JPRS ID: 9830 NEAR EAST/NORTH AFRICA REPORT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030011-2
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 11
• Content Type: REPORTS

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N()R OwFI('IA1. lltil' ()NI,Y
JPRS L/9830
- 8 July 1981
Near East North Africa Re ort
p
(FOUO 22/81 ~
~ FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORiVIATION SERVICE
~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
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~
JPRS L/9830
8 July 1981
NEAR EAST/NORTH AFRICA REPORT
(FOUO 22~ 81)
CONTENTS
ALGERIA
Bri ef s
Cooperat~.on With Congo 1
Cooperation With Bangladesh 1
- IRAN
Oil Official Says Annual Output Goal Unmet
(Alan Philps; REUTER, 28 May 81) 2
Arrest of Bani-Sadr Adviser Reported
(Annette Von Broecker; REUTEt~, 2 Jun 81) l~
Bri ef s
~ Low Byelection Turnout 6
~
I,TBYA
Bri ef s
- Warsaw Pact Advisers 7
Oil Tankers 7
Fokker Plane Orders 7
Ethylene Plant 7
, MAURITANIA
Relations With Morocco, POLISARIO, Effects on Econon~y Discussed
(Bouzid Kouza; AFRIQUE-ASIE, 11-2l~ May 81) 8
SUDAN .
Bri ef s
- Glucose Plaxit 11
Min eral Exploration Agreement 11
Joint Projects With Netherl ~ds 11
- a- ~III - NE & A- 121 FOUO]
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FOR O1~i~TCTA1. USF ~NLY
TUNISIA
. National Spirit Following PSD Congress ~teviewed
- (Said Quld Khelifa; AFRIQUE-ASIE, 11-21~ Ma,y 81) 12
' National Opposition Movement Leader I}iscusses Destourian Partv
Congress Decisions
(Ibrahim Tobal; AFRIQUE-ASIE, 11-24 May 81) 16
Grain Production Unstable Due to Rainfall
(MARCHE5 TROPICAUX ET MEDITERR.ANEEN5, 22 May 81) 1~
Bri ef s
Cooperation Agreement With Mauritania 20
- b -
>TLY
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ALGERIA
~ BRIEFS
COOPERATION WITH CONGO--Marius Mouambenga, minister of agriculture and livestock
raising of the People's Republic of the Congo, left Algiers for Brazzaville on
14 May following an official 6-day vi~it marked by the signing of an agreement
protocol on agricultural cooperation between Algeria and tlie Congo. The two dele-
gations emphasized their determination to reach "self-sufficiency in food an3 to
break their dependency on foreign countries." Upon his departure from Algiers,
Mouambenga said that "South-South trade should be privileged." [Text] [Paris
MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 22 May 81 p 1405] 11,464
COOPERATION WITH BANGL~'~DESH--An official 3-day visit made to Algiers last week by
Muhamad Shams U1-Haq, m.inister of foreign affairs of Bangladesh, made it possible
to draft a plan oi a:.cion to strengthen and expand bilateral cooperation. Shams
U1-Haq said that the plan wi?1 go into effect w-ith application of the 1976 commer-
cial agreement which provides the supplying, by Bangladesh, of large quanttties of
- jute for a period of 5 years. During his stay in Algiers, the head of Bengali
diplomacy, who was received on 10 May by President Chadli Bendjedid, to whom he
delivered a message from President Dhia Er Rahmane, held several meetings with
his countPrpart, Mohamed Benyahia. ~ao scientific, technical and cultura~ agree-
ments were signed providing that Bangladesh will send do,�tors and professors to
Algeria. For its part, Algeria is to begin exploring and prospecting for natural
gas resources in Bangladesh. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITFRRANEENS
in French 22 May 81 p 1405] 11,464
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IRAN
OIL OFFICIAL SAYS ANNUAL OUTPUT GOAL UNMET
JN281400 London REUTER in English 1339 GMT 28 May 81
_ [Report by Alan Philps]
- [Text] Tehran 28 May (REUTER)--Iran will not achieve its goal of doubling
its oil output this year because of the war with Iraq and a glut on the
world market which is making Iianian oil less necessary, according to a
senior Iranian official.
lleputy Oil Minister Mohammad Sadeq Ayatollahi said Iran was technically able
to export five million barrels per day (bpd), but was held back by "bottlenecks.''
His remarks, printed in the English-language TEHRAN TIMES today, made clear
the Oil Ministry was not satisfied it could meet the government's draft
b udget call for a doubling of oil exports to 2.5 million barrels per day (bpd)
to avert a massive deficit.
Analysts in Tehran say Iran is currently exporting 1.3 million bpd, while the
oil industry newsletter PETROLELfii INTELLIGENCE WEEKLY says total output in
March was about 1.8 million bpd, leaving 500,000 for domQStic use.
Mr Ayatollahi said Iran's problems in exporting were due to "anti-Iran bloc" of
exaggerating war dangers in the Gulf and said the Iranian navy had established
tight security on the vital shipping route.
Last week a cargo ship was attacked and damaged by Iraqi aircraft near the
Iranian port of Bandar Khomeyni at the head of the Gulf, a spokesman for Iran's
joint staff said at the time.
Sharp disputes are continuing over the government's proposed budget in the
Majlis (parliament) two months after the start of the year it covers.
Referring to the budget plans, Mr Ayatollahi said: "Cil output has been ear-
marked at 2.5 million bpd for exports, which owing to the present imposed war
and other problems is far from practicable."
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"In future, it is very possible that we will have to increase our oil production
to the level of 3.5 million bpd to compensate for the present bottlenecks,"
he added.
Mr Ayatollah3. said Iran's oil sales policy was based on an embargo of the
United States, Morocco, South Africa, Chile and Israel. The number of oil
buyers had been trimmed since the 1979 revolution and this had limited the
big power's ability to dictate to Iran, he said.
He said there were plans to repair the Abadan oil refinery, the biggest in the
Middle East. This contradicted an earlier stateme~t by the beleagured city`s
acting governor who said the refinery would have to be abandoned and a new
one built,
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IRAN
ARRFST OF BANI-SADR ADVISER REPORTED
JN021339 London REUTER in English 1309 GMT 2 Jun 81
[Report by Annette Von Broecker]
[Text] Tehran, 2 Jun (REUTER)--A legal adviser to Iran's embattled president
Abolhasan Bani-Sadr has been arrested on charges of supporting counter-
revolutionaries, taking bribes and smuggling people and foreign currency out
of the country, officials said today.
The arres t on Sunday of :rlanuchehr Mas'udi was the latest in a series of blows
against the president and his staff and followed an official statement yester-
day that Mr Bani-Sadr himself had violated la~~s of thE: Isl~~mic Republic.
It was the second arrest of a presidential adviser in littls over two w~eks.
On May 17 an aide was taken into custody on a charge of smuggling secret
documents from the Foreign Ministry.
- Both assistants are being held at Tehran Evin ja31.
An official statement by the city's revolutionary prosecutor said that
15 other people, including two "imposto~ clergymen," had been arrested as a
result of the Mas'udi investigation.
It accused the legal adviser of accepting bribes, misuse of his powers and
, collaboration with a vast network which illegally exported foreign currency
and smuggled counter-revolutionaries out of Iran, the official news agency
- PARS reported.
_ It also accused Mr Mas'udi of extorting money from relatives of counter-
revoluitonary prisoners seeking their release.
Informed sources said the president's legal department had frequently been
approached by anxious relatives seeking reprievals for prisoners condemned
to death.
The charges against Mr Mas'udi also include collaboration with agents of the
ousted regime of the late shah.
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If convicted on all counts, Mr Mas.'udi could face death.
The accusations may pro~ve t.o be ttie most serio~is brought against a member of
the president's office by Tr:~n's clergy-dominated judiciary.
The president has been under Iegal investigation for his alleged role in a ra11y
on March 5 at which 45 people were injured in clashes between his supporters
and Islamic extremists.
In addition a three-member commission of Moslem clergymen to].d him yesterday
that he had violated the constitution and the orders of revolutianary leader
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeyni.
The commission, set up by AyatoJ.lah Khomeyni to calm the war of words between
the president and his opponents, rebuked Mr Bani-Sadr for what it called his
defiance of a ban on public speeches harmful to the country.
It also accused him of violating the constitution by refu~ing to sign a bill
passed by the Ma~lis. (parliament~. This would empower the government to make
, appointments to vacant min:Lsterial portfolios.
The president has not yet replied to the accusations but his office said he was
expected to do so in due course.
The commission did not recommend arry legal action against Mr Bani-Sadr but
sources in his office said he might be su~oned by the judiciary to defer.d
himself.
A member of the commission hinted yesterday that discussion of Iran's internal
crl.sis should be left till after the end of the war against Iraq.
President Bani-Sadr is leading Iran's efforts to drive Iraqi troops out of
the coun.try in his capacity as commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
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NOR ONHI('IAI. USH: ONLY
IRAN
BRIEFS
, LOW BYELECTION TURNOUT--TPhran--Only one-sixth of those eligible to vote in
Iran's parliamentary byelections on Friday took part, according to figures
released ~y the Interior Ministry yesterday. Nineteen separate Polls were
held to fill vacancies in the National Assemb ly and in most cases produced
over,ahelming victories for candidates supporting the dominant fundamentalist
Islamic Republican Party. Despit~~ the success of its candidates, the govern-
ment may b e concerned at the poor turnout in this first test of opinion and
the course of the revolution since the overthrow of Mr Abolhasan Bani-Sadr,
the former president, two weeks ago. The poll in the 19 constituencies which
r~nged from the Turkish-speaking north west, along the Caspian coastline
and into the north eastern Khorassan Province, plus several seats in the
southern and south eastern Gulf provinces, was also well down. [Terry Povey)
[Text] [LD291410 I,ondon FINANCIAL TIMES in English 29 Jun 8l p 2]
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LIBYA
BRIEFS
WARSAW PACT ADVISERS--2,000 Warsaw Pact military advisers (East Germans and
Bulgarians) are expected by summer in Libya. This is one result of Kadhdhafi's
~ visit to Moscow. [Text] [Paris LA LETTRE DE L'EXPANSI~N in French 4 May 81 p 5]
[COPYRIGHT: 1981. Groupe Expansion S.A.] 6145
OIL TANKERS--The oil tanker A1 Gordabya,built in Sweden for the Libyan merchant
marine, was officially handed over to her owners early in April at the Goteborg
shipyards. This is the second of three tankers of the same type built in Sweden
for the Libyan national shipping company. The first, the A1 Hani, was delivered
in March, and the third, the A1 Fouihate, will be del.ivered by the end of April.
These are 153,000-ton vessels, 279 m long and of 45 m beam. Their delivery brings
to 12 the number of tankers in the Libyan merchant marine, which represents more
than a million deadweight tons, making it the third largest Arab fleet and the
largest African fleet of oil carriers. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET
MEDITERRANEENS in French 24 Apr 81 p 1181] [COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris
1981] 6145
FOKKER PLANE ORDERS--In our April 24 issue we very briefly noted an order from the
Libyan air carrier Libyan Arab Airlines for eight Fokker F-27 Mark 600 aircraft.
These planes, which can carry 44 passengers, will be delivered in 1982 and 1983.
Libyan Arab Airlines has operated Fokker F-27's since 1972. Ten of those now in
service will be made available to oil compani~s working in Libya: Oasis, Mobil,
Occidental, Arabian Gulf Oil, Esso, and Agip, whose transportation needs are ever
growing because of expanding concessions and prospecting areas. With the new
F-27's the Libyan company will serve existing domestic routes, and onen new ones.
Thus in two years the oases of Hun, Brak, Murzuk, Ubari Derna and Beida will b~:
served. The company will also be able to make charter flights. The most heavily
traveled routes, from Tripoli to Sebha and Benghazi, will be served by Boeing
727's. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 1 May 81
p 1241] [COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1981] 6145
ETHYLENE PLANT--The Italian firm Belleli Industrie Meccaniche has 3ust been retained
to build an ethylene production plant at Ras Lanuf in Libya. The contract is for
- approximately $45 million. Financing is to be grovided by the Banco di Roma and, by
- a pool of international banks ~ncluding, among others, the European Union Bank and
the Arab and French Banking Union. Moreover, the Italo-German consor.tium which has
obtaj.ned the contract for an urea plant at Marsa E1 Brega (see MARCHES TROPICAUX
ET MEDITERRANEENS, 24 Apr p 1181) includes the Italian firms Belleli and Romaine
des entreprises industrielles [sic] and the German firm Uhde of the Hoechst group.
[Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 1 May 81 p 1241]
- [COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1981] 6145
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M~iURITANIA
REI~ATIONS WITH MOROCCO, POI,ISARIO,EFFECTS ON ECONOMY DISCUSSED
_ Paris AFRIQUE-ASIE in French 11-24 May 81 pp 25-26
[Article by Bouzid Kouza: "Emerging Fram a State of Precariousness"]
[Text] When, on 28 November 1960, in a modest school in Nouakchott, Mauritania's
independence was declared, no one thought then that the nation that had just been
born would still, 20 years later, be so weak and so threatened that its collapse
could be a real possibility. Born under the sign of precariousness, the Mauritanian
state has, since its first days, had to fight to be recognized and admitted
within the international community. Its adversary at that time is the same
one today: Morocco, the avowed ambition of which is to give substance to a dream
nurtured by yearnings for a past glory. Indeed, Rabat has not given up hope,
in spite of the successive failures it has recorded in its foreign policy, of
rebuilding Greater Morccco, an empire that would extend as far as the Senegal
River, encompassing the western Sahara, a major part of the Algerian Sahara,
and vast portions of Niger and Mali.
The former colonial power, which has still maintained privileged relations with
Morocco, which it uses today as a"contract policeman" (the Shaba war and the
aggression of Benin are the most marked illustration of this), bears a historical
responsibility for the very serious current situation in Mauritania. It is true
that Paris has never openly supported the Moroccan claims on Mauritania. But
neither has it ~pposed them. The neocolonial regime of Ould Daddah, which it
set up following independence, was satisfactory in its eyes because it was weak
and completely dependent on the West.
The efforts to build an independer~t economy were blocked or diverted for a long
time: it was not until 1970 that a long term strategy could be born which had
the objectives of progressively releasing Mauritania from the neocolonial influence
a~d of building a national economy based on the mining industry. These efforts,
opposed by Paris and by Rabat, had not had time to bear fruit when the western
Sahara affair happened.
~ We know how the Ould Daddah regime succumbed to the temptation offered by Hassan II
and how he engaged his country in the adventure which, 5 years later, was to
lead Mauritania to the edge of collapse under the weight of a disastrous war.
The movements of the old regime were dictated by many reasons, the lPast acknowledged
' of which was to circumvent Hassan II and to calm his covetousness toward Mauritania.
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' We know also that behind the speeches on Moroccan-Mauritanian brotherhood, the
- Royal palace had never abandoned its claims. At the m~st, it had changed tactics
and methods: instead of "swallowing" this state that it was challenging, it
would content itself with placing it under its guardianship. The presence o~
- an expeditionary body of 10,000 men and the taking over of part of the security
services, the administration, and the economy made the Moroccan seizure of the
country eff ective in a practical sense.
It was in this context that the movement of 10 July 1g78 arose, which gave birth
- to the Committee of ~Vational Salvation. This name itself, chosen by the patriotic
_ soldiers wha put an end to the Ould Daddah ragime, sums up the state in which
Mauritania found itself. It was a bloodless country which they inherited: the
economy was on its knees, since the drop in the production of iron, coupled ~rith
the crisis in the capitalist system, had reduced to practically zero the financial
receipts on which the running of the state depended to a large degree; the
~ administration, ~ product of the colonial period, was paralyzed and was undergoing
the repercussions of a war situation and of the instability that stemmed from
it; the agriculture, already reduced, was far from meeting the nation's needs,
which were made even more sensitive because of a drought that forced tens of
thousands of nomads into an idle sedentary life without any prospects; the ethnic
rift between Arab-Berbers (the majority) and Negro-hTricans had become more bitter
and more conflictive because of the Negro-Africans' opposition co a war in which
they were bearing more of the costs than the others; the national feeling, in
an embryonic state, was being harassed from within, as much by Moroccan agents
as by certain forces based in Dakar, who were benefitting from the goodwill of
former president Senghor; finally, the tribal and clan structures that formed
Mauritanian society represented, in this cuntext, a weight that worked in favor
- of a breakdown in the central government.
In the whole series of priorities that the Military Committee had to face, the
end of the war and the regularization of relations with the POI,ISARIO were the
- most urgent.
Influences
_ It required a year, however, before this objective could be attained. This long
period represents the many influences, diverse if not divergent, that appeared--
some of which are still appearing--in the successive government teams since July
1978. It was around the nationalist and independent nucleus led by President
Haidallah that were balanced, in a complex and subtle fashion, the various ideo-
iogical, ethnic, and tribal forces, with different awarenesses that made the
separating lines even more changeable since the political expression of the
struggles for influence remain restricted within the government machinery.
The natioi~al trend, aware of the dangers of maintaining this system and wishing
to quickly put into action the promise of democracy for the country, has attempted
during these last few months to give the country institutional structures and
to establish a favorable climate for mobilizing a large part of the populs~ion
to p~rotect the state and revive the economy. This trend, it seems, has not been
unanimously accepted in leadership circles. Although the prospect of promoting
multipartism has received the support of a large segment of the youth and the
urban working classes--as can be testified by the spirited discussions that followed
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the publicatian of the proposed constitution last February--it was also seen as
a danger by certain forces who are represented in the leading circles but who
have no base among the masses. It is true, however, that apart from the National
Democratic Movement, which enjoys a relatively favorable reception among the
- population, most of the other political trends are formed by personalities who
gather around them a clientele composed predominantly of tribal and family relatives.
This situation, made even more complex by the effects of the war between the
SDAR [Saharan Democratic Arab Republic] and Morocco and the effects of the ratio
of forces in the whole region, both in north and.south Sahara, and aggravated
by Mauritania's financial difficulties--which have made the country even more
vulnerable--has not facilitated setting up the plan to democratize the country
_ and return to a civil government.
The destabilization attempt of 16 March, stirred up by Morocco, has accentuated
the feeling of the precariousness of the situation. Can the new, completely
- military, government that has just been formed succeed in carrying through, in
a reasonable period of time, the process that the Military Committee had entrusted
to the former civilian team? What is the meaning of setting aside the civilians
and redistributing the positions among the military? The lack of solid factors
makes an answer to these questions impossible. At the most we can state that
the head of state and the new prime minister, Mouayya Ould Sid Ahmed Taya, a re
giving themselves as priorities the tasks of assembling all the national energies
in order to cope with the new attempts at destabilization, to reorganize the
administration, and to revive the country's economy.
COPYRIGHT: 1981 Afrique-Asie
11,550
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SUDAN
BRIEFS
GLUCOSE PLANT--A call for bids has just been issued in Sudan for the building of a
plant to produce glucose and starch from sorghum. The plant is to be located ab art
35 km south of Khartoum, in the E1 Gedid Elthawra industrial zone 3 km west of the
- Khartoum-Wad-Medani highway, and is intended to process 150 tons of sorghum per day.
Operating round the clock 7 days per week, it is to produce 65 tons of glucose daily,
the s'-arch to be transformed to glucose by acid action. The call for bids, in two
parts, concerns the following equipment and construction items: l. production
equipmert and related construction; 2. design and drafting of specifications for
administr.ative buildings, warehouses, and exterior works. Bids may be submitted for
the second ~~rt only, or for both (a bid for the first part only would not be
accepted). Submit bids to: Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and Develop-
ment, Street 21, New Extension, PO Box 2102, Khartoum. Closing date: 1 July 1981.
[Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 1 May 81 p 1241]
[COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris 1981] 6145
MINERAL EXPLORATION AGREII~NT--The Geological and Mining Research Bureau (BRGM)
- and the French firm Total will participate in exploration and development of mining
resources in Sudan. An agreement has been signed between the Sudanese Republic and
the two French state corporations concerning development in the province adjoining
the Red Sea in the northeast of the country. Traces of ores were brought to light
in tnat region in the course of the general prospecting campaigns which have been
conducted since 1976 through Franco-Sudanese cooperation. [Text] [Paris MARCHES
TROPICAUX ET MEDITERRANEENS in French 8 May 81 p 1294] [COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux
et Ciet Paris 1981] 6145
- JOINT PROJECTS WITH NETHERLANDS--Following the March visit to Sudan by a Neth~~r-
lands delegation, and pursuant to cooperation agreements between the two countries,
the Netherlands is to participate in numerous projects in Sudan including: The
Bor-Kongor highway; dredging and weeding at Gezira; a sanitatl.on program; rehabilita-
tion projects; an agricultural and horticultural program at Gash/Kassala; a water
protection project at Kassala; road repair; development of Kassala region; develop-
ment of Bor region; a farm project at Bor; rural development services; technical
aid; a foundry at Khartoum; the Nyala-E1 Fasher highway; financial assistance, and
an assistance program. Total Netherlands assistance to Sudan represents over
$20 million to be used in these different projects. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX
ET MEDITERR.ANEENS in French 8 May 81 p 1295] [COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie Paris
1981] 6145
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TUNISIA
NATIONAI~ SPIRIT FOZZOTr~NG PSD CONGRESS REVIF'WED
Paris AFRIQUE-ASIE in French 11-24 May 81 pp 22-24
[Article by Said Ould Khelifa: "Travel Notes"J
[Text] It all started in the train leaving the Algerian village of Annaba and
taking us toward Tunis. By a stroke of luck we were traveling with three young
Tunisians who were relaxed and voluble enough to "contaminate" the rest of the
travelers. Right away Mohamed explained to me that he had come to sit for an
examination in Algeria: "1 am in technical school. I have already 'done' Tunis,
but it is no longer possible, I am going back to take care of my affairs. I
have to be in Annaba before 30 May! My deferment expires on that date." Another
young man, who stated that he was born in 1963 and sent down from the technical
school because he had "retained nothing", said, "A deferment! For 50 dinars
y ouu can have an exemption!"
Then a somewhat confused dialogue took place, interrupted by a third youth, who
had remained silent until then: "Those methods should not be encouraged. They
should be denounced to the authorities I am from Jendouba, a licensed
unemployed person. I have 'done' Germany and France. After the death of my
father, I have come back to the country."
At Souk-Ahras, he politely asked a young woman if she did not have anything important
to declare. And, without waiting for her reply, he put a chandelier beside her:
"You will say that it is a present for your family in Tunisia..." After we passed
the customs, he gave a great sigh of relief. However, no one had been forced
to lie: the Algerian customs officials had been more interested in coffee: "'i'hey
are unmanageable. You know, there are at least 500 packets of coffee that enter
Tunisia every day by this train," said the "Jendoubi", an avowed expert.
The discussion continued in fits and starts, dealing, in a partisan or very anec-
dotic fashion, with the student strikes. It was interrupted by Ali, who advised
us to take the panes out of our windows, for we were at Melassine, entering Tunis.
In the time it took to do this, the "reasons" for this "advice" started to rain
in, in the form of stones of every size.
The scenery, passed through quickly, made one think of the Quarantaine district
in Beirut: the same flagrant poverty, the same dilapidation, the picture of
which still remained in the mind when the train stopped in Tunis station--a beauti-
ful architectural buitding opened i.n June 1980.
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FOIt OI~I~TCIAI. i1Sl. 11N1,Y
' In that late afternoon in April, the main streets were almost deserted. Everyone
seemed to be meeting each other in the alleys of Avenue Bourguiba. The legendary
nonchalence of Mediterraneans is not contradicted by Tunis, where people seem
to take the time to live. Nothing showed at that time that these areas had be?n
the setting for "serious disturbances."
"And What of Simon Malley?"
However, the underlying mood Next to the Halfaouine district, the atmosphere
was more stormy. The "craziest" rumors circulate here. The recent amendments
to the Code regarding personal status are debated with passion.~ These amendments,
revolutionary acco!-ding to some people, dangerous according to others, improve
the ways to repair the harm caused to the divorced wife. The integrist Muslims
are 100 percent opposed to them: "The masculine privilege in inheritances" (two
shares for the boy, one share for the girl) "could well have been abolished were
it not for the prompt intervention of our Saudi brothers," stated a Tunisian
intellectual. As for an inspector on the Tunis-Hamman Life bus, he maintained
that "this can only encourage certain women to ask for a divorce so that they
can get the 3,000 dinars due them in such a situation. There is no news about
it. The Destourian newspapers trumpet the same news. LE PHARE, TUNIS HEBDO
and EL RAI have been suspended, so truly we don't know what to think."
In order to be'able to think, one must first be informed. At first sight, the
imposing newspaper stands on the Avenue Bourguiba seemed to be even too well
stocked; but the illusion blurred with a closer look. A close-up view presented
an edifying sight. There were piles of periodicals of the Hersant group, the
Springer group, and others, which are a thousand miles away from the political,
economic, and cultural concerns and questions of the Tunisian people.
A rapid look around established that this avalanche of newspapers was very channeled.
There was no danger of coming across a foreign progressive publication. Even,
so, we ventured to ask for AFRIQUE-ASIE from one of these vendors. With a smile,
he said quietly: "Things aren't going well?" Gradually, the discussion to~k
- another turn. Our speaker was convinced that Ahmed ben Salah, the secretary
general of the Popular Unity Movement was on the editorial staff of the newspaper
or "something like that." And he added, decisively: "In any case, Si Brahim
[he was, of course, walking about Ibrahim Tobal, leader of the Movement of Tunisian
National Opposition], I am more sure of him The husband of my older sister,
a Youssefist who lives in Algeria and often reads AFRIQUE-ASIE, told me so"
"But of course we know AFRIQUE-ASIE! Let us hope that M'zali will soon authorize
- it to be circulated in Tunisia And what of Simon Malley?"
The people we were speaking with, a group of students whom we had arranged the
day before to meet at the Cafe de Paris, had come in force. They were of all
ages and from various backgrounds. One of them brandished an issue of the new
week~ly, LE MAGHREB, which a former journalist, a defector from the Ministry of
the Interior�, had just published: "It's promising!" he said with a meaningful
pout.
Events were cormnented on. They spoke of large groups of bursary students being
sent abroad, to the United States among other places; they discussed the BOP
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[Public Order Brigades] who, with their bludgeons in their hands, their helmets
on their heads, are permanently stationed ail ~ver in front of their armored
vehicles. Passions are aroused and accusations burst out: "Gafsa? There will
be others like him so long as poverty rages in Tunisia!"
University students give their opinion that, apart from the "isolated paradises" ,
in the Sahel, the whote land is "a hell for men." "Now Bourguiba talks about
an averture but, in our opinion, he is a little late. A dialogue cannot be estab-
- lished with the workers, the minor civil servants, and above all, the unemployed."
And what precisely is the overture? "Ah well, it is like the Infitah of Sadat,
with whom, moreover, Bourguiba has never broken. For the government, the 'enemy
- Egypt' was that of Nasser M'zali's multipartism is full of ulterior
motives. Who are these social-democrats and the others? It is our history
that one day will have to challenge them for their various acts of collusion."
The verdict is harsh. It is disputed by anotner friend at the table: "Let's
not exaggerate and let us acknowledge thaL ~7esz opposition parties have a certain
amount of courage, enough to permit them Lo quesLion the Destourian Party's power.
We have conficlence in M'zali and we will perhaps give him our critical support
once multipartism has been established."
"The Fangs of the Jackals"
In a little stall on Avenue Djamaa-Zitouna, a 70-year old welcomes us with "neo
for ever," that is to say, "neo-Destour." On the way to Sidi Mahreb, where the
mausoleum and the mosque have been restored, our old Destourian explained to
us that "Bourguism is a science, a philosophy that no longe!- respects the current
generation. Before it is too late, bear all this in mind." The keeper of the
restored mosque explained to us that the very beautiful chandeliers, costing
"hundreds of millions" of dinars, came from Italy as did all the marble. An
old women who was looking for the place reserved for women so she could pray
retorted to us, "Islam is worth more than that!"
When we left, the candy vendor, at the bottom of the mosque steps, was out of
patience. On the sidewalk opposite, a child kept asking him constantly, "Did
Bourguiba visit your shop yesterday?" A sign of the times There were to
be many others. A young vendor from whom we asked for a copy of the newspaper
L'ACTION, devoted entirely to Bourguiba, answered: "It is 'out of date'
It's over. Wouldn't you like something else?" It was very probably about something
else that the integrist Moslems wished fio talk to us in a house in the medina--
a safe place, "not in a cafe, we would quickly be spotted." Their point of view?
"Bourguiba is intelligent, he jumped at the opportunity to replace Nouira
. He knew very well that they would only make short work of him. M'zali is tougher,
~ but we will win our case There are many believers, and they are with us."
It could not be clearer.
A retired man described to us his happiness when, on leaving the mosque, he was
able to get the last cassett of the Egyptian Kouchke, a preacher appointed by
the Moslem Brothers: "The Sheikh has said that Sadat is a man of peace." Sadat
is also in the pages of that Egyptian religious book that is sold from under
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djebba~-~ in Tunisia and is read "in a state of nirvana," if we were to believe
our old pensioner.
M'rad, a Tunisian communist, waited a long time before back to his count?-y.
"Amensty came at the right time. I was wasting away with homesickness. But
it is the ~tate of "after-Bourguism" which bothers me. The jackals are sharpening
their fangs, and the country is at the mercy of any kind of intrigue. The working
- class is too isolated to be able to count on the other sectors. All the fault~
are attributed to it. Let us not talk about the peasants, who are still under
the khemassat [translation unknown] exactly like serfs!"
Lend to the Rich
Unbelievable Tunisia, where the boats unl~ad hundred of unconcerned tourists
who are clearly happy to not be too much out of their element, to find themselves
in a "politically calm" country.
On the road to the station, the student who was bringing us from the university
- campus turned on a cassette of Sheikh Imam. "He is our chorister! We sing
his songs at all our meetings. [A silence.] You see all these Shell, Mobil,
Total, Esso signs. And to say that we have been independent for a quarter of
a century. For myself, I would first vote for those who say they are against
the multinationals in Tunisia. Unfortunately, most of the parties in Tunis
are silent on this subject. You will see, multipartism will always benefit
the same people. It is a way of lending only to the rich."
The train starts moving, taking us away from a deeply troubled capital. Rain
is falling on the Beja plain, where the harvest promises to be excellent. I
don't know why, but I truly have the impression that "it always rains where it is
wet."
11550
cso: ~.800/74
1/ Nat~ional costume
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~'UNISIA
NATiONAL OPPOSITION MOVEMENT LEADER DISCUSSES DESTOURlAN PARTY CONGRESS DECISIONS
Paris AFRIQUE-ASIE in French i1-24 May 81 p 24
[Article by ibrahim Tobal: "An Er,clusive Pluralism")
- [Text] The leader of the MONT [Tunisian National Opposition
PartyTsent us the following statement, in which he takes a
position with regard to the decisions made by the latest
congress of the Destourian Socialist Party.
The Tunisian head of state claims to be starting a new era for the country by
putting an end to the single party system. This decision, saluted as an historic
one by what it has been agreed to call the opposition--a vague term that indis-
_ criminately describes both the trends within the mobility of the Bourguiba govern-
ment and those who hope to get back there--is based on transparent ulterior
rn~tives: the only ones to profit will be thase groups who agree to play the
game, the rules of which are fixed by the party in power. To see this party
play on the rift that exists within the various opposition groups, ~uspend the
public opinion press, dismiss political figures who are held in suspicion, reprimand
the intellectuals, students, and workers, it is clear that behind the facade
of a"democratic opening up" one can detect the d~signs of the leaders of the PSD
[De~stourian Socialist Party]: to break the ~fragile consensus that formally
unites all those opposition groups and attaches them through a true act of allegiance
to the head of state. .
Two examples illustrate these steps of the government. In the first place, the
suspension measures that have been slapped on three papers, about which the
least that can be said is that they have never shown any radicalism whatsoever
in the positions they were defending.l/ It can be seen that, before embarking
on its new-look process, the PSD is trying to "regularize" public opinion by
attacking any groups expressing different viewpoints, even if they are within
the framework of the Constitution.
In the second place, the authoritarian Bourguiba regime, which has become accustomed
to exercising absolute power, feels itself to be in a somewhat precarious position
1/ ENRAI (L'OPINION), TUNIS-HEBDO, and LE PHARE. This last paper had "dared"
to print a photo of Salah ben Youssef, Destour's secretary general, who was
- assassinated in 1961 on Bourguiba's orders.
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for assuring a democratic swina which, in fact, has been forced on it a~ much by an
explosive domestic situation as by the injection of multinationals and their
social democrat agents. Thus it is surrounding itself with a series of precautions
aimed at making this opening up devoid of danger to its leadership. In order
to do this, it has first branded as exclusive all the parties which are demand3ng
- true nationalism, and preaching economic independence and social progress within
the framework of a development plan that responds to the real needs of our people.
Then it has encouraged the c~ntestants in certain parties to show dissent and
to form independent groups, thus accentuating the splintering of the political
groups and movements and at the same time ope~iing up new possibilities of recovery,
if not paralysis, of these same opposition trends.
The third element that gives little credence to this "democratic opening up":
it is the government which, all throughout the process of opening up will give,
or refuse, authorizations regarding the forming ~f the parties; it is the government
that will continue to control , by itself, the media, particularly television
(the importance of which is well known); and it is again the government that
- will have the upper hand over all the country's institutions.
There is no doubt that the current operation is noth~ing more than a recovery
attempt, such as we foresaw following the Gafsa insurrection. The Bourguiba
regime cannot stand on its own feet any longer. It needs crutches. That its
dependents--from out of its own harem--are supplying them does not surprise us
or our people. However, the fact that opponents who call themselves patriots
and anti-imperialists consent to maneuvers of superficial reconciliation and
serve as foils for a doomed regime, this says much about their true ambitions--
which are not those of defending the people. As far as we, the national opposition,
are concerned, who are putting down our roots in the liberation movement, faithful
to our people's tradiition of combat, we will not be fooled by the new medicine
that B~urguiba wants to administer to our country. 1'he government knows this
very well. And tne people also.
11, 550
cso: 4800/74
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TUNISIA
GRAIN PRODUCTION UNSTABI,E DUE TO RAINFALI,
Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ;T MEDITERRANEENS in French 22 May 81 p 1406
[Text] Tunisia's graii.i production continues to seesaw because of several factors,
the most~ important of �which is rainfall. It is therefore necessary to import large
quantities of grain ev~ery year to meet increased human and animal consumption and
respond to the iieeds uf a food industry that is rapidly developing in the country.
Since 1970, grain production has had its ups and downs. It has always varied be-
tween 6 a~.id 9 million quintals, with the exception of 1972, 1976 and 1980, when it
was 11.5 million quintals. Nevertheless, even the latter figure is far below
what had been hoped.
The goal was to reach self-sufficiency in food, particularly with respect to grain.
However, numerous factors hinder achievement of the objective, especially the poor
use of land: Areas reserved for grain have had no major changes over the past
- decade. Sown fields, which totaled 1.54 million hectares in 1973 and 1.7 million
- hectares in 1979, fell to 1.22 million hectares in 1980. Furthermore, the parcel-
ling and location of farmland constitute a serious obstacle to the desired improve-
_ ment in grain production, despite the introduction of new growing methods, mechan-
ization and the use of high-yield, select seed.
According to statistics from the Grain Office, one observes, by way of example,
that parcels of 10 hectares represent 18.2 percent of all grain areas and those
between 10 and 50 hectares 43.3 percent. Consequently, the utilization of ferti-
lizers has not been in keeping with the provisions of the different development
plans because of a lack of dissemination, the inadequate financial means of grain
farmers and failures in the supply system. The same is true of weeding, whose
objectives as set by the plans have not been fully reached because they were never
defined on the basis of a study taking the means to be used into account.
Seasonal credits destined to help grain farmers to produce more cover only 45 per-
cent of all operating charges. The rest (55 percent) are borne by the farmer and
therefore constitute a heavy burden, especially for small and medium-size farmers
whose income is very low. This then limits self-financing capabilities and consti-
tutes a veritable check on increased production.
One must also note, according to the national agency TUNIS AFRIQUE PRESSE, that grain
farmers with small and medium-sized businesses were excluded from the benefit of seasma.l.
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agricultural credits until 1972. Some 18.2 percent of all grain operations did not
benefit from this type of credit.
Finally, climatic conditions have not always been favorable. Tunisia, a semi-arid
country because of its geographical position, has had years of drought. This
essential factor explains the poor yield, particularly in the central and southern
regions of the country, inasmuch as a good or bad harvest depends on the abundance
or insufficiency of rain.
According to predictions, grain production on the order of 15 million quintals is
expected this year from the 1.4 million hectares planted. Some 400,000 quintals of
seed and 970 tons of fertilizer were used. The Tunisian Government made the move,
- in order to provide encouragement, of increasing the prices of hard and soft wheat
and barley by 1 dinar per quintal. However, authorities still expect to iiaport
11.3 million quintals of grain for a total value of 95 million dinars in order to
meet all needs, including controlled human consumption on the order of 14 million
quintals.
COPYRIGHT: Rene Moreux et Cie., Paris, 1981
11,464
CSO: 4519/1
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TUNISIA
BRIEFS
COOPERATION AGREEMENT WITH MAURITANIA--An agreement protocol for co~peration be-
tween Tunisia and Mauritania was signed in Tunis on 15 May. It establishes condi-
tions for the sending and work of Tunisian technical assistants in Mauritania and
grants that country the privilege of admission to institutes of higher education
and technical study and scholarships for study in Tunisia. Signing for Tunisia
was Ahmed Ben Arfa, general director of international cooperation in the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs and for Mauritania, Mohamed Abdelkader Ou1d Didi, ambassador of
the Islamic Republic of Mauritania to Tunis. [Text] [Paris MARCHES TROPICAUX ET
MEDITERRANEENS in French 22 May 81 p 1405] 11,464
CSO: 4519/1 END
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