JPRS ID: 9808 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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• Collection: JPRS
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 47
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9808
24 June 1981
.
USSR R~e ort
p
ENERGY
(FOUO 7/81)
.
~ FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORM~?TION SERVICE ,
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~
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JPRS L/9808
24 June 1981
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FOUO 7/81)
CONTENTS
ENF,RGY CONSERVATION �
- Petroleum Product Conservation in RSFSR
(T.Z. Khuramshin; RHIMIYA I TEKHNOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASEL,
No 11, 1980)...... 1
Efforts To Control Petroleum Product Losses Discussed
(T.Z. Khuramshin; RHIMIYA I TERI~iOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASEL,
No 11, 1980) 6
FUELS
Economics of the Shipment of Fuels and Energy
(EKONOMIKA TRANSPORTA TOPLIVA I ENERGII, 1980) , 11
Locating Deposits~of Oil, Gas ~
(PROGNOZ MESTOROZFIDENIY NEFTI I GAZA, 1981) 16
i
,
- a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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FNERGY CONSERVATION
- PETROLEUM PRODUCT CONSERVATION IN RSFSR
Moscow KHIMIYA I TEKHrTOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASEL in Russian No 11, 1980 pp 10-12
[Article by T.Z. Khuramshin, chairman of the RSFSR State Committee for Petroleum
Products: "On the Careful Expenditure of Petroleum Products in the RSFSR Economy"]
[Text] Enormous importance is attributed throughout the entire world
to the efficier.t and economical consumption of fuel and energy resources (TER).
The strengthening of energy conservation policy in the national economy is an essen-
tial condition for further successes in the Soviet econaay also. Its expansion is
being accompanied by a rapid rise in the production and consumption of oil and
petroleum productsY: gas, coal and other primarq energy sources. It is planned that
606 million tons of petroleum (including gas condensate), 435 billion m3 of gas and
745 million tons of coal will be extracted in the USSR in 1980.
With the present scales of production of fuel and energy resources, curtailing their
consumption by ~ust one percent in 1980 will make it possible to save about 20 mil-
lion tons of conventional fuel (t.u:t.). For this reason, special purpose compre-
hensive scientif ic, engineering, economic and social programs encompassing all sec-
tors of the national economy, are being created to provide for the efficient and
economical utilization of fuel and energy resources.
In particular, boosting the efficiency of the use of liquid fuels is governed by
the degree of their utilization in the operation of fuel consuming equipment, re-
~ ducing the energy intensitq of production processes, improving standards setting
and accounting, as well as refining the production procesa operations of receiving,
storing and dispensing fuels at bases and warehouses of the petroleum supply and
consumer organs.
The considerable attention which is being devoted by the party and the government,
as well as planning and management organizations to questions of conservation and
_ efficient utilization of fuel and energy resources is promoting an expansion of
socialist campetition to economize with all kinds of fuel and energy. Along with
working out the organizational and technical measures, which are the basis for
the efficient and econamic consumption of petroletmn products, it is very important
to apply scientifically substantiated norm,s for the consumption of fuel and lubri-
cants, review them on a timely basis in line wi*_?: the improved production equipment
and technology, as well as organize monitoring for the observation of these norms.
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~ A significant place in curtailing losses of motor fuels and lubricants belongs to
the correc~ly organized accounting for their storage and consumption.
Authorized specific and operational consumption norms for motor fuels should be
applied in each indust~ial sector to all kinds of equipment which uses petroleum
products. AccounCing and trip sheets should be filled out for each motor vehicle,
tractor or other equipment, where the fuel conaumption results should be reflected
along with the other indicators. These primary documents, approved by the USSR
Ministry of Finance and the USSR Central Statistical Administration are obligatory
for all enterprises and organizations operating motor vehicle fleets. The utili-
zation eff iciency of fuel and lubrication materials, as well as their quantitative
and qualitative conservation depend in many respects on the level of technical
outfitting and the state of the warehouses for storing petroleum products and car-
ing for the equipment being operated.
More than half of the energp resources consumed by all kinds of transport is used
by motor vehicle engines. However, the specific consumption of energy resources
in motor vehicle transport is slightly more than 19 times greater than in railroad
_ transportation and 14 times higher than for river tranaport. Motor vehicles are
one of the ma,jor consumers of motor vehi,cle gasolines and diesel fuels. Because of
the continuc~us growth in the motor.vehicle fleet, the deanand for these fuels is
also increasing. For this reason, all meaeures directed towards saving motor fuels
are extremely urgent (careful accounting for the consumption of petroleum products,
systematic analysis of the actual consumption according to the types of work, es-
tablishing proper order in fuel storage, mechanized refueling of machines and mech-
anisms, high quality technical servicing, etc.). One of the largest users of oil
products in the nation ie agriculture. A reduction of fuel losses in this sector
by only one percent will make it posaible to save 20 to 30 million rubles and re-
duce the consumption of lubricating oils by 2.5 rubles/year.
Cambatting petroleum product losses is not only of technical and econoanic import-~
ance, but also of social stgnificance. Petroleum products, lost during equipment
operation, as We1i as during transportation, storage and dispensing, do not dis-
appear without a trace, but pollute the environment. For this reason, all measures
~ which prevent the losses of these products are directed towards improving labor
conditions, provide for cleanliness and high standards in production and protect
the environment.
The work of the RSFSR Petroleum Inspectorate plays a great part in improving the
efficiency of the utilization of fuel and energy resources in the national economy.
Also assigned to the petroleum supply sqstem in addit.ion to the performance of the
main functions (planning and control of the supply for the national economy) is the
monitoring of the efficient and economical consumption of petroleum products at
industrial enterprises, in transportation as well as in construction organizations
and agriculture. To perform these functions, the RSFSR petrolevm inspectorate was
created in the RSFSR State Committee for the.Supplq of Petroleum Products, with
inspectorates in the petroleum marketing administrations.
In accordance with a resolution of the RSFSR Council of Ministers, the RSFSR
Petroleum Inspectorate has the right to obtain the requisite planning and reporting
documents from ministries, departments, enterprises, institutions and organizations
regarding questions coming under its jurisdiction, as well as data on consuming
equipment and the consumption norms for petroleum products, p7.ans for steps to
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con~erve the products, to make unimpeded visits and inspect all locations and
facilities where petroleum products are stored, dispensed and consumed and to
issue orders to eliminated violations which are found, where these orders are
obligatory for all organizations. Monitoring the efficient and economical con-
sumption of petroleum products, as well as the handing over of uaed oil is the
major task of the RSFSR Petroleum Inspectorate.
Tt~e work is carried out in close contact with the people~' control organs. In
1979, about 9,000 enterprises and organizations in 13 sectors of the national
economy in all oblasts, krays and autonomous republics were checked by the RSFSR
Petroleum Inspectorate. At the same time, the workers of the petroleum inspector-
ate, the petroleum bases and administrations of the RSFSR State Crn~mnittee for
Petroleum Products rendered practical assistance to 1,800 kolkhozes, sovkhozes,
~ enterprises and organizations in working out and implementing measures to save
fuel and lubricants, improve the organization of the petroleum storage manage~nent,
publish public relations materials, etc. The reguXarly assigned and special duty
inspectors of the petroleum inspectorate make statements in the press, via radio
and television (same 550 appearances in 1979) for the purposes of propagandizing
advanced methods of saving, as well as analyzing deficiencies in the use of
petroleum products.
The RSFSR petroleimm inspectorate analyzes the materials of the inspections to
ascertain the status of the use of petroleum products in the RSFSR economy, in
each sector, autonomous republic, kray and oblast. The relevant mir.istries,
departments and loca]l organization are informed of the results of ~he analysis,
and they take steps to improve the utilization of fuel and energy resources. The
local party and soviet organs report on the deficiencies which are found. Mater-
ials on severe violations in the use of petroleum products, as a result of which
material losses are sustained, are forwarded to the public prosecutor's offices.
In 1979, 810 documents were forwarded and specific 3udgementa were rendered on 530
of thetn.
In being governed by the decree of the USSR Gossnab, the RSFSR Petroleimm Inspect-
orate is making increasingly wider use of the rights to apply penalty sanctions
against consumers who forward petroleum products in violation of the procedure
establish by this decree. The execution of the instructions of the RSFSR Petroleum
Inspectorate and the implementation of the proposals of the inspectors by the
consumers, which are directed towards the conservation of petroleum products, makes
it possible to save resources amounting to three to six million rubles annually,
depending on the volume of petroleum products consumed. As a result of the steps
which have been taken, the utilization of fuel and lubricants is improving, their
specific consumption is falling off and losses are being curtailed.
Along with this, fue~ and oil are consumed inefficiently in many sectors, and the
resources for reducing their consumption are not fully ut3.lized. Thus, overcon-
sumption of motor vehicle gasolines is tolerated in RSFSR agriculture,as compared
to the allocated funds. In the first half-year of 1980, according to the data of
the RSFSR Central Statistical Administration, the kolkhozes and sovkhozes of the
50 autonomous republ3cs, krays and oblasts of the RSFSR overconsumed several tens
of thousands of tons of motor vehicle gasoline.
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Considerable quantities of fuel and oil are ?ost because they are not used for
their direct intended purpose. Despite the impermissibilitq of burning diesel fuel
in boiler plants, the utilization of fuels and oils of some types instead of others,
such facts are rather commonplace phenomena in the enterprises and facilities of
tlic, R~~ssian Federation. Thus, in 70 percent of the kolkhozes and sovkhozes which
were checked, diesel fuel is being used to heat household and reaidential rooms,
as well as to wash parts, while fuel and lubricants are sold to enterprises and
organizations not involved in agricultural operations.
The selling of fuel on the side in some farm operations in the Saratovskaya Oblast
reaches 5 percent, and more than 10 percent of the diesel fuel is used for heating.
Thousands of tons of the diesel fuel allocated for the operation of agricultural
machinery were burned up in boilers in Tambovskaya O~+last agriculture in 1979. Some
27 tons 3iesel fuel was sold, 4,485 liters of gaso].ine was dispensed free of
charge and 400 tons of diesel fuel was burned up in boilera and baths, while 100
tons of this amount was written off for equipment operation in the Sarinskiy sovkhoz
in the Orenburgskaya Oblast. The sale of petroleum products to unauthorized organ-
izations by the kolkhozes and sovkhozes of the Bryanakaya, Kurganskaya, Orlovskaya,
Tyumenskaya and Yarnslavskaya oblasts in 1980 was also discovered in the course of
making the checks.
Violations of financial discipline in the utilization of motar vehicle fuels also
occur at other enterprises in other sectors of the national economy. According to
data of the RSFSR Central Statistical Administration, in 1979 ~uet nine ministries
and departments sold more than 20,000 tons of fuel to other organizations: the
RSFSR Ministry of the River Fleet, 8.3 [tons]; the RSFSR Ministry of Motor Vehicle
Transportation, 4.3; the RSFSR Ministry of Agricultural Construction, ?_.3; the
RSFSR Ministry of the Gas Industry, 2.2, and the RSFSR Ministry of Water Manag~ent, '
1.5. Individual organizations of the Union of Conaumers' Societies of the ASFSR
use up to 40 percent of the lighting kerosene intended for the use of the populace
not for its direct purpose; this includes that burned in boilers and sold on the
side. ' � ~
Deficiencies have also been revealed in the enterprises of the RSFSR Ministry of
Forest Management and Ministry of Residential and Municipal Faci~lities Management
in setting standards and accounting for petroleum products and work volumes. In
70 percent of the enterprises checked in these ministries, motor vehicles are being
operated with nonfunctioning speedometers, something which promotes extra additions
of work volumes and the illegal writing-off of fuel. In the ma~ority of the enter-
prises checked in the RSFSR Ministry of the Gas Industry, Ministry of Water Manage-
ment and Ministry of the Fuel Industry, the ser.vicing and repair of the equipment
and tractor fleet are not performed on time an~l not to the full extent, and for this
reason, up to two percent of the fuel is additionallq lost.
Matters are also unfavorable as regards the utilization of petroletnn products in
the RSFSR Ministry of Domestic Services for the Populace. For example, in.the Tula
oblast administration of this ministry, more than 2,000 tons of petroleum products
are being consumed. However, the lack of the requisite control of its utilization,
and the neglect in the accounting do not allow for the determination of the amount
of saved or overconsumed fuel and lubricants. The storage of liquid fuel is poorly
organized and petroleum storage areas are in an unsatisfactory condition. The fuel
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consumption limit has not been established for each motor vehiclc. CouE~onti for
fuel and Iubricants are issued to the drivers immediately every month.
An analysis of the materials from checks of operations, as well as republic, kray
and oblast organizations, has shown that deficiencies in the use of fuel and luhti-
cants are a consequence of poor organization of the work to conserve them. The
elimination of these deficienc~.es is the direct responsibility of the officials
responsi3le for the use of petroleum products. As a rule, the overwhelming ma~ority
of violations can be eliminated in a short period of time without anq expenditures.
The ministries and departments should ~evote greater attention to saving fuel and
lubricants, providing for the development of plans for steps to save petroleum pro-
ducts by every sovkhoz, kol'~choz, enterprise and organization, and strictly monitor
their implementation. Permanent and efficacious monitoring of the efficient uti-
liaation of fuels and oils is to be set up in the subdepartmental enterprises and
organizations.
The battle to conserve material resources is a multifaceted process. Not only
' economic and organizational measures are needed here, not Just the application of
improved equipment and advanced technology, but also directed educational work
at all levels of operational management. Strict accounting for each kilogram of
fuel - this principle of efficient and economical management - should become obli-
gatory for all industrial enterprises, trasnportation, construction organizations
- and agricultural production.
The following wi11 assist in further improving the utilization efficiency for petro-
_ leum products and the utmost strengthening of operational economy:
--The assurance by the ministries, departments and other organizations of state
management of the observation of financial discipline in the area of petroleum pro-
duct consumption by each subordinate departmental association, enterprise and organ-
ization;
--The development and implementation of scientifically substantiated consumption
norms, which stimulate the battle to make economical use of liquid fuels; the
realization of ineasures to reduce specific fuel consumption per production unit
output;
--Strengthening the inspection of the observation of the procedure of petroleum
product conswnption on the part of the monitoring organs;
--Increasing the responsibility of enterprises, institutions, organizations and
officials for inefficient or wasteful use of petraleum products;
--Expanding the network of public motor vehicle filling stations (AZS's), which
will promote more favorable conditions for the operation of motor vehicle trans-
portation. In this case, there wi1l be no need for the construction of small
unprofitable filling stations and petroleum storage areas at enterprises or in
organizations.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Khimiya", "Khimiya i tekhnologiya topliv i masel", 1980
8225
CSO: 1822/lU5
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L;NERGY CONSERVATION
UDC 622.692.286:622.692.486 '
EFFORTS TO CONTROL PETROLEUM PRODUCT LOSSES DISCUSSED
Moscow KHIMIYA I TEKHNOLOGIYA TOPLIV I MASEL in Rusaian No 11, 1980 pp 25-27
. [Article by T.Z. Khuramshin, chairman of the RSFSR.State Co~ao~ittee for Petroleum
Products: "Combatting Losses of Commercial Petrolevm Products"]
[TextJ Curtailing petroleum product lossea during their reception, storage,
delivery and transportation is an extremely important national economic problem,
Petroleum product losses are broken down into quar.titative and qualitative losses.
Losses due to evapora~ion, leaks, spills, incamplete draining of,transport contain-
crs as well as acctdents ~re numbered amoag quantitative losses; qualitative losses
include losses due to mi.xing various typea of petroleum products, water or dirt
contamination, etc. The ma3or kind of losses for gasolines are losses due to evap-
oratian; for kerosenes and dYesel fuels, they are losses due to leaks, and for vis-
- cous petroleum products, they are losses due to adhesion to the walls of the rail-
road tank cars aad containers.
Gasoline losses due to evaporation are both quantitative and qualitative, since
during their evaporation, the most valuable light fractions are lost. The detri-
ment which results from petroleum product losses is detexmined not only by their
cost, the reduction in resources and the decrease in 4aality, but also by the pol-
lution of the atmosphere, water reservoirs and soil.
Considerable'"organizational and technical measures directed towards the reduction
~~f petroleum product lossea have been implemented over the years of the five-year
plan at the tank farms, on the ma3or product trunk pipelinea and in the motor
vehicle filling stations of the RSFSR State Coimm~ittee for Petroleum ProducCs. The
major trend in cambatting these losses is the hermetic sealing of reservoirs and
conduits. Where effective methods and me~ns are present, and g3ven the state of
rh e art, the ma~ority of petraleum product losses can be reduced to a minimum or
completely eliminated.
The bulk of the losses (fran 60 to 80 percent) during transportation and storage
of petrolewn products is associated witih the reservoir capacities. Losses due to
- evaporation as a consequence of large and small breathing cycles amount to up to
75 percent of all petroleum product losses in tank farms. The level of petroleum
product losses due to small breathing cycles depends primarily on the volume of
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the gas space of the reservoirs. The losses of motor vehicle gasoline fram a tank
with a capacity of 5,000 m3 due to large breathing cycles averages 0.56 kg/m3 in
the summer and 0.35 kg/m3 in the winter; lof�ss fram "return delivery" when effiptying
a tank amount to 0.1 kg/m3. With an anaual turnover factor of 12 for a 5,000 m3
capacity tank, the overall gasaline losses due to large respiration cycles amdunt
to 34 tons/year.
Efficient technical means directed towards reducing the gas space of tanks are of
great importance in curtailing petro'letmn product losses. The most effective means
of reducing gasoline losses is outfitting tanks with pontoons; their use reduces
losses from sma11 and large breathing cycles by 80 to 90 percent as compared to the
losses in taaks without pontoons.
As of 1 January, 1980, several million cubic meters of tanks for gasoline equipped
with metal pontoons were in service in the RSFSR State Committee for Petroleimm
Products system. Their capacity amounts to 43.2 percent of the overall tank capa-
city intended for gasoline storage. A considerable portion of the pontoons are
of the open type (without a.top deck), something which considerable reduces their
metal consianption and improves the operational conditions.
One of the most important assemblies of the pontoon is the gate which provides for
the'seal of the annular space between the wall of the tank and the cover. Loop
type gates are the most widely used, which are distinguished by low coat as well as
operational and fabrication simplicity. Loop type gates of the existing structural
designs make it possible to hermetically a cover a gap with a width of no more than
180 mm between the hull of the tank and the pontoon. In some tank farms, the gaso-
line tanks are equipped with pontoons made of synthetic materials.
Along with this, such effective means of loss reduction as disc-reflectors, instal-
- led underneath the breather valves, are used in gasoline tanks. As a result, the
petroleum product vapor concentration is reduced in the gas space of the tank and
petroleum product losses are curtailed during deep breathing cycles. The use of
disc-reflectors is most effective in ta~~ks with large turnover factors. The loss
reduction in this case reaches 20 to 30 percent.
Painting the outside surface of a tank with heat reflecting coatings, which reduce
Petroleum product losses by 30 percent, is being introduced on a wide scale in the
tank farms. Petroleum product losses from tanks,because of the use of breather
valves which do not stick (with a fluoroplastic coating on the surfaces of the
valve seats and discs), where these valves hermetically seal the gas space of the
tanks during the fall and winter, have been significantly reduced.
The introduction of automated devices to measure the level of petroleum products in
tanks, and also for taking average samples as well as the "Radius" and "Kvant" type
automatic systems for group measurement of petroleum product weight, have provided
f:or sealing off the commercial metering operations, because of which, the losses
- involved when the seals on tanks are broken have been reduced (during level measure-
ment and taking average samples manually). Equipping tanks with SWZ-1 and SWZ-2
- ultrasonic signaling devices prevents the possibility of spillovers of petroleum
products when filling the tanks. Periodic checks of the technical condition of
the tank fittings for the purpose of ascertaining and eliminating a loss of seal
significantly promotes a reduction in losses from tanks.
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It is planned in the immediate future that oil and gasoline resistant, anticor-
rosion paint with a low emiasion coefficient will the applied to the internal
sur.faces of tank shells for the storage of gasoline. As studies of the Central
Scientific Research Laboratory of the RSFSR State Committee for Petroleum Pro-
ducts have shown, such coatings not only curtail evaporation losses, but also
protect the metal a~ainst corrosion. For example, when an anticorrosion tqpe
KhS��717 paint 3s applied to the internal surface of tanka, evaporation losses
are reduced by 30 to 40 percent, while s3multaneous painting of the inside and
outside surfaces of a tank can reduce lossea by 30 to 65 percent as compared to
the losses j.n tanks with unpainted surfaces. ~
The Central Scientific Research Laboratory of the RSFSR State Committee for Petrol-
e~ Products has developed a structural design of a tank flap with the control
in thc~ receiving and delivery pipe. The use of this flap makes it possible for
the Pontoons in the extreme~lower position to go down to the "dead" residual level,
whilc when flaps with lateral control are used in tanks, the pontoons go down only
to 180 cm from the bottom of the tank.
In tanks with capacities of 700 to 5;000 m3, the gas space volume beneath the pon-
toons amounts to 120 to 570 m3, which is 11 to 17 percent of the total tank volume.
Studies have shown that petroleum product loases due to evaporation from tanks with
pontoons, equipped with flaps controlled in the receiving and delivery pipe, are
reduced by 7 to 10 percent as compared to losses in tanks equipped with laterally
controlled flaps. The series production of the new design flap will be mastered
by the Saratov Petroleum Machine Building Plant.
A reduction in petroleum product losses during filling and draining operations is
being achieved through the introduction of new mechanized and autamated equipment
which provides for the hermetic sealing of these processes. At the present time,
_ more than 150 automated systems for filling ASN-5 tank trucks with petroleum
products are in service at the distribution tank farms of the RSFSR State
Committee for Petroleum Products. The utilizatinn of the systems indicated here ~
~ provides for a significant reduction in petroleum product losses by eliminating
� overflows, and also increases productivity during fill-ups.
A system for the low-end autamated filling of UNN-100-1 tank trucks with
petroleum products, which provides for camplete hermetic sealing of the filling
operations and the removal of petroleum product vapors~exiting fran the tank
trucks during the fill-up process, inCo gas collectors, has been designed in the
"Transnefteavtomatika" Special Design Office of the RSFSR State Committee for
Petroleum Products. This system has succesafully undergone industrial testing
, and is being prepared for series production.
Railroad drain devices have been equipped with installations for the bottom
draining of petroleum products from the following typea of xailroad tank cars:~
ASN-71 and USN-150 (for light petroleum products), and ASN-8B (for dark ones).
However, the utilization of the indicated.devices does not provide for a
comF?lete hermetic seal of the draining operation because of the imperfect design
~~f iailroad tank cars, the bottam draining fittings of which have topside
control, something which makes it necessary to open the necks of the tanks,
something which breaks the seal.
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Mechanized installations with steam preheating of the petroleum products in
URS-2 and PGN~-4 tanks, as well as with electrical preheating (GTTs-18) and
mechanized cleaners are widely used to provide for crnnplete drainage of high vis-
cosity petroleum products fran railroad tank cars at low temperatures. The 1~SFSIt
State Committee for Petroleum Products has put the question of improving the de-
sign of railroad tank cars for the shipment of petroleum products before the
Ministry of Railroads (the transfer of the control of the bottom d~.scharging
attachment from the upper to the lower fitting, creating inclines fram the bottams
to the lower discharge fitting, the introduction of thermos flask type tanks
equipped with thermal insulation, Ptc.). However, the indicated questions have
~ not been resolved at the present time.
Automated fill limiters of the NO-ZM type are widely used when filling railroad
tank cars with petroleum products. Automated hose devices for discharging and
f illing ASN-6A type tankers with petroleum products are in operation at the
docks of maritine trans-shipment tank farms. The indicated devices provide for
complete sealing of.the discharging and filling operations, and also prevent
spills of petroleimm products which lead to the goTT~st-1:onof the water ba~in when
' the stand pipes are disconnected from the tankers, as we11 as during emergency
situations. Stand pipes of a similar structural design (the ASN-16 type) have
been designed for the docks of river tank farms.
Along with this, UPS-12-200 and UPS-22-300 automated installations for discharge
and filling operations with several kinds of petroleum~products which have a
product selecto~ have been introduced at the docks of maritime petroleum tank
Farms. In addition to the complete hermetic sealing.of the dishcharge and filling
operations, the indicated installations provide for complete preservation of the
quality of the petroleum products through the use of cleaning devlces. For small
river petroleum tank farms, simplified URU-150 and ~JRU-250 type installations are
employed, which provide for hermetic sealing of the discharge and fillin.g oper-
ations as well as preservation of petroleum product quality.
The trunk product pipeline of the RSFSR State Committee for Petroleum Products
are operated in a"from pump to pump" mode without tank capacities at the
intermediate pumping stations. This operational mode is provided by automatic
pressure regulation systems at the pumping stations and makes it possible to
eliminate petroleum product losses due to large and small breathing cycles, which
are related to the operation of trunk product pipeli.nes where tanks are tied in
-at the pumping station.
In the operation of trunk product pipelines, considerable attention is devoted
to maintaining the quality of the petroleum products during their successive
repumping. Automated ultrasonic UKP-1 and UKP-2 testers designed by the
"Transnefteavtomatika" Special Design Office of the RSFSR State Committee for
Petroleum Products are used at the tenninal stations of trunk product pipelines
to monitor the concentration of petroleum products in a mixture as we11 as the
- separation boundary of petroleum products when they are distributed in tanks with
cammercial petroleum products and a mixture of them. During sequential repumping
of petroleum products, the auComated "Kompaund" equipment is used, the operation
of which is based on spectrophotometric measurements, which, in contrast to
9
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ultrasonic measurements, make it possible to monitor the concentration and
separation boundary of not only different kinds of petroleum products, but also
gasolines and diesel fuels of various types. .
For the purpose of curtailing petroleum product losses at pumping stations and
in trunk product pipelines, systems for collecting the leakage from pianping
plant:s have been automated and hermetically sealed. The use of insulation
coatings and electrochemical protection (cathodic protection stations, sacri-
ficial anodes and drainage devices) on trunk product pipelines makes it possible
to protect them against soil corrosion which leads to breakdowns, which are
accompanied by large losses of petroleum products, and also produces leaks.
At motor vehicle filling stations (AZS's), the ma~or reasons for petroleum
product losses are evaporation, leakage and spillage. The widescale use of
fast disconnect discharge couplings at AZS's makes it possible to hermetically
seal the discharge of petroleum products from tank trucks into under;round
tanks. However, series production has not been set up for level gauges for
the automated measurement of the level of petroleum products ia AZS tanks. The
Fuel dispensing pump stands at AZS's are equipped with cranes having an auto-
matic device which cuts off the flow of petroleum products into the tanks of
motor vehicles when they are full, something which prevents~spillage.
Improving the accuracy of quantitative accounting is of great importance in
reducing petroleum product losses during reception, storage, dispensing.and
transportation. For this reason, the petroleum tank farms and trunk product
pipelines should be equipped with meters and density gauges which make it possible
to account for the weight of petroleum products with a precieion of 0.5 percent.
A considerable reserve in the curtailment of petroleum product losses is their .
recovery from sewerage: drains fram commercial establishments, industrial and
washing facilities, as well as from drains contaminated with ethylated benzines
as well as during the construction of conduit systems and scrubber installations
at petroleum tank farms, pumping stations, trunk product pipelines as well as
filling centers and motor vehicle filling stations. At the present time, 299
tank farms and their affiliates, or 17.1 percent of the total number, including
Sl r.ransshimpment stations.(67.1) and 76 water stations (39.3 percent) as well
as 40 repumping stations and filling stations on trunk product pipelines
- (61.5 percent) have been equipped with scrubber installations in the enterprises
of RSFSR State Committee for Petroleum Products.
The resolution of the extremely important national economic proble~n - curtailing
petroleum product losses at petroleum supply enterprises and consumers - requires
the coordination of the efforts bf the various ministries and departments, which
manage the transport facilities, as well as the enterprises which produce produc-
tion process equipment and means of automation of the production processes,
involving the storate, reception, dispensing and transportation of petroleum
products.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Kh'imiya", "Khimiya i tekhnologiya topliv i masel", 1980
8225
CSO: 1822/105
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FUELS
ECONOMICS OF THE SHIPMIIJT OF FUELS AND ENERGY
Moscow IICONOMIKA TRANSPORTA TOPLIVA I ENERGII in Russian 1980 (signed to press
28 Feb 80) pp 1-5, 190-192
(Annotation, 'foreword and table of contents from book "Economics of the Shipment
of Fuels~and Energy," by Serafim Sergeyevich Ushakov and Tat'yana Mikhaylovna
Borisenko, edited by Ye. 0. Shteyngauz, Izd'atel'stvo r'Energiya," 5000 copies, 192
pages]
[Text] The book examines the technical a.nd economic~characteristics of shipping
fuel and their role in the formation of the energy balance and the development of
the power engineering complex. For each type of transportation it presents the
indicators.reached, the~scientific and technical progress made., the.expected periods
of its realization, and the trends in shipping development. It gives the compara-
tive efficiency of using different types~of transportation to solve specific
problems of the power engineers.
The book is intended for power engineers and engineering economists.
Foreword
The economy of the Soviet Union is developing at high and stable rates. In the
last 10 years, the volume of industrial products doubled.~ It is now about 20% of
the world volume (versus 4% in prerevolutionary Russia).
In 1977, the Soviet Union already occupied the leading place in the world extrac-
tion of oil and coal, and the second place for extraction of gas and generation of
electricity. The growth rates of industrial products was 9.3% in the period of 1951-
1977 versus 4.2% in the United States. For agricultural production, the figures
are respectively 3.5% and 1.8%. The nationai income of the Soviet Union has
reached 67% of the national income of the United States. The volume of industrial
products has exceeded 80% and the extraction of oil (including gas condensate) in
1977 was over 34%, etc.
The development of the country's economy predetermines the constant development of
the fuel and energy complex that provides for the ever rising demands of industry,
agriculture and the population for fuel,and electricitj?; and that satisfies the
expor.t needs of the country for fuel resources.
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TY~e percentage of the Soviet Union in world production in 1977 reached: for oil
(including gas condensate) 18.7%, for gas 23.0~6, for electricity 15.9y and for
coal 18.5~. The planned economy of a mature socialist society predetermines the
high growth rates of the fuel and energq complex of the country ~ven in the
future.
The Soviet Union is the only industrially developed country that is totally
supplied with its own fuel and energy resources of oil, gas, coal, etc.
The arrangement of the main natural resources over the country's territory, how-
ever, is far from uniform. The main reserves of gas, oil and coal are located
in the eastern regions of the country: West and East Siberia and Central Asia.
The reserves of fuel and energy resources in the European regions of the country
and in the Urals where the main p~rt of the population, praduction.funds and fuel
and electricity consumers is concentrated are limited or have unfavorable techni-
- cal and economic extraction indicators. Under these conditions, the develop-
ment of the fuel and energy complex and the country's economy as a whole is
determined by the development and perfection of transporting fuel resources, and
first of all, in a latitudinal direction from east to west. Transportation systems
have already been created and are currently in operation that guarantee the move-
ment of oil, gas, coal of about a billion tons of comparison fuel per year a
distance up to 3000 km, and even more in a~number of cases. Movement of fuel is
about 40y of all the work of the country's shipping system. The specific weight
of transportation expenses in the cost of fuel for the consumer reaches very high
values in individual cases. 'I'hus, in the presented expenditures for production
of gas from the North Tyumen' fields in the central and westem regions of the
European sector of the Soviet Union, the shipping percentage reaches 60-70~, 50-
60% for production of coal from the Kuznetsk basin, etc.
Forecasting esCimates of the development of the country's fuel and energy ,
balance for the future indicate an ever increasing dependence of it on trans-
portation.
The technical-economic indicatora for production of fuel and energy resources
by the consumers in the future will depend to an ever greater measure on the
perfection of the shipping systems, supplq of fuel to the consumers with the
minimum labor, material and other expenditures.
The Soviet Union has very significant achievements'in the development of shipping
of fuel and energy resources great distances. Several gas-pipeline . and oil-
pip~line systems are already in operation. In their length, output and other
indicators they surpass analogous systeme abroad. Domestic'railroad transporta-
tion guarantees transfer of coal fuel from the east to the west ~in quantities
that do not occur in other countries of the world. The technical.and economic
indicators of intracontinental transportation of fuel are very favorable. This ~
gulrantees production of relatively inexpensive fuel for the consumers.
Further development of the fuel and energy complex is closely related to the
deve~.opment and perfection of such fuel sectors of the complex as transportation,
and first of all, the broad introduction of the achievements of scientific and
technical progress.
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. ~
Optimization of the formation of th~e country's fuel and energy complex re-
~uires very complicated and multiple-plan calculations that take into consid-
eration all the diversity of factors that influence the final expenditures
~~:~soc~ated with guaranteeing the country's need for fuel and electricity, and in
t I~c� f i nat analysis, tl~at predetermine the rates of development of thc~ nationti].
c~cono?ny ancl tlie rAt~~:? oE inerease in the welfare of ehe popu].ation.
All tlle studies and calculations on formation of the fuel and energy complex
generally include the shipping component. It must reflect as accurately as
possible the actual national economic expenses for transportation and take into
consideration the outlook for its development with regard for introducing the
achievements of scientific and technical progress.
This book examines the role of individual types of transportation in solving the
problems of the fuel and energy balance. It presents a technique for deter-
mining the comparable technical and economic indicators for different types of
transportation and evaluating them to solve problems of optimizing the fuel and
energy balance of the country and individual consumers of energy resources.
For this purpose the following are examined for each type of transportation: the
dynamics of its development in the USSR and abroad, the technical and economic
indicators reached, the possible trends in scientific.and technical progress and
its influence on technical and economic indicators, evaluation of the effect of
individual trends of scientific and technical progress on technical and economic
indicators of the transportation process, and the most interesting solutions that
have been implemented or are being examined abroad in the area of fuel shipment
whose use could be useful in domestic practice.
The authors hope that the book will aid specialists who are involved in forming
the country's fuel and energy balance and its individual regions to make a more
substantiated consideration for the transportation factor in optimizing the
structure of the balance and thus guaranteeing an improvement in th~ efficfent
use of fuel and the development of the country's economy as a whole.
This book mainly covers the research of the authors that was conducted in the
Institute of Complex Transportation Problems.
1'he studies of the authors are based on the latest achievements of science that
are presented in the works of Academicians M. A. Styrikovich, L. A. Melent'yev,
T. S. Khachaturuv, N. V. Mel'nikov, Eorresponding Member D. G. Zhimerin and
Doctors of sciences B. S. Kozin, G. I. Chernomordik, V. I. Dmitriyev, A. Ye.
Cibshman, A. A. Beschinskiy et al.
11~e authors express their gratitude to Doctors of economic sciences A. A. Bes-
cliinskiy and A. Ye. Gibshman and Candidate of chemical sciences E. B. Shlikhter
for help given in working on the book.
Chapters 1, 4 and 5 were written by the authors jointly; the remaining chapters
wcrc~ written by S. S. Ushakov.
Al.l remarks and wishes regarding the book should be sent to the following
~zddress: 113114, Moscow, M-114, Shlyuzovaya nab., 10, Izdatel'stvo "Energiya."
- The auttiors.
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Table of Contents Page
l~oreword 3
Chapter 1. Role of Transportation in the Energy Complex 6
1.1. Main trends in the development of the energy complex 6
1.2. Extraction and transportation of fuel in the USSR 10
1.3. Tasks of transportation in the formation of the energy
complex 15
Ct~apter 2. Method Aspects of Determining Transportation Expenses 20
2.1. General aspects ~ 20
2.2. Methods of comparing versions of fuel transportation 24
Chapter 3. Railroad Transportation of Fuel Freight 29
3.1. Role of USSR railroads in shipping fuel 29
3.2. Main trends in railroad development 32
3.3. Ways Lo improve throughput of railroads 35
a. Weight of trains 35
b. Throughput of railroad sections 37
c. Linking of trains 41
3.4. Creation of specialized railroad mainline 41
3.5. Technical and economic indicators of railroad transportation 44
3.6. rull-scale indicators of railroad shipments 59
a. Labor productivity 59
b. Energy indicators 61
c. Metal consumption ~ 63
Chapter 4. Transportation of Gas 64
4.1. Systems of gas-pipeline transportation in the USSR and
abroad 64
4.2. Technical and economic indicators of ma.in gas pipelines 70
4.3. Main trends in development of gas pipeline transportation
in the USSR 75
a. Main problems 75
b. Systems of long-distance gas transportation 76
c. Short main gas pipelines 80
d. Branches of main gas pipelines 81 ,
4.4. Improvement in gas pipeline efficiency . 82
' a. Quality of pipe metal 82
b. Surface irregularity of pipes 84
c. Unit output and reliability of unita of compressor
stations 85
. d. Degree of compression 87
e. Cooling of gas 88 .
f. Electric drive of heaters 91
" 4.5. Optimal parameters of main gas pipelines 92
4.6. Further perfecti~on in parameters of main gas pipelines 96
4.7. Regulation and reservation of gas supply systems 101
4.8. Transportation and storage of gas in compressed state 107
Chapter 5. Pipeline Transportation of Oil 110
5.1. Development of pipeline transportation of oil in the USSR and
abroad 110
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5.2. Technical and economic indicators of transpbrting oil on pipe-
lines in the USSR 117
5.3. Selection of the optimal oil pipeline parameters 117
a. Classif ication of pipeliries 119
b. Optimal output of pipelinea 120 '
c. Optimal atages for increase in throughput of oil pipelines 125
d. Further increase in efficiency of oiI pipelines 129
5.4. Storage of oil and reservation of oil pipelines . 131
Chapter 6. Transportation of Petroleum Products 133
6.1. Development of transportation of petroleum products 133
6.2. Efficiency of using different types of tsransportation of petroleum
products 136
6.3. Technical and economic indicators of product pipelines and
~ storage bases 143
Chapter 7. Pipeline Transportation of Coal 147
7.1. Experience of building and operating d~,urryap~p~:~ines to transport
coal 147
- 7.2. Technical and economic indicators of slurry-pipeline transportation
of coal 152
Chapter 8. Water Transportation of Fuel Freight 158
8.1. River transportation 158
_ 8.2. Sea transportation 162
Chapter 9. Power Transmission Lines 166
Chapter 10. Questions of the Comprehensive Development of '~'ransportation
of Energy Resources 176
Conclusions , 182
Bibliography 186
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1980
9035
CSO: 1822/157
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FUELS
UDC 553.98.044
LOCATING DEPOSITS OF OIL, GAS.
Moscow PROGNOZ, MESTOROZHDENIY NEFTI I GAZA in Russian 1981 (signed to press 17 Dec
80) pp 1-G, 349-351 ~
[Annotation, foreword and table of contents.from book "Prediction of Oil and
Gas Fields", by Aleksey Emil'yevich Kontorovich,.Epaminond Epaminondovich
Fotiadi, Viktor Ivanovich Demin, Vladimir Borisovich Leontovich and Aleksey
Anan'yevich Rastegin, Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1900 copies, 351 pages]
[Text~ The book describes the methods of quantitative and qualitative prediction
� of the oil and gas content based on modern mathema.tical equipment and processing
computer data. It substantiates the set of parameters that can be measured on
oil and gas fields and fields that can be predicted for oil and gas with geolo-
gical-mathematical modeling and evaluation of ttte outlook for the oil and gas
content. It presents a Lormal clas~ification of the prediction and exploration
tasks of oil geology. It examines methods of predicting the poasible number of
fields in the basin and their distribution.according to reserves, and methods
of predicting the oil and gas coatent of traps before the start of drilling.
G~ological-mathematical models are presented for long-term planning of geological
exploration. ~
The 'uook is intended for geologists and geophysicists of the�scientific research .
organizations who are studying the oil and gas fields. It is of considerable
inCerest to the teachers and students of the.senior courses of petroleum WZ's .
and geological departments of WZ's and universities.
Foreword �
The last decades have been a period of exceptionally rapid development of oil
and ~;as extraction throughout the world. In 4 decades, from 1938 to 1919,
extractior~ of oil and~condensate in the capitalist and developing countries rose
fr~m 243 million t~ 2.490 t~illion t~ns, i.e., 10.2-fold, while gas extraction rose
from 96 billion to 1.290 trillion m, i.e., 13.2-fold. Oil and gas extraction in
Che USSR rose very intensively.
According to the estimates of the specialists, the annual ~xtraction of oil in
the world will be 4-6 billion tons and 2.0;2.5 trillion m of gas by the end of
Che century. These rates of development of the o~l and gas industry governed the
extreme urgency of the problem of preparing reserves of these types of mineral
raw material. The researchers need to solve the following regional problems for
a scientifically substantiated, reliable predicCion of the outlook for the develop-
ment of oil and gas extraction.
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First of all, determine (taking into conslderation the finiteness of the oi1 and
gas resources in the stratisphere and the outlook for developing alternative non-
hydrocarbon sources of energy} the limit levels of oiI and gas extraction in the
world and in individual regions, and the periods of their attainment.
Secondly, iind thE largeat of the undeveloped regions where considerable reserves
oE oil and gas may be discovered and explored.
Thirdly, isolate both in the developed, "old," and in the "new" regions, terri-
tories and stratigraphic complexes that are the most promising for oil and gas
exploration, and determine the oil and gas resources in them.
" It is known that in ttie Soviet Union, the only large industrial state in the world
whose e~onomic development is based on its own fuel and energy resources, an
estimate of the initial, potential resources of oil and gas is the main starting
point for long-term planning of the fuel and energy complex of the country.
The experience of this planning that has been accumulated in recent years shows
that for its~realization wiEh regard for the outlook for development;it is~not
sufficient to have an estimate of the resources of hydrocarbon raw material in the
country as a whole and in individual regions. It is necessary to know the corre-
lation uf these resources of oil, gas, and condensate, their distribution in each
region according to intervals of depths, types of reservoirs, accumulations of
varying size, a number of characteristics of the qu~lity of these types of mineral
raw material, etc.
T}ie results of a quantitative prediction of oil and gas content, in any case, the
results of the resolution of certain specific tasks, are the basis for a compi-
lation of five-year and annual plans for regional and exploratory work.
The need for a reliable resolution of these problems increased the entire world's
interest in perfecting the methods of a quantitative prediction of~oil and gas
content and predetermined the drastic expansion in the prediction problems of oil
and gas geology
I. M. Gubkin was the initiator of the development and application of inethods for
qt?antitative predicti~n of oil and gas content in the Soviet Union. A. M. Akram-
kllodzhayev, A. A. Bakiro�v, I. 0. Brod, M. S. Burshtar, N. I. Buyalov, M. I.
Varentsov, V. G. Vasil'yev, N. B. Vassoyevich. N. A. Gedroyts, F. G. Gurari, .
M. F. Dvali, G. Kh. Dikenshteyn, M. A. Zhdanov, N. A. Yeremenko, M. K. Kalinko,
K. P. Kalitskiy, N. T. Lindtrop, S. P. Maksimov, M. F. Mirchink~ M. S. Modelevskiy,
V. D. Nalivkin, M. S. Napol'skiy, S. G. Neruchev, I. I. Nesterov, N. N. Rostovtsev,
G. Ye. Ryabukhin, V. V. Semenovich, A. A. Trofimuk and others have been fruit-
ful].y engaged in their development and perfection. ,
'rl~e work of� these scientists developed the traditional, so to speak "classic"
m~~thods of predicting the oil and gas content, methods of analogy based on expert
~stimates and volumetric-genetic meChods. A survey of their state and history
uf development can be found ~n many studies [9, 57, 71, 102, 104).
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Tn tt~e last l0-15 years, methods of quantitative prediction of oil and gas
content have been intensively developed, especially in the USSR. They are
based on geological-mathematical modeling on a computer of the laws governing
r.lie arrangement of oil. and gas deposits. The first publications of studies
on tl~i.s plan appeared in 1964-1965. A unified school of researchers is currently
working on this pr~blem in the USSR with major scientific centers und~r the
supervision of: A. I. Kholin in Moscow, V. D. Nalivkin, G. P..Syerchkov and
M. D. Belonin in Leningrad, I. I. Nesterov, V. I. Shpil'man, and A. M. Volkov
in Tyumen', and at the first stage of research S. V. Gol'din, A. A. Trofimuk
V. S. Vyshemirski~y and A. N. Dmitri.yev in Novosibirsk in the Institue of Geology
and Geophysics of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and
the editors of this work in the Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Geology,
Geophysics and Mineral Raw Materials.. The group of scientists of the computer
center of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the
supervision of Yu. A. Voronin made a signif icant contribution to the ~evelopment
_ oE the general theory of prediction,and exploration of mineral f ields.
The "new" methods of qt~antitative prediction of oil and gas content are deeply
li.nked liistorically and ideologically with the "classic" methods. However, their
development resulted in exceptionally rapid progress and methodological rethinking
af the theoretical fundamentals~and principles of predicting oil and gas con-
tent. The following features of the "new" methods as compared to the "classic"
need to be stressed.
~ 1. The "new" methods with the use of modern computer equipment and the achievementa
of rhe theory of oil and gas formation made it possible to simulate on the com-
puter the laws governing the arrangement and processes of formation of their
accumulations. For the f irst time, a real possibility appeared of "approaching
the process of the formation of oil.fields from a dialectical viewpoint, based
on the thought that this process is one of the streams of the unif ied and great
dialectical process uf the earth's development" [47, p. 8], and of "...viewing it
as a unified, integral and continuous [process] [Ibid, p. 9]. The methodological
correctness of this approach was stressed over 30 years ago by I. M. Gubkin.
Geological-mathematical modeling on a computer made it possible to select from a
large number of Fundamentally'possible models-in'~he framework of this approach,
those of them that describe most adequately the distribution of oil and gas de-
posits in the stratisphere. .
2. Development of the "new" methods required refinement of the original concepts
and corresponding statement of the tasks. As a result, a whole series of funda-
mentally important (includiug from the viewpoing of geo~ogy) features of the state-
mr-nt and resolution of these tasks were successfully revealed.
3. The "new" mettiods are used as an apparatus of modern mathematics, thanks to
which they permit construction of strict, statistically substantiated criteria for
the purposes of prediction, instead of subjective criteria and methods of the
"classic" systems that are mainly based on experience and the intuition of the
expert.
4. The "new " methods drasti,cally expanded the circle of prediction tasks of oil
and gas geology in accordance with the demands of practice. The statement of a
number of these tasks in the framework of the "clasaic" methods was impossible.
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5. The "new" methods have made it possible to construct fairly�strict criteria
Eor verifying the reliability of the obtained solutions and in addition to
spot estimates, to make interval estimates.
Ttie extensive develup~ent of the oil and gas content prediction methods governs
the need for analyzying and systematizing from single methodological positions
the most important of the findings. A number of works cover this to a certain
measure [3, 72, 78, 99]. However, the entire circle of questions has not been
examined ae a whole anywhere. In this work, the authors have attempted to make
up for this very serious omission which inhibits further development. They have
attempted to refine the original concepts and classifications, to formulate an
entire complex of tasks of oil and gas geology, and to suggest methods for their
resolution based on geological-mathematical modeling. In addition to the results
of their own many years of research, the authors examine a large number of works
of Soviet and foreign researchers. In this respect, the monograph does not claim
to be complete and is not a survey. The authors only analyze in it those works
Chat make it possible to note the most promising directions in research.
Despite the fact that a number of results and developments that are given in the
monograph can be used without significant changes in many reginns, it primarily
does not contain "prescription" type results.~ The authors hope, however, that
- after becoming acquainted with it, the reader will "feel" the principles and
methods of solving individual tasks, and principles for constructing models and
modeling.
The theory of prediction and exploration of oil and gas fields, as the authors
present it, is based on the organic theory of oil and gas forroation and certain
sections of modern mathematics, such as the theory of statistical s~lutions, the
theury of pattern recognition, regression and correlation analysis, etc. Separate
cliapters cover the most significant results of studies on these fundamental areas
of science that are necessary for successive presentation. �
In trying to stress the contlnuity of the "new" methods of quantitative prediction
of oil and gas c:ontent, we preceded individual chapters and paragraphs of the
epigraph with statements of a number of leading Soviet scientists un the problems
discussed in the book.
Wl~ile worlcing on the book, the authors were given invaluable $asistance by the
cnany years of creative cooperatiun, discussion and work in one "invisible" collec-
tivc with M. D. Belonin, N. I. Buyalov, N. B. Vassoyevich, Yu..A. Voronin, V. S.
Vyshemirskiy, G. Kh. Dikenshteqn, S: P..Maksimov, M. S, Madelevskiy, V. D.
N~ilivkin, S. G. NeY�uchev, I. I. Nesterov, V.. V. Semenovich, G. P. Sverchkov,
A. A. Trufi~nuk and V. I. Shpil'man.
At individual stages of the research presented in the work, the authors worked
witt~ R. P. Akhmineyeva, T. V. Bakulina, V. I. Berilko, S. I. Bliznichenko, V. S.
Vagerov, 1~. A. Danil''chenko, T. A..Gor~khova, Ye. Ye. Danenberg, V. A. Kashtanov,
0. S. Krasnov, A. D. Lugovtsov, K. I. Mikulenko, V. S. Starosel'tsev, A. S. Fomi-
chev, Ye. N. Chereinisina and others.
I,. I. Vino~radova, N, V. Kakorina, L. I. Levina, Ye. D. Sapronova, T. I. Tolma-
cheva and T. A. Fomenku gave a lot of help in preparing the manuscript for press.
The authors express their sincere and deep gratitude to all who Furthered the
wurk on tYie monograph.
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Contents Page
rvreword 3
Chapter 1. Prediction and Exploratinn Tasks of Oil and Gas
Geology. Principles of Oil and Gae Geological Zoning 9 ~
1. Concept of sedimentatiun basine and their classification.
Oil and gas bearing basins � 9
2. Plan for isolation in sedimentation basin of permeable and
impermeable bodies and their classification 21
3. Mathematical model of n~phthid deposits. Some initial .
concepts 3~
4. Prediction tasks of oil and gas geology 47
, 5. Principles and categories of oil and gas geological zoning 51
Chapter 2. Matheu?atical Fundamentals of the Theory of Prediction
aiid ~xploration of Oil and Gas Fields 65
~ 1. Formal statement and classif ication of prediction and
exploration tasks of oil and gas geology. Geological-
mathematical modeling � 65
2. Principl.es and methods of pattern recoguition as applied to
tasks uf oil and gas geology
. 3. Procedures of pattern recognition that are suc~essive for the
objects and successive for the signs 85
4. Evaluation of information content of signs and minimization
-of the sign space 106�
5. Isolation of long-term objects based on the principle of
exclusiveness . 111
6. Criteria for evaluating the eff ectivaness of the prediction 117
Chapter 3. Fundamental Model for the Processes of Oil and Gas
Formation, Formation and Preservation of Oil and Gas Deposits in
the Stratisphere 12~
1. Methodological~pr~nciples of constructing genetic theories
in geology ~ 128
2. Generation of oil and gas ia sedimentary masses, primary
migration 139
3. Mathematical model of processes of accumulation and dispersal
of oil and gas from traps 150
4. Description of elementary geological bodies in solving pre-
diction tasks of oil and.gas geology 159
Chapter 4. Classification of Sedimentation Basins according to
Degree of Outlook for Oi1 and Gas 162
Chapter 5. Zoning of Major Sedimentation Basins and Reservoirs
Forming Them accordir.g to the Degree of Outlook.for Oil and Gas 173
1. Isolation of elementary geological bodies 174
2. Zoning of sedimentation basins and individual permeable
complexes into geological bodies that are promising and not
promising for oil and gas 180
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3. 'L~ning of territory of oil and gas provinces according to
di;~;ree of outlook for otl and gas. Quantitative evaluation
of outlook for oil and gas content 223
4. Evaluation of the quantity and distribution according to
reserves of the oil and gas fields 259
S. Criteria for prediction and exploration of giant oil and
gas fields 2~4
Chapter 6. Prediction of the Phase State of the Hydrocarbons
in~the Deposits 290
Chapter 7. Prediction of Oil and Gas Content of Local Elevations 318
Conclusion 334
Bibliography 338
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1981
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