.1( (r~i,
xc. II-ll)
4 D; To r~ce, ~iro n. 3, eo e peHt~iMe Kprumtau-
wee paccinoxru~e (cM. Aanee)
5 sin 3!/~'~; 8~ Cru~yc N KOCIINyC 38A8HH01'O nyTeeoro yr~a
cos 3/7Y; !1Y i+a naiiHOM y4acTKe MapwpyTa
G sin ~Dl7Y;; 9) To ~ce, ~iro n. 5, ,qne ~aKr~ivecKOro nyTe-
cos ~A/lY! eoro yraa ~A!!y Ha ,qaHHOM yvacrKe ~+apwpy-
TL (Heo6xoA~uao BblQBBaTb B p2H(NMC f(p[l/li'
wtr~wee paccnrORKUe, cM. Aanee)
7 U; d ( 0) Pacyert+we 9H24CHNA CKOPOCTH N Hanpaene-
HIIA OtTp2. ~3TH Jir1HHNQ BWn810TCA TOAbKO D
_ peacNMe Pu6oma, cM. qanee) -
8 zt~ yt ( 1) TeKyu~i~e KOOP,QNH87d caMOneTa e rtpsuNO-
YI'OJIbH01~ CNCTCMC KOOPI(HHBT
Key:
l. Nuanber af item ~
2. Notation
3. Name
4. Deviation of aircraft along given flight nath (see Figure 11.11).
5. Projection W onto deviation zP
6. Distance from next PPM (turning point) (see Figure 11.11)
7. The same as item 3, but in the Shortest distance mode (see below)
8. Sine and cosine of given track of ZPU [Given track angle] on given leg of
route -
9. The same as item 5, for actual track angle FPU on given leg of route (it
must be given in the Shortest distance mode, see below)
10. Calculated values of wind speed and direction (these data are issued only
in the Operation mode, see below)
11. Present coordinates of aircraft in rectangular coordinate system.
y '
51 Knsr s~
r -
309~ ~
nn~
~n,~ S' -
~ any, .
NnM s~
-
' -
Figure 11.10. Example of Aircraft Route on Half-Route Chart
~+3
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~ y
a
Sn~ ~`Zm S
any, ni~l~snl[~?1, y�~i.v)
a
nl ~=nl ~,~nl~ ~
0
Figure 11.11. Rules for Formation of Navigation Coordinates During S-z ~
Navigation ~
The adopted system is called S-z navigation. The flight takes place along the
shortest curves (special geodesic lines [54~) passing through the PPM. A S-z co-
ordinate system must be given for each leg of the flight for S-z navigation. These
are rectangular coordinates. The origin is the point of the next (i + 1)-th PPM.
The S-axis coincides with the line of flight and is aligned toward the i-th PPM.
~ y
a
~
~ YK
a S
~ Jliy
(1) 2
~
n
m �
s s
0
z
Figure 11.12. Ori.entation of S-z Coordinates With Respect to fIalf-Route
Char~
Key:
1. Initial direction (nn)
- Data on the PPM, the initial point of departure IPM and the final destination are
given in geographic coordinates. It is assumed that the geographic coordinates of
the PPM and beacons aze recalculated to rectangular coordinates by using ground
computers by the formulas:
z;=Rc171, cos W,; (11. 7 )
yr=R(A~Pr+ ~q~` sin2cp;l, (ll.s)
~ /
where R is the earth's radius, ~ai =~i -~0~ -~i -~p~ ~i and ai are the lati-
tude and longitude of the corresponding checkpoint and c~~ and ap are the latitude
and longitude of the origin of the half-route chart.
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i
~ B
t MN J
(1) ~ V
b
- o ~ y~ �W
- ~ ~ /ly
S
b
?
_
Figure 11.13. Consideration of Wind Direction and Speed
K,ey :
~ 1. Initial direction (nn)
The angle of convergence (the angle between the meridian of the i-th beacon and
the meridian of. the origin of the half-chart route) ~Ni for naviqation calcula- -
tions is determined by the formula
~N = x sin + ~o
~ \ MI 0~ 2 . _
(11.9)
The distance between adjacent PPM is calculated by the Pythagorean formula
_ S~i - ~'Yn(i+~) "xn(I T ~yn(i+~ - ~?ni~ ~ 1].. ZO ~
( )
while the trigonometric functions of the PZU are calculated by the formulas:
. sin3l7Y~=z"(1++1-xnt~ (11.11)
Sni
~os 3l1Y~ -ync~+snt ynf ~ ~11. 12 ~
The values W, US and K are entered in the aircraft navigation computer (VLTNS) in
the Operation mode.
The following calculations are made in the Operation mode '
WS- w ~os ~K+yc-yK-3ny;~ ; c~~. ~s~
t~z_ w Sin ~x+yc-yK-sny;); c~~. ~4~
Uv- W cos (K-}-YC-YK) -U co~ ~K-.vK) ; ~11.15 ~
LIa-W sin (K+yC-YK)-U sin (h-YI(); (11.16)
u- yu~x u= y; ~
c~~.~~~
~ S - aresin Ux~
(11.18)
~ ~5
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r
z~=~ l~sdl~
(11.19)
t '
S~=S�~-~'W
o ~ (11.20)
the values of U, S, UX and U~, should be calculated so that these variables can be
stored and used upon transition in the Memory mode.
The values of W and US are not measured in the Memory mode. Therefore, the values
of wind parameters and the air speed sensor signal U stored in the Operation mode ~
are used. The following formulas are used:
~s = IU cos (K - YK) - U cos SJ cos 3r1Y,
(11.21)
[U sin (K - YK)-}- U sin S] sin 3rlYi;
u~Z =~u ~os ~x - yx~+uyl S~n sny, -
- [Usin(K-YK)-I-UxI ~ossny,. , (~~.22)
The aircraft coordinates S-z are calculated as before by formulas (11.19) and
(11.20).
The Turn mode begins when some distance to the next PPM (linear lead of turn--LUR)
remains to the aircraft. The origin is converted in this mode. Recalculation is
made by the formulas
Sn(l+i1- ~zn(i+tl-xn(l+il~ ~~yn(i+t)-"yn(!T~)~~ (11.23)
sin 3/7Y xn(~+:) - xnU+~) ,
1+~= Sn(1+il ' (11.24)
COS 3/7Y - yn(1+~)-+,1n(t+~),
i+~ - n(i+i) '
(11.25)
5;+, =S~ct+>> -I-s, cos(3rry1- 3ny�+>>) -
- Z, S;n ~any, - s~s~~+~);
(11.26)
- zr+i =Sr sin (317Y;-3IlY~;+u) - .
-z; cos (3IlY;-3IIY~;+,~) �
(11.27)
Further, operation by formulas (11.13)-(11.20) continues in the new S-z c~ordinate
system.
Pr~cise values of S-z are calculated in the Correction mode by the formulas:
~ ~+6
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S;=D cos (A-311y;~N,)-SMt; -
(11.28)
z; -D sin (A-3IIY{~Ni) -z~t�
(1i.29)
where all notatioz~s were determined previously and -
Srt=~xMt -Xn(t+~)~S1II.3l/Y~+(yw~-y~c,+>>)cos3Ry~.) (11.30) -
z,,, =(xM; - x~~; t,?) cos 317Y~ (gMr - y~t; t~~ ) sin 3~/Y;. (11. 31)
Thus, all i.ntegration errors by formulas (11.19) and (11.20) are eliminated after
the correction is made.
The following variables should be formed in the Shortest distance mode of the VIJNS:
D; = s'; z'; : (11. 32 )
sin ~r1 =1~~ ; (11. 33 )
~os ~ny, - ~
~ . .
(11.34)
The coordinates of the next PPM are entered manually by the naviqator rather than
by the program methad in the Manual input mode.
The :ulations required for navigation are organized in the form of an iteration
pro.._~5 and the number of the next PPM serves as the iteration indicator. It was ~
feasible in the example under consideration to organize yet another step of the
iteration process for alternate calculations by formulas (11.7)-(11.34). This per-
mits a sharp reduction in the n*unber of resolving components in the WNS. The
uniqueness of most of the given formulas (the Pythagorean equations or coordinate _
con~~ersion formulas) indicates the effectiveness of this solution.
- We proceed from the general structure prespnted in Chapter 8 in synthesis of the
WNS. We organize the necessary calculations in the RCh IResolving part]. We pro-
vide Arganizatian of the IT [Iterative process] by using the UZ." This distribution
of functions is standard. Let us proceed from the product of the IM [Iteration .
machine] being designed in synthesis of the RCh.
The values of U, S, sin ZPUi, sin FPUi, cos ZPUi and cos FPUi will be found as a
result of a multistep calculating process at the output of special operational
analog memory cells and will be transmitted to the nonvolatile ~U [Memory] (DZU).
Four ZYa [Memory cell] are required in the DZU since the same cells can be used for
the ZPU and FPU as a function of the operating mode. These can be ordinary ZYa
5.7) without regeneration with regard to the real speed of the RE. Since can
assume any value in the range of 0-360�, a double ZYa can be used for 8: ~-E(4~/7~)
should be stored in the ordinary ZYa and E(4~/~r) should be stored in the special ~
- Zla, where E(4d/~r) denotes the entire part of the number in parentheses. The mul-
tistable element of ~ 5.8, for example, can be used as this cell.
k7
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rux ~rr~t;~A~ U~~: UNLY
Let us form variables Si and zi in integrator-interpolator types cells (see ~ 1.6
and 8.2). Since variables Si and zi are used directly for navigation, high reso-
lution is required. This is accomplished by using double ZYa, which are a combin-
at3.on of an ordinary integrator with dump and multidigit counter. A diagr.am of
this cell is given in Figure 11.14.
- c6poc
r,3
x~
3A/ 09 ~I C4
B4 Hy Hy ~3 H,Y y
C6poc � B y
ey (1) ~
Figure 11.14. Integrator-Intepolator Cell With Combined Display of Output
Va3ue: ZYal--input ZYa for storage of derivative; VCh--in-
put number bus; NU--number input resolution bus; OU--high-
qual?ty operating amplifier-integrator; PE--high-quality
co~arators for display and positive and negative overflow;
SCh--unitary reversible pulse counter 6.1); x--input
variable; y--output variable
Key:
l. Dump
A subintegral function which is retransmitted to the ZYal is formed periodically
in the special operating memory cell when the circuit is operating. Integrator OU
then performs integration. Overflow OU is initiated by one of the PE. This PE
dumps U to the zero position and simultaneously transmits a pulse to the reversible
counter. The given ZYa circuit for S and z provides good resolution. But the ac-
_ curacy of calculations is determined by the accuracy of the OU. If accuracy must
be increased, the devia~cion 61S from the m~an value pS rather than WS must be
integrated.
Thus, the total product of the WNS is formed in the DZU, including six ZYa. Three
of them are ordinary and are used to store V, sin ZPU (or sin FPU) and cos ZPU (or
- cos FPU). One is combined for storage of S and two are integrators-interpolators
= with combined display of variables. It should be pointed out that the composition
J of the DZU is clearly determined by the select~d common structure and designation
' of tlie IM. Informal decisions were made only on problems of providing accuracy
and resolution. The basis for these decisions were the concepts outlined in Part 2.
By introducing unitary variable ml by the ordinary method, which controls operation
of the DZU, we provide the relationship of the states of the DZU and this variable
indicated in Table 11.9. Organization of this DZU with regard to the contents of
Part 2 is trivial. Since no more than six numbers are entered simultaneously in
the DZU (six numbers are entered at ml = 10), it has a total of six input buses.
Distri.bution of the input buses by ce'l1s is natural.
_ ~+8
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TaUle 11.9.
Q~p:KUxn A3S1 (1)
~ m, '
S I s I U I ein ~'7Y I co~ ~7Y I b
~ < < N~ N
2 31 N
3 N 31
4 N N 3 -
5 N N 3
_ 6 N N 3 ~
7 N N~ 3
8 N N
9 33 33
10 33 33 .
IGey: _
1. Function of DZYa 2. Integration
Note. I--integra*ion; Z1--input of number into ZYals 33--inpat of numbers into ~
ZYal, OU and SU (see Figure 11.14); 3--input of numberj empty space--stcorage
In the gi.ven case the OZU includes six ~tandard analog ZYa. It is controlled by
means of unitary instruction m2, which assumes seven different values. The number -
is entered in the cell having the corresponding number at m2 = 1-6. Al]. cells
store the stored numbers at m2 = 7.
Otlier vers~.ons are also possible with selection of the number of OZU cells. If one
' rejects simultaneous entry of the initial values of S and z, one may ha~�e only
three ZYa in the OZU. An additional instruction ml is required in this case and
the tracki.ng function is complicated somewhat. Taking these concepts and the rel-
ative simplicity of the OZU into account, a version with six cells was adopted. It
was pointed out in ~ 5.7 "_hat the ZYa can p~rfor.m upon entry o~ the number differ-
ent operations with the entered number and contents. However, a single operation--
entry of the number--has been adopted for the OZU. This solution w~as adopted on ~
the basis of selection of variants.
The operations indicated in formulas (11.7)- (11.20) must be fulfilled to fill the
- OZU cells, for example, it is sufficient to calculate the subintegral expressions -
for (11.19) and (11.20). These cal^.ulations are made by a special RE which has
been called the operating block (oBy. During selection of the variants, one was `
initially oriented toward the OZU with total set of operations. The following _
variants of the OB were considPred: _
1) with minimum mmiber of RE (sin, multiplier and tw~ operating amplifiers).
This variant generates comglex programs, camplicates the Oz[J and does not provide
the necessary speed;
2) with number of RE r~hich provides solution of any equation during one step
(2sin, seven multipliers and four OU). This version is intriguing, but does not
provide the necessary dimensions;
~+9
FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY
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. ~ 1 ~ De~
o, de/~
- M .
O.Y ~
M sin M � �
~y sin
0'J
. \
1 2 S 3 5 7 B 9 f0 11 �'Z 13 f4 15
Figure 11.15. Diagram of Third Variant of Operating Block of Aircraft
Navigation Computer: M--multiplierj sin--functional con- _
_ verter of type; OU--operating amplifier
3) with ntunber of RE selected so as to provide calculation of a-~y function
of (11.10)- (11.20) in no more than three steps. This version was the most accept-
able, A diagram of the OB of this version is given in Figure 11.15.
n
!!39 a
039 ~
06 a,
N~r
' ~ HM
6u~X
4P N
Figure 11.16, Block Diagram of Aircraft Navigation Computer: BFK--
instruction forn?a.tion block; DK--instruction decoder;
IQ~I--switching rnatrix; ID--data storaqe and input device;
OB--operating block; OZU--internal storage; DZU--non-
~ voZatile memory; R--data on flight mode; :[=-;r?easurements;
P--product
5d
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The mathematical functions are formed by organization of the necessary connec-
tions of the OB inputs to the OZU, DZU and OB outputs and the output of the input
data block.. Further synthesis consisted in formal compilation of a list of the
states of the switching matrices, writing the tracking tables and a?,~king more spe-
cific the volume of the ~i*.zver::al structure with respect to the give^ problem. De- ~
spite some cumbersomeness of this process, it was completed within several days by ~
a single executor. As a result a WNS was synthesized, the approximate weight of ~
- which in the microelectronics version comprises 1 kg and a vol~une of 300 cm3. A
block diagram of the WNS is r~iven in Figure 11.16. Compared to the qe^eral struc-
ture given in Chapter 8, it contains the following main simplifications:
1) nonadjustable instruction decoders DK are used in place of the PDK;
2) the BFK locking device has no cognitive completion functions. A fixPd
sequence of control signals cor.?ing directly to the PK is formed in it;
3) the ID block (the PTK of ~the com�non structure ) and the DZU and al l the DK
have no relationship to the KM lines.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1980
[108-6521]
_ 6521
CSO: 1863
- 51
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iTDC 681.142.34
PROBLEMS OF AYBRTD COMPUTER T~C~INOLOGY ~
Kiev PROBLEMY GTBRTDNOY VYCHTSLITEL'NOY TEKEII~IIKI in Russian 1979 signed to press
- 20 Dec 79 pp 2, 167-168
[Annotation and table of contents from collection of scientific works, Izdatel'stvo _
~ "Naukova Dumka," 290 copies, 168 pages]
[Text] In this collection are discussed questions relating to the development of
computing and peripheral hardware of hybrid systems. The results are given of an
investigation of parallel digit-oriented structures for solving linear equations.
Also discussed are que~tions relating to the reliability and testing of computing
system units and modules.
_ Intended for scientific and engineering and technical personnel specializing in the
area of developing hybrid camputer technology hardware.
. CONTENTS Page
Bal`va, A.A. and Samoylov, V.D. "Procedure for Designing Problem Processors
with Digital Balance for Solving Particular Problems in Mathematical Pro-
gramming" 3 .
Plyushch, Yu.A. "Study of Digital-Analog Computing Systems for Solving -
Linear Algebraic Equations" 13
- Timoshenko, N.P. "On the Question of Eliminating Auto-Oscillations in -
Digital-Analog Models or Systems of Algebraic Equations" 19
Aksenov, A.I. and Lazarevich, E.G. "One Method of Mathematical Modeling of
Multiprocessor Computing Systems with a Common Main Memory Designed According
to the Stratification Principle" 24
~anitulin, A.Kh. and Polyakov, G.A. "Estimate of the Eftectiveness of Using
_ Multiprocessor Computers in Implementing Complex Algorithms for Control
Systems" 30
Naumov, V.Yu. and Polin, Xe.L. "One Approach to the Problem o~ the Logical
Ana].ysis of Combination Circuits" 38 _
- 52
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;
Arzhenenko, A.Xu. and O~.eyn~.chenko, I..G. "~ni~v~,zat#on of ~nd~,st~.nct Auta~
mata" 5~ ;
- Lqttbomudrov~, A.A. and P~pov, Yu.A. '"Method o~ Isolating Hypothet3cal
' Arguments" 59
Petukh, A.M., Obodnik, D.T. and ~anich, N.M. "Digital In~egrator with ~
Seri41 Carryover" 61
Sibiryakov, V.V., Tkach, M.~. and Tynynpka, A.N. "Hybrid Mode1 of Problems
of Synchronizing Conveyor Lines" 65
Bilan, T.I., Samoylov, V.D. and Skorik, V.N. "Assignment of the Configura-
tion of a Domain in Solving Boundary Problems by the Monte Carlo Method" 71
Shkil', A.A. "Elements of Controlled P'Iodeling Nets" 77
Mandrychenko, A.A. "Modeling a~ao-Dimensional Static Magnetic Field in a
Nonlinear Medium Using a Discrete Analog Net Processor" 81
Kalinin, G.A., Livson, M.G., Marder, V.P. and Zozulya, I.V. "Calculation of
Microelectronic Functional Code-Voltage Conve~tters by Means of Co~mputers" 86
Voytenkov, I.N. "Principles of the Organization of Structures of One Class
of Problem-Oriented Computing Systems" 91
Li..vshits, D.N. -"Methods of Funr_tional Testing of Large-Scale Integrated
Microcircuits" 104
Gubrenyuk, T.I. "Taking Into Account the Influence of Measurement Errors
on Indicators of the Reliability of Selective Testing" 108
Frolov, V.A. and Khyannikyaynen, A.I. "Prob].em of the Optimal Distribution
of Elements on a Mounting Board" 115
Rozenblit, L.Ya. "S~me Problems in Determining the Optimal Periodicity of
Some Forms of Servicing a Restorable System" 119
Khoroshko, V.A. and Chirkov, D.V. "Improving the Noise Rejection of Inte-
grated Operational Amplifiers" 127
_ Dubrovir, V.Z. "Technalogical Redundancy in Microcircuits with a Heightened
Degree of Integration" 130
Bastrikov, Yu.M., Prepelitsa, G.P. and Sibiryakov, V.V. "Data Output Unit
for Hybrid Minicomputers" 134
Likhttsinder, B.Ya. "Multidimensional Campensation-Bridge Units" 139
Gutsalyuk, A.K., Nudel'man, P.Ya. and Temesov, A.M. "Optimal Matrix A1go- -
rithms for Processing Signals in a Multichannel Modem" 143
~y
53
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Balashov, V.A., Nudel'man, P.Xa. and Sh~idel~, A.A. "S~.mp1~.�y~ng the Mode~.~.ng
of Tnterchannel No3se in Mult~channel Communications 9ystems with the Sep~ratfan
of Signala by Shape" 153
Balashov, V.A., Nudel'man, P.Ya., Pavl3chenko, Yu.A. and Temesov, A.~'!.
"Selecting the ~'orm of the Transfer gunctions of Receiving Untts o~ a
Multichannel Modem Minimizing the Effect of Noise Concentrat~d in Terms of
~ge~~ 159
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumkrt~~, 1979
[82-8831)
8831
CSO: 1863
,
r
1\
11
1
I
~
l
~
I
5
FCR OFFICIAL USE C~:~fLY
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SOFTWARE
AUTOMATED PRODUCTION OF APPLIED PROGRAM PACKAGES
Tallinn AVTOMATIZATSIYA PROIZVODSTVA PAKETOV PRIKLADNYI~I PROGRAhIh1 in Russian 1980
(signed to press 24 Jul 80) pp 203-207
[Table of contents from collection "Automated Production of Applied Program Packages",
edited by A. Vooglayd, Tallinskiy politekhnicheskiy institut, 600 copies, 208 pages]
[Text ] Contents Page
Section 1. Technology .
l. S. P. Prokhorov, Technology of Software Development for D'Iinicomputers 5
2. S. M. Abramovich and IQi. D. Dzhenibalayev, Design of Syntactically
Controlled Translators in Dialogue Translator Design System 8
3, Grushetskiy, V. V., Construction of Efficient Translators 12
4. V. Sh. Kaufman and V. A. Levin, Metalanguage for External Documentation
of Language Proces sors 18
5. M. Lepp, Ane Method of Translation Description 22
6. V. N. Red'ko, Langtaage Processor Design Systems 25
7. V. V. Bublik, S. S. Gorokhovskiy and V. S. Chuykevich, Methods of
Determining the Programming Lanquages for Interpreting Type Systems 26
8. N. M. Myshchenko, Expanding the Semantics of the Input Language of the
TEREM Expanded Programming System 29
9. N. N. Shchegoleva, Submerging Programming and Design Languages in the
Calculating Meditmn of the PROYEKT System 32
10. V. P. Bolotov, A. V. Grokh and A. G. Krasovskiy, Some Aspects of Devel-
oping an Integrated PO Design S~stem 3S
11. A. O. Vooglayd and D. B. Liyb, Realization and Description of Structural
Equipment for Data Processing 41
_ 12. M. Matskin, Error Message Generation System 43
Section 2. Methods o f Translation to SPT
1. R. A. Markyavichyus, Realization Aspects of Parametrization of Abstract
Types of Data 49
2. L. V. Vasil'yeva, Some Problems of Compilation of Modules Flith Variable
Structure 51 -
3. G. M. Solov'yeva, LT~e of the Attributive Technique to Optimize Programs 53
4. A. N. Biryukov, C~ssette Organization of Memory in Calculation of
Semantic Attrlbutes 5~
5. K. S. Chebotar�, Development of Dieans of Automation of Translation
' System Design on the Basis of Attributive Grammars 61
6. M. V. Meriste, At tribute Equipment Based on Abstract Syntax 63
7. V. M. Kurochkin, Algorithm for Calculation of Semantic Attributes 64 ~
8. Kh. Rokhtla and L_ K. Vykhandu, Self-Improving Method of Syntactical
Error Correction 66
9. Z. A. Baiashvili and V. M. Kurochkin, One Approach to Neutralization
_ of Syntactical Errors
55
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10. V. V. Fedyurko and O. D. Felizhanko, Methods of Realizing Specialized _
Control Languages of Functioning Processes of Program Systems 72
11. I. F. Lesovaya, V. N. Polivanov, N. A. Shishova, V. V. Okol'nishnikoc, _
V. A. Mozzherin and V. A. Merkov, Translator From E1'brus-1 MVK
Autocode: Model and Realization 76
12. Ya. E. Pen'yam, Realization of the Semantics of Programming Languages
in the PRIZ System 78
13. V. V. Chernyugov, Pseudo-Execution as a Method of Comp ilation 80 �
14. Ya. S. ICAgan, Translation With the Logic Approach to Programming 83
Section 3. Theory.
1. ri. G. Gontsa, Composition-Structural Languages and Pro cessors 89 "
2. S. P. Kritskiy,Model of Asynchronous Calculations in Structures and
- Programming Languages 95
Realization of Context Analysis Using Calculations in Structures 91
3. N. N. Nepeyvoda, Designs, Communications and Features 98
4. L. I. Nagornaya, G. B. Tseytlin and Ye. L. Yushchenko, Structural Pro-
gramming and Problems of Parallel Translation 102
5. S. S. Shkil'nvak, Syntax Problems of Programming Languages 107
6. M. S. Margolin, One Method of Realizing Mixed Calculations 111
7. S. N. Berestovaya, One Approach to Description of Programming Languages 114
8. V. V. Byts', Composition Semantics of Algol-like Languages and Tech-
nology of Program Design 117
9. V. A. Tuzov, Mathematical t4odel of Languaqe 118
10. I. V. Kyutt, M. O. Tombak and A. I. Nigul', Combination of Processing
Descriptions and Syntax Analysis 123
11. S. Yu. Solov'yev, Approach to Restoration of Context-Free Languages 126
12. O. I. Rau, Selection of a Universal Intermediary Language in the
ZhIVTs Programming Complex of MGU for Computer PJetworks 130
13. Ya. A. Khenno, Deterministic Explanation of Nondetermin ism 133
Section 4. Packs.
l. I. N. ^arasyuk and I. V. Sergiyenro, P~4odular Approach to Automation of
~ Design of the Set o� Applied Program Packs 139
2. V. A. Serebryakov and A. F. IIrakhchin, Organization of Dialoaue Control
of PPP By Means of the LORD System 144
3. 0. L. Perevozchikova, Instrument System of Designing Routing Systems 148 -
4. Yu. I. Drushlyakov and S. N. Padalko, Automation of Synthesis of
Calculating Procedures on Modular Type Models 156
5. V. A. Matulis and A. A. Chaplinskas, System for Desgn of Vil'nyus
Applied Program Packs 159
_ 6. D. I. Batishchev and Yu. L. Ketkov, Features of the Configuration and
Language Support of Dialogue Generation Systems of the PPP of the
YeS EVM 161
Section 5. Translator Design Systems
1. I. R. Aksel'rod, L. F. Belous and V. I. Shleynikov, Technology of
Designing Translators Based on the Sputnik SPT 165
56
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2. V. P. Makarov and S. G. Peshkov, The SAGET Translator Design System 168
3. B. N. Ostrovskiy, Automatic Desiqn of Language-Oriented Analyzers By
the Mixed Calculation rlethod 172
4. B. R. Andriyevskiy, A. A. Spiridonov, V. N. Utkin and A. L. Gradkov,
Generator of SAPR Problem-Oriented Language Interpreters 174
5. P. V. Gamin, V. V. Kulikov and M. A. Shamashov, System for Automation
of Syntax Analyzer Design 176
6. V. I. Gololobov and V. A. Isayev, R.ealization of the First Version -
of the CROSS SPT on the BESM-6 180
7. Ya. Ya. Tepandi, Problems of Using the Data Base Control System in
the SPT 183
8. A. Lomp, M. Kharf and A. Shmundak, The MIS System 187
9. V. N. Volokhov, N. A. Gasaniko, I. V. Karpenko, A. V. Nazarenko and
N. G. Ryabchun, DEFIFS--A Language Processor Design System; Problems
of Realiztion and Accompaniment 188
10. I. L. Artem'yeva, S. B. Gorbachev, A. S. Kleshchev, A. Ya. Lifshits,
S. I. Orlov, L. D. Orlova and T. G. Uvarova, Instrument Complex for
Realization of Knowledge Display Languages 191
11. V. A. Serebryakov, Main Features of Realizing the SUPER SPT 194
12. S. V. Kr~ryagin, V. I. Kryachko and K. K. Chernyshev, Experience of
Using the Projection Approach and the MASON Instrument System for
Development of a Translator 199
COPYRIGHT; Tallinskiy politekhnicheskiy institut, 1980
I110-6521] _
= 6521
CSO: 1863
~ -
57
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~
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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/08: CIA-RDP82-00850R000300100033-1
APL/M FOR ELEKTRONIKA-60
Tall inn AVTQMATIZATS IYA PROIZVODSTVA PAKETOV PRIKLADNYKH PROGRAhIlN in Russ ian 1980 `
(signed to press 24 Jul 80) pp 5-8
[Article by S. P. Prokhorov from collection "Automated Production of Applied ~
Program Packages", edited by A. Vooglayd, Tallinskiy politekhnicheskiy institut,
600 copies, 208 pages] -
[Text] Reference is usually made to clever methods of formal description of the ~
syntax and semantics of progra~ning languages in papers devoted to translator de-
sign systems. These methods, effective and useful in realization of translators
with high-level languages, become extremely cumbersome, however, if one is talking -
about realization of languages having no formal description (FORTRAN) and also in-
strument and machine-dependent languages. To realize them, it is desirable primar-
ily to have a copious hibliography of systems programs and an access language to it
- in the computer whic:h permits rather simple and convenient description of the se-
mantics of individual structures of the language. ~
Problems of the portability of software are also related directly to this. There
is a number of papers devoted to the problem of what a language should be, which `
on the one hand is convenient for writing translators and on the other hand is suf-
ficiently simple for realization on a specific computer. The method now proposed
by a number of foreign authors for using p-codes, which are essentially some fixed
set of procedures used by systems progra~ners, supplemented by the mnemonics of ac-
cess to them, is a successful practical apj~roach which permits development of mo- -
~ bile computer systems. However, even in this case it is first necessary to realize
a sufficiently large number of procedures on the computer.
The use of intexactive systems realized on the basis of high-level languages (SETL
and APL) permits significant acceleration of the work to develop specialized lan-
quages and also the software for new machines due to the fact that they (SETL and
APL) are highly expressive 3nd moreover one can avoi.d consideration of problems
related to lexical and syntactical analysis of programs, editir.g and file manage-
ment during development of the systems. The dialogue mode in combination with the
developed debugging facilities permits one to rapidly produce a~high-quality _
product.
The specifics of the new machines is the absence of simple and convenient debugging
fac:ilities on them and also intelligibly described documentation. The use of APL
permits one to obtain an objective code, thus avoiding the difficulties with de-
- velopment of an assembler editor. Programming the program in APL for the processor .
58
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P consists in calculation of some file A, the value of which should be subsequently
removed to some external carrier. For example, if we want to generate a code which
will be obtained upon translation of the instructions of the PDP-11 assembler
MOV Rl, R2
~
where R1 and R2 are the numbers of the registers, then all that we have to do is
to write a similar function in APL
0 MOV R
[1] A[COLTNT~ fR[2j + 64 x R[1] + 64 _
[ 2 ] COUNT COUNT + 1
v
As a result of fulfilling this instruction of che function in file A, the code of
- instruction to transfer the contents of the first argument to the second will be
written. Let us note again that lexical and syntactical analysis (checking the
- correctness of access to the APL fur.ction MO V!) will be carried out by the APL
system. The second no less i.mportant thing is that this "macrogenerator" written
in APL permits more flexible access formats than any of the existing macroassem-
blers. Fc~r example, when writing the program one can use an explicit form of the
files and complex expressions
Mov x1, v[coR + +(v~[coRi] ~ 2) x x
It is also easy to determine the program for arbitrary generation
v r~ov ~
[1] ~REG x 2P[j~ < 10
[2] A[COUNT] P(2] + 64 x 23 + 64 -
~ 3 ] COUNT COUNT + 2
~4? } ~
[5] PEG: A[COUNT~ t-P[2] + 64 x P[1] + 64
[ 6 ] COUNT COUNT + 1
v
If the first argument is less than 10 (register), then code generation is similar
to the previous example, otherwise the instruction occupies two machine words.
Thus, description of the assembler is a problem requiring several days (if not
hours) of work. No knowledge of APL whatever is required of the user working with
the PAL genzrator.
Another approach includes realization of functions on the APL which, besides gener-
ation of the machine code (or instead of it), at the same time issue a program (or
instead of it) in the APL-simulating work of the computer. The means of expression -
' of the PAL are so vast that realization of p-codes (for example, p-codes developed
at the University of Helsinki) is very simple. Usually one line of the APL is
~ sufficient (and frequently even the use of a single function of the language is _
sufficient). Thus, high-quality debugqing of the software can be accomplished
even befere~ the computer is obtained, while ~he interactive mode of operation per-
mits this to be done simply and easily.
- 59
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~
N'UR UFhICIAL USE ONLY
The techniq~ie outlined by the author for development of software is used to real-
ize the APL/M programming system, which has been suggested for setup on the SM-4
- and Elektronika-60. The APL/BESM system was supplemented especially f.or this pur-
poge for systems problems by introducing the systems concepts of structure and
type and some set of baseline functions was determined which are adequate to de-
scribe the set of all the structural transformations permissible in the APL. The
APL functions are rewritten in this "baseline APL." The use of. this lxmited sub-
- set permits one to obtain "rigid" codes (since the type and size of the files are
fixed). 'T_'he algorithm is smoothed out. An objective code which will also be
transferred to a minicomputer will aqain be obtained for the rPSUlting program by
using the APL/BESM. .
COPYRIGHT: Tallinskiy politekhnicheskiy institut, 1980
[110-6521]
~i 521
CSO: 1863
60
FOR OFFiC(AL USE ONLY
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DESIGN OF SYNTACTICALLY CONTROLLED TRANSLATORS IN ~IALOGUE TRANSLATOR DESIGN
SYSTEM--EL'BRUS APPLICATION
Tallinn AVTOMiATIZATSIYA PROIZVODSTVA PAKETOV PRIKLADNYIQ~f PROGRAI~i in Russian 1980
(signed to press 24 Jul 80) pp 8-12
[Article by S. M. Abramovich and Kh. D. Dzhenibalayev from collection "Automated
Production of Applied Program Packages", edited bp A. Vooglayd, Tallinskiy
politekhnicheskiy institut, 600 copies, 208 ~ages ]
[Text] l. Considerable progress has been achieved in production of translators
with algorithmic programming languages: there are formal models, different algo-
_ . rithms for realization of lanquage structures, program blanks and finally SPT
[Translator design system~ [1, 2] which fix separate regulations and which auto-
mate various aspects of translator development. Despite all this experience and
the rather abundant arsenal of facilities, development of a translator is still a
laborious and prolonged process which requires many man-years.
One of the reasons for this situation is that formal models are rather abstract and .
the algorithms, program blanks, methods and so on usually describe some idealized
medium of using them. When developing a specific translator, all this should be
modified and adapted to specific conditions (the lanquage, machine, operating sys-
tem, standards adopted in the SPT and so on). The experience accumulated during
- development of specific translators can be used to the maximum degree--up to bor-
rowing the data structures, syntax fragments, transducers (semantic programs) and
so on--is feasible. .
The second reason which makes it difficult to use the accumulated experience is
that the process of developing a translator is largely routine in nature and con-
sists of a mass of nonessential "details" of a technical nature, an enorm~us nwn:~er "
of which is frequently transformed to a problem. The need to autotnate this aspect
of translator development is obvious.
Yet another of the no less important factors which make it difficult to use avail-
able~experience is the difficulty of operational access to the information re-
quired at a given moment, even if it is xepresented in well-structured documenta-
tion. Aut,.mation of access to the required data can provide sufficiently rapid,
selective formation of the required information in the most complete volume and
suitable form. This process is preferably carried out in the dialogue mode as the
most operational and natural for the human method of communication.
61 _
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2. An approach to the configuration and technique of usinq SPT which permits to
some extent solution of the problems postulated above is proposed in the given
article.
7'he initial prerequisites of the proposed approach to development of SPT are the
following: the existence of some set of established designs wh~ch are present in
one or another form in most available and newly developed programming languages,
the existence of accepted methods of realizing these designs (identification with
block structure in the languages, realization of recursive procedures, priority
analysis and so on), the existence of accepted schemes for organization of syn-
tactically controlled translation (used i.n development of production translators),
based on sequential irreversible i~eviev~ of the text to be translated.
The proposed SPT is designed for use for tne following purposes: teaching methods
of realizing typical constructings of co mmo n programming languages, development
of a transla'tor for a high-level programming language created within this SPT or
given externally, the author's accompaniment of the developed translator and modi-
fication of the developed translator both by the authors and by a special group of
accompaniment.
3. Let us consider in general terms the techniqi:e of using the proposed SP7.' to
- develop a translator from some high-level language.
The step of developing the basis of the translator. In the dialogue mode which the
SPT conducts, the user selects from the lanquage constructions of the reference
language of the SPT available in the SPT archive those whose semantics coincides
or is similar ~co the semantics of some language constructions, thus developing the
language base. Tne constructions are rACalculated by the SPT in terms of estab-
lished concepts of common programaning languages (expression, cycle operator, con-
ditional operator, operation priorities and so on) w~.th indication of.the section
to which it is related (data, operations, operators and so on). Based on the con-
structions selected by the user, the SPT separates the translator base from the
reference translator of the SPT and the language base from the reference language.
This step can be final if the lanquage base coincides with the language and if the
user has no need to chanqe its vocabulary, syntax and realization.
The step of studying realization of the language base in the translator base. In
the dialogue mode the SPT determines (in some fixed order or the order determined
by the user) the construction from the language base and issues the vertical layer
corresponding to realization of it [3]. The vertical layer is the aggregate of
texts in the syntactical control metalanguage (MSU) and in the instrument language
- (Ya). The MSU is designed to record the syntax with indicators to the transducers
which accomplish cognitive processing of the text. The text in the instrument
language is the transducer text, the text of data descriptions with which these
- transducers operate and so on.
Z'he step of language base and translator base changes. The user indicates the
construction of the language subject to change. He then rewrites fragments of the
layer requirir.g changes and also the corresonding fraqments for describing the
languaqe base and the SPT and enters these changes in the translator base and
language description. Thus, the semanti'cs, syntax and vocabulary of the language
base constructions and real.ization of them can be changed.
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The step of addi..tions to the language S~ase and translator base. The user describes
the newly developed constructions with indication of the section zo which this con-
struction is related and the SPT enters the correspondin; changes in the descrip-
tioti of the language base. It then writes tihe vertical layer which realizes the
added construction and the SPT enters the �ragments~of this layer in the apprc7pri~
ate positions of the texts in the MSU and instr~nnent lanquage.
We note that the translators mentioned above are actually flow charts, i.e., they
are the texts in MSU and instrument languages. The SPT can translate from these `
languages at any of the enumerated steps, upan instruction of~ the user, and can as-
semble a translator in objective code from the flow sheet. At the same time, a
modified version of the SPT is also developed in which the role of the reference
language and the reterence translator are played by the language and translator
bases, respectively. Because of this, all capahilities offered by the re~erence
SPT can be used at the steps of study and accompaniment of the developed translator.
A nonprofessional user (not familiar with MSU and instrument languages) can also
use the proposed SPT to develop translators from simple specialized programaning
languages. Naturally in this case the changes and additions which can be entered
in the language base created after the first step are sharply limi~ed. Thus, for
example, he can change the external display of service w~ords and the priori.ties of
operations and can add new operations by indicating the sequence of instructions
of the object machine described~in the form of macrodefinitions, which realizes -
- them.
4. From the viewpoint of configuration, the proposed SPT consists of the following
components: MSU-translator designed to translate the MSU-text to the syntactical
control table, on the basis of interpretation of which syntactical control is ac-
complished in the translator being developed, the instrument language-translator -
from instr~nent language, the flow sheets of the reference translator from the ref-
erence language, which is a set of unified language constxuctions which cover the
constructions of a number of known programming languages, the aggregate of rela-
tionships which link description of each lanc~iage construction of the reference -
language to the fragments of the reference translator which realize it and the mon-
itor, under the control of which the user communicates with the SPT in the dialogue
mode. -
A preliminary design o� the described SPT for the E1'brus MVK is now being develop-
ed. A modification of the MSU-~language of the RGU SPT is used as the MSU-language
in it [2] and the E1'brus MVK autocode is used as the instrument language [4]. ~
BIBLIOGRAPHY -
- 1. Feldman, J, and D. Gries, "Systems for Construction of Translators," in ALGO-
RITMY I ALGORITMICHESKIYE YAZYKI, No 5, Moscow, 197i.
2. Fuksman, A. L., S. P. Kritskiy, IQi. D. Dzhenibalayev and A. A. Dagald'yan,
"Osnovy razrabotki translyatorov" [Fundamentals of Translator Development], -
Izdatel'stvo Rostovskogo gosudars~venogo universiteta, 1974. . _
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3. P'uksman, A. L., "Tekhnologicheskiye aspekty sozdaniya programmnykh sistem"
[The Technological Aspects cf Developing Prograimninq System3], Moscow,
Statistika, 1979.
: 4. ~'~vtokod MVK E1'brus. Opisaniye yazyka" [The E1'brus MVK Autocode. Language
Description].
CCPYRIGHT: Tallinskiy politekhnicheskiy institut, 1980
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TRANSLATOR FROM EL'BRUS-1 MVK AUTOCODE--MODEL AND REALIZATION
Tallinn AVTaMATIZATSIYA PRJIZVODSTVA PAKETOV PRIKLADNYKH PROGRAIrRrI in Russian 1980
(s igned to press 24 Jul 8G) pp 76-78
[Article by I, F. Lesova;ra, V. N. Polivanov, N. A. Shishova, V. V. Okol'nishnikov,
V. A. Mozzherin and V, A. Markov from collection "Automated Production of Applied
Program Packages", edited bX A. Vooglayd, Tallinskiy politekhnicheskiy institut, .
~ 600 copies, 208 pages]
[TextJ The purpose of the report is to show the main elements of the technique
- used in development of the production translator from the El'brus-1 multiprocessor _
computer. complex (MVK) autocode .
The E1'brus-1 MVK zutocode. This is a machin~e-oriented high-level language. It
is far superior ta ALGOL-60 i.n nomenclature of the basic values which control and
i process the construc*_ions and is similar to ALGOL-66. For example, it contains `
values of the procedure type. -
The F1'brus-1 MVIC. This is the first domestic fourth-generation computer in the
large machine class. 2`2ze main configuration features are multiprocessor capabil-
ity (universal and specialized processors), apparatu~ stack, context security of
data and tagged memory ~
~ Technology. The evolution ~f de~elopment of traditional methods is analyzed in
the report after the characteristics of the language and the machine. It is
pointed out that a specific transformation of goals (the software crisis and the
concept of a programmed product) occurred in the fi.eld af constructian of produc-
tion translators as well as of software as a whole. It is concluded that tradi-
_ tional methods largely waste their adequacy in the context of iiew goals to con-
struct translators from new-generation languages (post-ALGOL extensive languages
of the El'brus-1 MVK autocode or ALGt~L-68 type) .
The authors feel. that the proper act~vity of the trans~ator develaper under the
new conditions, which provides success not only of production but of ar_cor.~paniment
as well, should be reproductive. This requires conceptuulization of the translator
and the technique which sugports this conceptualization. ~
Two parts--conception and organization of w~ork--are determined in the technique -
used by the authors.
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The main essence of both par.ts of the technique are advanced sequentially in the
report. The systems concept of the translation process and a model of the trans-
lato= which supports this concept are formulated in the first part.
The systems concept is "soft execution of the entry line." Soft execution is one
of the possible specific aspects of the fundamental principle of mixed calculations.
The translator model is the so-called recursive programmed machine. Its main com-
ponents are the control device, called the control machine in the model, a set of
actuating members org anized by the principle of desk calculators, the locaZ con-
trol device which links the actuating members to each other and to the control de-
vice and the last component is the memory.
Organization of operations is subordinate to the concept and is completely present-
ed in the report.
The report ends with the section on realization. Problems of the adequacy of dis-
j play of the constructed model in the set of concepts of the realization language
are discussed. The degree of adequacy achieved in display of the translator model
from the E1'brus-1 MVK autocode to devices accessible in the YaRM02.5 preprocessor ~
and in YaRM02 high-level machine-oriented language, is evaluated. The control ma-
~ chine and the vocabulary calculator are displayed in the YaRM02.5 in this case,
; while the operating and pragmatic calculators are displayed in the YaRM02.
An example of the complete functioning of the translator is given in the conclusion.
The translator from E1'brus-1 MVK autocode operates within the framework of the
TEMP instrument complex, which simulates the capabilities of the El'brus-1 MVK on
the BESM-6 computer, and which has been in operation sinc~ early 1979.
- The Lime of developing the translator comprises approximately two years, the dimen-
_ sions are on the order of 50,000 lines in the YaRM02 and productivity is 1,000-
1,500 lines/min. The translator was used to develop translators from ALGOL-60 and
standard FORTRAN, which were then converted and began to operate in real E1'brus-1 -
MVK .
A translator consisting of the TEMP instrtunent complex has now been introduced and
is being used in many organizations of Nlpscow, Leningrad, Rostov-na-Donu and so on.
. COPYRIGHT: Tallinskiy poli.tekhnicheskiy institut, 1980
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REALIZATION OF THE FIRST VERSION OF THE CROSS SPT ON THE BESM-6 COMPUTER
Tallinn AVTOMATIZATSIYA PROIZVODSTVA PAKETOV PRIKLADNYICH PROGRAA4I in Russian 1980
(signed to press 24 Jul 80) pp 180-182
[Article by V. I. Gololobov and V. A. Isayev from collection "Automated Production
of Applied Program Packages", edited by A. Vooglayd, Tallinskiy politekhnicheskiy
institut, 600 copies, 208 pages]
[Text] The first version of the CROSS SPT is described in the report. The first -
version of the CROSS SPT is oriented mainly toward writing single-pass translators
from languages, the external (user) descriptions of which are made by means of -
expanded BNF-notation. The CROSS SPT includes an inpu.t language, preprocessor
from the input language to the base language and procedural materials containing
descriptions of the methods of diagnosis and restoration of the analysis process
- ~ in detection of syntactical errors by means of the input language.
The input language of the CROSS SPT offers means to describe the language being
realized which aze adecluate to external descriptions, means of describing the vo-
= cabulary in a form close to the assignment of regular expressions, means of de- _
scribing syntax by usinq the expanded BNF-notation and means of assigning semantic
actions for syntactical constructions.
The input language of the CROSS SPT is the superstructure over the base language
which provides means of describing th~ translation process.
High-level machine-oriented language (on the BESM-6) YaRMO was used as the base
language in the present realization. The YaRMO offers means of program segmenta-
tion, assignments of the mechanism of procedure ca11s and modular organization of
the program.
The translator from the input language of the CROSS SPT is realized as a preproces-
sor which trans ~ates the input program to YaRMO language. The preprocessor, pro-
cessing the input program, gathers the required information into tables, f~rms the
corresponding YaRMO fragments,~adds the standard module--syntactical and vocabu-
lary analyzers- -to them, thus forming the program in YaRMO language.
The program is found in machine code as a result of operation of the YaRMO trans-
lator, which specifically contains the following sections:
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--the syntax program written in universal form by means of so-called syntac-
tical instructinns, which in compressed form is the syntax of the input language
and indicates the semantic subprograms related to the syntactical constructions,
--the vocabulary~ordered list of all terminal displays of language (for ex-
ample, "beinning," and
--the diagram of states which describes the vocabulary of the input language ~
whose structure is similar to that described in [1].
The syntax analyzer, interpreting the syntax instructions, selects the input line
and starts the reauired semantic subprograms. The vocabulary anal_yzer is accom-
plished by the diagram of states. Z'he longest terminal display is first read from
' t~ie input flow b~� means of a list of terminal displays (for example, if there are
terminal displays and in the language, then will be read from the
input flow ...:=1;... . If an arc tagged by the read terminal display is not de-
termined from the initial state to the diagram of states , vocabulary analysis is
assumed to be completed. Otherwise (for more complex vocabularies the analysis
is continued by the diagram of states.
This scheme of analysis requires a large amount of work related to searching in
various tables and practically any search in the translator reduce s to determining
the entry of the terminal to some set.
The affiliation matrix, to each ter~ninal in which a line corresponds, and to the
set of which a column corresponds, is created for the maximum acce leration of these
searches. The matrix element gives the feature of entering the terminal in the
set. Introduction of the affiliation matrix completely solved the problem of
search and fast switches during analysis.
Each line of the affiliation matrix occupies two cells of the BESM- 6 in the trans-
lator from E1'brus autocode in the TEMP instrument complex written by using the
- CROSS SPT. The expenditures of inemory on the affiliation matrix are totally com-
_ pensated for by economical internal display of ti::~ syntactical and vocabulary
structure of the language. The size of translators written using the CROSS SPT
does not exceed the size of translators realized by other methods.
An interpretation scheme for analysis which provides great flexibil ity and reli-
- ability when using the affiliation matrix has sufficiently high-speed characteris-
tics. Thus, the translator from El'brus autocode to TEMP IK [Instrument complex]
operates at a speed of 1,000-1,500 lines per minute.
Printing the track of syntax and vocabulary analysis and gathering of statistics
on the frequency of performing the constructions, which permit the developer to _
optimize the translator more efficiently, play the main role among the debuqging
equipment.
The system is now in operation and further investigations are being carried o ut to
improve and develop the system and realization of versions of the SPT for other
base languages and machines.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
~ 1. Gries, D., "ICpnstruirovaniye kompilyatorov dlya tsifrovykh vychislitel'nykh -
mashin" [Design of Compilers for Digital Computers], Nbscow, Mir, 1975.
COPYRIGHT: Tallin skiy politekhnicheskiy institut, 1980
[110-E521]
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rux ~rru.twt, U~~ UNLY
THF. MIS SYSTEM--EL'BRUS APPLICATION
Tallinn AVTOMATIZATSIYA PROIZVODSTVA PAKETOV PRIKLADNYKH PROGRI~MM in Russian 1980
(signed to press ~4 Jul 80) pp 187-188 '
[Article by i~. Lomp, M. Kharf and A. Shmundak from collection "Automated Production
of Applied Program Packages", e3ited by A. Vooglayd, Tallinskiy politekhnicheskiy
institut, 500 copies, 208 pages] "
[Text] Development of a mobile programming system (mobile interactive synthesizer
--MIS) is described, the prototype of which is the PRIZ YeS programming system.
PRIZ type systems are designed to describe the semantic relationships between ob-
jects and to synthesize programs from these descriptions. They are well adapted
for use as means of interaction between the user and applied program packs. The
MIS system i.s being developed to work in the E1'brus MVK [Multiprocessor computer
complexj. However, it was noted during development that modern PPP [Applied pro-
� gram pack] for solution of scientific and technical and engineering problems are
usually realized in FORTRAN and consequently are rather easily transferred from one
type of computer to another. In view of this, it was decided to develop a mobile
system. FORTRAN GOST, the translator from which is contained in the first unit of
the E1'brus MVK MO and the interfaces with the operating systems (mainly input-
output) are localized in a small number of modules, was selected as the realiza-
- tion language. This organization made it possible to organize the system for the
YeS EVM [Unified computer system].
Dialogue programaning systems are now acquiring ever greater popularity. The MIS
system was designed so that it can operate both in the pack mode and in the dia-
logue mode. As in previous versions, the user has access to archives for storage
of the descriptions of his own computer models in a form which permits, on the
one hand, rapid starting of the program,and on the other hand, restoration of the
text of the model description. A context edi,tor which permits operational correc-
' tion of both the current model and the contents of the archive, is offered for
working in the dialogue mode.
The UTOPIST language used by the system was also changed. Determination of the
method of realizing the relationship should primarily be noted. Moreover, the cap-
abilities of program synthesis have been expanded by addition of synthesis of sim-
ple cycles.
The problem of realization of the macroprocessor to UTOPIST language is considered.
COPYF;IGHT: Tallinskiy politekhnicheskiy institut, 1980
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
FUNDAMENTAIS OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM OF THE UNIFIED COMPUTER SY~TEM ,
" Moscow OSNOVY OPERATS IONNOY S ISTEMY YES EVM in Russ ian ~1980 (s igned to press .
11 Aug 80) pp 2-3, 144
[Annotation, foreword, bibliogr~phy and table of contents from book "Fundamentals
_ of the Operating System of the Unified Computer system", by Adol'f Aleksandrovich
Zemlyanskiy and Mikhail Grigor'yevich Persits, Izdatel'stvo "S ovetskoye radio",
40,000 copies, 144 pages ]
[Text) Applied psoblems of using the operating system of the YeS EVM [Unified com-
puter system] are outlined in the book. The general functions and composition of
the OS YeS [Operating system of the unified computer system) are considered and the
assignment control language and systems processing programs are described. Exam-
ples are presented which illustrate the material and can be used by programmers for
solving practical problems in the operating system of the unified computer series. -
The book is intended for progra~ners familia.r with one of the programming languages
of the operating system. It can be recom~nended to personnel desiring to master in-
depenrlently the procedures for workinq with the OS YeS and also to students of
~uzes of the corresponding specialties. ~
Foreward ~
Modern cotnputers are equipped with a set of programs which facilitate the problem
preparation process and which provide running of proalems through the maahine. The
software of modern computers makes it possible to coordinate the work efficiently,
to distribute resources optimally, to provide information input and output, to de- _
bug programs and to detect and diagnose errors.
The unified series (YeS) of computers has developed software at its disposal, among
which the central position belongs to the operating system (OS).
The authors did not attempt to provide detailed description of the capabilities of
the operating system of the Ye5 EVM, but~attempted to outline the neces~ary minimum
of data that can be used to beqin practical utilization of it.
The first chapter of the book is devoted to the main cancepts of the OS of the YeS
EVM. It contains brief information on the composition and functions of the system,
the control program and assignment control and proplems of organization of data and
control of them are also consider~d.
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The material of the second chapter is devoted. to the assignment control language--
a powerful and effective means of planning and control of computer operation. This
part of the book functionally fulfills a double load: on ~he one hand, it can be
ueed for practical work and on the other hand it serves as reference material~ The
, rules for encoding of control operators are described and the control operators
themselves are considered in the chapter.
Information on ;ystems proce5sing programs is outlined in Chapter 3. The ma~-. steps
of programs in the operating system--translation, editing of comanunications and de-
bugginq--are considered here. A considerable position is given to the step of pro-
gram translation from different languages included in the OS YeS EVM. -
The book contains many examples which encompass the situation most frequently en-
countered in practice.
Exhaustive material on the operating system can be found in the operational docu-
mentation of the OS YeS, while the required operating languages of the system are _
acquired during practical work on the machine.
The authors feel it their pleasant duty to express gratitude ta Professor V. N.
Chetverikov and. to candidates of technica~ sciences Yu. S. Belyavskiy, A. A. Ivanov
and G. N. Revunkov for review work and for valuable comments on the manuscript.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. "Yedinaya sistema elektronnykh vychislitel'nykh mashin. Operatsionnaya sistema,
Tekhnicheskaya dokumentatsiya" [The Unified Computer System. The Operating Sys-
tem, Technical Documentation].
2. "Sistema matematicheskogo obespecheniya YeS EVM" [The Software System of the
Unified Computer System], edited by A. M. Lariono�~, Moscow, Statistika, 1974. "
3. Naumov, V. V., G. V. Peledov, Yu. A. Timofeyev and A. G. Cheicalov, "Su~ervizor
OS YeS EVM" [The Supervisor of the Operating System of the Unified Computer
System), Moscow, Statistika, ]975.
4. Lebedev, V. N. ~.nd A. P. Sokolov, "Vvedeniye v si~temu prograc~unirovaniya OS
YeS" [Introduction to the Programming System of the Operating System of the
Unified Computer System), Moscow, Statistika, 1978.
5. "Vychislitel'naya tekhnika i obrabotka dannykh: Terminologicheskiy tolkovyy
slovar' firmy IBM" [Computer Equipment and Data Processing: Short Terminologi-
cal Dictionary o� the IBM Company]f,translated from English), edited by T. Ter- -
D'Iikaelyan, Moscow, Statistika, 1978. -
Contents Page
Foreword 3
Chapter 1. Main Concepts of the Operating System of the Unified -
Computer System 4
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l.l. Composition and Functions of the Operating System 4
1.2. The Control Program 11
1.3. Assignment Control 16
1.4. Data Organization and Data Control 21
Chapter 2. Assignment Control Language 2~
2.1. Encoding of Control Operators 27
2.2. Control Cperators. Description 30
2.3. Procedures 60
2.4. Instructions Operator 65
Chapter 3. Systems Processing Programs 66
3.1. Program Translation 67
3.2. Communications Editing 93
3.3. Program Debugging 104 _
3.4. Auxiliary Programs 107
Bibliography 144
COPYRIGHT: Szdatel'stvo "Sovetskoye radio", 1980
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unC 681.3.06
BASIC SOFTWARE OF AN AIR-SPACE DATA PROCESSING COMPLEX
Novosibirsk AVTOMETRIYA in Russian No 4, Jul-Aug 80 pp 61-66
[Article by N. S. Yakovenko, Novosibirsk~
[Excerpts~ Introduction. The ba.sic computer of a complex for processing astro-
and aerophotographic surveys (information about the ha.rdware of the complex is con-
. tained in [1~ and its bibliogra.phy), realized on the basis of the "Zenit-2," is the
Ye5-1010 mini-computer, the fl~nctions of which include control of the complex
through the CAMAC appar3.tus); prima,ry processing of data. obtained on the "Zenit-2"
automatic ma.chine; control of "operative visualiza.tion" of information (a CAMAC
monitor and .color and half-~~one TV CAMAC displays are included in the complex);
assuring the transmission of informa,tion (through a standard.ized ma.in-line excha,nge -
system for subsequent processing (on the M-4~030~ NR2116V and M-6000 computers) or
output to specialized peripherals (the "Planshet" plotter and the "Karat" micro- _
filming device).
The present article has the purpose of describing program mod.ules belonging to the -
lower level of software of the complex (basic modules) which are engaged in direct
control of a functionally separated specific part of t~_,: automation. They are
written in Assembler and can be summoned from modules of a higher level which ac-
complish preliminary da.ta processing or combine the ~znctioning of various parts of
the complex and are recorded either also in Assembler or in the higher-level lan-
guage PLR-10 or FORTRAN-IV~ _
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- l. Bv.ryy, L. V., et al. Automated;ima,ge processing complex. AVTOMATRIYA, 1980,
No 3.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Avtometriya", 1980
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_ DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATID CONTROL SYSTEM FOR THE ECONOMY OF AN ADMINISTRATIVE
REGION
Riga SOZDANIYE AVTOMATIZIROVANNOY SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA EKONOMIKOY ADMINISTRATIVNOGO
RAYONA in Russian 1980 (signed to press I7 Mar 80) pp 2, 150-151
[Annotation and table of contents from aollection edited by A. Viyesis, Latviyskiy
gosudarstvennyy universitet imeni P. Stuchki, 290 copies, 152 pages]
UDC 65.011.56:33(-2/-5)
[Text] The republic interagency collection of scientific works is devoted to study
of the theoretical and practical problems of development of territorial ASU [Auto- _
mated control systems]. The collection is published annually. The results of
scientific research ~re presented b~~ instructors of wzes, postgraduate students,
colleagues of leading scientific research institutes and specialists of computer
centers. Problems of ASOD [Automated data processing system] design for an admin-
istrative rayon and ASGS [Automated system for state statistics] and ASPR [Automated
control system for planning calculations (under Gosplan)] si:bsystems and also the ~
capabilities and advantages of using the latest computer equipment, different data
carriers, data transmission systems and economic methods of analysis are considered
in most articles.
The collection of scientific articles can be recommended to instructors and students
of vuzes, colleagues of computer ~enters and rayon administrative, planning and
statistical bodies.
Contents Page
E. Ya. Vanags, Characteristics of the Main Complexes of Problems of the
First Unit of the ASOD of Valmiyerskiy Rayon 3
K. K. Kants, Principles of Developing the Applied Software of the ASOD
for an Administrative Rayon 12
~ I. Ya. Vanags, Calculating the Economic Effectiveness of the ASOD of
Valmiyerskiy Rayon 22
V. V. Lotsan, The Main Trends in Development of the ASOD of the
Directive Bodies of the Rayon 32
S. P. Belyy and S. N. Shul'gin, Some Aspects of Developing the Software
for the Remote Statistical Information Processing System 41
U. Ya. Grivin'sh, Organization of Remote Data Processing in the Computer
System of the Czechoslovakian State Bank 50 _
75
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T. A. Ziyedin'sh, The Main Aspects of the Information Exchange System of ~
the Automated Agriculture Management System of the Latvian SSR 55
V. A. Grinbergs, Inclusion of PL-1 Language in the Basic Languages of
the SUBD [Data base control systemJ BANK 59
- K. P. Men'shikov, The Graphoanalytical Method of Disnlaying the Algo-
rithms of Calculating Problems in the Automated Control System and
Estimating Its Effectiveness 66
S. S. Tsirkunov and V. V. Katsubo, Automation of Calculation Control at
Collective-Use Computer Centers 76
B. M. Geyman, Organization of Automated Data Processing for Agriculture
in the ASOD of the Administrative Rayon 80
R. L. Okun', Automated Accounting of Motor Freight Transport Operation
of Agricultural Enterprises of the Rayon Using the Unified Computer
System 86
U. Ye. Rc~zevskis, The Structure and Composition of Modules in Automation
of Calculations on Labor and Wage Accounting (Using Agriculture as
an Example) 96
_ T. B. Tveriyonas, Standardization of Primary Documentation in the Auto-
mated Control System for Agricultural Enterprises 104
V. V. Lein'sh, Problems of Impzoving Data Processinq on Accounting for
Goods and Material Valuables at Agricultural Enterprises 111
Yu. A. Pavlovskiy, Ya. Yu. Krumin'sh,and E. E. Abelis, Selecting Software
Facilities for Constructing a Calendar-Planning Dialogue ~ystem 115
V. V. Tsarev, Using Multipurpose Methods for Calculation of Calendar-
Planning Norms 121
Ye. V. Romanyuk, Mechanization of Accounting at Centralized Accounting
Offices at the Rayon Level 130
Yu. K. Irgenson, Improving the Process of Data Preparation on the Basis
of 57na11 M-5000 Computers 139
B. V. Kurov, Display of Planning-Economic Information 144
COPYRIGHT: Latviyskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. P. Stuchki, 1980
[104-6521]
6521
CSO: 1863
76
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CHARACTERISTICS OF �PHE MAIN COMPLEXES OF PROBLEMS OF THE FIRST UNIT OF THE ASOD OF
VALMIYERSKIY RAYON
Riga SOZDANZYE AVTOMATIZIROVANNOY SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA EKONOMIKOY ADMINISTRATIVNOGO
RAYONA in Russian 1980 (signed to press I7 Mar 80) p 3
[Article b~ E. Ya. Vanags, Latvi.an Branch of Scientif ic Research Institute of
USSR Central Statistical Administrati.on, Riga, from ~collection edited by
A. Viyesis, Latviyskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet imeni P. Stuchki, 290 copies,
152 pagesJ
[Excerpt] In December 1Q78 an interagency committee accepted for industrial opera-
tion the first unit of the automated data processing system (ASOD), Valmiyerskiy
Rayon, containing four subsystems:
--ASOD for local i~odies of state statistics;
--ASU [Automated control system] for rayon agriculture;
_ --ASU for the rayon association Goskomsel`khoztekhnika [State Committee of _
Agricultural Equipment and Machinery], Latvian SSR:
--ASU of raypotrebsoyuz [Rayon union of consumers' societies].
The composition of the fir.st unit of the ASOD of Valmiyerskiy Rayon was determined
by the complex program for development of the Latvian RASU [Republic automated con-
trol system], based on the feasibility of development of ASU, the volumes of eco-
nomic data at enterprises and organizations and also the presence of the required
resour~ces for development of an automated system.
The total composition of the first unit of the ASOD of Valmiyerskiy Rayon includes
22 complexes of problems, of which 11 are related to bookkeeping and accounting, 3
are related to statistical accounting, 5 are related to plann.ing, 2 are related to
forecasting and 1 is related to pedigxee record-keeping. Thir.~i-generation and also
second-generation computers, k~ypunch machines and keyboard calculators are used to -
solve the complexes of problems of the first unit.
COPYRIGHT: Latviyskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. P. Stuchki, 1980
[104-6521~
6521
CSO: 1863
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~
CALCULAlIIdG THE ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS OF THE AUTOMATED DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR
VALMIYERSKIY RAYON
~ Riga SOZD~b]IYE AVTOMATIZIROVANNOY SISTEMY UPRAVLFNIYA EKOPdOMIKOY ADMIPII:STRATIVNOGO -
RAYOPlA in Russian 1980 (s igned to press 17 Mar 80) pp 22-31
(Ar':icle by I. Ya. Vanags, Latvian Branch of Scientific Research Institute of
USSR Ce~*:ral Statistical Administration, Riga, from collection edited by
A. Viyesis, Latviyskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet imeni P. Stuchki, 290 copies,
- 152 pages]
[Text] The economic effectiveness of the ASOD [AutoMated data processing systemJ
of Valmiyerskiy Rayor, was calculated according to a method developed at the Latvian
- Branch nf NII TsSU SSSR [Scientific P,esearch Institute of Central Statistical A~i- -
ministration of the USSR].
T?ze sources for obtaining the input data required to calculate the effectiveness
' were olanning documentation, planning and fiscal report data of the Valmiyerskiy
~ RIVTs [Ra?on Tnformation-Computer Center], statistical reports of enterprises and
~ ~rganizations ~f Valmiyerskiy Rayon, data of special investigations, norms and
standards, curcent price lists and indicators of analogs. _
The metho~l of data processing at the rayon information-computer station with punch-
~
card rt~a~hineYy as the main equipment was taken as the basis for comparison. The
different types of expenditures for data processing were taken into account into
- th~ variants being compared.
s
~
The capital investments for d~velopment of the ASOD for an administrative rayon
consist of the cost of RIVTs equipment, expenditur~s for construction of the RIVTs
building and preproduction expenditures.
- The cost of equipment (ICob), based on the composition and amount of computer and
other equipment, the cost of a unit of equipment and transport and installation
- expenses, was determined at 2,015,800 rubles.
L E'xpenditures for construction of the RIVTs building (Kyd), according to the con-
- tract-detail design for construction of the building of the Valmiyerskiy P.IVTs,
j comprise 784,000 rubles and the preproduction expenditures (ICpr) were determined _
at 1,070,000 rubles.
The total capital investments for dFVelopment of the ASOD (ICor) are calculated by ~
the formula: -
~ 78
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Ksr - Kob ~d + Kpr - 2~015,800 + 784,000 + 1,070,000 = 3,869,800 rubles. _
The annual current expenditures for data processing in the ASGD for an administra-
tiVe rayon includes the annual operating expenditures for data processing at the
RIVTs, expenditures for s~1L}aan of problems of the rayon automated system at the
republic level and preproduction expenditures relsted to the anriual period.
The operati ng expenses for data processing at the RIVTs consist of the personnel.
waqes of the ~.IVTs, social insuran~e deductions, equipment depreciation deductions, '
e~cpenditures for main and auxiliary materials, expenditures for spare parts and ~
materials for routine and preventive mainten3nce of equipment, payments to the
plant for computer repair, expenditures for electric power (for production needs), -
depreciation deductions for the RIVTs building and miscellaneous expenditures.
The personnel wages of the Valmiyerskiy RIVTs are determined an the basis of the
makeup and number of workers, their official rates and tariff rates and the coeffi-
ci.ent of the additional wa~ge of operators (sEe Table 1). When establishing the -
official rates and tariff rates of workPrs, the circumstance tha~ the Valmiyerskiy
RIVTs has been converted to new wage condifions Ys taken into account.
The total wages for the year are 31,668 X 12 = 380,016 rubles.
Soci al insurance deductions (ZS) for the workers in the TsSU system of the USSR
comprise 5.5 percent of the wage fund:
ZS = 380,200 X 5.5 percent = 20,900 rubles.
The equipment depreciation deducti.ons of the Valmiyerskiy RIVTs presented in Table
2 were calculated on the basis of the cost of the equipment and the corresponding
norms of depreciatioil deductions.
Expenditure for main and auxiliary materials (M) are calculated at the rate of 2.0
percent of the cost of tYie main equipment (computers, hardware for data exchange
and compilation and reproduction equipment):
~ M= 1,949,300 X 2,0 percent = 38,990 rubles.
Expenditures for spare par-ts and materials for routine and preventive maintenance
of equipment (Vt) are determined at the rate of 3.0 percent of the cost of the main
- equipment: -
Vt = 1,949,300 X 3.0 percent = 58,480 rubles.
Payment to the computer repair plant for preventive maintenance of punchcard
mach inery and keyboard computers of the RIVTs (according to ~the current price list
for routine maintenance and preventive inspection of computers) comprises 16,100
rubl es .
Consumption of electric power for production needs is calculated on the basis of
y cons umed power and the annual fund of equipment operating time and comprises
462, 920 kilowatt-hours. .
79
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~
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82
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Expenditures on electric power for production needs at the RIVTs (Ve) with regard
to the power utilization factor at the rate of 0.9 and the price of one kilowatt-
hour of electric power at 0.025 rubles comprise:
~~e = 462,920 X 0.9 X 0.025 = 10,415 rubles.
_ Since the standard depreciation deductions for the VTs building comprise 2.4 per-
cent, the value of depreciation deductions for the building of the Valmiyerskiy
RIVTs (AZd) comprise:
AZd = 784,000 X 2.4 percent = 18,820 rubles.
Mi scellaneous expenditures (P) are determined at the rate of 3.0 percent of the
ma in (all previous) operating expenditures:
P = (380,020 + 20,900 + 238,880 + 38,990 + 58,480 + 16,100 +
+ 10,420 + 18,820) X 3.0 percent = 782,610 X 3.0 percent =
= 23,480 rubles.
Thus, the annual operating expenditures for data processing at the Valmi~~erskiy
RIVTs (Se) comprise:
. Se = 782,610 + 23,480 = 806,10+J rubles.
Th e annual current expenditures for data processing in the ASOD for an administra-
tive rayon (Ssr ) are determir~ed by the formula:
Kpr 1,070,000
Ssr = Se + Sr + T = 806,100 + 25,000 12 = 920,300 rubles,
g
where Se is the annual operating expenditures for data processing at the RIVTs;
Sr is the annual expenditures for problem solving of the ASOD at the republic level;
IC~r is preproduction expenditures required for development of the ASOD; and Tq is
the average period of use of preproduction expenditures in years.
Based on bookkeeping and accounting data of the Valmilerskiy RIVS (and also of
s imilar RNS) with regard to the increase in the volume of information processed
oa pu:ichcard machinery and keyboard computers and the increase of worker wages of
the RIVS, the expenditures in the baseline version are determined at the following
rate :
expenditures for equipment acquisition (Ko) are 680,000 rubles;
expenditures for construction of the RIVS huilding (ICZd) are 590,000 rubles;
preproduction expenditures (I~r) are 340,000 rubles;
operating expenditures (Se) are 775,000 rubles. .
The capital investments required for data processing in the baseline version (Kb)
_ comprise: '
83
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ICb = Kob + KZd + Kpr = 680,000 + 590,000 + 340,000 = 1,610,000 ruk~les.
The annual current expenditures for data processing in the baseline version (Sb)
are deterr~ined by a similar formula used in the version being compared:
Sb = Se + T - 775,000 + 3401200 _ g03,300 rubles.
5
An indirect saving--a saving in the production sphere at enterprises (organizations)
of Valmiyerskiy Rayon, achieved with regard to the use of optimum, more complete,
timely and reliab~e information--on the basis of expert estimates is determined at
the rate of 1,140,000 rubles (0.5 percent of the cost of production, operations and
services at enterprises and organizations of the rayon serviced by the RIVTs).
Additional investments required for development of the ASOD of Valmiyerskiy Rayon
- (ICd) are dstermined by the formula:
~ Itd = KSr - K}, = 3,869,800 - 1,610,000 = 2,259,800 rubles,
where Ksr is capital investments in the version being compared and ICb is capital
investments in the baseline version.
The annual saving of current expenditures achieved as a result of functioning of
the ASOD of Valmiyerskiy Rayon (Et) is calculated as the sum of direct saving (Ep)
and the indirect saving (Ek):
Et = Ep + Ek ' ~Sb ' Ssr~ + Ek = (803,300 - 820,300) + 1,140,000 =
= 1,Q?3.U00 rubles, -
where Sb is the annual curretit expenditures for data processing in the baseline
version and Spr is the annual current expenditures for data processing in the ver-
sion being compared. The period of return of additional capital investments (Tok~
" and the c~rresponding calculating factor of the economic effectiveness of addi-
tional capital investments (ES) is determined in the following manner: -
Kd 2,259,800
T�k Et 1,023,000 - 2'2 Years;
Kd 1,023,000
e~ Et 2,259,800 = 0.45.
The annual saving achieved as a result of functioning of the ASOD of Valmiyerskiy
Rayon (E) is determined by the formula:
E= Et - Kd X en = 1,023,000 - 2,259,800 X 0.15 = 634,000 rubles,
where en is the unified normative coefficient of the economic effectiveness of
capital in~restments.
84
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Calculation of the economic effectiveness shows the feasibility of developing the
� ASOD of Valmiyerskiy Rayon since the calculating factor of the economic effective-
ness of additional capital investments for development of an automated rayon sys-
~ tem is higher than the mean sector normative facto~` of the effectiveness of capital
investments for development of the ASU and introduction of computer equipment
established at the rate of 0.33.
COPYRIGHT: Latviyskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet im. P. Stuchki, 1980
[104-6521]
6521
CSO: 1863
85
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APPLICATIONS .
~ UDC 621.396.6.002.2:681,3
UTILIZING ELEKTRONIKA S5-12 MICROCOMPUTER IN MONITORING SYSTEM
rioscow PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA in Russian No 11, 1980, pp 8-9
(Article by Candidate of T echnical 9ciences V. V. Sumin and engineers A. G.
Vasil'yev and V. N. Syrtsev: "Systems for Processing Ellipsometric Data"]
[Text] During the study of the dividing surfaces and boundaries of inedia,
in partj~ilar when detennining the thiclrness and opt:tcal constants of thin
film in the epitaxy-planar technology of manufacturing integrated circuits,
the proUlem arises of processing ellipsometric data, This problem is becom-
ing especially timely under production i:onditions of manufacturing inte-
grated circuits where output monitoring is organized. In this case two
very important requirements are made of the data processing system: (1) the
computational eq~iipment must insure operational processing of data and have
acceptable dimensions; (2) rapjd and accurate computation is essential.
These two requirements are to some extent contradictory. This article pro-
poses looking for a compromise solution using an equipment complex based on
the domestically produced Elektronika S5-12 single-card microeomputer.
_ Statement of the Problem
The processing of ellipsometric data involves analyzing the optical parameters
of an epitaxy layer (in our case the film thickness d and the index of refrac-
tion nl) according to measured angles of polarization ~y and which are re-
lated liy rhe fundamental equation of ellipsometry. For good-quality opera-
tional monitoring of epitaxy films the equation of ellipsometry should be
� solved with a high level of precision (parameter d with a precision up to
10 -1 ~ meters, parameter nl with an absolute error of 0.01) and speed (for
each measurement of angles ~ and ~ the output parameters d and ni are de-
termined; the cycle between measurements is f ive seconds). The use of gen-
erally accepted gradient methods of solving nonlinear equations without.
special software makes it possible to receive the required charac.*.eristics
of the computational process anly thanks to the employment of highly produc-
tive general-purpose computers of the BESM-6 type. The development of spe-
cial computi.n~ measures oriented to the use of low-nroductivity micro-
computers is a serious problem, some aspects o~ whose solution are presented
in this article. "
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J
Structure of the Equipment Complex
The problem po sed of processing ellipsometric data is solved on a hardware com-
plex based on an Elektronika SS-12 microcomputer (see f igure). The control
- - Key: (1) Printer;
2~7M~ (2) General Mainline of
nY nn3y > Microcomputer;
' (3) Elektronika PS-PPZU Semi-
p, MA l~ ;~BM MIIY Permanent Me~mory Unit;
~5~ (4) Multichannel Alphanumeric
, Printer;
6Y 6N (5) Computer;
_ (6) MPU16-2 Small Printer;
~ 6I1 ~ ' (7) Indicator Block;
(8) Settings Block;
(9) Power Supply Block.
Structural Diagram of Hardware Complex
console is designed to turn on the system, check its working condition, put
it in a work regime, and prepare to process the next measurement. The multi-
channel alphanumeric printer makes it possible to feed data on increments
of the angles (~o and ~o) in sequence to the digital channel of the computer.
The settings block stores the values of the constant components of the mea-
surement (~y , e, and so on) which can be fed to the computer at any moment;
during the 3npu~ process the parameters ~_~o +~y; ~o + ~y.
The following requirements were made of the structure of the camplex: mini- `
mize the number of nonseries control assemblies and organs; insure visual
monitoring of parameters; document the measurement made and compute the
parameters. For this reaeon when external equipment is connected into the
complex ths direct linkages of the contacts of the peripheral device pre-
dominate - tt~e bit position of the digital channel of the computer while
the data conversion functions are assigned to the computer. In additior~, the
camplex has two other characteristics: the def icit of digital outputs is
eli.minated by the use of dynamic indication and the microcomputer works in a
start-stop mode (using the signal "sozh") in the print cycle.
The base computer in the complex is an Elektronika SS-12 microcomputer.
Th~s model of microcomputer was chosen on the basis of the following consider-
ations.
The Elektron ika S5-12 is single- card machine built into the technological
equipment of t he microcomputer and is produced in series by domestic in-
dustry. Two models, ~the Elektronika SS-O1 and Elektronika SS-02, are pro-
duced for full-scale debugging of a].gorithms and programs. Multichannel
13-bit reversible alphanumeric printers and other compatible hardwa.re are
manufactured for the Elektronika SS famil; of microcomputers.
87
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Software of the Complex
The system software for processing ellipsometric data took shape on the basis
of solving two major proble~ns: finding a modification of the algorithm far
~ solving the ellipsometric equation with a high speed, and implementing the
modif ied algorithm on the Elektronika SS-12 microcomputer.
The f irst problem is obviously a classical mathematical problem. Within the
framework of this problem it is possible to solve the equation of ellipso-
metry relative to a parameter (film thickness d); the second parameter (nl)
is found as a value of the variable that insures the min.imum for a specially
selected criterion (mismatc h of the measured and computed values of the
. parameter) .
. The second problem is typical for applications of microcomputers that do not
have operations with a floating decimal point and operations with double
word length. It is apparent that to get maximum sp eed (that is, minimum
time required to solve the ellipsometric equation) a microcomputer mode with
a fixed decimal point should be selected as the primary mode. In this case,
however, to attain the assigned precision the computing algorithan must be
subjected to careful analysis to study the natuxe of the distribution of
error during computatinn and establish "tight" s;~ots in the procedure where _
the loss of precision is most significant. Errors of the following types
are greatest: constraint error that arises because of the limited length of
the computer word format; error in methods of executing fragments of the com-
putat ion (subtracting proximate numbers, division by small numbers, and the
like) ; raw data error.
It is practically impossible to obtain analytic estimates for the values of
these types of error in such complex computing procedures. Therefore, it
is mo re convenient to make a preliminary estimate of pr~cision by modelzng
the computing procedure on a general-purpose minicomputer~ with the approxi-
mation of results characteristic of a microcomputer with a 16-bit word
length. To do this the entire computing procedure for determining param-
eters d and nl of the epitaxy layer is broken into fragments. Each of them
is given by a series of possible computation structures which have their own
total error values, and ~fter modeling the chain of fragments that provides
the least resulting error is selected. The scaling places in the processing
program and the processing places are established analogously with doubled
precision for each specific computation problem. Debugging and aggregating
of programs were done with a complex of a Nairi-K computer, and Elektronika
S5-12, and a Videoton 340 display, as well~as on an Elektronika S5-Ol micro-
computer.
During construction of the system for prncessing elliptometric data on the
basis of the domestically produced Elektronika S5-12 microcomputer the pos-
sibility was established o� using a single-plate microcomputer of the
Elektronika S5 family of the f irst te~hnological generation as the process-
ing means in the stage of operational monitoring of the two principal
parameters of an epitaxy Iayer. At the present time, a model of the proc-
essing system has been built and comprehensive debugging of working pro-
grams for the Elektronika S5-12 microcomputer is being completed. The more
c>8
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productive Elektronika 60 model microcomputer should be used to get higher
indicators of processing quality (speed and precision).
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", "Pri~bory i sistemy upravleniya",
1980
[72-1176]
_ 1.1,176
cso: i863
89
FOR OFFICIA,L USE ONLY
-I
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UDC 681.323
GENERAL-PURPOSE COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM UTILIZING ELEKTRONIKA-60
Moscow VYCHISLITEL'NYYE SREDSTVA V TEKFINIKE I SISTEMAKH SVYAZI in Russi.an
No 5, 1980 pp 71-79 ~ .
[Article by I. A. Mamzelev, M. Yu. Artem'yev, K. G. Knyazev, and V. N.
Kudryashov: "General-Purpo~~. Computer Communications System"]
' [Text] It is possible to identify a large number of problems in cont~nporary
communications engineering requiring ~computers for solution, for example vari- -
ous scientific-tectm ical calculations, economic problems, tasks performed by
an automated system for communications control, the jobs of controlling switch-
ing centers, and the like. Thus, virtually all the primary functions of
processing, storing, and distributing digital information are formed with com-
puters, and for different jobs computers with different parameters will be re-
qiiired, from microcomputers to highly productive computing systems.
It seems wise to devise a certain basic general-~purpose computer communica -
tions system for the communications sector. This would be a system of broad
application that meets all the needs of the sector for computer equipment.
In conformity with the tasks that are performEd, the structural principles of
the general-purpose computer communications system should meet the following
requirements:
1. The system should be composed of modules and capable of
being built up. This makes it possible to use siunilar
modules to put toget.her computing devices to solve prob-
lems of varying degrees of complexity;
2. The number of types of modules should be minimized with a
high degree of repetition among them. In this case it is
possible to build inexpensive computer equipment because
the primary requirement of microelectronics is met; mass
production of a limited assortment;
3. Th~ already-developed software of the system module
should be used as the nucleus of the software of the
general-purpose computer commun ications system;
- 9a
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,
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4. The general-purpose computer communications system should
guarantee fmproved computational reliability and be able
to function when some of the equipment is down. _
The homogeneous computing sygtems constructed on the basis of a model of a co1-
lective of computers meet these requirements f slly [1]. In this case the gen-
eral-purpose com~,uter communications system is a set of identical elementary
machines interlinked in the standard manner. Each elementary machine includes
a general-purpose base comguter and a system unit which provides communications
between this elementary mac hine and neighboring ones and carries on interaction
within the machine [1, 2]. The elementary machine is a module of the general-
purpose computer communicat ions system.
This general-purpose system allows easy adaptation to the necessary clas~ of
- problems: the number of elementary machines in thc system can be changed by
connecting or disconnecting certain machines. The total number of elementary
machines in the system is unlimited. The productivity of a system of K ele-
mentary machines when solving one complex problem in the system increases pro-
_ portional to the number K. It is also possible to use an individual ele-
mentary machine of the system in a self-contained mode, which may be required
for simple problems. The general--purpose system has improved reliability;
when an individual elementary machine goes down, the remaining ones continue
to solve the problem after reorganization.
_ It is adv isable to use one of the existing microcomputers built on the
basis of large integrated c ircuit technology a s the base general-purpose com-
puter. This reduces the time for development of the general-purpose computer
communications system and makes it possible to use existing software. In ad-
dition, the use of microco~puters makes it possible to build large systems
(several dozen machines) without being seriously limited by the dimensions of
the dev~ice and the pow~r input. Below we will consider one altarnative of
hardware for a general-purpo se computer commun ications system that uses
Elektronika-60 microcomputers, which have very broad capabilities.
We will consider the principal characteristics of the Elektronika-60 computer
that are important from the standpoint of the systev.. The structure of the
computer is shown in Figure 1 below. The figure iniicates that the computer
is constructed on the modular principle, trat is, ~.11 functional blocks have
the form of completed design units (modules) and c;?mmunication among them
is carried on through a single data exchange chann~l (single-coupling inter-
face) . The principal modules are the central processor (L(Tn , the memory
modules (03y) with 4,~00 16-bit words each, and tF,e modules of the data input
and output unit (Bl, B2) . The computer channeJ. provides communicati~.,n among
two units interacting on the "active-passive" principl.e at any moment. The -
active unit (in Figure 1 the central processor) initiates an access cycle to
the channel in conformity with the working program, meets interrupt require- _
ments, and monitors the direct access to memory. Communication is cariied
on through the channel by the "handshaking" method. The computer has a speed
of 250, 000 ops per second when performing register addition.
One of the key problems fac ing the developQrs of general-purpose computer
communications system is the problem of choosing the structure of the system, _
91
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Key: (1) F.lementary Machine;
- - (2) System Unit;
_ , � r------ ~ ---fY~n~ ~ ~y (3) Computer;
~y (4) Central Processor;
~ - ~ (S) Computer Channel; -
�i ~~3~ u,) ~ i ~ (6) Memory Unit;
~ ~ (7) Input--Output Unit.
~~I I~
~i I~ .
03y B1 B2 ~ ~
~
~-L- ------JI ~
Figure 1
that is, how to interlink the elementary machines (the term "macrostructure"
is used). The macrostructure should provide maximum values for the indicators
- of survivability and switchability and minimal delays during transit data
transmissions among the elementary machines. In addition, it should permit
simple change in the number;of elementary machines without alteration of the
hardware and significant changes in the software of each particular elementary
machine. These requirements are met by standard Pn machine linkages; each ele- _
mentary machine is connected to its two neighboring mac hines by each of k `
coordinate axes (a k-dimensional cube). In existing systems k is small (k = 1 -
for a circular ~ystem or k= 2 for a lattice structure) becausQ the intri-
cacy of the system unit increases sharply for large values of k. Circular
structure was chosen for the general -purpose system we are considering. This
decision made it possible to meet the basic requirements made of the struc-
ture of the system with fairly simple realization of the system unit (the
' entire unit can be put on a standard Elektronika-60 computer plate).
The system unit that was developed can increase the number of nicrocomputers
in the system by simply connecting in new computers to thosa already existing
(through the system unit); break the system into independent functional sub-
sys~ems by pr~grammed control; reorganize the configuration of the system by
programs; destroy old and form new subsystems applicable to the problems being
- solved; exchan.ge data among compaters of the subsystem in the process of
jointly solving one complex problem.
Figure 2 below is a schematic diagram of the system unit, In conformity with
the general principle of functioning of the Elektronika-6U computer the system -
unit is connected to the computer channel as an external unit. The main fuuc-
tional blocks of the system unit are: the block of registers of systems opera- -
tions (PCO) by which system interactions are accomplished; the program-
- controlled commutator (K) of communications channels with neighboring ele- -
mentary macfiines; the control signal shaper (~yC) for the computer channel;
the block of system signal logic (7fCC) which produces system control signals -
_ in conformity with the operation algorithm of the general-purpose computer -
communications system; the decoder of addresses (XIW) which the central proc-
essor of the particular elementary machine uses for access (in cases determined
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by the algorithm it produces the re~uired functional signals); the coupling
~ block (CK) with the computer channel. It is designed to meet the electrical
deman~~s of the channQl for user devices.
(1)$
K~2~ ~g
~ 3)ncc Key: (1) System Channel;
(2) Commutator;
.4~
muNaO(5 (3) System Logic Signal Block;
(4) Address Decoder;
~ P6~ ( 5) Line 0;
. , (6) Block of System Opera-
~ tions Registers;
(7) Control Signal Shaper; ,
(8) (8 ) Coupling Block;
~ (9) Computer Channel;
. i. (10) Da ta ;
. ~9,daNOn3BM , ~ (11)~ Control
� ~ - aa~w+eie - yn Nve �
(.io) ~ ~ . cii'~
Figure 2
As theoretical research and experience with construction of the f irst twmoj
geneous computing systems demonstrated [2, 3, 4], there are four system oper-
ations that must be realized to insure the functional int~grity oF the systen~
(that is, to insure the possibility of joint solution of one complex problem
- by severa]. elementary macfiines). These are: adjustment, exchange, system
' synchronization, and generalized unconditional branching. '
Var3ous features of the structure and architecture of the Elektronika-60
require a specific.approach to the system unit. Thus, it is not possible
to supglement the computer command system with commands for interaction within
a machine, which insures most rapid performance of~these interactions (as was
_ done, for example, in the Minsk-222 system [3]), because the microprogram
control of the computer is closed. To make it possible for the comg~iter to
work in the general-purpose computer communications system the computer soft-
ware is supplemented by an e~cpanded operations system that makes it possible
to carry out system interactions. The computer operations system expanded
by a set of systc~ programs is the pria~~ry operations system of the base ele-
mentary machi_ne.
A group of program-accessible funetional system operation registers was in-
cluded in t;?e composition of the system unit for the propase3 general-purpose
system to accomplish system interactions. The functional characteristic of
the registers means that one register corresponds to each system operation:
- the adjustment register; the exchange register; the system synchronization
register (trigger); the generalized unconditional branching register. The
93
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F.lektronika-60 uses the following principle to address external units: each ,
external unit con tains one or several registers which is assigned a f ixed ad-
- dress from the address f ield of 4,000 higher-order words of inemory. In con-
formity with this principle, ~a f ixed address ~s given to each system operatien
register; the address decoder "remenbers" these addresses. Reference by the
central processor to a definite address signif ies performance of the system
operation corresponding to this address by the particular elementary machine.
There are also two service registers: the current state register (PTC) and
the state of the unit register. Tneir purposes will be described below.
'Let us consider system interactions in the general-purpose computer communi- -
cations syst an.
1. Subsystem adjustment. Adjustment is the first stage in performing a dif-
ficult problem. The subsystem des:gned to perform this problem is shaped in
this stage. Adjustment of the entire subsystem is accomplished from the ele-
mentary machine which received the problem (we will call it the controller).
The subsystem is a group of elementary machines interlinked by a single -
system communications channel. Thus, the controller's job is to assign a
switching system in its own system unit and then in the systan units of the
neighboring elementary machines so that all of the elementary machines of the
subsystem are interlinked and connections with other elementary machines are
cut of f .
The type of switching in the commutator is determined by the content of the
adjustment register. By feedi.ng the appropriate data to the adjustment regis-
ter it is possi~le to obtain the following switching alternatives: linkage
- only with the neighboring elementary machine to the right (left); linkage
with both neighboring elementary machines and transit data transmission
through the system unit (full linkage); full breaking of switching. Each
transit elementary machine of the subsystem is adjusted by the controller to
full linkage, while the extreme left (right) machine of the subsystem is
adjusted for linkage with its right (left) neighbor.
The controller uses a specially allocated fictitious adjustment a~dress for
issuing the adjustment word to neighboring elementary mac:hines. When the
decoder recognizes this address it sends the ad~ustment word from the com-
puter channel not to the adjustment register, but to the data line of the
system channel in the direction assigned by the commutator. A speci.al control _
line (eacfi system operation has its own line) is used in the systen cha.nnel
to identify adjustment information. To control tfie identification signal the
adjustment word goes along line 0 of the receiving machine to the adjustment
register. At the same time the identification signal (not only for adjustment
but also for other system interactions) arrives at the control signal shapi.ng
block. It causes an i.nterruption of co~puter work and entry of the code "1"
in the position of the current state register corresponding to adjustment
(the other three positions of the current stat~ register perform the same
functions for the other three system operations) .
~ny interrupt from the system channel caus es the computer to refer to a spe- ~
cial program, the supervisor of system interactions, which is included in
the operations system of each base elementary machin.e. The supervisor
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analyzes the positions of the current state register in order, finds th.e
position in which the code "1" is entered, and executes the subroutine cor-
respondin g to the system operation being performed. For ad~ustment the
tnachine executes system synchronization (see below) and upon emergence from
the in terrupt begins execution of its branch of the special-purpose parallel
nrogram.
The adjustment subroutine of the subsystem is part of the operations system
of each~elementary machine. This subroutine may be stored permanently in the
memory unit or kept on an external medium and called into memory only wfi en
the particular eleai~entary machine receives a complex problem.
2. Exchange. As analysis demonstrates [1], the broad multiplicity of ex-
change interactions can be reduced to the following types: translation ex-
change (una elementary machine transmits and the others receive); conveyor
exchange (all elementary machines of the subsystem form a circuit in which
each machine receives data from the preceding one and transmits it to the
next); paired exchange (only two of the elementary machines of the subsyst an
are interlinked); collector exchange (one of the elementary machines of the
~ subsystem collects information from all the others). It is not possible, -
a however, to accomplish all these types of exchange by hardware because t hey
have functional redundancy.
It has been theoretically shown [5J that all these types of exchange can be
. accomplished by just one translation exchange. In addition, in practically
70 percent of the lrnown probleins it is translation exchange that the system
needs. The other types of exchange can be accomplished by software. For
these reasons on13~ translation exchange was accomplished by hardware in the
system we are describing. Any of the elementary machines of the system is
able to ignore exchange information by en*_ering the program code in the
appropriate position of the system register.
During exchange the transmitting elementary machine copies the exch~nge word
according to the address of the exchange register. The decoder b3~ock recog-
nizes the exchange register address and produces a functional signal to ~
accompany information along the system channel. The exchange data itself
- goes directly to the data line of the system channel. In each ~of the re- _
ceiving elementary machines data from the system channel under the control
of ~he escort signal is stored in the exchange register. The escort signal, _
as was also true for the adjustment signal, causes reference to the super-
visor of system interactions which readsdata from the exchange register at
the address determined ~y the special-purpose program.
_ 3. System synchronization. This is always done before system interactions
because the lengths of the branches of the parallel program in an elementary
machine of the subsystem may differ and before exchanges it is essential to
be sure that all elementary machines of the subsyste~n have already completed -
their segments. This operation is also done immediately after adjustment.
The elementary machine which is performing the synchronization enters the
- code "1" in the current state register by program. When all the e~ementary
machin es of the subsystem have performed the synchronization, the system
logic signal circuits produce a generalized character, the signal of system
~ 95
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I
~ , a va~ vi tvicau v~7u vart~l
syrichronization. It goes to all the etementary machines of the subsystem
by a special wire of the control line of the system channel and is processed
in a way similar to the signals that accompany adjustment and exchange. The
gupervisor of system interactions requested by the systems synchronization
signal clears the current state registEr to "0" and continues execution of its
_ branch of the special-purpose program. _
4. Generalized unconditional transfer. This system operation makes it pos- -
sible to modify the course of computation in all elementary machines of the
subsystem from one controlling elementary machine, not necessarily the con-
troller. Generalized Lnconditional transfer is realized in a manner similar
to that of the exchange operation. The only difference is that the super-
visor of system interactions, after identifying the generalized unconditional
transfer, performs an unconditional transfer in its own elementary machine,
that is, it loads the command counter from the cell whose address is de-
termined by the content of the exchange register.
The sup~rvisor of system interactions which, with *he system unit hardware,
executes the above-described interactions within the machine is a part of the
software of the general-purpose computer communications system. It consists
of two parts: the software of tHe base Elektronika-60 computer and the
system software. In addition to the supervisor of system interactions the
_ system software includes a set of control programs that organize the func-
tioning of the general-purpose computer communications system as a single
system.
~ Let us consider several important aspects of use of the general-purpose com-
puter communications system.
1. Parallel programming. The problem of writing parallel programs for the
proposed general-purpose system can be done either manually or using an
automatic unit for breaking programs into para11e1 parts and cross-translators
based on large computers. This is because the Elektronika-60 does not now
~ have adequate memory volume to store parallel translators. Later, as the
assortment anci capacity of peripheral units expands, the paralleling func-
tions c_an be assigned to the controlling elementary machine itself.
2. Loading a parallel program in the system. In the simplest case the
branches of Che parallel program can be loaded separately in each of the ele-
mentary machineW of the subsystem. However, this solution is too labor-
intensive and unreliable. Therefore, at the present time the computer as-
- sembler language is expanded with operators that describe the parallel
f eatures of the program. The program is fed to the controller in the
language of the parallel assembler, after wh~.ch all functions related to
translation and adjustment of the subsystem and distribution of branches are
performed by the operations system of the controller.
3, Monitoring and diagnosis. If one of the elementary machines of the sub-
system goes down during the process of solving a complex problem the controller
refers to the reconfiguration programs ttiat are part of the operati_ons system -
of the base elementary machine. After reorganization of the configuration
either a new subsystem is formed or the branches of the parallel program are
redistributed among working elementary ~achines. As a result, problem
96
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solving continues, although at a slower speed. Where reorganization of tl�:
conf iguration is not possible, the controller stops the problem-soZving
~ process and prints out an appropriate message, switching to diagnostic pro-
grams. The abili~y to reorganize tiie configuration makes the general-
~ purpose computer communications system more reliable and gives it greater -
survivability than an individual computer.
- 4. Specialization. It is possible to speciaiize the general-purpose
computer communications system in solving particular problems,for example
_ the problem of controlling the switching center. In this case the system
of commands of the base computer can be supplemented by installing large
_ i.ntegrated circuits of permanent memory with microprograms for performance
of user commands on the panel of the central processor. The peripheral
equipment can be connected to the computer channels through appropriate
controllers.
In conclusion we will nc?te that the principles on which the general-
purpose computer communications system we have described was built may also =
be used to build such syst2ms with other types of structure, for example ~ .
matrix structure.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Yevreinov, E. V., "Homogeneoue Computing Systems and Media," in
"Vychislitel'nyye Sredstva v Tekhnike i Sistemakh Svyazi" ~Computer
Equipment in Engineering and Communications Systems], Moscow, 1978,
_ Vyp 3, pp 3-16.
- 2. Yevreinov, E. V., and Kosarev, Yu. G., "Odnorodnyy~ Universal'nyye
Vychislitel'nyye Sistemy Vysokoy Proizvoditel'nosti" [Hemogeneous Com-
puting Systems of High Productivity], Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1966.
3. Yevreinov, E. V., and Lopato, G. P., "The Minsk-222 General-Purpose
~ Computing System," in "Vychislitel'nyye Sistemy" [Computing Systems],
Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1966, Vyp 23, pp 13-20.
~ 4. "Homogeneous Computing System of Minimachines," in "Vychislitel'nyye
Sistemy" [ Computing Systems], Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1972, Vyp 51,
pn 127-145.
' S. Khvostantsev, M. A., "Homogeneous Microprocessor Computing System for
Controlling Integrated w'ark," dissertation for the candidate of techn-
nic~l sciences degree, Moscow, 1977; USSR Ministry of Higher and Secon-
dary Specialized Education, Moscow Power Institute.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz."', 1980
[74-11176]
11,1.76
CSO: 1363 ~
97
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UAC 621.391:534.4:691.3:51
RECOGNITTON OF GRAPHIC AND SOUND SIGNAI,S
Kiev RASPOZNAVANIYE GRAFTCHESKIKH T ZWKOVYI~i STGNALOV in Russian 1979 signed to
pzess 28 Nov 79 pp 2, 101, 71-81
[Annotation, table of contents and excerpts from collection of papers, Kiev Insti- -
tute of Cybernetics, 400 copies, 105 pages]
[Text] New results are presented in the area of the automatic understanding of .
continuous speech, of the statistical theoxy of recognition and of the economical -
assignment of great numbers of images and speech signals by means of gra~nars.
A descript~on is given of a complex of programs for analyzing and recognizing
voice signals, of an algorithm for determining the poles of a voi~~e signal in real
ti~ae, of experiments on the recognitian of difficult-to-distinguish machine-
_ written characters, and of comparative results of using various methods of ana-
logy in the area of the recognition of sound signals and images.
CQ:TTENTS Page
Vintsyuk, T.K. "Automatic Understanding of Speech in Oral Dialogue with `
a Computer" 3
Shlezinger, M.I. "Theory of Ambiguity in Non-Bayes Problems of Recognition" 21
Shlezinger, M.I. "Additional Curollaries of the Theory of Ambiguity in
Non-Bayes Problems of Recognition" 36
Lyudovik, Ye.K. "Algorithm for Determining the Poles of a Voice Channel
in Real Time" 47
Shvartse, G., Shenbern, B. and Frittssh, K. ""Use of the Method of Recogniz-
ing Written Characters for Dist~nguish3r..g the Letters 'Z' and 'E' [in Cyr31-
lic]" 56
Vintsyuk, T.K., Gavrilyuk, O.N., Kulyas, A.I. and Shinkazh, A.G. "Complex
of Programs for Processing and Recognizing Voice Signals " 71
_ Lyudovik, Ye.K. "Experiments on the Phoneme-by-Phoneme Recognition of Words
from Predi.ction Parameters" gl
98
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Kameneva, T.P. "Trans~ormation o~ ~o~Dimensional Gra~misxs ~n So~ving ~xobl.ems
of Recognition" 86
Khomentovskaya, T.V. and Chentsov, R.A. "Digital Tnc:icator oi~ L3quf.d--Hel~um ~
Temperatures" 98
UDC 621.391:534.4:681.3.06:51
Vintsyuk, T.K., Gavrilyuk, O.N., Kulyas, A.T. and Shinkazh, A.G.
Complex of Programs for Processing and Recognizing Voice Signals
_ A system for the phoneme-by-phoneme rpcognition of speech has been in operation
since 1973 at the ~lcrainian SSR Academy of Sci.ences Tnst3.tute of ~pbernet~cs. _
Training and speech recognition algorithms form the basis of the system's problem-
oriented softwa.re. The camplex of. programs realizing these algorithms includes
programs for preliminary processing of the voice signal, for training and supple-
- mentary training, and for the recogniti.on of individually pronounceable arords and
phrases run together. These basic ~rograms are used together with systems programs
for input-output of a voice signal and for displaying the reaults of recognition
on a lit display. Th.e structure of the program cumplex is illustrated in the
_ figure [not reproduced]. The sqstem has been created on the basis of the BESM-6
computer.
The complete training pracess for a dictionary numbering 200 words with a five-
time pronunciation of each word require~ about four hours of machine time on the
BESM-6.
~ Twenty-two K~bytes are required for storing in the computer's main memory an SFI
[standard data file) designed for the recognition of 500 words. Twelve K bytes of -
memory are required for producing a primary description of a voice signal two
seconds long.
- The duration of operation of the recogiiition algorithm is approximately proportional
to the size of the dictionary used at a given moment as we11 as to the length of
the reaiization of the wor.d to be recognized. A one-second realization of a word
' is recognized in 0.4 s with a dictionary with a size of K= 50 wozds , in 0.8 s
- with R= 100 , in 2 s with K= 200 and in 7 s with K= 500 . For producing a
primar~ description of the .~ne-second realization of a voice signal 0.3 s is re-
quired. Thus, if the size of the dictfonary equals K< 100 , the recognition of -
individually pronounceable speech words wtth a BESM-6 compu�ter is performed prac-
tically in real time. The result is displayed in text form on the computer's
display panel.
The reliability of the recognition of individually pronnunceable words equals 98
percent for a dictionary of 500 words and 96 percent for a dict3onary of 1000
words. Tn the recog~ition o~ continuoue speech from a dictionary of 200 words
three percent of errors wa~ produced for w~rds in phrases and seven percent of
- failures in the recognition of individual o�ords in phrases.
s9
FnR nFFif iAi, ii,CF' (1Ni V �
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The programs a~e written 3.n k'ORTRAN and T~DI,EN.
The parameters o# the s~*stem ~ox the phoneme-bp--phoneme recog;n:l.t~,c:; o~ ~peech axe
such that it can be ~mplemented w:tth mini- or microcomputers w3tr~,3 speed on the
order of one million operatfons o~ the ~u~uation type p~r second and a main me~tArp
on the order of 64 K bytes.
COPYRIGHT: Tnstitut kibernetiki, 1979 _
(s2-ss3i~
~
8831
~ CSO: 1863
100
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unc 6z-529:535~37
RAMAN SPECTROMETER CONTROLLID BY AN ELII{TRONII{A-100I MINI-!_'�QMPiJTER
Novosibirsk AVTOMETRIYA in Russian No 4, Jul-Aug 80 pp 46-51
[Article by V. A. Gaysler, E. Ye. Dagman, A. R. Keyayn and A. S. Terskov, Novo-
sibirsk]
- [Excerpts~ In the present work a typica.l application of computers in spectroscopy
is examin~d--the separation of signal ~`rom noise.
An installation is described which ena.bles optimizing in real time the process of
measurement of Raman sca.ttering, one created on the basis of the DFS-24 monochroma-
tor, the Elektronika-100I ,nini-computer, a photon counting system a,nd a coupling
= and control unit, realized ~rith use of principles and designs of the CAMAC standard.
Shown on Figures 2 and 3 are a structural diagram and voltage diagrams which explain
the working principle of the installation. Figure 4 presents an algorithm for con-
trol of data collection and of the installation as a whole. The sample to be inves-
tigated is irra,diated by a las~r bea.m modulated in intensity. The component of
_ sca.ttered light separated by the monochroma.tor impinges on a photoelectronic mul-
tiplier. We used the ~tr-79, cooled by Tiquid nitrogen vapors.
~ The des~ribed installation was used by us to investigate little-studied weak Rama,n
lines in HgI2. Shown on Figure 5 is a section of the Raman spectrum of HgI2 excited
by a He-Ne laser. The required precision was 10 percent in the experiment, The
upper curve was obtained by means of a computer-aided installa.tion. The informa.tion
a~cumu}ation time was 35-40 s in the re~ion of the weak Raman lines of 4~9! ~ and
64 cm- and 4 s near the maximum of the strong line 112 cm-1. The lower curve was
written manually with a time constant of 10 s(the maximum time constant of photon
counting). Tha.t integration time, as is evident from the figure~ is insufficient
for reliable detection of weak Raman lines. In the region of the ma,ximum of the
line 112 ~m 1 the integration time is excessive.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
l. Liflyandchik, B. I.y Sergeyev, D. V., and Trilesnik, I. I. The present status
and prospects o~ use of computer teehnology in optical spectruin instrument-
making. OMP, 1978, No 5, PP 62-68.
2. Yok eta~ T., Takagi, Y., and Shigena.ri, T. Di~ital control of a Rama.n spectro-
meter by a sma.ll computer and its applica,tion to soft mode spectroscopy. JAPAN
JOURN.9L OF APPLIED PHYSICS, 1978, Vol 17, No 9, pp 1643-1650.
101
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1 2~"'~;~ ~
- ~i'vr>>n~o;~~ - ~,'~~~;~~~,~a:~
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1'C. .,;u,r:..-,^[,,~.~r-i ~ ~':eep u,e;e/+ ~.v.~~,:~a- ~E'1T141:H .~~naxr
L ,r;,^ ,e.r� ~
J
~ L_ ~'~.^,p ~ 1 1
~c...-_. . i ( + ~
1 .+'c~ucm an~, r~r,~,~;c
~
i ~
~
~ a..ioo~ ~~r-~~
- Figure 2. Structural diagram of the insta.llation
1-- Laser 11 Z'imer 1
2-- Integrated circuit 12 Timer 2
3-- Modulator 13 SI generator
~ Sample 14 Counter 1
5-- Photoreceiver 15 Counter 2
6-- Monochromator 16 CAMAC main line
~ 7-- Photoelectronic multiplier 17 SP-3
8-- Differential-amplitude discriminator 18 E-100I
9-- Time ba,se control 19 PL-150
10 Ma,tching and control circuit 20 Consul-2~
3. Niemczyk, T. M., and Ettinger, D. G. A computer-controlled photon counting
spectrometer for rapidly scanning low light level spectra. APPLIED SPECrRO-
scoPY, 1978, vo1 32, rto 5~ PP ~50-~53.
4. Zaydel', A. N., Ostrovskaya., G. V., and Ostrovskiy, Yu. I. Tekhnika i praktika
spektroskopii (Spectroscopic Equipment and Pra,ctice). Moscow, Nauka, 1976.
~ `
5. Baranova, I. ll., and Lagutin, V. I. Spectrum registration errors caused by the
discreteness of informa.tion removal in spectr~photometers. OMP, 1978, No 5,
pp 75-76�
COt'YRIGHT: Izda.tel'stvo "Nauka", "Avtometriya", 1980
[71A-2174~~
2174~ -
cso: 1863
io2
. ,
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,
unc 681. 3 . 02
II,E~{TRONIKA-60 CAMAC SYSTEM
Novos~.birsk AVTOMETRIYA in Russian No 4~~ Jul-Aug 80 pp 42-46
[Article by M. N. Bukha.rov, V, M. Bukolikov, A,. N. Bystavkin, a. Ya. Oleynikov,
- L. Z. Pososhenko, V. N. Strel'nikov, V. A. Timofeyev and N. A. Tikhomirov, Moscow~
[Text~ At present a number of directions are being intensively developed in the
, areas of physics, geophysics and other axeas of science connected with investiga-
- tions of radio wave propaga.tion, and also with the use of inethods of radiophysics
to study the properties of the environment. A cha.racteristic feature of such in-
~ vestigations is ~rowth of the role of radiophysical experiments which, as a rule,
are conducted in expeditionary conditions. A distinctive feature of expeditionary
radiophysi.cal experiments is the need to register and process large volumes of
~ information. Until recently, most often in the course of expeditionary radiophy-
sical experiments the infbrmation t`rom the measurement converter outiputs was regis-
' tered on different ca,rriers (ma.in].y in analog form) and the conversion into digital
form and processin~ on a computer were accomplished in stationary computer centers.
The effectiveness of investigations in such ca.ses has prover~ to be low in view of
~he imp~ssibility of rapid analysis of data and regulation on the basis ~f its re-
sults of the conditions under which expeditionary radiophysical experiments are
conducted, and also technica,l and programming difficulties in data input into the
computer for processing.
To intensify and increase the effectiveness of expeditionary radi ophysica,l experi-
ments it is necessary to provide investigators with the possibility of accomplish-
ing directly under expeditiona,ry conditi~ns some typea of preliminary processing
and ma.xima.lly simplxfying operations on further data processin~.
The present work ha.s the goa.l of developing a standard3zed system suitable for the
automa.tion of a br.oad class of expeditionary radiophysical experiments. T o achieve _
that goal, in the first stage the task of determining the characteristic require-
ments for such a system ha.s been set. It is evident tha.t the specifics of expedi- ~
tiona.ry radiophysica,l experiments advance as the most important requirements from =
the point of view of operation of the system those of compactness, small weight,
low power consumption and simplicity of servicing. No provision was made for
sa.tisfaction of special requirements for work in special expeditionary conditions ,
(high air humidity and temperature, level of vibrations~ etc), as most in-restiga-
tibns toward which the described developments are directed are done in conditions
close to those in the laboratory. '
103
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To determine the functional possibilities of the system, an analysis was ma.de of 11
fairly var~.ed expeditionary radiophysical experiments. The results of the analysis
are summed up in the table. In explanation, let us note the following. The rates
of arrival of informa.tion were considered by starting from the requiremen ts for
precision of approxima.tion of continuous signals by discrete selections. The vo1-
umes of information were estima,ted from the maximum experimental cycle length (in
various ca.ses, tYie latter amounts to fractions of a second to da.ys) . By prima,ry
processing is understood. processing under expeditionaxy conditions. It can be ac-
complished both on a real time scale and in the intervals between cycles (operative
~ processing~. The requirement of secondary processing of registered informa,tion
actually means a need to accomplish registration in a form permitting informatien
input into fairly power~l computers (of the class of the M-4030, Ye5-1030, etc) at
stationary computer centers.
- Starting from the results of analysiso one ca,n readily formulate the requirements
= for the system and synthesize a standardized structure on the basis of which it
seems possible to automate expeditionary radiophysical experiments of a broad range.
If we take into account the principal types of data processing under expeditionary
conditions (see table,exp.~t ~0~, we can conclude that the system must include a
digital calculator with a main store with a ca.pacity of over 4 Kbytes and a fairly
well daveloped software. (The requirement for the ma.in storage capacity flows, in
particular, from the need to accomplish statistica.l treatmen~ of the type of calcu-
lation of slightly shifted energy spectrum estimates.) It is most advisa,ble now to
use the "Elektronika-60" sma,ll computer as such a calculator [1].
It is evident tha.t input analog signa,ls from several sources in a system must be
converted into digital form. Therefore it is necessary~to introduce an analog-
digital converter and an analog-signa,l commutator into the structure of the system.
In view of the fact that in the main the da.ta. processing is statistica,l, the maximum
reduced value of the quantizing error in level must not exceed 0.5-1 percent. Such
an error is assured by a.n analog-digital converter with 7-8 digits. In that case
the commutator must have normalized precision cha,racter'istics which can be taken
into coi:sideration during processing. It is evident from the table (see .expt 1k)
tha,t for analog-di gital converters the necessa,ry conversion time ia 5-6 microsec-
onds. This is important for rapidly proceed.ing expeditionary radiophysical experi-
ments (for example, No 4~~, and also relatively slow expeditionary radiophysical ex-
periments (for example, Nos 8 and 10, where ~he precision of calculations of cross-
correlation f~znctions, obviously, is critica,l towaxd relative shifts of selections.
~ Correspondingly the commutator must have a high speed (a commutation frequency of
1 at least 200 kHz).
1
~ Another requirement for tkze system is assuring the possibility of coupling regis-
~ tered data with signals of a single time system. For tha,to synchronization equi.p-
ment must be used in the system.
_ In addition, the system must provide the possibility of registering information with
a volume of 16-18 Mbytes per session in the YeS computer format (see table~ experi-
ments 5 and 8), for which registration equipment of the type of digital magnetic
tape stora,ges are needed.
, 10~+
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(Continuation of Table~
= OPB processing in real time
00 operative spectrum processing
P-- determination of the distribution law~ calculation of dispersion and md,the~
ma,tic~.l expectatiQn
BK calculation of cross-correlation functi ons
GT calculation of current spectrum
- C calculation
Finally, an important requirement in the system is the possibility of vlsualization
- ~in graphic and~or alphanumeric form) of the results of processing or the data them-
selves, ~btained in the course of the expeditionary radiophysica,l experiments. Visu-
alization in gra,phic form ca,n be accomplished by conve~ting digital data into analog
form with the use of a digital-analog converter, with subsequent output to cathode-
ray tubes, automa.l;ic recorders~ etc.
' Selected as the basis for realization of the system was ~ programmable mxlular CAMAC
apparatus, the merits and distinctive features of which are widely known ~2~.
On the basis of the CAMAC apparai;us a standardized system which satisfies the above
rPquirements is readily realized. Needed in tha.t ca,se first of all are the follow-
ing types of functional modales: rapi~ analog-digital converters, a commutator,
di~ital-analog converters and a synchronizati on module. Also necessary is a module
for ma,tching magnetic tape stores of a specific type with the CAMAC ma.in line. The
possibilities of the system with respect to data processing in real time are greatly
expa,nded if the small computer is maximally relieved of f~nctions of control of data
_ collection and regiJtratior.. For that purpose the small computer can be connected
to the crate through input and output registers and data. collection and processing
programs are accomplished by the apparatus through use of an autonomous controller
and permanent stora.ges [3]. The necessa.ry series of CAMAC-operations is accom-
plished by the autonomous controller through readout of the corresponding instruc-
tions from the permanent storage and their tra.nsmission to the CAMAC main line. In
tha,t case logica,l bi~.irca.tions and transitions axe possible in the algorithm. The
organization of tha.t structure thus requires also permanent storage modules, an
autonomaus controller and input and output registers.
Infcrma.tion can arrive at the visua.liza,tion device from the ca.lculator's main store.
However, often, for exam~le during data output with regeneration to a ca,thode-ray
tube, it is more a.dvantageous to use external storages (a CAMAC module) . In addi-
tion, such a storage device permits buffering of data during its collection on mag-
netic tape.
~In accordance with these considerations the structure of a standardized system for
the automation of expeditionary radiophysica.l experiments on the ba.sis of the CAMAC
a.ppax~atus has been developed and an experimental model created (see figure~. The
realized system is constructed on the ba.sis of a CAMAC crate equipped with sets of
modules produced b.y the Special Design Bureau of the Institute of Radio Engineerin~
and Elec~ronics, USSR Aca.demy of Sciences (l~ an autonomous programmahle crate
cont-roller, (2~ a permanent storage, (3~ a storage module, (4~~ a synchronizer-timer~
(5) an analog-digital converter, t = 2.5 microseconds, 8 bits, (6) a semiconduc-
tor commutator (7~ a commutator ccntrol re~'ster, a two-cha,nnel digital-analog
1a6
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1 KAn
2 n3y
03Y-I
10
_ c~r - t cueHO~o~ c E a A-- CAMAC main line
1-- autonomous programmable crate controller
Y AK-K3 2 permanent storage
~ 11 3 storage ;nodule
a MKn ANanoeoeo~e 4~ synchronizer-timer
Y ru2Hano~
5 analog-digital ece~verter
o Py~,_2 6-- semiconductor commutator
~ 12 7-- commutator control register
~ K ycmpol~cmeaM 8-- two-channel digita,l-analog converter
~ 2~'~~ 8 eu3yonusaccuu 9-- ma,gnetic tape store interface
HHmep- 13 HM11 10 single-time system signals
~ r~eucHMfl Pr-~oS-~ 11 analog signals
12 to visualization devices
t2/24 13 PT-105-1 ma,gnetic tape store
14 "Elektronika-60" small computer
305
MuKpo-3BM
�3neKmpo?+u-
350 Ka-60"
converter, and products of the "Polon" ~;ssociation (Poland): the 305 (input regis-
ter~, 350 (output register~ and 12~24 (auxiliary module to provide the crate main
line with a feed volta.ge of � 12 V, and also an interface module of a ma,gnetic tape
store in model format.
Data are registered on PT-105-1 magnetic tape stores (of Polish origin), which per-
mits recording up to 20 Mbytes on a single ma,gnetic tape in a YeS computer forma,t
_ with a density of 8 or 32 bits~mm.
The great dema.nd for an automa,tion system of the described type makes it necessary -
to organize its series production,
BIBI,IOGRAPHY
- l. Bukha.rov, M. N. , V;~stavkin, A. N. , Morenkov, A. D. , et al. The use of the -
"Elektronika-60" small computer with CAMAC apparatus in s.ystems for automa-
tion of experiments. In the books Avtoma,tizatsiya nauchnyich issledovaniy na
osnove primeneniya EVM (Automa.tirn of Scientific Investigati.ons on the Basis of
- Computers~ . (Summaries of Reports~ . Novosibirsk, Izd. Inst,itute of Automa.tion
and Electrometry, Siberian Department~ USSR Aca.demy of SciFnces, 1979�
, 107
F(1R (1~'FTrTAT. iTCF (1NT.Y
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2. Vinogradov~ V. I. Diskretnyye informa.tsionnyye sistemy v nauchnykh issledo-
vaniyakh (Discrete Information Systems in Scientific Investigations). Moscow~
Atomizdat, 19?6. ~
3. Vinnichenko, V. S., Oleynikov, A. Ya.~ Pankrats, Ye. V., et al. Autonomous con-
trol of experimental equipment executed in the CAMAC standaxd. In the book: -
Struktura, tekhnicheskiye sredstva i organizatsiya sistem avtomatizatsii nauch-
~ nykh issledovaniy (Structure~ Technical Facilities and Organization of System~s
for Automa,tion of Scientific Investigations). (Ma,terials of Tenth All-Union
School for Automa.tion of Scientific Investigations). Leningrad, izd. LIYaF, .
1977.
4. Moduli sistem avtoma,tizatsii na.uchnogo eksperimenta v standa,rte KAMAC (Modul~s
of Sys~ems for Autc~mation of Scientific Experiment in the CAMAC Standa.rd).
Cata.log of Prospectuses. Moscow~ Izd. Specia_l Design Bureau~ Institute of Radio
Engineering and Electronics, USSR Aca.demy of Sciences, 1975�
COPYRIGI~P: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka"~ "Avton~etriya", 1980
[71A-2174 ]
2174
csos 1863
l08
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~
NETWORK CONFIGURATION OF COLLECT NE-USE COMPUTER CENTERS
Riga SETEVAYA ARKHITEKTURA VYCHISLTTEL'NYKH TSENTROV KOLLEKTIVNOGO POL'ZOVANIYA
in Russian 1980 signed to press 20 May 80 pp 7., 45
[Table of contents from book '�Network Configuration of Collective-Use Computer
Centers", by Eduard Aleksandrovich Yakubaytis, Institut elektroniki i vychislitel'noy
- tekhniki AN LatvSSR, 600 copies, 45 pages]
[Text ] Contents Page
Standard Configuration of Collective-Use Computer Centers.................. 3
Network Configuration of Collective-Use Computer Centers 6
Logic Structure of Collective-Use Computer Centers 13
Communications Complex 27
Conclu~ions 38
Dictionary of Terms 39
Bibliography 44
- COPYRIGHT: Institut elektroniki i vychislitel'noy tekhniki Akademii nauk
Latviyskoy SSR, 1980
[8044/0524-6521]
6521
CSO: 8044/0524
la9
~
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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FOR OFF IC IAL US E ONLY ' -
N ETW ORK C ONF IGURAT I01V OF C OLLECT IVE-US E C OMP'[JTER CENTERS
Riga SETEVAYA ARKHITEKTURA VYCHISLITEL�NYKH TSENTROV KOLLEKTIVNOGO POL'ZOVANIYA
in Russian 1980 signed to press 20 May 80, 45 pages
YAKUBAYTIS, EDUARD ALEKSANDROVICH, Institute of Electronics and Computing Technology,
Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences �
[Abstract] The standard configuration of collective-use computer centers is compared
to the network configuration of these computer centers. The advantages of the net-
work configuration are compared to the disadvantages of the standard configuration.
Network conf iguration provides each user terminal with access to the resources of
several operating computers; the load on the communications channels is relieved and
the reliability of information processing is enhanced; information can be transmitted
among all user stations of the collective-use computer center; there is the possibil-
ity of communicating with the resources of other computer centers. A communications
system ,based on the SM-4 minicomputer has been developed and network configuration
of eollective-use computer centers has been tested. Collective use of the resources
of ~eS EVS [Unif ied computer system] and SM EVM [International small computer
sys em] machines and communications channels is highly efficient in the network
conf iguration. Processes related to storage, transmission and processing of infor-
mation can be changed qualitatively with extensive use of network configuration
and a hierarchical state network of computer centers can be developed.
[8044/0524-6521]
- 110 �
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run urrl~ir~ u~r. vivL~
ERPERIMENTAL COMPUTER NETWORK OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES -
Riga EKSPERIMENTAL'NAYA VYCHISLITEL'NAYA SET' AKADEMII NAUK LATVIYSKOY SSR
~ in Russian 1980
[Article: "Experimental Computer Network of the Latvian Academy of Sciences"]
[Text] The experimental computer network (EVS) of the Academy of Sciences af the
Latvian SSR is a multicomputer hierarchical computing association integrating com-
puters specialized with respect to structure and software into a unified sy~tem making 1
equipment and software available ior the collective use of academy scient:Lsts.
The EVS has been created in pursuit of two basic objectives:
1. the conduct of scientific studies in the area of computer network architecture;
2, the construction of a base for an academy-wide system for automating scientific
researc.h .
~ The diagram shows E"S architecture as of October 1980. The logic structure of the
computer network comprises two basic types of elements: systems (multilPvel, hierar-
chical groups of programs) and the physical links connecting them. The EVS consists
of operating, terminal, dispatching and communication systems. Each one of these is
realized in one or in several computers.
The operating systems determine the basic data-handling and computational resources of
the EVS. These systems are realized in the YeS [unified system]-1033/1, YeS-1033/2
and YeS-1030-2 computers. The operating system comprises the OS 4.1 standard operating
system and the KROS system program, to which are added a logic interface converter and
a transport unit. ~
The KROS program plans the computing operations:
- increases computer productivity; -
- automates a number of computer operator functions;
- expands computer capacity (ordering tasks, controls job flow...);
- reduces resource requirements;
- feasibility of remote job input/output.
The logic interface converter makes possible the interaction of operations executed
within the YeS EVM [unif ied computer system] with the network. The transport unit _
control~ the link-up of these operations via virtual (logic) channels of the EVS.
The dispatching systam is operated by the set of DISPETCHER 1.7 programs, which:
111
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~
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- controls data flows through local input/out~ut units (printers and key-punch
machines);
- receives jobs from termizal-system users;
- converts formats and codes;
~ monitors accuracy of incoming data and reinterrogates in case of error;
- buffers messages an magnetic disk in external storage;
- selects the operating system to be used in executing successive jobs and trans-
fers jobs to it; ~
- stoxes jobs and Lesults of job execution in external storage;
- transmits results to terminal-system users in delayed or immediate result-
output modes;
- scores user files on dispatching-system disk~ and transfers them to users upon
demand;
- collects statistical data on the operation of the computer network;
- distributes jobs among several operating systems performing computational
functions.
- The dispatching system is used with the YeS-1030/1 computer. In case of failure or
rep~.irs, its functions are transferred to the YeS-1030/2 computer. A unit not shown
in the diagram performs the switching required in these instances.
The communication systems operate with the SM-3/3 and SM-3/1 minicomputers, the former
constituting the operational, the latter the experimental-research node of the commu-
nication network. Each system provides execution of the following functions:
- routes packages;
- checks packages folluwing transfer via any physical channel connecting a pair
of computers;
- temporarily stores packages in internal storage;
- keeps statistics on node operation and compiles records and documentation. ~
The dispatching and communication systems establish virtual (logic) channels within
the EVS linking operations performed in the operating and terminal systems.
Terminal-system operation is governed by special sets of programs used with the SM-3,
SM-4, YeS-1010 and the Wang-2200 minicomputers. Each of these sets provides interac-
tive job preparation, text library maintenance and interaction with YeS EVM system
programs.
"Data" packages specified by Recommendation X.25, approved by the riKKTT [International
Telegraph and Telephone Consultative CammitteeJ, provide data exchange between oper-
ating and terminal systems. The EVS.allocates virtual (logic) channels for this pur-
- pose.
~
Interaction among systems within the EVS is governed by a hierarchy of protocols com-
prising seven levels: 1- physical, 2- channel, 3- network, 4- transport, 5- ses-
sion, 6- representational, 7- application.
Parallel- (solid lines in the diagram) and series (broken lines)-connected physical
channels provide the physical link-ups within the EVS. The parallel channels consist
- of groups comprising 28 twisted pairs of telephone cable each. The computers are
connected with these channels through adapters (A), which provide parallel (9-bit),
symmetrical, semiduplex, asynchronous exchange of data between them at rates ranging
from 0.2 Mbit/s (to a distance of 2000 m) to 1.5 Mbit/s (to distances of 50 m). The
112
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY `
- 3~e~tu~ma~aA ~~~rrt~rtm~ei:,
~i$:� Expeximental Computer Network of the Latvian Academy of Sciences
(as of October 1980)
- Ec-,~~, ~c~~o3s~/~
~ YeS-1033/1 YeS-1-33/
~ y~Il~dl7~fi MN~l~N~ Dispatching
,=~oca1.'Y~~ devices system
. . . AGOI0IZ J ~/~00~'Y
' ~6 ~~v4 Q(lCn~l�S/e~lCl~t.''A
YeS-1030/~ ~ ~wcmt.~a _
i
~
~
. I
. ~
. ~ �
''~es- ~OlU ~Wang 20p
EC-ffPAD FC-f!~ ANar t1b0 ~810 6dAA~6
Z?L.
. ~
. C
- ~�~Ri~v~t~v- . MMa~uniynr ~ H~u~c~?,wr~yvw I~6~anw,~yvA ~ A~aa~nu~ Irvcnarri,ay~~
- - .
aMe;~var.~rt~ r~exauirt~v ~rr~rtw opra,uw~ taMcnxcn~y~?nw v Qe~rc~awc~
clcaw?~x~Q
.~~~d Institute ,
'I~S~tii~tute of Institute nstitute Institute Other of Elec-
~fi}~s~:cs~and~ of Polymer of Wood of Organic ,.Institutes tronics
Po+c~1R'~~:8ttgt-. Mechanics Chemistry Synthesis ~ and Compu- -
. ; ^i~e;er~ig' . 1,~,3 ter Science
FOR OFFICIAL IISE ONLY
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_ l
~a c~ ~a~o~rx~r Mary~r /la~r~ut~c~oiu A~ ~,o~c~+o ~v o~ ~~aov~
. . . ~ ~ ~ ~ . - ~
eS-~3UIZ ~ C~fCI~kNi~l
~ . Uperating
~ systems
~ , . ~
. ~
. � . ~ ~
_ . ~ .
~ . i
. i . .
~ ~ -
~ ~ � . ,
i
. ~
. � � . ~
i .
. CJ~l~~~ ~'p'~I~~~ ' .
. SM-3 / 2 ~!!C/J'~iG~MQ
� ~ Research-experimental
. ~ communication system
. ~ .
~CI~1~//?01'~LIbN/Yr1f~ 1 ,
CJy'-3f3 ~ra~rywor~rr+a~r~ i , ~ . ~
_ .-3~3 ~rM?~~C~w~t i
Operational ~
I �
Communication ~
System ~ ~ ' .
. ~
~
� ~ -
. ~
~
. ~ -
Te~?wrMa~tb~0
'M~~~! F.C' 4dll G'!-3/S ISKRA-126 ~ .
] - - - - � - - . - ' - - � Terminal
,A,uj~~,qo~~ systems
N~ /~XdY~pr~
Institu~te ~of Oth~~~exr~ - '
Electronics ~ .Institutes . . .
and Computer
Science
llk
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL`I
channels in series are established through telephone communication channels. In ac-
cordance with Recommendation X.25, they pruvide synchronous duplex data excnange at
rates of up to 2400 bit/s. All channels are capable of transmitting ariy type of text ~
employing any method of encoding.
The EVS is a computer network undergoing, continuous development making available ta
subscribers an increasingly broad range of services. The following services wer2
available as of October 1980:
- the formation of text libraries in terminal systems;
- text editing in the conversational mode;
- con~~ersational jo~b preparation in YeS EVM languages (PL-1, FORTRAN, ASSEMBLER, ~
- etc.);
- management of local job and ~istput solution libraries; _
- storage of any texts in file storage;
- planning for computational operati~ns;
- fully automatic remote job input and solution output;
- availability of user-selected operating systems;
- zero-address job execution;
- solutions stored "until ralled for;"
- automatic recoding and reformatting of data transferred from one system to
another;
- automatic rewriting of data from one medium into another (from YeS EVM computer
punched cards onto minicomputer magnetic disks);
- output of information on job and solution flows through the computer network;
data exchange (electronic post) between operators;
- data output to auxiliary units of operating-, dispatching- or terminal-system
hardware (displays, printers, punched-card output etc.).
[8044/0503-8963]
3963
CSO: R044/0503 .
115
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SOLUTION OF ECONOMIC PROBLEMS ON ISKRA-/534 MACHINES
Moscow RESHENIYE EKONOMICHESKIKH ZADACH NA MASHINAKH 'ISKRA-524/534' in Russian '
1980 (signed to press 18 Jun 80) pp 2-11 ~ ~
[Annotation, foreword and excerpt from chapter 1 of book "Solution of Economic
Problems on Iskra-524/534 Machines", by Vladimir Georgiyevich Volkov, David
Leont'yevich Lozentsvak and Mansur Alikbirovich Shakirov, Izdatel'stvo "Statistika",
20,000 copies, 216 pages]
[TextJ The technical and operational characteristics, programming features and
practical examples of using the latest models of domestic and some foreign elec-
tronic billing and bookkeeping machines (EFBM) for solution of economic problems
are considered in the book.
Intended for specialists in mechanization and automation of accounting in various
sectors of the national economy.
Foreword '
Adding machine offices, the technical base of which are mainly electromechanical
bookkeeping (Askota class 170) and also electromechanical and electronic billing
ma.chines (Zoyemtron-382/383), are now functioning in different sectors of the na-
tional economy of the USSR alang with adding machine stations and computer centers.
These machines are used mainly to mechanize bookkeeping and accounting and to issue
�inancial and calculating documentation with simultaneous simple arithmetic proc-
essing of them. Manual operations are mainly predominate in the production process
when using machines of the given class.
� Improving the technology of processing accounting and economic information by means
of computer equipment is one of the most important problems faced both by special-
ists of this field and by developers of various types of computers.
Technical progress in the fie~d of microelectronics, developments of external de-
vices and conversion to the unit-modular principle of design ~f computer equipment
made it passible to develop computers of this class with broader technical and op-
erational capabilities. .
A new class of problem-oriented minicomputers--electronic bookkeeping and billing-
bookkeeping machines, which have replaced alectromechanical bookkeeping and billing
machines,, has appeared recently in the USSR and abroad. One af the machines of
this class is the electronic billinq-bookkeeping machine (EFBM) Iskra-524/534.
116 �
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Information processing on the Iskra-524/534 is based mainly on the principles of
the production process of keyboard comput~rs. EIowever, the capabilities of these -
machines permit one to combine and carry out the main operations in one operating
cycle without using intermediate steps.
The main advantages of the Iskra-`_;24/534 compared to machines of the Askota-170 and
Zoyemtron-382/383 class are:
_ the use of input progr4mming languaqe which permits description of the pro- ~
cedure of information proc~ssing of primary dociuner~ts in a form simiZar to natural
form;
the possibility of operational replacement of the programs stored on magnetic
cards;
the use of magnetic cards as external storage of the machine;
the use of a greater number of inemory registers;
operational input of normative-reference information from the magnetic card
into the machine.
Moreover, the distinguishing feature of these machines is the fact that they can be
ins talled and used directly at the locations where information occurs and is used.
The efficiency of using them is enhanced significantly in this case because operat-
ing expenses are reduced significantly.
This situation requires mare efficient orqanizational forms of using machines of
the gxven class and also a search for new forms of constructing the production proc-
esses of information processing which take into account the technical and operation-
al capabilities and features of these machines.
Description, analysis of the technical and operational ch aractPristics, programming ~
features and practical examples of usinq the electronic billing-bookkeeping machine
Iskra-542/534 for solution of various types of accounting problems are presented in
the given paper. -
It is important to note that the described input programminq language for the
I~kra-524/534 ti~as developed in subsequent, more improved domestic models of machines
of the given class (according to GOST [State standard] 16969-78 "Bookkeeping Com-
p~iters"). In this regard, development of the input language of the described EFBM
facilitates the study of lanquaqe of the new Soviet Iskra-554 computer.
Brief technical-operational characteristics of the mentioned computer and the
Ftobotron-1720 machine produced in the GDR are also presented in the given paper.
Comparison of the characteristics permits the reader to qain an idea of the quali-
tatively new capacities of this class of machines.
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Section 1. Main Characteri~tics and Rules of Program Development
BRIEF TECHNICAL-OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ISKRA-524/534 EFBM AND OTHER
DO!~SESTIC AND FOREIGN MODELS OF MACHINES OF THIS CLASS
1.1. Designation and Spheres of Application of Iskra-524/534 EFBM
The cor~puters under cc+nsideration beTong to the class of electronic billing-book-
keeping machines. The1 are based on a microelectronic (integrated) c~mponent base
and are sm~311 models of bookkeeping machines of the Iskra series.
Unlike the baseline model of the Iskra-524, the Iskra-534 has been additionally
outfitted with a tape perforator (type UVL 75/20-1), which permits printout of the
corresponding information of punch tape simultaneously with document processing,
i.e., the machine can be used in systems with hiqher level machines.
The Iskra-524/534 machines are oriented main ly toward manual entry of input data.
However, there is the capability of input and output of digital information on a
magnetic card in these machines.
Both models of EFB~4 are designed for preliminary processing of documents with a
large number of graphs and a significant specific weight of storage operations.
These machines are equipped with an alphanumeric printer and may be used to mechan-
ize calculating onerat~ions where ~ocumen*_ processing requir~s printout of the text,
calculations by four arithmetic operations, st~rage of the results of calculations
_ in registers and automatic printout of the digital input data and results of cslc~i-
lations on columns.of the document.
The operational-technical characteristics and capabilities of the Iskra-524/534
permit one to use them for mechanized processing of accounting-economic information
in large MSB [Accounting-bookkeeping machines] and small MSS [Machine calculating
station] of industrial enterprises of various sectors of the national economy, the
- VTs [Computer center] of TsSU [Central Statistical Administration] of the USSR, at
warehouses and bases of material and technical supply and commerce. Along with
this, the Iskra-534 model can also be used in ASU for information processing of
primary accounting documentation with simultaneous receipt of a technical carrier--
punch tape for subsequent data processing on the computer. Complex use of the
Iskra-534 as peripheral equipment with other computers makes it possible to design
a data processing system which permits one:
reduce the laboriousness of the perforafi ion process and checking of it, to
combine this proc~ss with simultaneous development of the correspondinq output
registers and preliminary arithmetic processing of documents;
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_ to formulate pur.ch-tape entry for computers, which sigr.ificantly increases
th~ rate of entry;
to carry out preliminary grouping and "compression" of indicators in th~ re-
quired case (as a function of the volumes and deadlines.of infc+rmation being proc-
essed at the computer center);
to provide the enterprise with additional data of an operational nature;
to take into aacowzt in primary document processinq programs the requirements
. of normative acts.
The charact~ristic feature of the Iskra-524/534 is also the capability of install-
ing and operating them directly in the services of enterprises. In this case the
bookkeeper-accountant can work on them: he can calculate wages (preliminary process-
ing of documents) with storage of data on magnetic cards during the month (for cal-
culation of wages) and by months (for calculating the average wage, information on
temporary incapacity and leave payments), can calculate taxes and so on. Using
magnetic cards, one can compile a personnel record of the worker, information on
distribution of the calculated wage by the calculating accounts (by cades of ex-
penses and contracts) and payment information during the first h.alf of the month
and for the month as a Grhole. ~
1.2. Configuration, Design Features and i~~ain Technical-Operational Characteristics
of the Iskra-524/534
Th~ configuration of these models is shown in Figure l. The technical-operatiional _
characteristics of ~hese machines are presented below.
The central processor (TsUO) provides:
entry and translation of the processing program from the input language to
the internal code af the machine and recording of the translated program into the
OZU [Ir.t~rnal storaqe];
reception and recording in the input register of information composed by the
operator on the keyboard (10-key);
processing the information entered and stored in the OZU according to a pre-
viously entered program and control instructions entered by thP operator from the
control keyboard; ~
control of the output devices of the machine for formation of documents de-
terrnined by the program.
The main a:~semblies of the TsUO are the OZU and PZU [Read-only memory].
The O ZU is made in the form of a structurally complete assembly on ferrite cores
and is designed to store data and also document processing programs. Ferrite cores -
provi3e retention of information by the OZU in a de-enerqized state and during
switching working voltages on and off. At the same time only a single program can
be stored in the OZU. The w~ord format of the OZU is four bits (tetrad), capacity
is 1,024 bytes and access time is 1 microsecond.
119 =
- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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1 2 '
� ~ 3 , i
_ ~
. - ~ .
, , , N j~
~ _ ,
~
~
I ' 4 I ~
.iI
;'lllllll -
~ - ~III~ 5
Figure 1. Electronic Billing-Bookkeeping Machine Iskra-524/534: 1--
. alphanumeric printer (ATsPU) ; 2--control console; 3--punch
tape output device (WL 75/20-1) with connection of informa-
tion compatibility device (UIS) ; 4--recording and readout
device from magnetic card (MK) ; 5--central processor (TsUO)
with internal storaqe (OZU) and read-only memory (PZU)
The transformer type PZU is designed to issue program information by the TsUO
which provides interpretation of the input language symbols and microprogram exe-
cution of instructions of the document processing program. The capacity o� the
~ PZU is 4, 096 bytes and access tirne is not more than 4 microseconds . The PZU is
made structurally in the form of a functionally complete assembly.
The magnetic c~rd recording and readout device (UZSNIIC) (Figure 2) is an electrome-
chanical unit with elec~ronic control and is designed to record (read out) on a
magnetic card program information on numerical data arriving in an eight-element
code. The UZSirIIC is made in the form of a device built into the EFBM console.
The information carrier outside the machine is a magnetic card (MK) (Fiqure 3) with
the following mair ~haracteristics:
dimensions of 90 X 50.7 mm;
number cf information tracks--2;
number of service tracks--1;
number of surfaces for information recording--1;
capability of recording information in two columns. To do this, the MK
should be rotated by 180� and inserted with the other end into the device;
the volume of information in one column is 128 bytes;
- 12Q
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. the speed of the card is 0.2 m/sJ
the readout (recording) time of one column of information is no more than
1 second.
The alphanumeric printer (ATsPU) of type Zoyemtron-530 is designed for preliminary
entry of the program into the OZU, manual printout of alphanumeric text of the
dacument being processed and automatic printout of input data and the results of _
calculations. The symbol printer is sequential by using letter levers at a speed
up to 10 characters per second. The alphanumeric keyPSOard of the printer is shown -
in Figure 4.
~ The control console (PJ) of the machine includes a display, 10-key keyboard (DKV),
control keys and is designed to display the status of the machine, to enter input
data into it and to start or control the proce8ure of program execution by the
operator (Figure 5).
Technical-Operational Characteristics of Iskra-524/534
Name of Parameters Value of Parameters
Capacity of OZU for data and program
storage 1,024 bytes
Nur.il~er of programs stored simultaneous-
ly in the OZU 1
Format of OZU word 4 bits (1 tetrad)
Maximum digit capacity of entered and Variable, up to 12 decimal places with ,
retrieved numbers regard to character
Automatic printout and (or) perforation Variable length, only as a text constant
of te:ct (alphanumeric) information of processing program
Number of registers (digital) Variable, up to 253
Position of decimal in column Fixed according to program after any
decimal point and number of_ characters "
after decimal is up to 7
' Number of columns in document being
processed Up to 30
P~ethod of installing the printer car-
riage in the corresponding columns
of the document Automatic--according to program
Printing speed in automatic information
output mode Up to 10 characters per second
Length of carriage platen of ATsPU 460 mm
Maximum number of characters per line 167
Number of different characters printed
manually g2
- idumk>er of different characters printed
automatically 91 _
Capacity of magnetic card 256 bytes
� Speed of automatic output on punch tape No less than 20 characters per second -
Output codes to punch tape: ' GOST 130-52-74
With connection of recoding device (UIS),
eight additional codes by order of user -
121
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Iskra-534 Without UIS, Code GOST 130-52-74
1 With UIS, Codes GOST 130-52-74, MTK-2~
and Minsk-32
Power supply voltage 220 V
Consumed power 300 W
Total mass Not more than 200 kilograms
The punch card information output device (WL 75/20-1) provides output of digital _
" and alphanumeric information on a technical carrier in code GOST 130-52-74. The
technical speed of perforation is not less than 20 characters per second. Struc-
turally the punch tape output device is made in the form of a separate pedestal
and is connected by cable to the central processor. Connection of an additional
recoding information compatibility device (UIS) to the perforation unit perr,?its
one to print out information in eight additional codes.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Statistika", 1980
[109-6521]
6521 .
CSO: 1863
,
1~?2
_ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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BRIEFS
OPTICAL MEMORY- Academician Glushkr~v, director of the Institute of Cybernetics in
Kiev, mentions in an interview that in his institute an electron beaxn can iie used
to record tlie information equiv~lent of ~ the thirt~t-voltmie Large Soviet Encyclopedia
_ on an area tlie size of a matchbox label jSu~nary] [Moscr~w OGONEK 3n Russian Ido 1,
1981 p 15]
EEORG--The Elektronorgtekhnika All-Union Export-Import Association (Elorg) contains _
nine specialized firms: Elorg ES - YeS computer exports; Elorg SM - SM computer
exports and imports; Elorgsistema - computer systet~ i.mports; Elorgcomplekt-
peripher ai. device imports; Elorgmash - office equip*.nent exports and imports; ~
Elorgintegral - active components exports and imports; Elorgcomponent - pa,ssive com-
ponents exports and imports; Elorgintech - software exports and imports; and
Elorgdet al - mainter.~nce and spa.re parts exportso Address: SSSR, Moskva, 121200,
Smolenskaya-Sennaya pl. 32/3~+. Telephone: 24~+-11-19, Telex: 1+11385, [Excerpts]
[Moscow BYULLETEN' INOSTRANNOY KOMI~IEERCHESKOY INFORMATSII in Russian 27 Dec 80 p 4]
LAS~R COMMUNICATIONS CHANNEL--An experimental laser communications channel,
developed by workers of the rad.io engineering laboratory at Ta.llinn Polytechnic
Institute and operating at a frequency a million times greater than that of tele-
vision broadcasts, now links Estonian Gosplan and Central Statistical Administration
computer centers. [Summary] [Moscow SOVETSKIY VOIN in Ru;;sian No 19, 1980 p 26]
REMOVABLE DISK PACK--Academician Glushkov, director of the Institu~e of Cybernetics
in Kiev, has announcc-d that the Elektro Pribor factory has begun serial production
of the YeS-5o66, a 100M-byte removable disk pack. [Summary] [Moscow PRAVDA in
Russian 12 Nov 80 p 6]
123
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BULGARIAN COMPUTERS--The Bulgarian Technical Center of Electronics and Electrical
Engineerin~; currently celebrating its third anniversary, is located on Pyatnitskaya
Street in Moscaw. According to Victor Nikolov, the deputy director, the Center
represents the Isotimpex foreign trade association in its sale of computer equipmen'~
(in particular, tapes and disks, softwaxe and dat,a-preparation devices) to the USSR.
The Center tests all computers to be exported to the USSR. Bulgaria's many computer
models can be seen in the display hall at the Centero [Su~ary] [Moscow MOSCOW
NEWS in English No ~t~+, 1980 p 6]
BUHIiARA COMPUTER CENTER--An oblast computer center has begun operation in Bukhara.
A computer capable of performing 800 operations pex second has been installed.
[Summary] [Tashkent PRAVDA VOSTOKA in Russian 8 Aug 80 p~+]
YeS-1010, YeS-1033 COMFUTERS--The Mangyshlakneft' Association's computer center in
the Kazakh SSR is equipped with YeS-1010 and YeS-1033 computers [Summary] [Moscow
. EKONOMICHESKAYA GAZETA in Russian No 47, 1980 p 15]
~9o3-P]
cso: i863
a
12A
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CONFERENCES, PER~:ONALITIES
REGIO"lAL CONFERENCE ON IMAGE PROCESSING AND REMOTE INVESTIGATIONS
Moscow PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA in Russian No 11, 1980 p 28
[Announcement]
[Text] The Central Board of Directors and the Novosibirskaya
Oblast ~ard of directors of the Scientif ic-Technical Science
of Radio Engineering, Electronics, and Communications imeni
A. S. Popov,
The scientific coordinating council on the problem "Aero-
space Methods of Investigating Natural P henomena and
Resources" of the Presidium of the Siberian Department of
the USSR Acade~y of Sciences and
The computing center of the Siberian Department of the
USSR Acade~y of Sciences and the Novosibirsk Institute of
Engineers of Geodesy, Aerial Photography, and Cartography
Announce
A Regional Conference "Image Processing and Remote Investi-
tation," (OIDI-81), in Novosibirsk, in April 1981.
The conference is being held in conformity with a resolution of the Central
Board of Directors of the Scientific-Technical Society of Radio Engineering,
Electronics, and Communications and the Presidium of the Siberian Department
of the USSR Academy o~' 3~iences. It is proposed to accept reports on the
f ollowing sub j ects :
1. riethods and algorithms of processing images for the pur-
poses of preparing them, decoding thesn, determining
- coordinates and spectra, and so on (digital, analog,
dioital-analog).
2. Technical equipment for shaping and processing images:
structures and assemblies of optical electronic systems,
- specialized processors, multiprocessar systems, image
input and output units, systems for long-distance image
- transmission. ~
125
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Please send report abstracts, up to two pages, in tw~o copies with appropri-
ate docum~nts before 10 December 1980 to the address of the organizing com-
mittee, which is as follows: 630008 Novosibirsk, Kirov Street, 86, Oblast
Board of Directors of the Scientif ic Technical Society of Radio Engineering,
Electronics, and Co~unications, OIDI-81.
Telephone num,bers for information: 66-03-78, 43-25-66, and 65-02-65.
Organizing Committee
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", "Pribory i sistemy upravleniya",
198Q
[72-11176] ~
11,176
CS0:1863
126
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ANNIVERSARY CONGRATULATIONS, CAREER REVIEW OF CONTROL SCIENTIST TRAPEZNIKOV
_ Moscow PRIBORY I SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA in Russian I3o 11, 1980 p 17
[Article: "Congratulations to the Celebrant"]
[Text] Hero of Socialist Labor Vadim Aleksandrovich Trapeznikov, academician
and outstanding scientist in the ffeld of control problems, is celebrating
his 75th birthday.
Vadim Aleksandrovich's first works on ~ -
~ . , ~ a~' Ci',4 ~I+'~I '.,,,1
control theory go back to the late ,
1930's, at whic h time he was a promi-
nent electrical engineer, doctor of
technical sciences, and professor.
Understanding the importance of pro-
_ duction automation for the national li~
economy, Vadim Aleksandrovich devoted
his talent and great energy to this
new field of engineering, which was
- in fact taking its first steps.
Looking back over his last 40 years
of work, we can say confidently that
he made a significant contribution
to the development of control theory
and engineering. If we were to
try to identify the most important
characteristic of Vadim Aleksandrovich's work, it would unquestionably be
his constant desire to relate automation theory organically with practice,
witfi pressing practical needs.
He was one of the first in our country to understand the importance of de-
- veloping analog computers. Under his direction and with his active partici-
pation, the first machine, the EMU-1, was built in the late 1940's at the
Institute of Automation and Remote Control (IAT, today the Institute of
Control Problems). He was awarded the State Prize of the USSR in 1951 for
this work.
Becoming seriously involved with the problems of full production automation,
Vladim Aleksandrovich wae already proposing broad use of the aggregate-modular
principle of building automation equipment in the early 1950's.
127
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In those years IAT and the Tizpribor Plant built one of the first systems
- implementing this principle, an automated control system for pneumatic
instruments. He had an active part in this, and this work played an important
- rule in creation of the State System of Automation Instruments and Equipment.
In the late 1950's he wrote a series of articles proposing the organization
of a broad front of work to analyze and insure the reliability of technical
articles. These articles stimulated research on this problem in many fields
of engineering.
In the early'1960's, under the direction of Vadim Aleksandrovich major multi-
purpose con trol systems, the prototypes of contemporary automated control
systems for industrial processes, were built. They had such typical sub-
- systems as subsystems for automated monitoring, automatic protection and
control in ~ergency situations, control consoles with means for compression
and generalized representation of data to the human operator, and use of
logical control means. V. A. Trapeznikov was awarded the State Prize of
the USSR for one of the first automated monitoring systems.
In the mid-1960's Vadim Aleksandrovich conducted an extremely timely and
original study of the economic aspects of automation. His articles, pub-
lished in the journal AVTOMATIKA I TELIIKEI~IANIKA attracted the attention
of both teci~nical specialists and economists. In his articles and reports
Vadi.m Aleksandrovich consistently preaches the necessity of establishing
economically sound levels of automation and selecting the most efficient tasks
of data processing and control for automated control systems.
Vadim Aleksandrovich has devoted much effort to bringing together scientists
and practical workers involved with the prohlems of automation theory and
practice. If we can say confidently today that there is a Soviet school of
automation, enormous credit for this goes to Vadim Aleksandrovich.
Since the 1950's he has organized and headed what are unquestionably the
most prestigious all-Union conferences on control problems. They are held
~ regularly every four years. In addition he has organized symposiums on
timely issues of control theory. ~
For more than 20 years Vadim Aleksandrovich has lieen he3d of the National
Committee of the Soviet Union on Automatic Control. Under his direction
the historic f irst congress of the IFAK [possibly International Federation
of Automatic Control] was organized and held in Moscow in 1960. As first
deputy chairman of the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology for
14 years, Vadim Aleksandrovich made a significant contribution to improving
the efficiency of scientific research in the country. _
The Ministry of Instrument Making, Automation Equipment, and Control Systems,
the Central Administration of the Scientific-Technical Organization of the
J Instrument Making Industry imeni Academician S. I. Vavilov, the editorial
board, and editors of the journal wish Vadim Aleksandrovich Trapeznikov
good health, creative successes, and inexhaustible energy.
_ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", "Pribory i sistemy upravleniya",
_ [72-11176] 1980
11,176 -
CS0:1863
128
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PUBLICATIONS .
TRAiVSLATION OF COMPUTER SECURITY BOOK
Moscow SOVREI~IVNYYE METODY ZASHCHITY INFORMATSII in !iussian 1980
[Summary] This book is a cover-to-cover translation of Lance Hoffman's "Modern
Methods for Computer Security and Privacy," which was published in 1977 by
Prentice-Hn11, Inc ~
The work was translated by M. S. Kazarov and M. Ko Razmak~hnin, The editor is
Candidate of Technical Sciences V. A. Gerasimenko, .
The translation was published by Sovetskoye Radio in an edition of 12,000 copies.
j12a-P~
cso: 1863
129
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COMPUTER SECURITY AND PROTECTION STRUCTURES
Moscow BEZOPASIVo6T' EVM I ORGANIZATSIYA IKH ZASHCHITY in Russian 1980 (signed to
- press 27 Feb 80) pp 4-6
' [Annotation and foreword from Russian edition of book "Computer Security and _
Protection Structures", by Bruce J. Walker and Ian F. Blake, University of Waterloo,
Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz"', 5,OU0 copies, 112 pages]
[Text] The book is devoted to the timely problem of providing the viability of
information-computer systems, their security, protection against physical intru-
sion, qualified penetration to software and also to such random threats as the ef- �
fect of magnetic fields and breakdowns in equipment operation. Examples of design-
~ ing protection structures used by IBM and Fbneywell companies are given.
The book is intended for enginearing an3 technical personnel specializing in the
field of computer center and ASU design.
Foreword to Russian Edition
The development of computer equipment and penetration of it into all spheres of
social activity pose problems of providing the reliability of the calculating
process to developers and users of computers. The accuracy and timeliness of con-
ducting banking operations, the operational nature and smoothness of transport op-
eration and the rhythm and eff iciency of operation of shops and enterprises, energy
systems and con�nunications systems naw depend on the reliability of hardware and
software and also on the reliability of computer system service personnel. If re-
liability is understood not only as the eff~ciency of the system but also its
security against unsanctioned use of hardware and software and information, then
violation of operating reliability may lead not only to significant material los- -
ses but to extensive moral losses. Expanding the concept of reliability made it
necessary to introduce a new term--computer security. Security is understood in
this case as provision of the functional efficiency of the apparatus and of the
program and information components of computer systems under conditions of i~nten-
tional attempts (threats) to disrupt the normal functianing of these companents.
The translation of the book of Canadian scientists Professor I. F. Blake and his
assistant B. J. Walker, offered to the Soviet reader, is a s~rvey of the current
state of the problem of the security of information-computer systems and also
measures undertaken to provide security.
~130
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ruK uh~h~~c:lAL USE ONLY
The book consists of three parts. In part 1"Threats," various types of dangers
which threaten the system and information as a result of natural events and random
and intentional violations of ASU [Automated control system] and VTs [Computer ~
center] functioning, are considered in detail. In Part 2"Protective Measures,"
in approaching the problem of protection in a complex manner, the authors desCribe
organizational, apparatus, program and cryptographic methods and means of pro~ec-
tion. In Part 3"Survey of Existing Systems," the principles of designing develop-
ed protective systems are described and main attention is devoted to computers of
the IBM and Honeywell companies.
Problems devoted to threats inherent to Soviet activity are also considered in the
book, but it will be useful for Soviet specialists to become familiar with United
States experience in implementation of hardware and software protection.
The material offered in the book together with the extensive bibliography, despite
some recapitulation of the outline, permits a wide range of readers to become
familiar with the main aspects of threats of security of computer systems and pro-
tection structures for them. The book will be interesting to developers, mainten-
ance personnel and users of ASU and VTs
COPYRIGHT: Predisloviye, primechaniya, snoski. Izdatel'stvo "Svya z"', 1980
[109-6521]
6521
CSO: 1863
131
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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UDC 621.39:681.3
C6MP'UTER HARDWARE, SOF1'WARE ~'OR COMMCTNICATIONS
Moscow VYCHISLITEL'NYYE SREDSTVA V TEKHNIRE I SISTEMAKH SVYAZT_ in Russian
No 5, 1980 pp 2, 145
[Annotation and table of contents of book "Vychislitel'nyye Sredstva v
Tekhnike i Sistemakh Svyazi" (Computer Equipment in Engineering and Communi-
cations Systems) edited by S. D. Pashkeyev, Moscow, Svyaz', 1980, 145 pp]
_ [Excerpts) Annotation
Editorial board: N. I. Voronin, V. G. Dedoborshch, E. V. Yevreinov, 0. N.
Ivanova, B. A. Kalabekov, V. G. Lazarev, V. M. Livshits (responsible secre-
tary), I. A. Mizin, Ye. N. Sal'nikov, V. 0. Shvartsman, V. I. Shlyapoberskiy
This collection of articles is devoted to current problems qf mathematical
and simulation model~ng by computer of communications equipment and networks,
data transmission networks, and message exchange centers. Considerable atten-
tion is given to the problems of optimizing models of communication~ equip-
ment and networks.
The book is intended for scientific workers engaged in designing data trans-
mission networks.
Table of Contents Page
Theoretical Issues 3
Korobitsyn, I. T., and Sobolev, V. N., "Algorithm for Forming an
Intonation Curve with Unknown Noise Characteristics in the Signal
Being Received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Monin, A. A., "Some Areas of Formal-Heuristic Programming 12
Monin, A. A., and Sosnovikov, G. K., "One Way To Estimate the Traffic
Capacity of a Message Exchange Center" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
_ Gol'denberg, L. M., and Seredinskiy, A. V., "Discretization and Restora-
tion of Signals in a Spline Function Base" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
132
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Vasil'yev, V. K., "Reliability of a Quasielectronic AMTS Central Con-
tr~l Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Pavlov, V. A., and Rhrykin, V. V., "Investigation of the Data Trans-
mission Process Using the Technique of Switching Data Transmission
Channels" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
CoIInnunications Computing Equipment 55
Gorokhov, V. A., "Digital Microcommutator" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Mamzelev, I. A., and Artem'yev, M. Yu., "Category Description of ~
Similar Computing Systems" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
� Mamzelev, I. A., Artem'yev, M. Yu., Knyazev, K. G., and Kudryashov,
- V. N., "General-Purpose Communicatians Computer System" . . . . . . . 71
Gintsberg, G. S., "Analysis of Multiterminal Dialog Systems" 79
Prokhorov, Yu. N., "Synthesis of Models of Speech Signals in Computer
Systems with Speech Interaction" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Software of Communications Computer Systems 91
Bel'fer, R. A., "Estimation of the Indicators of Trouble-Free Opera- -
tion of Message Switching Centers in the Period Before Actual Use" . 91
Nasonov, A. Yu., "Model of Optimal Distribution of Functions in a
Man-Machine System" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Vorobeychikov, L. A., "Software of an Automated Monitoring and
Restoration System" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Si~nskiy, Yu. I., "Software of Quasielectronic A'.~ITS Specialized Diag-
nostic System" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 -
Exchange of Know-How 123
Livshits, V. M., "Synthesis of a Communications Network with Minimum ~
Route Length" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Batishchev, D. I., and Basalin, P. D., "Man-Machine System for
Optimal Synthesis of Electrical Circuits" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Aleshin, V. S., "Analytical and Simulation Modeling of a Bundle
of Trunk Channels of a Combined Switching Center" 133
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 1980
[74-11176]
11,176
CSO: 1863 133
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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COMPUTING SYSTEMS
Moscow VYCHTSLITEL'NYYE STSTEMY, V'K'PUSK 1 in Russian 1980 signed to press 14 Mar 80
PP 2, 157, 8, 24, 87-88, 94
[Annotation, table of contents and excerpts from book edited by E.V. Yevreinov,
Tzdatel'stvo "Statistika," 10,000 copies, 160 pages]
[Text] This collection contains new results in the area of the creation of dis-
- tributed and concentrated computing systems and of their utilization for automating
~he solution of er.onomic problems in various sectors of the country's nation_al
economy. In the articles in this collection are discussed questions of the method-
ology of designing computing systems and of technological methods of processing
econom3.c information by using new computer hardware.
Intended ror practical wo~kers, specialists at design organizations, scientific
personnet and WZ students and technical school students.
_ CONTENTS Page
Fr.om the Editorial Board 3
I. Development and Improvement of Computing Systems
_ Yevreinov, E.V. "The Unified Distributed Computing System; Development
Problems and Prospects" 8
Pozdnyak, G.Ye. "Problem of Constructing Effective Regional Distributed
Computing Systems" 25
Bushev, S.N. "Parallel Data Processing Systems in Homogeneous Computing
Systems" 40
~ Mamzelev, I.A. and Pshenichnikov, A.P. "Problems in the Des~g~r of Integrated
Distributed Data Transmission, Processing and Storage Systems" 50
Vel'bitskiy, I.V. "Technology of groducing Computing System Programs" 58
Fserkovich, N.Ya., Kotarova, I.N., Maks3mov, N.S. and Shamayeva, O.Yu.
"Qua~i-Distributed Computing Systems Based on Third-Generation Computers" 73
Selivanov, N.I., Zhuratkov, V.I., Mishchenko, V.K., Mel'nikov, V.I. and
Kharitonov, V.D. "Distributed Computing Systems Based on Second- and Third-
' Generati~n Computers" 87
Rudzitsk3y, B.M. "Rr~lational Syatetqs; Development History and Implementation
Examples" 9$
Bagayev, N.T. "Relational Systems; Language Facilities" 107
- Bibliography on the Relational Approach to Organization of Data (as o~
1 Jul 1979) 124
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z~. ~utomation and Mechan~zat~on o~ Account~,ng and Cotuput~,ng pp~xation,s
- Volovich, M.A. and Ostx~vsk~y, O.kl. "Questi,ons Rel,ati,ng to the Or~;an~:zat~,on o~
the Computer Processing o~ Data Relating to the Accounting o~ fihe ~rocurement
o~ Physical Assets and of Settl~nents w~th Stappl3exs" 128
Yakubova, B.A. "Aspects of gormulat3ng Problems Relating to Pxoduct~on
Cost Ac~ounting" 139
- Tsigel'nik, M.A. "Some Questions Relating to the Utilization of Multikey-
board Systems in Transferring Pr3mary Data to a Machine Medium" 146
Yevreinov, E.V., doctor of technica7. sciences and professor, USSR Central Statisti-
cal Administratton VGPTI [All-Union State Design Technology Institute~
The Unified Distributed Computir~g System; Development Problems and Prospecta
_ Key Steps in and Prospects for the Creation of the YeRVS [Unified Distributed
Computing System]
, -
The step-by-step creation of the YeRVS is adviaablp since it makes it possible more
quickly to produce a savings and to make the necessary refinements in the formula-
tion of goals. The creation of the YeRVS can be divided into three steps.
Step 1--the creation of operating models of the YeRVS on the basis of series-pro-
duced computer and communications equipment. At this stage it is possible to
create distributed computing systems (RVS's) on the basis of third-generation com-
puters, minicomputers and microcomputers. Un the basis of the capabilities of the
exi~ting production base it is possible to count on desi~ning RVS's with a pro-
ductivity of 10~ to t08 operations per second. Two or three years are re~quired for
designing RVS models. ~
Step 2--the creation of a distxibuted computing system for a rayon unit. At this
stage it is possible to create a rayon unit RVS from specially developed computer
and co~unications equipment with a productivity of 10~ to 109 operations per second
~ and a specific cost of C~ (CO = 0.1 to 0.01 rub~.es). Five to seven years are re-
quired for this stage. -
- Step 3--the transition to the mass introduction of rayon distributed computing
systems and to their unification into the YeRVS. At this stage the demand of the
national economy for computing re~ources can be satisfied, taking into account the
forecasted specific computing capacity, V, equal to 103 operations pex second for ~
_ 1985, 10`' operations per second for 1990 ~nd 105 operations per second for 2000.
Thereby it is possible to achieve a speciiic cost, C~ , equal to 0.01 to 0.001
rubles.
Selivanov, N.I., USSR Ministry of Communications Central Computing Center, Zhiratkov,
V.I., candidate of technical sciences, NETT [expansion unknown], Mishchenko, V.K.,
candidate of techn~cal science3, NETI, Mel'nikov, V.I., USSR Central Statistical
Administration VGPTT and Kharitonav, V.D., U6SR Central Statistical Administration
VGPTI
Distributed Computing Systems Based on Second- and Third~Generation Computers
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Increasfng the productivity o~ ccmaput~.n~ equ~pment invo~.ves un~.t~.ng ~,t ~.nto a
unified complex. pae o~ theae complexee is a diet~~3buted computing system (R'VS).
The key components of a hamogeneous camput~.ng syatem are the element~ry machine
(~M) and the commun3.~at~,aae spetem.
5acond- and third-generation computers, as we11 as mini- and microcomputers, are
ueed as EM' e .
The cotmmunications syatem in an RVS consists of comntunications channels and a
commutator. Communicationa channels aerve the purpose of exchanging information
between the EN:'�e and the Emta and external ay~tems in the process of solving a
problem. This exchange can be acco~pliahed in a parallel, serial or mixed (parallel- -
serial) code. According to the current classification, under the heading of RVS's
come syetemg ~vhoee EM'e are aituated at such a distance that the time required for
the propagation of a aignal between them is longer than the time for the execution
of an operation by the elementary machine. The time required for the exchange of
information is determined by the technical charaateristics of the computer, the
equipment for matching the computer with the cnffinunicationa channel and its utili- '
zation. The influsnce of the exchange time on the productivity of the RVS depends
on zh~ degree of coincidence of the pr~cessea of computation and of the exchange of
in~ormation between the ayatem's EM's.
OP all the lines along which RVS's are~. being deveioped, two are of special interest: -
the deaign of an RV3 On ~he basis of s~~ndard and on the basis of specially neveloped
hardware. The etructur@s of RVS's along theae lines are discussed in this article.
Distributed Computing S~,rstems Based on Second- and Third-Generation Computers,
Designed on the Baai~ of Standard Hardware
An RV5 based on a second-generation computer includPs a"Minsk-32," apparatus for
matching with the communfcatione channel of the "Minsk-1550 (1560)" type and
"Minsk-1500" data transmission equipment (APD).
The e~lection of this model as the basic one is based on the following:
Interaction between the computer and external equipment by meane of a general-
purpose communicatiox~s system (SUS) eelector channel.
The transmission of information in parallel code at a rate of 100 K bytes per
second.
Intercommunication of th~ computer by means of control signals through gpecial -
~ 11nee.
The sitnultaneous performance of four working routines at seven, 10, 11 and 12
leve].e.
The ewitching equipment 3a deaigned for connecting to the "Minsk-32" the communica-
tione channel of' a subec~ciber telegraph network or. of ~ocal unswitched telegraph
_ linee, ae we11 as APD operating through telephone cbmiaunications lines.
136 _
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The equ~pta~nt tnake~a pos.a~,b~.e the ~,npu~ a~nd outpu~ o~ ~n~o~t~,on ~xou~ te~.egxaph and
telephone cOm~tua~cett~,on~ 7,~,nea, a~ we11 ae the ~.ndepend~n~ opexat~,on o~ each o~
these lines tn the 3,nputroutput mode.
Dietributed Comput~,ng Syeteme Baeed on Second- and Th~rd~Generat~on Computers9
Deeigned on the Bae3e of Specinl Hard~rare
The second trend in the deeigii of RVS's consists 3n the development�of special-
purpoee equipment for linking the computer with communications channels. Tn the
RVS based on the "Minek-32" ~ras developed a spec3al "computer channel - communica-
tione channel" linking unit Mhich in addi~fon to the function of link~ng also
performe certain functione of a apstems unit. Several functioning RVS's exist at
the present tfine. The "Aetra" linear-atructure RVS, consisting of four computers,
is being uaed in Novosib3rek. A linear-structure syetem consieting of two computers
hae been intra3uced at the Ministry of Communications Central Computing Center in
_ Moecow. In 1980 ae many aa 15 camputers will be hooked up to this system. For the
firat tin~e in practice an att~mpt hae been made to convert the linear structure of
the RVS into a ring structure, which improvea the reliability and speed of the
sy.tem as a whole. This is the Minietry of Communications RVS, which must solve
_ the following: complicated probleme involved in analy~ing and aynthesizing elec-
trical and electronic circuite uaed in co~unicationa, radio engineering systems
~ and communications syste~e; problems aseo~iated with queueing systems; problems
r~I.ating to deeign work; and probleme in servicing a subscriber's network which are
spncili� to the technological work of communications production enterpriaes. Tt is .
precisely the latter class of problema which brought about the use of a diatributed
computing syetem !or their aolution, aince er.perience (e.g., calculations for
subecribers fon the uee of intercitp telephone cOmmunications) has demonetrated that
the employment of a single large-capacity computer does not lead to the total auto-
mation of calculations because o~ an insufficiency of computing capacity. -
A linear-stYucture RV~ is described bElow and its characteristics are given.
' COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'atvo "Statiatika", 1980 ~
[83-8831]
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TABLE OF CON'~~IVTS FROI~ THE JOURNAT, f CXBERNETICS'
Kiev KIBERNETIKA in Russian Na 5, 1980 p 149
[Text] CONTENTS Page
Glushkov, V.M. and Anisimov, A.V. "Control Spaces in Asynchronous Parallel
Computations" 1
Kotov, V.Ye. "Algebra of Regular Petri Nets" 10 .
Mirenkov, N.N. "One Method of Constructing Parallel Algorithms" 19
Ustyuzhaninov, V.G. "Typical Length of Minimum Coverage in Tables with a
Range" 24
Yuferov, A.G. "Constructing Numerating Functionals Using Combinatorial Sets" 28
Trushin, S.N. "Finding the Maximum Internally Stable Sets of a Graph by the ~
riethod of Successive Analysis of Variants" 33
Bakan, G.M. and Nizhnichenko, Ye.A. "Algorithm for Solving a Denumerable
System of Linear Algebraic Equations by Using Space Expansion Operations" 42
Romanovskiy, V.Yu. "Problem of Equivalence for Strict Determinate MP
Automata Operating in Real Time" 49
Kovalenko, N.S. and Kushnerev, N.T. "One Mechanism for Controlling Paral.lel
Processes and Its 12ealization" 00
I~ozhevnikova, G.P. "Problem of Automating the Analysis of the Computational
Complexity of Algorithms" 65
Litvinov, V.V. and Shevchenko, S.N. "Predicting the Develo~ment of a Computing
Process in Simulational Modeling" 74
Dikarev, V.Ye. "Technical Servicing of a System with Unreliable Information
on Efficiency States" 81
138
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Korniyenko, G.I. and Sheverda, O.N. "~eatures of Dynamic Sexyicing o~ Routines
in Rapid Data Processing Systems" 86
r
alushkov, V.M. "System Optimization" 89
Gupal, A.M. "Method of Minimizing Functions Satisfying the Lipschitz Con-
dition" 91
Panin, V.M. "Combined Convergence o.~ Second-Order Methods for the Convex
Problem of a Discrete 1~Iinimax" 95
Beres~~iev, V.V. "Convex Problems of Minimizing Integral Functionals with
Limitations of the Operator Insertion Type" 100
Rzhevskiy, S.V. "Closed Mappings in Problems of the Unconditional Minimization
of Convex Functions" 105
Ivanov, A.V. and Kozlov, O.M. "Properties of Estimates of Regression Para-
meters for Nonlinear Systems" 113
Kaniovskiy, Yu.M. "One Approach to Error Estimation in Direct Methods of
Stochastic Programming" 120
.
Bondar', I.M. and Nekrylova, Z.V. "One Stochastic Method of Estimating
Unknown Parameters, and Asymptotic Properties of Estimates" 126
~ Meleshko, V.I. "Filtering and Identification of Stochastic Control Systems
by Employing Pseudo-rransformations" 130
Brief Communications
Glushkova, O.V. and Gupal, A.M. "Numerical Methods of Minimizing Functions
of a Maximum without Computing Gradients" 141
Tsoy, E.V. "One Class of Infinite-Step Problems of Stochastic Programming" 144
Scientific Information 146
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", "Kibernetika", 1980
[83-8831J
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139
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ABSTRACTS FROM THE JOURNAL 'PROGRAI~Il~IING'
Moacow PROGRAI~IIROVANIYE in Ruesian No 6, 1980 pp 95-96
~ UDC 681.3.06:51
PAR~ALLEL COMPUTATIONAI, PROCES3ES'AND THE.FUNCTTONAL EQUlVAT,ENCE OF OPERATORS
[Abstract of article by Burgin, M.S.]
[Text] The operators for a multidimensional s~ructurally oriented model of
parallel coanputatione and multiproceasor systems are studied. Questions of the
varioue repreeentations of the fileg of the data being processed and the de-
paralleling of the calculations arid combin~:ng of operations are treated.
Figuree l; referemces: 14.
' UDC 681.3.06:51
AN AXIdMATIC DESCRIPTION OF CONTEXTUAL LINKS AND CONDTTIQNS
[Abetract of article by Kritskiy, S.P.]
[Text] A formalized asymptotic definition is proposed for the total syntaxis
of progreomaing languages, including contextual links and condit3ons. A chain~~
- ia declared permiasible if there is a atructure among its s-y�~actical atructures
which ie minimal in terms of the seleCted ratio of the sequence. Questions of
camputing minimal struc~ure:s are studied. Figure 3; references: 9.
1~+0
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UDC 519.681
FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTIMAL PROG1tAM SYNTHESIS BASED ON COMF'UTATIONAL MODELS
[Abstract of article by Val~kovskiy, V.A.]
[Text] A procedure for constructing programs based on a formalized sub~ect area,
a computational model, is analyzed. The construction process is broken down into
two etepa: eetting up the co~mputational scheme and the synthesis of the program
baeed on thie acheme. The firet step can be accanpanied by optimization with
respect to a number of criteria. Several variants of maximally parallel programs
are constructed in the second step. Figures 2; references: 6.
UDC 681.3.06:51
PROGRAI~AIING ON THE SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPROCESSOR M-10 CONIPUTER (SETTING UP A SYSTEM
FOR MODELING PLASMA KINETICS ~
[Abstract of articles by Berezovskiy, M.A., Ivanov, M.F., Petrov, I.V. and
- Shvets, V.F. J
[Text] The article ia devoted to questions of the design and realization of a
depa~ralleled syatem for modeling multidimenstional physical processes using '
the synchronoua multiproceasor M~10 computer. A well known computer model for
plasma kinetice ia analyzed, which is based on the macroparticles technique.
Methods of deparalleiing are described which were developed.for the modeling
etage s and for input/output, which is matched to the speed of the modeling
calculatione. Referencea: 10.
UDC 681.3.06:51
THE STRUCTURAI, PLANNING OF SOFTWARE SYSTEMS FOR M:INI AND MICRO-COMPUTERS
~ [Abetr~ct of article by Yushchenko, Ye.L., Tseytlin, G.E. and Muchnik, M.M.]
[Text] Queatione of the etructural planning of the components of mini and
micro-computer (MEVM) eoftware are treated in the article. An approach is
propoaed wh�ch ie based on the application of the tools of algorithmic algebra
systems ae the means of formalizing atructured programs. The structural
conf igurntions of a typ~cal assembler and macrogenerator are given.
8e~erences: 10.
.
1 ~+l
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UDC 681.3.06
THE COMMON ALGOL-GDR MF~IORY
[Abstract of article by Rvachev, V.L. and Matsev~.tyy, A.M.]
- [Text] The application of additional memory types in ALGOL-GDR is treated,
where these simplify programming in this language. Figures 1; references: 3.
UDC 681.3.06
A MULTILEVEL MODEL OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF DATA BANKS AND INFORMATION
RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS
[Abstract of article by Ilyushin, A.I. and Filiopov, V.I.]
[Text] A model of data bank and information retrieval system architecture is
_ described which is constructed in the form of a combit~ation of levels of two -
. hierarchies: "targeted", w?iich reflects the overall structure of any subject
region, and the hierarchy of "representations" of ob~ects in the canputer.
As a result, the programming software for data banks and inforn?ation retrieval
systems can be treated as an aggregate of subsystems, which are ordered in the
fozm of a two-dimensional table. Figures 2; references: 6.
UDC 681.3.01:681.3.06
THE 'EL'BRUS' S~STEM
[Abstract of article by Babayan, B.A. and Sakhin, Yu.Kh.]
[Abstract] The article is devoted to a description of the architecture and
software for a new family of high performance multiprocessor computer complexes:
the "E1'brus-1" (E-1) MVK [multiprocessor camputer complex] and the "E1'brus-2" -
(E-2) MVK, which were developed in the Institute of Precision Mechanics and
Computer Engineering. Figures 3; references: 6.
UDC 519.712
A SYSTEM OF BASIC PROCEDURES FOR PROCESSING HALFTONE TMAGES
[Abstract of article by Levina, G.A. and Rakov, S.A.]
[Text] A method is proposed for the description of half--tone image processing
algorithms. The method is based on the representation of the screen display
image in the foYm of a matrix, the elements of which correspond to points on -
_ the screen. This method has been used in the development of the basic program-
ming software for research automation complexes based on the process control
computer complex of the intemational spstem of small cmnputers having a trunk
structure. References: 6.
COPYRIGHT; Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", "Programmirovaniye", 1980
[90-8225]
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ABSTRACTS FROM THE~ JOURNAL 'AUTOI~TRY'
Novosibirsk AVTOMETRIYA in Russian No 4, Jul-Aug 80 pp 117-120
unc 681.327�8
MODE~'I IlJ THE CAMAC STANDARD WITH DIGITAL METHOD OF SIGNAL FORMATION
[Abstract of article by Fesenko, B. V., and Chernavin, A. D.]
[Text] The article describes a digital CAMAC mod.em intended for da.ta transmission
over a cha,nnel of tonal frequency and the principles of digital formation of a
modulated signal with an assigned frequency spectrum, A structural diagram of the
modem transmitter is presented, as axe the results of simulation.
unc 681.3.06
INTERMEDIATE-LEVEL LANGUAGE FOR CONTROZ OF A CAMAC MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEM
[Abstract of article by Vlakhova, K. P.]
[Text] The INII, langua.ge is intended for work with CAMAC systems in real time. The
semantics of the language is determined by the Committee for Standardization on
Nuclear Electronics and the syntax is connected with specific realization. This
paper describes the syntax of an intermediate-level langua,ge for control of CAMAC
systems by means of a series 6800 microprocessor.
unC 681.3
SYSTEM FOR MICROPROGRAI~Il~'IING AND DEMUGGING OF SEGTIONAZ MICROPROCESSOR DEVICES
[Abstract of article by Kasperovich, A. N. ~ Mantush, T. N., Prokopenko, V. I.,
Sluyev, V. A., and Solonenko~
[Text~ The article examines a system with a mini-computer (of class PDP-11~ with
general software and CAMAC hardware, used in the creation of sectiona,l micropro-
cessor devices. Tr.e system permits the debugging of microprograms and their record-
ing in a PROM. The article describes the flznctioning of the system, the composition
structure of its software, and presents functional diagrams of the principal modules
1~+3
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--the module for communica,tion with the device being planned and the mod.ule for
recording information in the PROM. The system programs are written in BA'SIC and
Assembler.
vnc 621.372.~r:681.3z7.8
P~CROPROCESSOR SYSTEM FOR OPERATIVE GEOPHYSICAL EXPERIMENTAL DATA PROCESSING
[Abstract of article by Beresnev, V. K. Katruk~ Yu. M., Rotachevskiy~ B. M.~
~ Shchetinin, Yu. I., and Yunoshev, S. P.~
[Text~ The axticle describes an operative geopt~ysica,l information system construc-
ted on a K58wIK1 microprocessor. Calculations are ma.de in real time of current
estimates of the mathematica.l expectation and the mean-squaxe error according to
� recursive algorithms, the use of which, besides reducing expenditures on equipment~
_ provides the ~Qssibility of tra.cing error in measurements.
unc 68i.325�65
INTERACTIVE GRAPHIC COLOR CRT SYSTEM EASID ON A MIIJI-COMPUTER
[Abstra ct of article by Vasilevskiy, A. V.~ Gorobchenko A. A.~ Zlotnik, Ye. M.,
Na.gibina, 0. F., Semenkov, 0. I.~ and Shirokova, N. Ye.~]
[Text~ The question of constructing an intera.ctive grapk~i.c system based on a mini-
computer is examined. The structure and ~nctional interaction of the main haxd-
ware of the system axe presented. The system of display processor instructions is
describe and its main cha,racteristics are pointed out.
- uDC 62i.39i.i7z:62i.397.681.518.2
PATTERN PREPARATION IN AN INTERACTIVE MODE IN TASKS OF MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND INVES-
TIGATIONS OF NATURAL RESOURCES
[Abstract of article by Belikova, T. P., and Yaroslavskiy, L. P.]
[Text~ Algorithms for the following methods of digital preparation of patterns are
described: adaptive amplitude conversions, preparation with use of optimum linear
filtration and location of objects on a pattern. An int~ractive operating mode is
= described and the results of using named algorithms to process ma.mmograms and
- aerial photographic surveys of the earth's surface are presented.
unc 681.3
CAMAC MODULE FOR CONNECTIdN WITH M-4-00 COMPUTER IN DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS MODE
[Abastract of axticle by Lebedev~ N. S., and Mantush, T. N.~
[Text] A,module of direct access to the M-~I-00 memory is dcscribed, one which ac-
complishes a monopolar mode of da.ta unit exchange through a CAMAC main-line crate.
14~+
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The module functions jointly with the program exchange crate-controller, assuring
an exchange ra.te of up to 400 K words~s. The structure of the direct memory access
module and its interaction with the crate-controller and the ma.in line COMMON BUS
~.re shown. �
COPYRIGHTs Izdatel'stvo "Nauka"~ "Avtometriya", 1980
[71A-2174]
2174
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. UDC 007.52
VISUAL INFORMATION PROCESSING IN ROBOTS
Moscow VTZUAL'NAYA INFORMATSIYA I ZRENIYE ROBOTOV in Russian 1979 (signed to
press 29 May 79) pp 1-6
(Annotation, table of contents and foreword from book "Visual Information and
Vision of Robots", by Georgiy Petrovich Katys, Izdatel'stvo "Energiya",
5, 500 cop ies , 176 pages ]
LText,J The book exami.nes the principles of construction of visual infor- ~
mation processing systems, co~pares them, presents their basic characteri-
' istics and i.ndicates their fields of application. It demonstrates the
potentialities.of visual information processing systems in enhancing the
independence of robots and exteading their capabilities and sphere of ap-
plication.
The book is intended for engineering and technical personnel specializing
in the field of automation, cybernetics and information processing
problems. ,
Contents Page
Foreword 3
First G'hapter. Information Systems of Robots 7
' Second Chapter. Visuel Iuformation Processing in the Visual Organs
of Animals 31
Some Problems of Bionic Investigations of Visuel Organs 31
Bionic Mechanisms of Spatial Filtration and Reco~ition of
Viaual Informatioa 39
Electron~c Models of the Visual Organs of Anima,ls 50
Third Chapter. Visual Information Pro~essing in the Visual Orgens
of Robots ~ 55
Some Aspects af the Artificial Intellect 55
146
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rux urrt~tEU. u~~ UNLY
Mechanism of the Visual Organs of Robots 69
Sensory Elements of the Visuel S~rstems of Robots 107
Fourth Chapter. Systems of Spatisl Filtration, Functional
Transformation and Pattern Recognition 121~
Motion Detectors 124
Contour Detectors 130
Ordered Motion Detectors 134
Detectors of Oriented Straight Lines 1~+1
Multifwnctic~nal Devices for Visua,l Information Processing 1~+5
Some Problems of Pattern Recognition 15~+
Conclusion 16~+
Bibliographic List 170
Foreword
Extending the capabilities and sphere of application of robots at the
_ present stage in the development of robot engineering is connected with
the need for an intensive development of facilities for the perception
. and proceasing of~diverse information on the environment and with providing
robots with greater independence. It should be no~ed that the problem of
information support for robots is of great importance in the general set
of problems arising during the formation of the block diagram and general
appearance of robots. At the same time, the attainable level of independ-
ence of robots largely depends on the depth of stuc~ of this problem. As
is well known, in order'to function normally in an unstAble environment,
an independent robat should perceive and process vast flows of visual,
tactile, acoustic and other information. Visual information is of fl~inda-
mental importance among this complex of information flows. The importance
of visuel information in the control of an independent system is confiruied
by the f8.ct that man receives about 85 percent of the information he needs
through the visuel chanriel.
It can be stated that visus.l analyzers axe the main communication charm~els
of robots with the external world through which the basic flow of infor- '
mation needed for tbeir eontrol is rECeived. Therefore, the selection of
rational principles of construction and optimization of the block diagrams
and parameters of such devices, as well as the development of self-ad~ust-
ing visual systems possessing properties of adapte,t ion for the changing .
characteristics of the environment, are importa.nt tasks.
The book offered examines the set of problems anc~ questions connected with
different aspects of pprception, processing and utilization of visual in- ~
formation for robot control. It considers the way~s of selecting rational
principles of construction of visual systems and methods of determining
the parameters of the block diagrams of such systems. It analyzes vaxious
1~+7
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= aspects of the perception ancl processing of visual information at differ-
ent hierexchic levels of the visusl ana]yzers of robots. In connection
with the development of second- and third-generation rebots in~er.sive work
on the production of visual systems capable o:~ performing quite com~plex
operations in th~ recognition of external ob~ects and orientation among
them has been carried out recent],y.
Various methods of information processing, includi:~g methods of monocular
image processing and recognition, methods of stereogrem processing, meth-
ods of dissection by a light lattice and others are used in the develop-
ment of visual organs. The enumerated methods of s.nalysis of visual in-
formation are examined in various chapters of the b~ok.
Significant advances in the field of bionic investigations of the visual
organs of animals have been made recently. Ati thP same time, ~udging
from literature and patent publications, the results nf investigr~tions
make it possible ~to approach the development of technical devic~s modeling
sume functions of visual organs. The indicaied facts prompted the author
to examine thi~ set of problems.
The book examines the results of bi.~ni~ investigations of functionally
origina.l visual organs of sarae animals. Various ~,apects of perceptiori
and processing of visual information in the visua:L organs of living orga-
nisms, as Well as the possibilities and weys of modeling certain ftiir_etions
_ of visual analyzers in engineering systems, are analyzed.
As is well knoWn, a sequential selection, filtration and coding of visual ;
information of value for an animal are carried oat in the visual analyzer
at its diPferent levelS~. Such filters eingle out on images contours, ~
_ straight lines and boundaries of a certain orientation, movi.ng ob~er.ts and
so forth. E`ngineering models realizing some of the enumerated functions
have been developed during the recent period. The book examines the f~mc-
tional and block diagrams of various attribute detectors (detectors of
moving ob~ects, contours, lines and so forth) and presents their parame-
ters and characteristics.
Semiconductor, matrix and television technology combined with fiber and
integrated optics is the technical basis for the realization of bionic
principles of analysis and transformation of visual information.
On the basis of an ar_alysis of the published data the author attempted to
give one of the po~sible ex~rapolations of the future state of some trends '
in the development of ti*isual systems of roba~s. This e,ttempt wa,s made on '
the basis ~f an anal~rsis of patents, ~ertificates of invention and various
_ publications containing information on the possible trends in future de-
velopments. It should be noted tha.t after some ti.me these data will be
reflected in the ~echnical realizations of the systems of the examined
category.
- 148 - ,
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cV1\ VYL'LV1t1L UJL'. V1YLL
Unfortunately, at present there is no book that would generalize a.z~d anal-
_ yze sll the data an this problem p~.d.lished in periodical and pp'~ent publi-
cationa. The book offered to the reaa2r is to make up for ~'.~._s deficienc;y.
' The book aims at giving the reader a general idea of tI :~rays of and
praspects for the development of a category of highly informative visual l
analyz~rs of robots, as ~r~ell as o~ the Weys of development an3 interaction
of the basic trends in coherettt techniques, techniques of space and time
filtration of images, bionic mechanisms of processing, methods of recog-
nition and modern methods of photcelectric ana~ysis of images. The book .
presents a classification of the visual analyzers of robots and examines
. the princi~,les of their structure, block diagrtims and information charac-
' teristics. It indicates the possible weys of utilizing bionic principles
of proaessing of visusl information in the development of block diagrams
~ of the visual analyzers of robots.
The material presented gives the reader a good idea of the various prin-
ciples of construction of the visual analyzers of robots, methods of se-
lecting rational block diagrems ena ways of.determining the parameters of
_ such systems. ,
~ Assiuning that this book is not free of shortcomings, the author thanks the
readers in advance for all their remarks, which he requests be sent to the
following address: 113114, Moscow, M-114, Shlyuzoveya nab., 10, Izd-vo
Energiya.
- COPYRIGHT: I:d~,tel'stvo "Energiya", 1979 ~
[0017-11,439] ~
_ ~
11,439
cso: 8144/ooi7
1~9
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DIGITAI, CONTROL SYSTEMS
' Kiev KIBERNETIKA I VYCHISL~TEL'NAYA TEKHNIKA: DISKRETNYYE SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA
~ in Russian No 49, 1980 (signed to press 5 Sep 80) p 97
[Table of contents from collection "Cybernetics and Computer Technology, No 49:
Digital Control Systems", edited by Z. A. Maydan, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka",
1,000 copies, 100 pages]
Contents Page
Section l. Linear Diaital Systems
Kuntsevich, V. M. and M. N.. Lychak, Design of Optim~,un Adaptive Tracking
Systems 3
Bakan, G. M., Filtration of a Multisign Process in Limited Noise 7
Kuntsevich, V. M., M. M. Lychak and A. A. Sukennik, A Math~matical r4odel
o~ Digital Control Systems Ffiich Eliminates the Pr~ '.em of Structural
Constraints 19
Konson, Ye. D. and L. M. Malinin, Determination of the Weiqht~Function of
a Linear Object When Using a Random Process Generator as a Test Signal
Source 23 -
Section 2. Nonlinear Digital Systems ~
Boychuk, L. M., A Method of Calculating the Optimum Control of ~lonlinear _ ~
Digital Objects in the Pre~ence of Constraints by Using the Ortho-
gonalization Procedur~ 28 ~
Valeyev, K. G. and G. S. Finin, Numerical Synthesis of Optimum Regulators
for Nonlinear Digital Control Systems 32
Dubas, V. I., Markov Processes in Automatic Control Systems With Frequency-
Pulse Modulation of Second Kind 40
Andreyeva, Ye. V. and V. V. Volosov, Solving the Problem of Designing
Asymptotically Stable Nonlinear Pulsed Control Systems 45
Makarchuk, M. M., Identification of Stochastic Objects 49
Movchan, L. T., The Stability of Nonlinear Pulsed Systems with Permanently
Operating Perturbations 57
Section 3. Application of Digital Systems
Boychuk, L. M. and N. M. Shkvarun, The Algorithm and Characteristics of
Computer Implementation of the Method of So lving Nonlinear Programming
Problems With Controlled Processes of Developing Constraints and
Motion Toward an Extremum 60
150
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Zhitetskiy, L. S., A Recurrent Adaptive Control Algorithm for a Static
Object 67
Bakan, G. M. and Yu. P. Tarnovskiy, Identification of the Parameters of
tl:e r4athematical Model of a Complex Rectification Column 74
~'Xachuk, T. S. and A. A. Tuni]~, Modular Programming and the Software _
Structure of the Automated Vibration Testing Cantrol System 79
- Petrovskiy, A. A., A Specialized Programmable Processor for a Digital
- System for Control of the Spectral Matrix of a Vector Random
Process 85
Skryl', V. F., The Problem of Determining the Noise Stability of Digital
Signal Transmission 92
COPYRIGHT: Tzdatel'stvo "Naukcva dumka", 198b
[105-6521]
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- CSO: 1863
151
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INFORMATION GATHERING AND TRANSb1ISSION
Kiev OTBOR I PEREDACHA IlJFORMATSII in Russian No 62, 1980(signed to press 4 Dec 80)
p 118
[Table of contents from collection "Information Gathering and Transmiss ion",
edited by Z.A. Maydan and N.M. Trush, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1000 copies,
124 pages ]
[Text ] C ontents Page
1. Pattern Recognition and Signal Theory
Gritsy};, V. V. and R. M. Palenichka, Preliminary Processing of Images in
Scene Analysis 3
Gritsyk, V. V, and B. V. Kisil', Determining the Information Content of
Symbols in a Sequential Recognition Procedure 5
N!arinets, V. P, and A. A. Lukenyuk, Investigating the Distribution of the
Dimensions of Structure in Photographs of the Ocean Bottom 8
Marigodov, V. K. and A. M. Varfolomeyev, Realization of Adaptive Prese-
lection and Correcting Filters 11
Dragan, Ya. P., Harmonic Expansion of Realizations and Spectral Analysis
of ?andom Processes 14
Marigodov, V. K., Potential Capabilities of Adaptive Preselection and
Correction of Signals lg
Denisluk, V. P., Determining the Fourier Coefficients of a Periodic Signal
With Given Error 23
Dragan, 0. P., Ya. P, Dragan and Yu. V. Karavan, The Probability Model of
- the :.hythm of Solid Radiolysis 26
Dmitriyev, A. A., Some Mechanisms of Solar-Atmospheric Links and Experiments
to Refine Them 31
Shats, Yu. Ya., O. M. Gupalo, I. B. Berezovskaya and V. I. Drozdov, The
, Length of Facsimile Transmission With Reduction of Information
Redundancy 35
KutsPnko, O. K. and V. A. Pogribnoy, Restoration of Superimposed Exponen-
tial Pulse Amplitudes in Random Flows 45
2. Circuit Theory and Modeling of Information Channels
Kolodiy, V. I, and A. L. Poritskiy, An Equation to Determine the Electric
Field Intensity in the Slit of a Cylindrical Cavity 47
152
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Kuznetsova, V. L., V. L. Kuz'menko and I. M. Tsygel'nyy, Problems and
Prospects for Develo~xnent of Neuron Technology 49
Popov, B. A., Joint Approximation of Functions and Derivatives 55
Popov, B. A., Uniform Splines for Approximation of Continuous Functions 62
_ 3. Measuring Converters
Mizyuk, G. L. and L. Ya. Mizyuk, The Correlation Coefficient Between
Equivalent Sources of Amplifier Noise and Its Relationship to
Correlation Conductance (Resistance) and a Single Method of
Measurement 66
Gontar, I. M., Noise Matching of Inductive Magnetir Field Sensors ~4ith
Transistor Peramplifiers in the Aperiodic NlQde 74
Nich~ga, V. A., Calculating the Electrical Parameters of an Inductive
Magnetic Receiver With Noise Matching with the Amplifier 80
Afanasenko, M. P., R. Ya. Berlanan and Ye. N. Klimovich, A tdethod of
Creating Magnetic Fields With Rearranqed Structure 88
Measuring Devices and Information Systems
Pogribnoy, V. A., Construction of Some Adaptive Commutators and
Distributors 94
Polishko, V. B., A Combined Automatic Amplifier Control System Based on
Optrons and Field-Effect Transistors in Low-Frequency Amplifiers 101
Levitskiy, O. Ye., P4agnetic-Transistor Multivibrators 104
Bukhalo, O. P,, P. P. Drabich, V. P. Storchay and R. F. Fedoriv, A
Random Pulse Signal Generator With Controlled Moments 112
Klim, B. P. and R. 5. Fedoriv, Increasing the Sensitivity of Apparatus
for rieasuring the Intensity of Weak Light Flows 116
_ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1980
[103-6521]
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UDC 616.8-091.81(088.8)
Pl~(JBLEriS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPING NEURON TECHNOIAGY
Kiev OTBOR I PEREDACHA INFORMATSII in Russian No 62, 1980 (signed to press 4 Dec 80)
pp 49-55
[Article by V. L. Kuznetsova, V. L. Kuz'menko and I. M. Tsygel'nyy, L'vov, from
collection "Information Gathering and Transmission", edited by Z.A. Maydan and
N.M. Trush, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka'�, 1000 copies, 124 pages]
[TextJ The progress of modern computer technology is determined by a combination
of two trends--improvement of the component base by using new advances of physics
- and technology and intensification of the search for new theoretical fundamentals
of realization of computer devices to which multiple-digit [17] and neuronal [5]
logic is related. The desire of investigators to combine the advantages of both
trends led to intensive study of the principles of processing the information of
the human nervous system and to attempts to utilize these principles to develop
computer devices. One can assume that some computers will be constructed on prin-
_ ciples of information processing and storage in the human brain on the basis of
components which simulate the behavior of the nerve cells and of neuron networks
of them. Modern computers are usually designed to solve formalized problems. An
~ advantage of devices based on neuron networks is the possibility of solving unfor-
malized problems related, for example, to pattern recognition or to control of
- complex behavior in a probabilistic-stochastically variable medium. The main dis-
tinguishing feature for these computers will be the capability of self-organization
and self-programming and possibly the capability of alogical decision-making, i.e.,
making decisions in alternatives having equal probability. The experience of the
evolution of biological structures can be used in constructing them. Of course,
we are not talking about blind copying of the working principle of nervous system
networks. On the contrary, the paths of evolution of colloidal systems are very
limited and the problem is to proceed further than biological evolution, i.e.,
those types of neurons may appear in models of brain systems which do not occur in
the natural analog (if these forms are required to develop more improved computer
systems) or which have not yet been discovered.
A large number of neuron m~dels have now been developed in the USSR and abroad, -
among which models of nerve netw~orks used in computer technology, automatic control
systems, information transmission and processing systems, pattern recognition sys-
tems and so on can be compiled. Since many of thei~ are inadequately effective from
the viewpoint of information processinq in the neuron, the general criteria of the
optimum construction of circuits of neuron-like companents must be refined, which
permits one to denote methods of neuron modelling occurring at presPnt.
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Construction of neuron-like components required that two problems be solved. The
~ first is development of high-speed electronic models of the neuron system to study
its behavior in those cases when the capabilities of ordinary methods of electro-
physiology are limited (for example, in study of networks that process sensory in-
formation, in decoding the mechanisms of internal storage, in construction of
models of the pathology of the nervous system for diagnosis and so on). Solution
of these problems in itself justifies the expenditure of efforts to develop a wide
range of neuron models but far from exhausts the capabilities of using them.
The second problem is to use neuron-like components and networks of them in
technology.
According to the postulated problems, two approaches were noted in the principles
~ of constructing neuron-like components and networks. The first, historically earli- -
er approach is determined by the desire to copy maa:imum analogs as closely as pos-
sible [2, 20, 24~ with reproduction of~the physiological properties of the neuron -
as well as the information properties. The second approach includes modelling of
the components of the nerve network as information processing systems [12, 15].
One is justif.ied in talking about neuron technology in this case.
The term "neuron technology" means the use of the pririciples of information pro-
cessing in the neurons and neuron networks to develop electronic devices. Unlike
neurocybernetics, a primarily theoretical science, neuron technology is concerned
with problems of a practical nature and without linking itself by direct imitation
to the biological analog, it attempts to sclve problems of using this analog for
purely technical purposes.
The need to separate the approaches--"neuron modelling" and "neuron technology"--
is determined by the fact that they belong to differen.t branches of science: the
first belongs to biology and physiology while the second belongs to bionics, i.e.,
neuron technology is a branch of bionics whicn utilizes the principle of informa-
tion processing in the neurons for development of hardware.
Several trends in the development of neuron technology have now been noted. One of
them assumes the development of universal neuron-like components which would pro-
vide for construction of networks of any degree of complexity, being limited only
by similar models [12, 15]. This trend is apparently more promising since it is
the most technologically effective and leads to universality of components and
units of neuron technology. �
Another trend provides for introduction of components into the structure of neuron
networks that are different from the basic'structural unit--the neuron-like com-
ponent. Thus, a model of a neuron network containing and additional random number
generator, control block, flip-flop block and timinq pulse generator is presented
in (12). It should be noted here that the homog~neity and regularity of the struc-
ture are of important siqnificance in realization of supercomplex neuron networks,
as wEll as in realization of any complex measuring information systems. These re-
quirements acquire special sic~nificance when converted to microelectronic technol-
ogy. Realization oE the necessary functie~ns of these blocks by a set of neurons -
rathar than introduction of additional blocks into the network is effective in this
reyard.
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IVeuron models are developecl rather frequently in which the authors attempt to re-
produce in a single model the maxi.mum properies Ynherent to the neuron. The model
frequently contains components which determine the execution of functions that are
unnecessary at first glance (for example, the effects of nonlinear increase of the -
frequency of the converted signal which provides sharper response to variation of
input signals [12], damping of input signals and so on) and that significantly
complicate both the model and the nature of the information transformations. How-
ever, the given circuit solutions can significantly increase the operating effi-
ciency of the neuron network in solution of unformalized problems.
The trend related to development of neuron-like compon~nts based nn a minimum
number of components also m2rits attention. These may include neuron-like compon-
ents [4, 25). The history of development of this trend illustrates the helical
development of neuron technology. The first neuron-like components [19,22) were
= developed in simplified form by weak development of the technology and electronics ~
in a given historial time seqment. Ever mor~ complpx and cumbersome models were
subsequently developed for more accurate reproduction of the information properties
of neurons [20]. They could not be used in construction of complex networks. The
number of components required to develop a neuron-like component is reduced in the
next step of development of neuron technology. In this case, "shortening" it was
determined by the iise of components which carry more information properties and
the effectiveness of these components is manifested by internal physical processes
(avalanche transistor, thyristor [4], tunnel diode [25], multigate transistor,
liquid crystal) and so on, rather than due to circuit solution. D4odern inteqrated ~
circuit technology can be used to develop these neuron-lik2 components. "Simpli- -
fication" of neuron-like components may be of special significance, we feel, upon
transition to the use af these components as a component base for molecular and
supramolecular cybernetics. In this case the joint use of modern developments of
the physics of supramolecular structures and neuron technology may determine the
development of self-develooed dynamic cybernetic systems.
Development of integrated circuits of neuron-like components based on an opti.mum
set of circuit components is also timely.
However, the purpose of developing neuron technology is to develop hardware which
may find application in the national economy rather than in construction of neuron-
like components. It is natural and feasible to use models of neuron networks con-
structed from neurons rather than a ileuron model to develop these devices. One
should take into account when constructing models of neuron networks that the forma-
tion of existing neuron networks is stochastic [7, 16~ along with the rigid three-
'J dimensional structure of neuron-neuron links [16] caused by morphogenesis, while
spherical networks are formed for solution of specific problems. In this case
each neuron may function at different times in several networks. It follows from
- this that qualitatively new components or modifications of existing neuron models
are required to develop a dynamic structure of neuron networks. One of the papers
in the given direction is the network model suggested by Pak [12], which consists
of neuron-like components having inputs capable of changing their function and
which permit one to achieve stochastic organization of the signal circuit in the
network.
A sufficient number of types of neuron-like components with qualitative specializa-
tion to perform complex functions has not yet been developed for construction of
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~ex �
fo
v _
~ ~ b pq~o~reNUec Barby~rd
~2~ s
l
Key:
1. Inhibition 2. Excitation
complex neuron networks. It is known that the nervous system contains more than
1,000 different types of neurons [13] with presently determined morphological dif-
ferences, which does not exclude functional differences. There is a need in this
regard to find new functional solutions of neuron-like components. NeL~ron models
which provide the required diversity may include models of identificatinn neurons,
distributing neurons, innovation neurons, comparison neurons and other special
neurons, the appearance nf which should facilitate the problem of constructing
complex networks.
We feel that the use of the principles of organizing multi-digit com,poiients and
structures is promising in the given direction for development of neuron-like com-
ponents and networks [9, 17]. It is shown in [6, 10, 23J that a neuron is de-
_ scribed not only as an analog but also as a threshold digital component. Based on
our investigations, one should note that the processes of information conversion
in existing neuron-like components can be described b~r one of three principles f(S)
n ?n.
shown in the figure, a, b and c, where S= ,~',t aif D~86 ~~j "if zoyM , f~,kh is the fre-
ls
quency of the pulse sequence at the output of the neuron-like component, fvozb and
fto~ are the frequencies of the pulse sequences at the exciting and inhibiting
inputs, respectively, fp is the frequency of spontaneous activity, ai is the weight
of the exciting inputs and bj is the weight of the inhibiting inputs. The charac-
ter~.stics shown in the figure, a, describe a threshold logic component operating
on che principle of "all or nothing." The characteristic of a component of infin-
ite-digit logic with lower and upper thresholds is shown in the figure, b. The
figure, c, is the characteristic of a similar component, but one having spontaneous
activity, which increases the sensitivity of the component and expands its
capabilities.
It becomes possible to construct neuron networks with rearranged information struc-
ture, operation of which can be described by using multi-diqit logic, upon intro-
duction of some additions to the circuit of a neuron-like component, which may in-
clude, for example, quantification of the working frequency range. The neuron has
a set of exciting and inhibiting inputs with weight coefficients Wi and a single
output. The input x and output y values vary upon corresponding normalization in
the follow~.ng range: 0< x< 1 and 0< y< 1. These values simulate the neuron
signals--the pulse recurrence frequency--and do not change thP sign. Moreover,
the neuron has a lower and upper excitation threshold. Conseguently, this opera-
tion can be described by the expression [5]:
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n
y = ~~~~i - e,
r-i
where e is the threshold that, upon conversion to thp arithmetic form of repre-
sentation [18], yields
- - _ n . ~
y ~x~, xZ, , xn) _ ~e -f- l~ & ~ ~~X, - e & ~ W~xi
and is similar to the arithmetic form of representation of a multi~digit logic
function [18]. There were attempts to realize these models in [9, 21].
The logic of developing modern electronics also dictates the development of neuron-
' like components on the basis of digital technology, which specifically provides a
significant increase in the accuracy of the information transformations in them and
an increase of speed. Attempts to move in the given direction were undertaken
[3, 14], but more intensive developments are required to achieve significant re-
sults which permit solution of the problem of constructing complex neuron networks
that emerge as self-organizing systems capable of making i.ndependent deci.sions
even under conditions of a scarcity of information, i.e., under conditions of ra-
ther high uncertainty,rather than as intermediate steps of information processing
of the perceptron type [11].
The main principles nf design organization and self-organization of these networks
are required here. .
The first principle is a sufficiently large set of components contained in the net-
work. A set is required to provide the possibility of signal fluctuations. If
fluctuations are undesirable in a system operating by a rigid program, they are re-
quired in a supercomplex system capable of unforeseen actions. This is determined
by known information principles [1).
The second principle is the capability of the network for self-formation of feed-
back cycles. It must be noted that two neur~n feedback cycles are discinguished:
homeo- an3 heterostatic, which can apparently~ be mutually transformed. The desig-
~ natirn of homeostatic cycles (neuron networks joined by negative feedback) is to
maintain equilibrium within a gi~ven program. Heterostatic cycles (neuron networks
with negative and positive feedback having aperiodic fluctuating activity) prob-
' ably play a significant role. The operating rhythm of neurons of a heterostatic
cycle depends on a large number of factors. Fluctuation of the rhythms of the
system may acquire an exceptionally individual character as a function of the
joining of primary (homeo- and heterostatic)cycles to second- and third-order cy-
cles. The external effect achieved from receptor models may have an organizing
effect on the rhythm of a supercomplex network in this case.
Assigning an input prograM to the system is also important. The presence of an
input prograr.i is determined by the need to compare newly incoming information to
it. The input program should obviously be similar to the genetic program or to
the instinct in a biological system and should be determined by the properties of
the system~ but it may also be contr~lled externally.
158
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Modelling of the system's owsi needs and its "attitude" to external effects are also
required for developMent of. self-organization conditions since a system devoid of
these properties cannot be developed. For example, the system may be given the
_ rieecl to balance homeostasis under saturation conditions.
Thus, problems of neuran technology, as a field of bionics, are extremely interest-
ing and vast. This is first development of a wide variety of input components
(neurons and universal netw~ork cells) and second it is development of cyclic blocks
of increasing complexity and hierarchical systems.
Solution of these initial problems of neuron technology will be possible during the
next few years. U~ith regard to ~ubsequent development of organization of complex
and supercomplex networks, it wi11 obviously occux after a basis has been developed
for integrated technology o.f the comn~nents of neuron networks which include a
large number of neuron-like components joined into cyclic blocks. Considerably
More promising is the use of the internal information properties of materials in
those cases when the latter coincide to a specific degree with the properties of
neuron structures. For example, these properties have a hierarchical system of
supramolecular connections in polymers.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Wiener, N., "Kibernetika" [Cybernetics], Moscow, Sovetskoye radio, 1968.
2. Dudkin, K. N. and V. Ye. Gauzel'man, "A Functional Model of the Neuron," in
"Tezisi V Vsesoyuznoy konferentsii po bionike" [Report Topics of the Fifth
Al1-Union Conference on BionicsJ, Moscow, Nauka, 1973.
3. Ivanov, Yu. N. and S. M. Itpgorod, "A Model of an Inhomogeneous Network of In-
- sertion Neurons," in "Problemy neyrokibernetiki" [Problems of Neurocybernetics],
Rostov-na-Donu, Izd-vo Rostovskogo universiteta, 1976.
4. Ivashchenko, V. G. and V. G. Donov, "A Functional Model of a Neuron Based on
Thyristors," in "Issledovaniya po bionike, razdrazhimosti i vozbuzhdeniyu"
[Investigations in Bionics, Stimulation and Excitation], Kazan', Izd-vo
Kazanskogo uni~~ersiteta, 1976.
5. Kirvelis, D. I. and N. V. Pozin, "Some Problems of Neuron Logic," in "Voprosy
bioniki" [Problems of Bionics], Moscow, Nauka, 1967.
6. iClini, S. K., "Representations of Ewents in the Nerve Networks and ir.. Finite
Automatons," in "Avtomaty" [Automatons], Moscow, Izd-v4 Inostranoy literaturi,
1956.
7. Kogan, A. B., "Organization of Nerve Cells Into Neuron Groups," in "Sovremenny-
ye problemy neyrokibernetiki" [Modern Problems of Neurocybernetics], Leningrad,
Nauka, 1972.
8. Kuznetsova, V. L., V. L. Kuz'menko and I. Di. Tsygel'nyy, "A Neuron Model With
E3ackground Activity Having Frequency-Voltage Converters," in "Mnogoznachnyye
elementy i struktury" [Multi-digit Components and Structures], Kiev, Naukova
Dumka, 1978.
~>9
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9. Kuznetsova, V. L, and I. M. Tsygel'nyy, "The Use of Some Aspects of the
Theory of Multi-Diqit Structures to Describe Neuron Networks," in "Materialy
VIII konferentsii molodykh uchenykh fiziko-mekhanicheskogo instituta Av USSR.
Sektsiya otbora i peredachi informatsii" [Proceedings of the Eightr~ Confet�
ence of Young Scientists of the Ph,ysicomechanical Institute of the Ukrair;ian
SSR Academy of Sciences. Section of Informati~n Gathe~ing and Transmission],
L'vov, 1977.
10. MacCulloch, w. S. and W. Pitts, "Loqical Enumeration of Ideas Related to Ner-
vous Activity," in "Avtomaty," Moscow, Izd~vo Inostrannoy literatur~, 1956.
11. Minskiy, M. and c. Peypert, "Perseptrony" [Perceptrons], Moscow, Mir, 1971.
12. Pak, V. G., "Problems of Technical Realization of the Teaching Element of a
- Resolving System," in "Problemy neyrokibernetiki," Rostov-na-Donu, Izd-vo
Rostovskogo universiteta, 1976.
13. Polyakov, G. I., "Osnovy sistematiki neyronov kory bol'shogo mozga cheloveka"
(Fundamentals of the Classification of Neurons in tne Human Cerebral Cortex],
rbsaow, Meditsina, 1973.
14. Popov, V. A., I. T. Skibenko and A. S. Vasilenko, "A Diqital Model of a Neu-
ron," PROBLEMY BIONIKI, No 18, 1977.
15. Popov, S. A., "Informatsioi~naya obratnaya svyaz' s zapazdyvaniyem v modeli
nervnoy sistemy" (Information Feedback With Delay in a Model of the Nervous
System], Kazan', 1977.
16. Pribram, K., "Yazyki mozga" [The Languages of the Brain), Moscow, Progress,
1975.
17. "Realizatsiya mnogoznachnykh struktur avtomatiki" [Realization of Multi-Digit
Structures of Automatic Equipment], edited by M. A. Rakov, Kiev, Naukova
dumka, 1976.
18. Samoylov, L. K, and I. I. ~hernov, "The Algebraic Form of Represen~ing Logic
Functions," ODNORODNYYE TSIFROVYYE VYCHISLITEL'NYYE STRUFCrURY, No 9, 1978.
19. Tasaki, I., "Provedeniye nervnogo impul'sa" [Conductance of the Nerve Impulse],
Moscow, I~d-vo Inostrannoy literatuzy, 1957.
20. Taylor, W., "Computer Devices and the Nervous System," in "Modelirovaniye v
biologii" [Modelling in BiologyJ, Moscow, Izd-vo Inostramay literatuxy, 1963.
21. Tuzov, V. M., "Possibilities of Constructing Formal Neurons on the Basis of
Multi-Digit Frequency-Harmonic Combination Components," in "Mnogoznachnyye
elementy i str~.ilctury;" Kiev, Naukova dumka, 1975.
22. Hodgkin, A., "Nervnyy impul's" [The Nerve Impulse], Moscow, Mir, 1965.
23. Eccles, D., "Fiziologiya nervnykh kletok" [The Physiology of Nerve Cells],
Moscow, Izd-vo Inostrannoy literatury, 1959.
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24. Gulrajani, R. M., F. A. Rpberge and P. A. Mathieu, "A Field-Effect Transistor
Analog for the Study of Burst-Generating Neurons," PROCEEDINGS OF IEEE, Vol
65, No 5, 1977.
25. Nagumo, J., S. Arimoto and S. Yeshizawa, "Artificial Neuron," PROCEEDINGS OF '
IRE, Vol 50, No 10, 1962.
COPXRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dtiunka", 1980
[103-6521]
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HIGH-SPEED I~ASURING SUBSYSTEMS
Riga SKOROSTNYYE I'LMERITEL'NYYE SUBSISTEMY in Russian (signed to press 24 Jul 80)
pp Ct, 183-184
[Annotation and table of contents from book "High-Speed Measuring Subsystems", by
Yuriy Nikolayevich Artyulch, Vladimir Alekseyevich Bespal'ko, Valeriy Yakovlevich
Zagurskiy and Eduard Aleksandrovich Yakubayti~, Institute of Electronics and
Computer Technology, Latvian SSR Academy of 3ciences, Izdatel'stvo "Zinatne",
1,000 copies, 184 pages ]
[TextJ Measuring subsystems represent one of the varieties of user machines in the
configt:ration of the computer network, oriented toward direct con~act with the ob-
- ject of ineasurement, che~kxng and contro~. A combinztion of stage and ma.in prin-
ciples of interaction of components is used in the considered version of the sub-
system interface which permits realization of the function of the user machine by
the subsystem while pres erving the flexibility of its structure.
The main problem in design of the subsystem components is analag-ciigital conversi.on.
' The principles of optimi zing the structures of different types of high-speed con-
verters (tens of inegaby tes per second) are determined on the basis of its thesaurus.
Phase representation of the signal is considered as the primary represent`:ion for
frequency-time parameter s, which permits one to select readout from time scales as
the common method of converting them. The method permits one to achieve subnano-
~ second resolution while r etaining high relative accuracy. Examples of the typical _
subsystem oriented ~o,aard analysis of a broad class of single signals and of a
specialized subsystem of a laser flow velocity doppler meter are presented. The
- systems permit complete automation of sc ientific and industrial experiments.
Contents Page
Foreword 5
Cnapter 1. Measuring Subsystems as Components of Computer Systems and
Networks 7
1.1. The Measuring Subsystem 7
1.2. The Computer System 9
1.3. The Concept of Computer Network 11
1.4. Methods of Switct~ing of Information Flows 14
1.5. Functions Performed by the Computer Network 18 _
1.6. Software for Pack Switching 19
162
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1�7� Protocols of r_omputer Networks 24
1.8. Experimental ComputPr System of the Latvian SSR Academy of
Sci.ences 25
Chapter 2. Structure of High-Speed Measuring Subsystems 29
2.1. Components of Measuring Subsystems 29
2�2� The Interface as the Basis for Structural Synthesis of
- Measuring Subsystems 31
2�3� Main Characteristics of Standard Interfaces for Measuring
6ubsystems 33
2�4� Ir?terface of Specialized Components of High-Speed Measuring
Subsystems 37
2.5. Realization of the Microstructure of Specialized Components 45 =
2�6� Integrating the Interfaces of the Measuring Subsystem 49
~hapter 3. Structure-Alaorithmic Description of High-Speed Analog-
Digital Converters 54
3.1. Features of Digitization and Quantification in Analog-
Digii:al Conver.sion 5~
3.2. Methods of Display of High-Speed Analog-Digital Conversion 61
3.3. Algorithms of High-Speed Analog-Digital Conversion of Current
Signal Values 75
3.4. Systems of Analog-Digital Conversion of Current Signal Values 85
Chapter 4. Conversion of Freguency-Time Parameters of Signals 1Q5
- 4.1. Characteristics of Display of Frequency-Time Parameters 105
4.2. Direct Methods of Chronometric and Interval Conversions 108
4.3. Indirect !~ethods of Time-Signal Conversion 117
4.4. Combination Methods of Time-Signal Conversion 119
4.5. Conversion of Phase- and Frequency-Coded Signals 128
4.6. Statistical Averaging ~ 136
4�7� Reverse FreGuency-Time Conversions 138
Chapter 5. Examples of Realizing High-Speed Subsystems 147 ,
5.1. Characteristics of Circuit Engineering Development of Special-
ized ComAOnents for High-Speed Subsystems 148
- 5�2� High~Speed Subsystem for Analysis of Single Signals 157
5.3. Problem-Oriented Subsyst2m for Laser poppler Measurement of
Gas Flo~~a Velocity 161
Conclusions 173
Bibliography 175
Subject Index 181
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Zinatne", 1980
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