JPRS ID: 9818 USSR REPORT MILITARY AFFAIRS

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9818
30 June 19~1
USSR Re ~ort
p
MILITARY AFFAIRS
~FOUO 8/S 1)
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JPRS L/9818
30 June 1981
USSR REPORT
MILITARY AFFAIRS
(~ouo s/s1)
CONTENTS
ARMED FORCES
New Book Discusses Indoctrination of Vigilance in Soviet
Servicemen
(A. V. Kalachnikov; VOSPITANIYE BDITEL'NOSTI U
SOVETSKIKH VOINOV, 1980) 1
1
- a - [III - USSR - 4 FOUO]
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- ARMED FORCES
NEW BOOK DISCUSSES INDOCTRINATION OF VIGILANCE IN 50VIET SERVICEMEN
- Moscow VOSPITANIYE BDITEL'NOSTI U SOVETSICIKH VOINOV in Russian 1980 (signed to press
29 Feb 80) pp 2-10, 132-148, 152
[Annotation, table of contents, introduction and chapter 4 from book "Indoctriraation
of Vigilance in Soviet Servicemen" by A. V. Kalachnikov, Voyenizdat, 50,000 copies,
152 pages]
~Excerpts] This book contains the guidance and directives of V. I. Lenin and the CPSU
concerning the importance of a high level of political vigilance on the part of Soviet
military personnel for maintenance of the Armed Forces in a constant state of combat
readiness. It discusses the scope, forms and meth.;ds of political indoctrination con-
tributing to the development of this most important quality in all armed forces person-
nel. Commanding off icers, political personnel and party and Komsomol activists will
�ind it to contain suggestions and make available profitable experience in iridoctri-
natin~ vi~ilance in defenders of the Soviet motherland.
Table of Contents
Page
1. Ideological conviction as a basis of high vigilance 11
Studying Lenin's works and party decisions 15
You have to know how to identify the enemy 26
This is what Soviet law and the military oath and regulations require 47
Convincingly, smartly and graphicly 53
2. The highest principle of military life 67
What combat experience teaches 68
Takinb present-day conditions and increased requirements into account 78
On the gruund, in the air and at sea 84
3� S~anding strict and sleepless guard 111
Accomplishment of combat missions 112
See, hear, observe, act 117
Before assumption of duties 120
In the guardroom ;.24
Trust and verify 126
The patrol on the sCreet 129
4. The military secret under strong lock and key! l32
Be vigilant and curb your tongue 134
Special accounting for communications specialists 145
.
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- Appendices
What to read on vigilance and combat readiness 149
Popular ~riadom says 151
- Introduction
Personnel of the Soviet Armed Forces lead an intense, purposeful, interesting life. In
the course of their classroom instruction and field exercises, on the ranges and tank
training areas, during their tactical exercises, on long naval cruises and training
flights, in the course of performing their d~ily :~111itary duties, Soviet military per-
sonnel are increasing their military and political knowledge, honing their skills in
the use of military weapons and equipment, improving their mastery of combat skills and
tempering themselves morally and physically. In performing their military duties they
are in fact meeting the requirement the USSfl Constitution imposes upon our Armed Forces
"reliably to defend the socialist fatherland and to remain in a constant st~te of com-
bat readiness insuring an immediate rebuff to any aggressor."
In carrying out this honored and critical mission, each Soviet fighting man comes to
- see himself as a permanent sentry standing watch over his native land. This view is
entirely justifiable. The borders of our motherland run everywhere the vital national
interegts of the Soviet people may be threatened by forces hostile to it. For the sol-
dier or seaman performing his military mission on guard duty, the post he is protecting
constitutes the border. For the man on duty at the check point (KPP) and the motor pool,
for the company orderly, the border is that line no unauthorized person should cross.
For Che radar operator it is the grid squares of the native Soviet skies under his sur-
veillance.
An e.xperienced Soviet serviceman provided a persuasive reply to a young comrade to the
- qucstl.on of how deep the border zone of our country is.
"I clon't think its depth is to be measured in kilometers," he declared, "but rather by
the strength of the love of the Soviet people for our powerful motherland."
~ tl~orough understanding of their continuing personal responsibility for the security
c~f Lhe motherland must be developed in all who are called vigilantly to protect and
stc~clfastly and selflessly to defend her freedom and independence.
"Sovier service personnel are indoctrinated in a spirit of vigilance, internationalism
ancl loyalty to the military traditions of preceding generations...," Comrade L. I. Brezh-
n~v ha~ declared. "To serve and defend his �atherland is a high honor for each Soviet
r.itlzen and for each fighting man."1
P~emt~cr.s c~f tlw Sc~viel Armed Forces vigilantly perform their honored duty day and night,
in ~I~e in~~~~~.c~ winter cold and the sweltering summer heat. The valiant border guards
~Cand ~i v:i~ilant watch over the borders of their native land; personnel of our air-de-
- fense units continuously probe the skies with the invisible beams of their radar; awe-
5ome bnllistic missiles remain aimed upward;�.bur aviators are always ready to take off
in their combat aircraft and Soviet seamen continuously glow the ocean expanses and
iinderwater depths in powerful nuclear-powered vessels. Then, coura~eously manning
tlieir posts wtth weapons in hand are the soldiers guarding their military unit colors,
eclui~~ment, weapon and ammunition depots, missile launch sites and other military in-
:;Cullations.
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/High vigilance is one of the most important moral-political and fighting qualities of
Soviet military personnel/ [in boldface]. The harsh lessons of history and today's
complex international situation make it tiitally necessary conti.nually to maintain it
at the highest possible level. Ever sinr.e the establishment of the first Soviet state
in histury there has been no period in which it has been in danger. Dark forces of
lmperig113m have repeatedly attempted to teat its strength by armed force. Although
all tt~ese efforts have collapsed the capitelists have still not abandoned their crazy
plans.
The fact that imperialism has unleashed more than 100 wars and major armed conflicts
within the last 3 decades alone is incontrovertible proof of its aggressive nature.
The United States of America waged a predatory war of aggression against the freedom-
loving peoples of southeast Asia for more than 11 yeara (1961-1972). The USA is now
supporting, financing and arming the moat reactionary regimes, which are suppressing
the toilers' struggle for national indE,~ndence and social progress.
in 1967, with the complicity of American imperialism, the Israeli expansionists seized
lands belonging to Arab peoples and, by arrangement with local reactionary forces, con-
tinue the international plunder of the Near East, a region in the immediate vicinity of
the borders of the USSR. In 1973, with the support of the monopolies and ruling cir-
_ cles of the USA, t?~e reactionary military clique in Chile carried out a fascist coup
and has since been terroriz3ng and mercilessly destroying the democratic strata of the
population of thaC country. In an attempt to regain the positions of colonial domina-
eion they have lost, Lhe im~erialist powers have employed, and continue to employ,
arms against progressive forces fighting for the independence of Ethiopia, Angola,
Nicaragua, Afghanistan, Kampuchea, Laoss Iran and other countries.
As pointed out in the declaratiion of the Warsaw Pact member states adopted at the con-
ference of the Political Consultative Committee in Moscow (November 1978), recent years
have witnessed the increasing resolve of the people, of all progressive and peaceloving
f~rces, to put an end to the aggressive, oppressive policy of imperialism. The strug-
gle for pettce, relaxation o� tensions and for a halt to the arms race is developing
over an ever br.oader front; and remarkable positive results have been achieved in this
strugKle. Stepping up their efforts at the same time have been the forces of imperial-
ism and reaction, which are attempting by all means possible to disrupt the process of
relaxation of international tension and to sub~ect independent states and peoples to
their. domination, whipping up the arms race and crudely inEerfering in the internal
affair.s of other countries.
El~zvin~; arrogated to itself the function of gendarme of the world, American imperialism
is increasing its military power at a rapid rate. The USA maintains military bases in
more than 100 countries, where as many as 12,000 nuclear weapons are sited and more than
500,000 soldiers and officers are stationed. The USA annually appropriaCes enormous
sums for ttie arms race--140-160 billion dollars and more.
A militartzation of their economies is characteristic of the U~A, FRG, England and the
uther capitallst c~untries comprising the aggressive NATO bloc. Having fabricated the
uiyth c~f a Soviet threat, NATO strategists are striving to develop and deploy in their
c:ountries increasingly powerful weapona of msss destruction such as the neutron bomb,
tilrategiC cruise missiles, laser "death rays" etc. It is in the meantime a wel~-known
fnct that ~iobody is preparing to attack these countries. All military preparations
c~re therefore being undertaken by the imperialists for the sole purpose of aggression
against the Soviet Union and other countries of the socialist commonwealth.
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F~icts which have found their way onto the pages of the foreign press provide evidence
of the cannibalistic intentions of the aggressive ruling circles and higher military
organs of these countries. The generals of the Pentagon, for example, are hatching
ominous plans to deliver a massive suprise "disarming" nuclear first strike on the
Soviet Union. To develop in its military servicemen a hatre3 for the peoples and
nrm[ev c~f r}~c hociflli~t countries the military clique of the aggressive NATO bloc is
ianutlcal in ite employment of ineans which trample underfoot the elementary norms of
international relations. Subunita (podrazdeleniye) have been formed within the army
of the USA, for example, which are provided with equipment and uniforms resembling
those of Soviet troops. In mock battles with the "enemy" identified in this manner,
American soldiers, NCOs and of�icers are trained for a future war in a spirit of path-
ological violence and cruelty.
'Cl~~ li5 Army ha5 now developed an extensive program of special-forces training (the sa-
called "Green Berets"). Acccrding to evidence contained in the foreign gress, they are
being trained "for operations in the enemy rear" to destroy military installations,
cammunicationa .links, bridges, depots and carry out other acts of sabotage. These
saboteurs are taught various methods of torturing and killing people; they are infused
with an Pxtreme sadism, of the kind they have already demonstrated during the USA's
nggression in Vietnam. The USA is building up an interventionist "quick-reaction"
force numbering more than 100,000 men. Its purpose is to secure the interests of Ameri-
can monopolies at various points around the planet.
The military strategists of the FRG by no means take second place to their overseas
- tutors. They are weighing and comparing the "advantages" of various options for ag-
gression against the Warsaw Treaty member states: a"20-day w~r with the employment of
nonnuclear weapons" or a"S-day nuclear-missile war." Bundeswehr personnel are indoc-
trinated with extremely reactionary, revanchist ideas, in the spirit of the predatory
traditions of the fascist Wehrmacht.
NA'TO armies are developing their latest "models" of aggressive operations in the course
af maneuvers involving the ~irlifting of large military contingents from the USA to
Europe. Ttiese exercises are of a manifestly provocative nature.
A military l~ysteria is being roused to greater heights in Japan as well. In violation
of it:; 1947 constitution proclaiming its renunciation of the development of any armed
Eorces and uf any use of them �or the achievement of foreign-policy goals, the ruling
circles of this country have rebuilt an army and a navy and provided Chem with modern
weapoi~s and equipment and are indoctrinating their soldiers and officers in the spirit
of the o1d aggressive, chauvinistic traditions. Posing a special threat to peace in
r.he Far F.ast is the military alliance of Japanese and American imperialism and the
~~re5ei~ce of. numerous American military bases on Japanese territory.
Arirl ~iow appearing in the role of accomplice of the aggressive NATO bloc and the mili-
tary ~il~iance of Japan and the USA is the ruling Maoist clique in China. It is con-
tiii�ously hatchin~ hegemonistic, aggressive ideas of a war with the aim of expanding
its borclers at the expense of the Soviet Union and other neighborin~ states. The
Chinese militarists have comm~tted aggression against the Socialist Republic of Viet-
nam, cntered into arrangements with monoplies of a number of imperialist countries and
are buying new weapons and military equipment from them and are systematically forming
bancis of saboteurs and sending them into Laos, Kampuchea, India and other countries to
comrnit acts of plunderin~ provocation. The aggressive hegemonistic policy of the Chi-
nese Maoists poses a serious threat to the cause of peace throughout the entire world.
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The so-called "Treaty of Peace and Friendship" concluded in August 1978 between Japan
and China, and which is clearly anti-Soviet in orientatton, is a factor contributing
tu the lnt~nsification of militarism in the Far East.
'The imperialists and their accomplices, revisionists of every stripe, have pressed into
the service of tYieir reacCionary, aggressive aims a colossal apparatus for waging ideo-
logical and psychological warfare, its means including, among others, anti-Soviet and
anticnimnunist radio and television broadcasts, newspapers, books, magazines and films.
I:vidence of the reactionary natur�. and pr~vocatory aims of all bourgeois propaganda are
tl~e cynicAl uvowals of imperialist ~deologues, who are striving for "the penetration of
Western ideas into the socialist coLntries" in order to "a~en up the coLnnunist world to
Western influence" etc. These ideolu~~ical saboteurs see one of their primary aims to
lie in bringing their noxious influen~~:e to bear even upon only individual servicemen of
the Armed Forces of the USSR, in blunting their political vigilance and in lowering
their fighting spirit.
In the preparation and execution of their sinister plans the imperialists give a promi-
nent role to espionage and subversive activitiess employing.in the process the most di-
verse means--from sending their agents into socialist countries to the use of radio-
electronic, airborne and space surveillance systems.
Considering the threat of imperialist aggression, the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union continually concerns itself with strengthening the country's defense capability
_ f th~ Kr.eat achievements of our mature socialist society and the constructive labors
of ~he builders of communism, by being able to deal a crushing rebuff to any aggressor,
to expose and disarm imperialist intelligence agents and other criminal elements in a
timely manner and decisively to break up any sort of subversive activity. Upon encoun-
tering a class enemy, a violator of our socialist legality, face to face our serviceman
is to demonstrate his adherence to principle, his steadfastness, boldness, self-control
nnd liis military alertness so as to be able to t:ip their criminal activities in the bud.
'('he indoctrination uC vigilance in the members, workers.and employees of our Armed
Eorcea constitutes an important component of the many-sided process of developing a
consciaus, skil.led, disciplined and courageous defender of the motherland. This ef-
Eort is being systematically carried on by the commanding officers, political organs
and p~irty and Konisom~.1 organizations of subunits, units, ships and military training
Paci.lities.
- Chapter 4. Military Secrets under Strong Lock and Key!
M c~btli~y to s~~feguar.d military and state secrets is one of the most important mani-
f.e5t:~t.ion9 uf tl~e great vigilance of the Soviet people, and especially of their mili-
Cary serv:icemen.
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'I'he foregoin~ sections of the book have dealt with this only briefly. LJe have now to
y;o into this matter in greater detail.
The need for the strictest safeguarding of milicacy and state secrets is dictated by
tl~e complex international conditions in ~rhich the Soviet state exists and develops and
by the continuing threat to ite security posed by world imperialism and it~ ac:complic~eH.
[c waH precisely this situa[ion that V. I. Lenin had in mind when he declared ~t tl?c.~
7th Yarty Congress (1918) that "we now f ind ourselves in a situation in which military
c~ecrets have become very important matters for the Russian Republic...."6
llespite the fundamental changes which have occurred in the world, the ~afeguarding of
military and state secrets subseque-~tly became, and remains, an indispensable condition
for maintaining the security of the SovieL state. This requirement is embodied in the
US5R Constitution and other of our country's laws and in the military oath and regula-
tions. An ability strictly to safeguard secret information has become one of the mili-
- t~~ry tr~sc the secrets CIA agents wey:e looking for. This chance word taken together with
c~ther small bits of information might then provide some picture of more important
thin~;s. It is precisely upon this kind of long, painstaking effort to collect infor-
mation that imperialist intelligence depends. It is for the same purpose that they
exploit individuals traveling to the USSR in the capacity of representatives of trade,
- industrial or cultural organizations or simply as tourists.
le is well known that expansion of international economic and cultural ties and mutually
tncreasing the flow of tourists are in themselves a positive thing. This is one of the
concrete results of the Soviet Union's policy of peaceful coexistence and normalization
c>f. relations between states with different social systems. The flow of foreign tourists
into the USSR is continuously increasing. There were some 5 million of them in 1978.
The vast ma~ority of them come to us with honorable intenti~ns.
i3ut we cannot close our eyes to the fact that imperialist intelligence agencies try to
exploit this channel for the purpose of slipping all kinds of anit-Soviet and porno-
~;raphic :Literature into the USSR and for collecting secret information. They instruct
some "tourists" in ways to engage Soviet people in conversation, wagering especially.
lu.avily :in this connection upon drunks and idle talkers. "Develop the ability to lis-
ten tr~ the idle conversation of a loose talker for hours on end," reads an instruction
of one intelligence agency. "Without being aware of it, he will come out with strictly
s~ifeguarded secrets. Study people and tk~en make t2:em talk. Soak them in alcohol.
Wine is your a11y."
So these "toi~rists" then proceed most diligently to carry out instructions like this.
USSR state security organs have arrested dozens of "tourists" engaged in activities
far removed from any cultural cooperation. While they were traveling around our coun-
try, f.or example, the Americans Harold and Eileen Ginsberg were not visiting museums
and other points of interest, but rather people who for entirely legal reasons had
bcen r~fused permission to go to Israel. The aim of these visits was to obtain secret
informa~ic~n and slanderous rumors to use in a provocatory campaign against the USSR.
J.n tt~e course of a customs inspection these "tourists" had taken from them photograPhic
Cilm with written material, charts and diagrams relating to problems in nuclear physics
1l.e:n~ with addresses of persons of interest to American special services.
People with a craving for alcohol are an especially valuable find for spies. It is
rightly said: "What a sober man keeps to himself a drunk will tell you." Analysis
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shows that th~ most serious breaches of military discipline, including loss of offi-
cial and personal documents and the divulging of secret information, most f.r.eqiiently
occur in thc: course of a carefree acquaintance, usually inv~lving long bouts of drink-
- ing. That is why it is necessar.y to wage the most resolute and unremitting campaign
_ against these deapicable ~ractice~ and habita.
l:n the course of their political instruction, in lectures and in discussion, commanders,
political personnel, propagandists and agitators systematically ren?ind military service-
mc~n oE Che harmful consequences of immorality and political indifference and of the dam-
. rigin~; c~ffects they may have upon -t~~-~nterests of our people. In units, aboard ships
and in military training facilities it has become the rule to devote one of the first
cliscussions with new arrivals to the sub~ect of safeguarding military and state secrets.
Commandin~ officers, political personnel, propagandists and agitators explain to the
_ iiew troops that all information concerning military service is by its very nature se-
cret and should remain the knowledge of only a strictly defined group of people. No
single military serviceman, therefore, has the right to divulge the least piece of any
such iuformation.
In indoctrinatian work with personnel it is emphasized that indifference and simply
~;ood-humored complacency are frequently the cause of the negligence of which some ser-
vicemen are unfortunately still guilty. Before telling a comrade something which should
not be divulged, some soldiers and sailors still warn: "This is only between you and
me..." It never occurs to this kind of loose talker that he has in fact set out up~n
the road to crime and has forgotten the rule known among servicemen: "What your enemy
shouldn't know don't tell your friends."
lt would of course be a mistake to see malicious intent in anyone for one reason or
another expresaing interest in the life of our military service personnel. Most fre-
quently these may simply be sociable people. But one way or another, there is no real
?ieed to share information of a military nature with a casual conversational partner.
Soldier P. handled a situation he encountered in this connection in a sharp-witted and
tactful manner. An old man came up to him at a station where his troop train had
stopped. After first saying that he had grandchildren who were also serving in the
army, he asked:
"Where are you coming from, son?P1
"From home, grandfather," the soldier replied politely.
"And where are you headed?" the talkative old man inquired.
"Home," the soldier answered with a smile in bringing this brief conversation to an end.
' 1f a solciier or sailor is aware of what the term "military secret" means, he is not
going to rry to "uncover" any secret information. He will conduct himself properly.
All the more impermissible is it to write information not to be made public down in
his notebook or diary. The following unseemly incident illustrates to what excessive
curj.osity can lead,
liy the n,zt~~re oF his job, Sergeant B. had access to classified information. But he
fi;~d wr.itten some of it down on a writing pad and turned it over for "safekeeping" to
a wom~in he knew who lived in town. It was a good thing she took a proper view of the
dan~;~~r v' ~lisse?ninating official information and so turned it in to the unit command.
The sergeant then had to answer before a military tribunal. To the question of his
purpose in taking down these notes the accused replied that he "wanted to use them
later for t~is memoirs." It's hard to say what ther~ is more of in this "explanation"--
lighthearted indiscretion, indifference or ~ust plain stupidity. But this was in fact
criminal canduct, and he is suffering the punishment for it.
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~ great deal of attentiQn is devoted in indoctrination work with young soldiers and
sailors to the matter of /safeguarding militnry aecrets in correspondence/ [in bold-
f.ace] wit}? relatives and friends. Peraonnel are informed of the postal address estab-
1lshed for their unit and advised that in neither the text of a letter nor on an enve-
l~~pr 1re tt~e.y more inLormation or make more specific references to either its designa-
tloric~r it.s 1.c~cation. What a soldier or s.:Yilor writes to his friends and relatiVes is
- tiis busI.ness. But eACh should remember that he is not to mention anything in his let-
tc~rs thnt would in the slightest reveal the nature of his military d~ties, weaponry,
the level of combat training etc.
During the Great Patriotic War a Soviet soldier's letter fell into the hands of a
�ascist spy which informed relatives t~zat he was now located "where people don't go
wiCh rheir. own sam~vars." The writer of that letter apparently assumed he had clev-
erly "encc:cled" his ].ocation. But it was no problem for an enemy intelligence agent to
bt,es5 ttiat h~ was referring to Tula. And then by the return address on the letter he
determined the military unit, the location of which the fascist command was accurately
aU1e tc~ establish.
- MiliCary servicemen may keep the letters they receive from other people if they wish,
I~ut ~tte ~nvelopes are best burned since they give the addresses of military units.
Tt~ose personnel are doing the proper thing when, themselves taking care to observe the
necessary precautions in their own correspondence, they provide their friends and rela-
tives with some guidance in this connection and advise them on how they should handle
the letters they receive from servicemen so that they will not fall into alien hands.
13ut instai~ces of such negligence sti11 occur.
The spy P., a woman arrested in the area of a certain military unit, admitted that a
soldi~r's letter, which she had gotten from a woman she knew, had helped her make her
way onto the installation. After finding out the soldier's address and first and last
~~a~r~cs, and then stealing his mother's passport, the spy arrived at the unit and asked
the man on duty at the check point to allow her to visit her "son." Unfortunately, the
man was a loafer and permitted "mama" onto the post. There she began to try inconspic-
uously to record objects of interest to her on photographic film, but she was arrested.
'I'}iose commanders, deputy commanders for political affairs and other officers are doing
1 pro~~er tI1:Lng when in discussions of the great inspirational force of letters on pa-
triotic ~hemes servicemen receive from friends, relatives and comrades back at the
plr~nt. or. on the kolkhoz they direct attention to the letters Che unit receives from
time ~o ~ime which do not inspire confidence. They are addressed to the "lucky sol-
dier," the "6th in formation".... In some of these letters the writers, half-joking-
ly, half-serious].y referring to themselves as "a girl with chestnut hair," or "with
dark hazel eyes, ask their unknown addressees to write about themselves, about their
comrades-in-arms or something about what their life in the service is like. Partici-
pants in these discussions have been unanimous in agreeing that there should be no re-
ply tc~ ehis kind of letter.
6ut tl~ere are unfortunately still instances in which the relatives of servicemen,
meetin~; one another or an acquaintance on the street, at school or in stores or clubs,
- c:xch~~nge the news they all have, who's been assigned what duty, for example, or who
has been TllY and where etc. In order to avoid this kind of thing, military servicemen
and armed forces woricers and employees should explain within their families the danger-
ous consnqu~nces which could follow from the casual phrase let slip containing informa-
tion which i:; not for public consumption.
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In an atmosphere of indifference, the telephone numbers of military units, subunits,
institutions and military training facilities may,also ptove a source of information
for enemy spies.
During the Great Patriotic War a faseist agent was able to collect important informa-
tion about the operation of a certain defense plant. In the process, however, he
cracked no safes, bribed no one and was never onee ~ven inside the shops. It was the
~elephone that helped him. The plant we are referring to was well-guarded, but it was
posaible to get into the enterprise club a short distance away without a pass. It was
- this opening that the agent used. He filched the list of telephone numbers giving the
positions and last names of plant peraonnel from the club manager's desk. Dialing the
number he wanted, the agent would identify himself as a directorate or party-organ rep-
resentative and request what would appear at first glance to be information of fairly
ininor importance: "When are you finally going to ship the finished products?," "Does
the shop need more people?," "Why do you have such a high percentage of defective prod-
ucts?" etc. Most personnel would refuse to carry on off icial conversations and sug-
gested that he submit his request for information in writing or come in person. But ~
there were also gullible people, who, giving in to the "authoritative tone" of the re-
quest over the telephane, would go on to divulge secret information.
This kind of espionage method poses an even greater danger today: intercept and moni-
toring technology is much improved, and there are now more telephones and people using
them. Telephone directories and person~el rosters should therefore be stored together
with all other official documents.
Official correspondence demands exceptional accuracy and great vigilance from military
personnel and employees. Any departure from established procedures governing the safe-
guarding of classiFied documents is a crime. All personnel are to be equally careful
in storing other official, as well as personal, documents, even though they may not be
- considered secret.
Foreign agents arrested in due course on Soviet territory have been found to have in
their possession a number of Soviet passports and military-service record books, which
made it possible for them to adopt different first and last names. Under interrogation
they revealed that they were instructed by any means necessary, including murder, to
obtain Soviet passports; officers' IDs; party, Komsomol and trade-union cards; official
travel orders; passes and certif icates for completion of schooling or training. One
particular enemy agent in possession of a school teacher's documents had landed a~ob
as an instructor in a military ~chool and pursued his aims there for some time.
Nor do foreign intelligence agents shrink from using documents such as invoices and re-
ceipts for food and uniforms, travel-order forms both blank and filled out, discharge
orders, leave orders etc. Even a rough copy of some official information or a scrap of
carbon paper can occasionally provide a spy with a thread to follow in clearing up some
matter of interest to him. It comes as no coincidence that one of the instructions
enemy intelligence agencies give to their agents reads as follows in the section on
occupations suitable for observation and recruitment as informers: "Of value are typ-
ists, janitorial personnel, watchmen, vehicle and equipment operators...," that is,
people who handle official papers and trash.
That is wliy commanders, political personnel and party and Komsomol activists train
_ soldiers, sailors, all military personnel, as well as armed forces workers and employ-
ees, to handle official and personal documents with care and close attention to detail.
This especially applies to clerks and headquarters, range, base and depot personnel.
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Senior oCficers are regularly to check on clerical performance in connection with of-
i~ici~~t correspondence to see whether regulations governing the destruction of rough
clrzfC:: and other inessential papers are being observed.
Worthy of attention is the experience of the secretacies of party and Komsomol organi-
zations, who from time to time check Co see how communists and Komsomol members keep
their party and Komsomol cards. Matters related to the atorage of official and per~on-
al documents are regularly discussed at party and Komsomol meetings as well as at as-
semblies of. military personnel.
All Saldiers' newpApers carry the notation: "Do not remove from unit." Unfortunately,
chis requirement is not always observed. In the course of tactical training exercises
ttie Komsomol organization in one particular unit carried out an unusual kind of inspec-
cion: at the direction of the bureau, several Komsomol members carefully inspected the
area where the exercises had been held and where the troops had halted. They found
thut most personnel adhered strictly to required camouflage and movement concealment
procedures. But scraps of military newspapers were nevertheless found in a number of
places. The Komsomol bureau brought this negligence to the attention of Komsomol mem-
bers and of all military personnel during discussions and in the course of reviewing
the resul.ts of the exercises.
Armed torces party and Komsomol organizations, all military personnel, together consti-
Cute a great force in the Eight against indifference, thoughtlessness and gullibility.
- Instances in which enlisted men relax their vigilance usually become known for the most
parL to their own comrades, who then can, and should, see to it that there is no repe-
tition of such instances.
1'rivat~ Z. tiacl fallen in love with photography. He had taken photos of many of his
comracles. There was nothing wrong with that, of course. But in looking through his
~lbum his comrades-in-arms noCiced some of them taken in the unit area showed radar
antennas, aircraft and even their numbers. At the insistence of his comrades, the sol-
_ clier destroyed these photos and along with them the films from which they were printed.
_ 'this would bc a good lesson for all amateur photographers among our military personnel.
'I'ake photos of your comrades or of the girls you know; but please, exercise the strict-
est precautions to insure that none of them include military structures, combat equip-

, ment c~r any special facilities or equipmer..*.. As far as any aspects of military or po-
litic~~l. training are concerned, these activities may be photographed for official or
eciiacatLanal purposes only, and then only with the permission of commanding officers and
p~lit.i.cz1 personnel and with all photos and f ilm recording these activities subsequently
turned over t.o the off icer in charge.
SCrict safe~;uarding of state and military secrets helps not only to prevent any leaks
uC secret information, but also to expose those who are trying to obtain it.
VLgil~inct~ is above all a moral-political concept. Vigilance on the part of a military
5erviceman thcreforc depends upon the level of his ideological conviction and upon how
dc~epl.y l~e has become imbued w:ith the principle of communist morality and whether or not
he.~ abldes by it in his daily life.
In a dlscussi.un with subunit personnel on the subject of safeguarding military secrets,
~Eficer K. 5orokin rightly stressed the fact that personal integrity is of great impor-
tancc in ].iving up to this and ot}ier requirements of the military oath and regulations.
'l'hi:; v~iluable moral-political quality drives the Soviet soldier to unvaryingly strict
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diacharge of his responsibilities and to be straightforward, modest ~nd. restrained in
}tiis conduct and relations with other people. It is incompatible with boastfulness and
and any inclinatiun to loose talk. But if it nevertheless occurs that a serviceman
accidentally falls for some enemy "bait" he should report the incident straightforward-
ly and immediately to his commanding officer or political worker. This will help put a
timely stop to any further spread of the secret information, and in some instances even
to expose the enemy agents trying to obtain it.
The officer provided the following example in support of his point.
...A military engineer, whom we shall arbitrarily call Pukhov, was visiting some rela-
tives on ane occasion. One of the people there began to taunt the soldier: what kind
of fighters are you, he was saying, if the only thing you ever do is build all kinds
of "shacks?" This hurt Pukhov's pride, and under the influence of the wine he began
to argue that military engineers were building an important military installation--
right over there, on the other side of the river....
The ~oldier soon had second thoughts about what he had said and realized his negligence,
which bordered on the criminal. But what was he to do? Ask the people he had been
talking to not to tell anyone what he had said? That would mean calling even more at-
tention to a fact they may not have caught the f irst time around. Pukhov felt badly.
He cursed himself roundly for his loose talk. It was true that there were only rela-
tives and acquaintances among the guests. They would hardly deliberately begin to
spread the news they had heard. BuC what guarantee was there that one of the people he
had been talking to would not pass it on to a friend and then the friend on to someone
else? In the course of these painful doubts and hesitations Pukhov finally came to the
~~nly ~~r.c>per. co~clusion: returning to hi.s unit, he reported what had happened to his com-
_ inancliri~; uCFicer in a straightforward manner. The commander imposed strict disciplinary
punishment upon the soldier for his thoughtlessness and lack of self-control and re-
ported his dangerous talk to the judge advocate, who ordered a preliminary investiga-
tion. llespite his pangs of conscience, Pukhov was relieved that he had realized his
~;ui1C in a timely manner and had himself helped initiate effective measures to insure
against any further dissemination of the important information.
There is unly one conclusion to be drawn from this discussion: each serviceman must
keep in mind his high calling of defender of the Soviet motherland and always and
everywtiere remain vigilant and strictly safeguard military and state secrets.
Special accounting for communications specialists
Milit:iry communications specialists play an exceptionally important role in safeguarding
- military and state secrets, as do all who use the telephone, telegraph or radio. Com-
munications have always been, and remain, one of the most important ob~ectives of the
"secret war." This objective has now become even more important, because the technol-
- ogy behtnd radio interception and monitoring has made great strides along with the
overal.l advance achieved in connection with the development of communication equipment.
Commanders, political personnel and all officers emphasize this idea in the course of
their instruction anu during discussions, lectures and reports. They employ concrete
examples to illustrate how intelligence agencies of imperialist powers exploit the
latest technical means for espionage purposes. According to evidence from the foreign
press, the intelligence-gathering agencies of the USA have at their disposal thousands
of radio-intercept sites scattered over Che entire globe. Aircraft equipped with the
American " warning and control system" (AWACS), which permits spies to "see" into for-
eibn territory up to 400 kilometers and more, patrol the air space near the socialist
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countr:tes. Using a variety of radio-electronic equipment operating on the ground,
at sea, in tt~e air and in space, intelligence agencie~ of the imperialist states try
~a cliscover the system of defense installations in the USSR and other socialist coun-
tries and photograph industrial enterprises, military garrisons and other.defense in-
r~tallations.
Cenc:ral D. Grah~m, former clirector ut Lhe PenCagon'e i.nte1li~c~nc~: iigeiicy. liiiy i?ricn~~wl.-
~~~I~;~~~I tl~at ~~qul~menC h.i~ even been installed on the roof of the Amer~can embas~y builcl-
ing in Moscow tu monitor radio conversations between military pilots in the air and
their flight operations officers and Co intercept electronic signals sent to Earth from
Soviet spacecraft.
Tn tellin~; unit personnel about the advanced means, techniques and methods employed by
i.mperialist intelligence, commanders, political workers, engineers and technicians urge
~~c~rso~~n~l to strict observance of established procedures for radio transmissions and
tclc~~h~~ne conversations, to make skillful use of communications security m~thods and
co apply all possible countermeasures against enemy intelligence-collection efforts.
Tt?e "secret war" in the field of couununications has also assumed especially great impor-
tance because o� the incr~asing number of armed forces personnel using radio equipment.
The least negligence on the part of a ser~riceman in the course of a radio transmission
can be exploited by the enemy: enemy intelligence agents might in one instance hear a
commander's last name openly mentioned; in another, a phrase revealing the branch of a
service and the nature of its activities; information concerning equipment status in a
third etc. All this taken together constitutes information the enemy needs.
Radio communications discipline and security should be studied and practiced daily in
the eraining classroom, in the field, on the range and tank training area, in the course
c~f. tnc:rical exercises, during training flights and on naval cruiaes.
"Bc vigilant, signalman!" Instructions are issued under this slogan in the course of
tactical exercises, for example, which stress the fact that a radio operator on duty is
carrying out a combat miasion; radio operators and other personnel maintaining communica-
~ion equipment are to insure strict observance of proper radio procedures and not to al-
low transmissions en clair.
htilitary per5c~nuel do not, of course, develop these high moral and fighting qualities
ancl ~;kills a.ll at once nor are they acquired spontaneously. This process frequently
invalves the necessity of overcoming difficulties and mistakes.
...A t~nk subunit was preparing to force a river line under concealment in the course
- of a tactical exercise. At that particular point the attackers ob~~iously had to main-
Cain radio silence or limit themselves to the briefest, most essential encoded signals.
13ut ~~ne NCO reported to the subunit commander in plain language that his tank had mal-
functioned. This information was inr.ercepted by the "eneny." And ~ust as soon as the
tankers began their crossing, the defenders opened accurate artillery "f ire" on them
- ancl inflicrecl serious losses. At the exercise critique the senior commander pointed
out that in 1 real combat situation such a departure from required radio proced~lres
could lead to unnecessary losses and make it impossible t~ accomplish the combat mis-
sian.
Ln addition to the steps commanders and other officers have taken to deal with this
ki?~d of. negligence and v~olation of required procedures, such instances have been sub-
jectecl to criticism in the course of Komsomol meetings and agitators' discussions and
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in the military press. All this has helped mobilize personnel for.strict observance
af the established rules governing radio communication.
It is also the duty of every Soviet military serviceman strictly to safeguard military
secrets in using the telephune and in the course of their everyday conversations, es-
pecially in public places. Enemy agents now have miniature monitoring devices, radio
receivers and radio tranamitters at their dis~osal, which can be placed inside a pen,
a wristwatch, a lighter, a cigarette case or a portable television set operating on
conventional electric batteries. "Microspies" like this are therefore not to be found
somewhere overseas or on the other side of the mountains, but sometimes right beside us.
Thanks tu the vigilan~e of Soviet military servicemen, a foreign intelligence was ex-
posed within the Baltic Military District, for example, whose clothes were literally
stuffed wit~~, devices making it possible for him to monitor and record telephone conver-
sations on magnetic tape without hooking it to a cable system.
To prevent the disclosure of military and state secrets it is not enough simply to ex-
plain to pcrsonnel, worlcers and employees of the Armed Forces the importance of vigi-
_ lance. It is also importance to strive for unfailing observance of the requirements of
the military oath, regulations and instructions.
The Soviet people are now living and working in their fourth dee;ade of peace. This
most fortunate situation has been the fruit of the Leninist domestic and foreign policy
pursued by the Communist Party and the Soviet Government and the ~oint efforts of the
parties and peoples of the fraternal countries of the socialist commonwealth and of all
honorable people on our planet fighting against the threat of another war and for the
- peaceful coexistence of states with differing social systems.
But the dark forces of imperialism and the Bei~ing hegemonists who have ~oined with
them, who have no liking for a peace on earth, are pursuing an aggressive course hos-
tile to the peoples, forcing an arms race and stirring up a military psychosis. Dur-
the late 1970's anci now in the early 1980's, the U.S. imperialists have premeditatedly
ag~ravated the international situation; they have forced upon their NATO allies the
monstrous de.cision to deploy new nuclear missiles in a number of West Euro-
pean countries, and in concert with the Chinese military clique they are engaged in
barefaced provocations against the revolutionary achievements of the peoples of Viet-
nam, Afghanistan, Iran, Kampuchea and a number of other countries, creating in the
process a threat to the security of the peoples of the entire world. ~
Under these difficult international conditions the Soviet people under the leadership
of the CPSU is striding resolutely forward along the path of the building of communism,
. unswervingly pursuing its Leninist foreign-policy course combining a steadfast love of
peace with a firm rebuff to aggression, strengthening the defense capab~.lity of our
motherland and raising the vigilance and increasing the fighting strength of our Armed
Forces.
Wherever the Soviet fighting man, whatever his duties, he remains always and everywhere
a detender of his motherland, her sharp-eyed sentry. For him there is no higher honor
~han to perform his military duties vigilantly, remain forever ready resolutely to nip
the provocations of enemy agents in the bud and to crush any aggressor.
FOOTNOTES
l. L. t. Brezhnev, "Na strazhe mira i sotsializm" [Guarding Peace and Socialism],
Moscow, 1979, p 597.
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2. V. I. Lenin, "Poln. sobr. soch." [Complete Works]; Vol 35, p 397.
3. Ibid., Vol 44, p 300.
4. "Materialy XXV s"yezda KPSS" [Materials on the 25th CPSU ParCy Congresa], p 83.
5. V. I. Lenin, op. cit., Vol 40, p 279.
6. Ibid., Vol 36, p 41.
COPYRIGHT: Voyenizdat, 1980
8963
CSO: 1801/193 ~D
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