JPRS ID: 9845 USSR REPORT LIFE SCIENCES BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OF'FICIAL USE ONLY JPRS L/9845 13 July 1981 ~ USSR Re ort p ~LIFE SCIENCES BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES CFOUO 9/81) FBIS FORElGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVIC~ FOR OFFICL~I. L;SE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 NOTE JPRS publicarions contain information primarily from foreign newspaper~, periodicals and books, but also from news agency transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language sources are translated; those from English-language sources . are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and other characteristics retained. Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text] or [Excerpt] in the first line of each item, or following the last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor- mation was summarized or extracted. Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques- tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the original but have been supplied as appropriate in context. Other unattributed parenthetical notes with in the body of an item originate with the source. Times within items are as given by source. The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government. COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN R~QUIRE THAT DISSEMINL~TION OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE O~TLY. APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400030026-6 JPRS L/9845 13 Jul.y 19 81 USS R REFORT . LIFE $CIENCES BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES (FOUO 9/81) CONTENTS PHYSIOLOGY Ftiinctional Structures of the Second Signaling S~rstem-- Psycho~.~h~rsiological Mechanisms of Tnternal Speech 1 Ecolo@;ical Physiology of Animals. Part 1: General Ecological Phy:ciology and Physiology of Adaptation, in ~Textbook of Phy:~iology' Series 5 - Circadian Rhythms of Biological Processes and Their Adaptive Significance in Vertebrate Qntogenesis ax~d Phylogenesis.......... 7 Sensc~ry 5ystems: Taste and Slnell 9 Mechanisms of Interaction Between Internal a,nd External ~ Analyzers: Visceral Afferentation of Brain ~.inctions 16 Acclima~tion of Animals.~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~� Physiology of Circulation. Physiology of the Heart, in the 'Textbook of Physiology~ Series 23 'Myoton~ Unit for the Control of Movements 29 Sleep and Motor Activity--Stages of Ontogenetic Evolution of Supraspinal Motor Control in the Human Sleep Cycle 32 Problems o.f Physiolo~y of Movement 35 Mechanisms of Man's Adaptation to High I,atitudes .............d..... 1~2 - a- [III - USSR - 21.a S&T FOUO] FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY HUMAN FACTORS Man Under Extreme Environmental Conditions 49 ' Aircraft Aerodynamics: Dynamics of Zongitudinal and I,ateral Movement 56 Methodological and Technical Problems of Experimc~tal Psychophysiology 61 Videoterminals in Informational Interaction (Engineering Psychology Aspects) 68 Current Aspects o.f Adaptation 7~ Industrial Ps,ychology, Psychohygiene and Psychoprophylaad s Referable to Seafaring Personnel 77 PSYCHOLOGY Psychological Mechanisms of Regulating Activity 83 War. The Ocean. Man. Moral, Political and Psychological Training of Seamen in the Soviet Navy $6 - b - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY PHYSIOLOGY FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURES OF THE SECOND SIGNALING SYSTEM-~PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF INTERNAL SPEECH ~ Moscow FUNKTSIONt1L'NYYE STRUKTURY VTOROY SIGNAL'NOY SISTEMY. PSIKHOFIZIOLOGICHESKIYE MEKHANIZMY VNUTRENNEY RECHI in Russian 1979 (signed to press 21 Feb 79) pp 2-5, 247-248 [Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Functional Structures of the Second Signalin~; System--Psychophysiological Mechanisms of Internal Speech", by Tat'yana Nikol.ayevna Us}iakova, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophy- siolo~y and Instittite of Psychology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 3200 copie~s, 248 pages] [Text] An effort w-as made in this work to conduct a psychophysiological study of complex intraverbal and thinking processes, the manifestations of which are the concern of psycholagy and linguistic5. The teaching of I. P. Pavlov was the theoretical basis. It is very urgent to work on the problem of inechanisms of higher mental processes and, accordingly, the problem of controlling them in the light of the tasks in medical and pedagogic practice, cybernetics and science theory. Introduction This book deals with a subject that has been little-covered in the literature-- the second signaling system. The concept of second signaling system was formulated by I. P. Pavlov in the last years of his life [109]. Its general orientation is that the routes of physiological analysis of the most complex and specific forms of man's mental activity, primarily verbal and intellectual processes are to be delineated from the standpoint of the teaching ~n higher nervous activity. This object of study is very complex, since it differs substantially, in many respects, from th~ sr.iencF~ of hi.g}ier nervous activity studies in animals. ~ Ttie Eollow~rs of I. P. Pavlov have accomplished quite a bit to develop the concep- tion of. the second signaling system; however, even now, much remains open for research, as we11 as d~:ba~te. Not infrequently, inconsistencies arise even with definition of the subject when studying the second signaling system. It is equally difficult to determine the methods used. We find that the basic questions of theory of second signaling system require discussion. The theoretical problems that are the most closely related to the subsequent contents of this book are discussed in Chap::er 1 of this work. The main direction of our study was co add to the range of studied ph~enomena in the second signaling system not only some simple forms of verbal activity, but to 1 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-40850R000400030026-6 ~ FOR OFFI('IAI. USE ONLY expand the area of verbal and word-thi~nking processes studied, selecting for psycho- physiological analysis the substantive facts of language and speech singled out by ; linguistics. From the standpoint of our approach, the special element that was named internal speech in psychology was the most important in the mechanisms of speech. We have made an attempt to analyze here the physiological mechanisms of some phenomena of linguistic and verbal activity. Chapter 2 deals with the mechanisms of such an important fact in organization of thinking and language as the meaningful and linguistic cohesiveness of words. It is demonstrated that so-called "interw~rd temporary associations," i.e., the neural links established in the brain upon association of verbal stimuli, is the physio- logical basis of this fact. These associations of verbal stimuli are demonstrable in experiments with the use of various physiological techniques. Interverbal _ temporary associations form distinctive neural networks ("verbal networks") in the brain, which play an important role in organizing intraverbal Iinternal verbal?] pro- cesses. Chapter 3 analyzes the mechanisms of formation and function of linguistic structures of a different level: mechanisms of separation into elements of a single verbal stimulus and subsequent synthesis of the separated elements. Such analysis and syn- r_hesis, which is performed by the nervous system, serves as the basis for formation and utilization of morphologically formed words, and this constitutes an extremely important aspect of vocal activity in inPlected languages. Data on developi~.~g children's speech and, first of all, the distinctions of so-called creation of words by children are the most adequate means of studying mechanisms on this level. This phenomenon, which is well-known in psychology, yielded untraditio:is~ and very informative material for a conclusion as to the nature of second sign.zl analysis and synthesis of vocal signals. j According to linguistic data, the morphological features of words are closely related to their use in a syntactic cohesive sentence. Studies of th~ distinctions of second signal analysis and synthesis of a speech signal ma.de it necessary to in- ' clude in the area oE consideration the mechanism of syntactic connection of words, formation of senter~ces. Data on this sub~ect are presented in Chapter 4. A hypo- thesis is expounded, according to which formation of special dyn~mic stereotypes is the basis for synttiesizing words in a Gentence. Theoretical conceptions are submitted concerning tlie possible mechanisms of syntactic operations. This chapter includes data on the experimental approach to this subject. We realize that the work we ar.e submitting for the reader's consideration reflects only the first steps in studies of the physiological mechanisms of complex speech phenomena. This is the reason for separation and different levels of some studies. Nevertheless, �ae were able to introduce into the range c~ psychophysiological ana- lysis the central phenomena of vocal activity described ir lingui_stics; the presence of linguistic and vocal [verbal) phenomena; the fact that man not only perceives but produces vocal sequences in the course of verbal communication. The data of this study were gathered when this author worked at the Scientific Research Institute of General and Pedagogic Psychology, USSR Academy of Pedagogic Sciences, in contact with tlie Institute of Psychology, USSR Academy of Sciences, as well as when he worked at the Tnstitute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neuro- physiology, USSR Academy of Sciences. 2 )NLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400030026-6 f'OR UFF7('IA1. II~H: ONI,Y Contents Page . Introduction ~ Chapter 1. Subject and Methods of Investigation 6 1.1. Subject 6 1.2. Distinc.tions of inethods used to 'study the second signaling system 16 Chapter 2. Neural Associations Between Words as One of the Mechanisms of the Second Signaling System 22 2.1. History of investigations of neural associations between words 22 2.2. Analysis of experiments for demonstration of neural associa- - tions between words 37 2.2.1. Nature of neural association established under the influence of semantically similar words ~7 2.2.2. Nature of neural association established under the influence of words ttiat sound similar 43 2.3. Funct3on of. systems of temporary associations between words 47 2.3.1. Method of investigation 41 2.3.2. Study of the process of formation of word-word associations by the testinR methad 51 2.4. Special clianges in systems of temporary word associations 61 2.4.1. Experimental modeling of changes in temporary word associations 65 2.5. Temporary word associations and internal speech 70 Chapter 3. Second Si~nal Mechanisms of Organization~of Internal Word Structure 75 3.1. Possibility of using children~s creation of words to describe speech mechanisms 75 - 3.2. Data on word creation by children 82 3.3. Analysis of verbal stimul:~ in children~s speech 83 3.4. Conditions of interaction and differentiation of word structures 124 3.5. Some linguistic data on analytical language processes 131 3.6. Synthesis of word elements in children's speech 134 - 3.7. Some linguistic data on ling~iistic synthesizing processes 1~s3 3.8. Generalized word meanings 147 3.9. System of generalized word meanings 150 3.10. Special means of formation of children~s neologisms (of t}ie ~folk etymolo};y~ ~ype) 157 :3.11. An~:1y~:1s of literaturE~ on word creaticz by children 161 Ci~apter 4. Synti~esis of Word Signals in Man~s Construction of Verbal Sentence 169 4.7. Current psycholo~;lca1 studies of generation of synta~t.ically formed speech 169 4.'L. T}~e ~syntactic factor~ in ct~ildren's speech 185 4.3. 'Syntactic stereotypes' in speech processes 189 4.4. Anticipation stage in effecting speech. 'Internal speech~ 194 4.5. Mechanism of choice of word forms in constructing verbal sentence 201 4.6. Distinctions of syntactic processes in development of children's speech 205 4.7. 'Nonsyntactic forms' of children's word creation 209 4.8. Children~s word creation under experimental conditions 213 3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400430026-6 ~ F'OR nFF'IC'IA1. UtiE ONLY 4.9. Causes of onset and termination of the period of word creation by children 218 4.10. Experimental study of the process of man~s construction of a verbal sentence 222 Bibliography 235 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka", 1979 - 10,657 CSO: 1840/999 ~ ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC: 6~,2:577.3 ECOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOCY OF ANIMALS. PART 1: GENERAL ECOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF ADAPTATION, IN 'TL'XTBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY' SERIES Leningrad EKOLOCICH~SKAYA FIZIOLOGIYA ZHIVOTNYKH. CHAST' I: OBSHCHAYA EKOLOGICHESKAYA FIZIUI.OGIYA I FIZIOLOGIYA ADAPTATS.7Y in Russian 1979 (signed to press 21 Apr 79) - pp 2, 439-440 [Annotation and table of contents from "Ecological Physiology of Animals. Part 1: General Ecological Physiology and Physiology of Adaptation, in 'Textbook of Physiology' Series", edited by A. D. Slonim (editor-in-chief), Department of Physiology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 3100 copies, 44Q pages] _ [Text] This book contains data from the li_terature and experimental material on problems of general ecological physiology. There is discussion of general problems and current status of this branch of physiology. Special attention is given to the general effects of natural environmental factors on the organism, problems of hibernation, torpid states and population physiology. There are 78 illustrations, 36 tables; bibliography lists 1467 items. ~ Contents Page Chapter 1. Subject, Tasks, I'rocedures and History of Development of Lcological Physiolofiical T~esearch (A. D. Slonim) 3 1. Definition, tasks an:i place in the system of biological sciences 3 2. In~;es~.~ga~i~n of pF~ysiological functions in the field and experiments 8 3. Lcological physiological description of species and populations of species 12 4, Development of ecological. physiology in the USSR and abroad 15 5. Biotelcmetric methods in ecological physiological research (V. P. Bakalov, M. M. Mirrakhimov) 21 Ctia~~ter 2. Natural Gnvironmental Factors and Their Effects on the Orbanism (L. K. Cherednichenko) 36 1. Luminous radiation and its effect on the c~rganism 37 _ 2. Effect of magnetic fields on the organism 41 . 3. Tlie aIr environment. Meteorological factors 43 4. High and low temperatures 50 5. Effect of low barometric pressure on the organism 56 6. Substances that pollute the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide 61 7. The aquatic environment 68 8. Soil, its composition and properties 77 5 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Chapter 3. Teaching on Physiologica~. Adaptations (A. D. S1.oni,t~) 79 l. Definition, investigative procedures and classificati:on of physiological adaptations 79 2. System and local (organic and tissular) homeostasis and its role 87 r' in adaptation of the organism 3. Structure of physiological adaptations and involvement of various systems in the organism's reaction 100 , 4. Conditioned reflexes and habituation in the course of adaptation 11C S. Residual reactions and memory in formation of physiological adaptations (T. A. Bagdasarova, A. D. Slonim) 115 6. Neurohormonal mechanisms of residual reactions and 'vegetative memory' (L. 7.. Pevzner, A. D. Slonim) 121 7. Hormonal mechanisms of adaptation (D. Z. Zakirov) 126 8. Behavioral bases of adaptation,and homeostatic behavior 132 G. Pheno typic adaptation and formation thereof in ontogenesis 146 Y.O. Genotypic adaptatian, and ecological physiological specialization of species 150 11. Cc~mplex forms of physiolo~;ica1 adaptation 161 12. Range of adaptive cap~icity of the organism (reaction norm) and 'price' o� adaptation 170 13. Maximization and minimization of physiological functions, and overall characteristics of adaptations 173 Chapter 4. Physiological States (Hibernation, Estivation, Adaptive 183 Hypothermia of Birds, Diapause ot Insects) l. Factors causing hybernation, falling asleep and waking up 183 (A. D. Slonim) 187 2. Metabolism and heat regulation (N. K. Popova) 198 3. Respiration and circulat~on (N. K. Popova) 205 4. Blood and hemopoiesis (,G. V. Alekseyeva, V. M. Yunker) 214 5. Fluid-electrolyte homeostasis and renal function (L. id. Ivanova) 222 6. Seasonal changes in the digestive system (I. P. Bel'skaya) Z25 7. Seasonal rhythms in endocrine system function (S. G. Kolayeva) 23~ 8. The nervous system (N. K. Popova) 9. The role of endogenous and exogenous comp~nents in formation of 24~ seasonal rhythms in hibernating animals (S. G. Kolayeva) 255 10. Humoral trig~;erin~ mechanisms of hibernation (A. D. S?_onim) 258 t]. Forms of hibernation. Estivation (A. D. Slonim) 262 12. Adal~u~~' hyP~~t~~c~rmta in birds (Yu. E. Keskpayk) 270 l3. The diapausc (A. S. KonLkov) 2~~ Chapter 5. Links Bctween Organisms, and Physiology of Populations 277 L. TmitatLn~; behavic~r and ~roup reactions of ani~als (A. D. Slonim) 2. Spatial struct�re of populations and types of organization thereof 284 (A. D. S1c~nim) 291 3. Group behavior of mammals (L. M. Baskin) 303 4. Gregariousness of monkeys (G. M. Cherkovich) 5. Rcgulation of population size in mammals (Ye. V. Naumenko) 318 6. Group eff.ects in pharmacology and toxicology (E. R. Uzhdavini) 342 7. Echoranging in mammals (Ya. A. A1'tman) 352 Bibliography 371 Supplemental biblio~raph,y 436 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1979 10,657 CSO: 1840/999 6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400030026-6 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY UDC; 577.31 ~ CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR ADAPTIVE SIGNIFTCANCE IN VERT~'BRATE ONTOGENESIS AND PHYLOGENESIS Novosibirsk SUTOCHNYYE RITMY BIOLOGICHESKIKH PROTSESSOV I IKH ADAPTIVNOYE ZNACHENIYE V ONTO- I FILOGENEZE POZVONOCHNYKH in Russian 1980 (signed to press 21 Dec 79) pP 2-3, 278 _ jAnnotation, foreword and table o` contents from book "Circadian Rhythms of Biological Processes and Their Adaptive Significance in Vertebrate Ontogenesis and Phylogenesis", by Gennadiy Dmitriyevich Gubin and Yefim Shmuylovich Gerlovin (deceased), Scientific Research Clinical Department of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences and Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine of the Siberian Department of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, = Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1800 copies, 278 pages] [Text] This monograph deals with the rhythms of biological processes on different levels of organization of living organisms, for the purpose of learning about changes therein in ontogenesis and phylogenesis. The role of biorhythms is shown in adapt~:.ion of vertebrates to changing environmental factors. Attention is given to mechanisms of regulating circadian rhythms on the cellular level. This book is intended for biologists, physiologists, morphologists and physicians. There are 40 tables; 64 illustrations; bibliographv lists 799 items. Foreword At the present time, there has beeu an increase in interest in problems of bio- rhythmology, the methodological principles of which are confidently penetrating into studies of all levels of organization of living things. The tree of chrono- biolo~y is growing and becoming stronger, forming more and more new branches, whictl have practical importance (chronopharmacology, chronotoxicology, chronomedi- cine, chronohygiene, etc.). It is becoming obvious that tl~e problem of the effects of heliophysical and geo- physical tactors on man's adaptation processes are closely linked with problems af biortiyttimolo~y. By studying the circadian organization of biological systems, efforts are being made to analyze the definitions of "health," "premorbid state," "disease." Development of inethods to assess the health status of populations that live under inadequate environmental conditions, development of bases for reliable forecasting of the health status of the public, make it necessary to use the chronobiological approach. 7 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFF(CIAL USE ONLY ~h~ y~,Ca1 ~unctions o~ biolqgical systems are characterized by the existence of stages and specific features in each period. In essence, we refer to the long- term coexistence of an organism iz~ adequate and inadequate conditions. Is this associated with change in the known [or some] mechanisms of ontogenesis or do ~ these mechanisms interact with another biological program determined by evolution, which is implemented in the presence of prolonged inadequate environmental condi- tions? Evidently, the genetic mechanisms and reserves of this program only inter- - act with the ontogenetic program. Perhaps, certain changes in the hierarchy and formation of goals of a biosystem are provided to implement these programs. If we succeeded in finding the most limiting elements and means of implementing new, prolonged adaptive processes, it would be possible to correct them more - effectively and predict the results of encounters between a biological system and inadequate conditions. These pressing biomedical problems should be solved by investigating the distinc- tions of rhythms of biological forms of movement of matter from the broad general biolobical and evolutionary points of view. However, there is still no systematic summary of studies of circadian rhythm~ of biological processes in the literature.... [incomplete sentence, end of foreword not available]. Contents Page 3 Foreword Introduction Chapter 1. Main Stages of Development of Teaching on Circadian Rhythm 8 of Biological Processes Chapter 2. Distinctions of Circadian Biological Rhythms on Different 14 Levels of Organization of Animals Chapter 3. Dynamics of Circadian Rhythms of Biological Processes in 22 Liver Cells of Adult Vertebrates in Phylogenesis Chapter 4. Dynamics of Circadian Rhythms of Biological Processes in 105 Liver Cells of Some Vertebrates in Ontogenesis Chapter 5. Correlation and Mutual Determination of Circadian Rhythms of Biological Processes in Veretebrate Ontogenesis and Phylogenesis 155 Chapter 6. Significance of Biological Circadian Rhythms in Adaptation of Organisms to Dif.ferent Living Conditions and in Response to 210 Administration of Toxic and Pharmacological Agents 241 Conclusion 244 Bibliography COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980 10,657 cso: 184q'999 8 . FOR OFFICIAL U~E ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400430026-6 FOR OFFIC'IA1, l1SH: ONLY UDC: 612.84+612.87 SENSORY SYSTEMS: TASTE AND SMELL Leningrad SENSORNYYE SISTEMY. OBONYANIYE I VKUS in Russian 1980 (si.gned to press 2 Dec 80) pp 2, 179, 181-184 [Annotation, abstracts of articles and table of centents from book "Sensory Systems: Taste and Smell", edited by G. V. Gershuni (editor-in-chief), Tnstitute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov, Scientific Council for Complex Problems of Human and Animal Physiology, USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1700 copies, 184 pages] [Text] This book consists of surveys and survey-experimental articles dealing with olfaction and gustation of vertebrates, as well as chemoreception in gastropod mollusks. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of olfactory cell function, as - well as significance of olfaction to the behavior of f ish and amphibians, are dis- - cussed. There are experimental data on the distinctions of structural organization of the organ of taste; current conceptions are summarized on biochemical bases of reception ~f gustatory agents; some physiological mechanisms of function of the sensory gustatory system and behavioral aspects of taste perception are described. This publication is intended for specialists in the field of physiology and allied biological sciences. Abstracts UDC: 612.861 "Physiological Mecha~iisms of Olfactory Receptor Cell Function," by A. V. Minor Experiments involving recording of the electrooculogram and electrotonic potential of the olfactory nerve, as well as intracellular derivations of potentials from the olfactory epithelium, made it possible to investigate the properties of the olfactory receptor potential. The flagella are the main chemosensitive part of tiie olfactory cell.. At the same time, there is experimental evidence of the fact that the area of active depolarization involves most of the membrane of~the peripheral process. Tliere is substantiation of a concept, according to which chemosensitive and electrogenic parts of the olfactory cell are spatially separated, and that there is an internal mechanism that provides for a connection between them. Estimates and experimental data indicate that the kinetic parameters of the ol- factory receptor potential are not determined by diffusion of the aromatic sub- stance in the layer of olfactory mucus, but by an internal intermediate process. This E~rocess includes a system for synthesis and breakdown of cyclic AMP, which plays the role of intracellular mediator in the mechanism of stimulation of the olFactory cell. Bibliography lists 55 items; there are 6 illustrations. 9 EOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC: 612.86 "Properties and Functions of Olfactory Epithelium Proteins," by 0. S. Gladysheva, D. M. Kukushkina and G. I. Martynova On the basis of the authors' own data and the literature, information is submitted on the role of proteins in the receptor process of the olfactory organ of verteb- rates. It was demonstrated that there is individuality to the protein composi- tion of the olfactory lining in relation to tissues of a different nature. A change in activity of alkaline phosphatase was demonstrated under the influence of olfactory stimuli. There is comprehensive discussion of the functional role of this enzyme ln various structures of the olfactory epithelium, involvement in pro- - cesses of inetabolite transport, cell differentiation, secretion, production of a supply of inorganic phosphate and possibly special functions in the process of reception of odors. Bibliography lists SO items; there are 5 illustrations and 1 table. UDC: 597.5:591.512 "Significance of Olfaction to Fish Behavior," by G. A. Malyukina, A. 0. Kasumyan and Ye. A. Marusov Questions of chemical communication of fish in intraspecies and interspecies correlations are di:.~ussed on the basis of the authors' own studies and numerous data in the literature. There is comprehensive discussion of the results of ex- - periments dealing with recognition of fish of differ..ent species according to smell, as well as individual differentiation between specimens of their own species, identification of their own roe nests and offspring, choice of mate and determination of social status of a specimen of their own species. There is also discussion of the role of various receptor systems involved in perception of chemical stimuli. Much attention is devoted ro the defense reactions of fish in response to chemical danger signals--alarm pheromone and scent of a predator. The ontogenetic time of appearance of these reactions is given; the intluence of a number of biotic and abiotic environmental factors, physiological state of fish on intensity and nature of manifestation of defense behavior. There is discussion of the role of olfaction in formation of correlations between fish in populations and biocenoses. Bibliography lists 50 items; there are 59 illustrations. UDC: 597.94:591.185.34 "Olfaction-Controlled Behavior of Caudate Amphibians," by S. E. Margolis This survey deals with current conceptions of the role of olfactory signals in organizing food-procuring, mating, defense and orienting behavior. There is discussion of the signif icance of specific cutaneous glands of caudate amphibians as a source of olfactory signals, on the basis of which chem.ocommunication takes - place during the period of mating behavior, and their role in defense behavior. Attention is called to the significance of olfactory signals as a function of 10 ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY behavioral reactions and ecology of caudate amphibians, and in this reference the results are submitted of using origin3l methods of investigating the olfaction- guided behavior of tritons. Bibliography lists 72 items. UDC: 612.86 "Natural Amino Acids as Olfactory Stimuli in Some Amphibians," by N. B. Kruzhalov According to data in the literature, amino acids are effective stimuli for the olfactory receptors of fish and chemoreceptors of aquatic invertebrates; the chemo- receptors of amphibians, fish and aquatic invertebrates are involved in food reac- tions; the olfactory receptors of amphibians and fish are morphologically similar. Using the method of recording electrical activity of the olfactory bulb, it was demonstrated for the first time t11at the ol�actory.system of frogs is sensitive to amino acids. Just as in fish, greater effecttveness of L isomers is inherent in frogs, as compared to D isomers, and greater effectiveness of amino acids than carboxylic acids. There is discussion of the distinctions of olfactory reception of terrestrial and aquatic forms of amphibians. Data concerning the functional properties of the accessory oi~actory system are discussed, as well as the sensi- tivity of the vomeronasal organ *_o amino acids, which was demonstrated for the f irst ti.me. Bibliography lists 66 items; there are 4 illustrations and 2 tables. UDC: 612.65.87 - "Study of Gustatory Structures of Vertebrates by the Method of Scanning Electron Microscopy, by T. M. Dmitriyeva, Z. V. Lyubimova and A. I. Yesakov The authors submit the results of studies of structural organization of the ancillar.y system of chemoreceptor elements of the tongue in the comparative aspect. The distinctions of ultrastructural organization of various forms of papillae, their topography on receptor-bearing surfaces in the order of vertebrates are dis- cussed: in fish--Baykal cisco and oil-fish; acaudate amphibians--the frog; and mammals--guinea pig, rat and cat. The nature of structural organizat?on of papillae as related to dietary distinctions and the animals' habitat is discussed. Bibliography lists 28 items; there are 7 illustrations. UDC: 591.487 "Some Evolutionary Distinctions in Organization of the Gustatory Organ of Fish," by R. A. Pevzner This survey submits the author's and literature data on ultrastructural organiza- tion of receptor, supporting and basal cells of Elasmobranchii fish (carp, white amur, pike and others). It was demonstrated that fish retain the general principle of organization of the gustatory receptor: in all receptor cells there is a single microvillous process, well-developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, synaptic con- _ tacts with nerve endings. Data are also submitted on the distribution and quantity 11 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400430026-6 FOR OFFlCIAL USE: ONLY of taste buds as relaCed to diet; there are fewest in predatory f~sh, ~n whom the gustatory receptors cuntxol the food swallowed, and the most are found in phyto- phages and benthophages, whose gustatory receptors can find the source of food. Data are also submitted ~bout compensatory development of taste buds in blinded predators, b~.ind cave fish and fish that live in murky or swift rivers. Biblio- graphy lists 95 items; there are 5 illustrations. UDC: 612.87+591.484/488 "Biochemical Aspects of Reception of Gustatory Agents in Animals," by R. N. Etingof and I. B. Ostretsova Data in the literature and the authors' own material are summarized concerning the nature and properties of receptors that perceive sweet and bitter agents. It was demon5trated that the "sweet" receptors are of a protein nature, similar in properties in mammals and insects, which are localized in the membrane elements of r.tie taste cell. Tl~ere is discussion of the possible involvement of some enzymatic systems in tiie primary mechanism of the receptor process. In this respect, special attention is given to enzymes that are involved in conversion of cyclic nucleotides, as well as a-glucosidaGe of insects' sensillae. Bibliography lists 66 items. UDC: 612.65 "Significance of Metabolic Reactions of Gustatory Receptors to Perception of - Chemical Stimuli," by V. 0. Samoylov, V. N. Solov'yev, N. G. Gurskaya and A. S. Gu': chenok A survey was made of data and conceptions developing and rejecting the enzyme hypothesis of gustation. Analysis was made of the methodological difficulties in- volved in solving this problem, and a new approach is validated for studying t:~e role ot metabolic reactions of taste receptors in perception of chemical stimuli. The r.c5ults of experimentll work on this score are summarized, and this enabled ~he authur5 to formul.ate their conceptlon of primary mechanisms of taste reception. 'I'I~e liypc~thesis ~I:; ex~ounded of heterogeneity of molecular mechanisms of perception of substances tliat have different taste qualities. Bibliography lists 78 items; there are 4 illustrations and 1 table. - UDC: 591.18,481:185.31 "Central Mechanisms of Function of the Sensory Gustatory System," by N. Ye. Vasilevskaya A survey is offered of the current status of the question of central mechanisms of gustatory reception. Data are submitted on the morphology of the primary center in 12 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY different classes of vertebrates and representation of taste in the mammali~.n thalamt~G and cerebral cortex. There is discussion of the results ot physiological studies of the gustatory system of mammal:~. Special attention is given to the _ results of studies of inechanisms of analysis and processing of gustatory impulses in the centiral nervous system of fish and amphibians. Data are submitted on - studies of evoked potentials in the f'ish and frog medulla, and in the tapetum of the fish mesencephalon in response to stimulation of the afferent conductor of gustatory reception, reactions of neurons to adequate stimulation of taste recep- tors, as well :s the results of studies of insturmental conditioned reflexes of fish directed toward restoring optimum conditions in the aquatic environment after adding chemical agent~ to it. Bibliography lists 54 items; there are 3 illustrations. UDC: 612.833+612.391+612.86 "Taste and Behavior," by V. G. Kassil' and G. V. Makukhina Tliis survey deals with the significance of the gustatory analyzer in forming some behavioral reactions. Data from the literatur~ are submitted concerning matura- tion of t}~e gustatory analyzer in prenatal and postnatal ontogenesis. There is discussion of inborn reactions related to gustatory analysis and choice in eatin~ and drinking behavior, as well as species-related distinctions of gustatory analysis related to the type of diet. There is comprehensive discussion of questions of change in gustatory choice with change in state of the endogenous environment of an organism and change in its requirements, on the example of atti- tude toward foods, Much space is devoted to conditioned reflex changes in attitude - toward different flavors on the example of formation and retention of gustatory aversion. The authors' own experimental data are submitted, which deal with age- and sex-related distinctions of formation of gustatory aversion in albino rats. Bibliography lists 60 items; there is 1 illustration. UDC: 612.821 _ "Individual Distinctions of Gustatory Sensitivity of i~an According to the Results oE Screening 7'~.tsLc:rs," by Tt. V. Coloynya, V. N. Xakovleva, A. Ye. Chesnokova, Yu. A. Borisov and A. V. Matveyeva This article analyzc~s I.ndividual gustatory sensitivity of man. Of a total of 102 sub~ects, .16~ were found to be "color blind" and 2% had heightened sensitivity to all four. main types oC El.avor--acid, sweet, salt and bitter. Of the total, 80.7~ of the sub~jects h1d heightened sensitivity for sweet flavor and 67.0% for salt. The subjects~ sensitivity to different flavors dimini`shes in the following order: - sweet, salt, bitter and acid. Using cluster analysis, a method was developed for screening [professional] tasters suitable for rating the pleasing qualities of foods. Introduction of an additional criterion made it possible to single out a more homogeneous group among the most sensitive and psychologically stable tasters for determination of the thresholds of taste and odor of individual compounds. Bibliography lists 36 item~; there are 3 illustrations and 6 tables. 13 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FUR OF'NICIAI, t1SE ONLY UDC: 591(481.4+181.381.5):594.381.5 "Osphradial Sensory System of Gastropod Mollusks," by V. A. Sokolov, N. 13. Kamardin, 0. V. Zaytseva and T. P. Tsirulis A study was made of physiology and morphology of the osphradial sensory system of Lymnaea stagnalis. The cytoarchitectonics of the receptor epithelium and osphradial ganglia are described. Tfao types of endings of receptor neurons were demonstrated. It was found that the reactions of the f ibers of the osphradial nerve to osmotic and chemical components of solutions differ in dynamic range and direction (increase or decrease in impulsation frequency). The correlation between frequency of im- pulsation and osmotic concentration of solutions is described by S-shaped functions. Representation of osphradial reception in the large parietal and visceral ganglia was demonstrated. Several forms of organization of interneuronal relations, which are involved in discrimination between osmotic and chemical components of a stimulus, as well as signaling to efferent systems, were demonstrated on the identified neurons of these ganglia. The physiological mechanisms and structural correlations between nerve elements on the visceroparietal level of integration of the osphradial sensory system are discussed. Bibliography lists 42 items; there are 7 illustrations. Contents Page Olfaction Physiological Mechanisms of Olfactory Receptor Cell Function (A. V. Minor) 3 - Properti~s and Functions of Olfactory Epithelium Proteins (0. S. Gladyshev a~ 18 D. M. Kukushkina, G. I. Martynova) Significance of Olfaction to Fish Behavior (G. A. Malyukina, A. 0. Kasumyan, 30 Ye. A. Marusov) 44 Olfaction-Controlled Behavior of Caudate Amphibians (S. E. Margolis) Natural Amino Acids as Olfactory Stimuli in Some Amphibians (N. B. Kruzhalov) 60 Gustation Study of Gustatory Structures of Vertebrates by the Method of Scanning 73 Electron Microscopy (T. M. Dmi~riyeva, L. V. Lyubimova, A. T. Yesakov) Some Evolutionary Distinctions in Organization of the Gustatory Organ of Fish 82 (R. A. Pevzner) - Biochemical Aspects of Reception of Gustatory Agents in Animals 94 (R. N. Etingof, I. B. Ostretsova) ` Significance of Metabolic Reactions of Gustatory Receptors to Perception of - ~ Chemical Stimuli (V. 0. Samoylov, V. N. Solov'yev, N. G. Gurskaya, 107 A. S. Gurchenok) Centr~il Mechanlsms of Function of the Sensory Gustatory System 119 (N. Ye. Vasilevskaya) 134 TasCe and Behavior (V. G. Kassil', G. V. Makukhina) Individua] Distinctlons of Gustatory Sensitivity of Man According to the Results of Screening Tasters (R. V. G olovnya, V. N. Yakovleva, A. Ye� 148 Chesnokova, Yu. A. Borisov, A. V. Matveyeva) Chemoreception in Mollusks Osphradial Sensory System of Gastropod Mollusks (V. A. Sokolov, N. N. Kamardin, 159 0. V. Zaytseva, T. P. Tsirul3s) 14 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02109: CIA-RDP82-00850R400440030026-6 'IAI. USE ONLY New Book, 'Olfactory Receptors of Verte�brates,' by A. t~. Bronshteyn (reviewed by A. V. Minor) 1~~ Abstracts ~gl COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980 ' 1o,~s~ CSO: 1840/999 15 FOR O~FICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 b'UR Oi~NI('IAL USE ONLY UDC: 612.825~5:612.882 , MECHANISMS OF INTERACTTON BETW~EN ~NTERNAT~ AND EXTERNAL ANALYZERS. VTSCERAL AFFERENTATION OF BRAIN FUNCTIONS Leningrad MEKHANIZMY VZAIMODEYSTVIYA VNUTRENNIKH I VNESHNIKH ANALIZATOROV in Russian 1980 (signed to press 8 Aug 80) pp 2-4, 149 _ [Annotation, foreword by Academician V. N. Chernigovskiy and table of contents from book "Mechanisms of Interaction Between Internal and External Analyzers. Visceral Afferentation of Brain Functions", by Vladimir Semenovich Raytses, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1350 copies, 150 pages] [Text] This monograph summarizes data from the literature and the author's own electrophysiological research on functional organization of central parts of internal (visceral) analyzers and mechanisms of interaction between visceral afferent signals and sensory messages going to the central nervous system from somatic, vestibular and visual receptors. Current data are submitted on involve- ment of the hypothalamic and limbic structures of the brain in central control of sensory processes and mechanisms of interaction between interoceptive and exteroceptive signaling. The significance of visceral signals to formation and expression of certain forms of emotional reactions and purposeful behavior is discussed, as well as emotional disorders in the presence of visceral pathology. There are 50 illustrations and S tables; bibliography lists 449 items. Foreword This monograph by Prof V. S. RaytsES, which is small but has comprehensive contents, deals with a problem, which is important and still pressing, but still not resolved, that pertains to the correlations between two flows of signals, one of which informs the organism of man and animals about events in the environment and the other, about what is happening in the organism itself. ~ The importance oE this problem, which retains its significance in our times, had already been appreciated by I. M. Sechenov. With reference to mechanisms of regulation, he wrote abotit so-called systemic senses [feelings]: "The vague overall feeling (probzbly from all organs of the body that have sensory nerves) is the general background for the diverse manifestations that apply here, which we call a sense of general well-being in a healthy man and a feeling of general malaise in a weak or sick one. Zn general, this background has a very strong effect on work performance, as well as man's mind, although it does have the nature of a calm, even, vague feeling. The healthy ~onu~ of everyt~iing that happens in the body, which medical men refer to as vigor vitalis and that wnich is called spiritual mood in the psychological aspect depends on this feeling" (Sechenov, 1956, p 671). , 16 ' LY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 NOR ONF1C'IAL IISE nNLY In his monograph, V. S. Raytses summarized rather extensive material that he and his colleagues gathered, which deals with the problem formulated previously. Of special value in the monograph is the fact that it discusses comprehensively, knowledgeably and on the basis of facts, the interaction between signals travel- ing from various physiological systems of the organism to many branches of the central nervous system and, particularly, those that one generally refers to by the term "subcortical structures." The author demonstrated convincingly that a signal coming from visceral elements not only has its own communication channels with the central nervous system (the existence of such channels is not questioned), but its own terminal "stations" in different parts of the central nervous system and, what is more important, that a signal arriving at these "stations" from visceral systems interacts with the one coming to the same places from the receptive fields of the musculocutaneous, ves- tibular and visual systems. It should be assumed that this continuous integra- tion of signals on different levels of the central nervous system allows the human and animal organism, as an integral system, to perform behavioral acts. The author made a good choice of the problem of interaction of afferent systems. Indeed, the receptive fields of the skin, like those of the e}~es, give our body a clear idea about objects around us, and all effects directed to these fields reach consciousness without difficulty. Conversely, signals from the - vestibular analyzer, which are, incidentally, very important for our spatial orientation, are not as easily and si.mply reflected in our consciousness. A man who has s].ipped or stumbled can correct the position of his body in space in an instant--with or without success--not because he clearly knows what he must do to maintain a vertical position. This happens, as they say, instinctively, without the involvement of consciousness. Even vaguer are the sensations originating from muscles, which I. M. Sechenov called "dark, dim." For expressly this reason it is very important to determine how interaction of these very heterogeneous signals interact on different levels of the nervous system. _ This work, which was done on a modern level using modern methods, is dedicated to ttie above problem. I bell.eve that it will be studie~i with interest by physio- logists; moreover, it will be useful to clinicians as well, particularly neurolo- gists who will not regret the time they spen~ reading it. Contents Page _ Foreword 3 _ Introduction 5 Ctiapter 1. BrieF Intormation About Morphofunctional Structure of Internal (Visc.eral) Analyzers $ Chapter 2. Central Systems and Mechanisms of Viscerosomatic Tntegration 28 Chapter 3. Viscerosomatic influences on reactions of vestibular system 49 Chapter 4. Convergence and interaction of viscerosomatic and visual afferent signals (g : Chapter 5. Involvement of Hypothalamic and Limbic Brain Structures in ~ Central Control of Sensory Processes 88 Chapter 6. Visceral Signalization and Elements of Behavior 109 Conclusion 12C Bibliography 132 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka", 1980 10,657 17 cso: 1840/999 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR UFFIC'IAL USE ONLY UDC: 575.4:577.4:591:612.014 ACCLIMATION OF ANIMALS Leningrad AKKLIMATSIYA ZHIVOTNYKH ORGANIZMOV in Russian 1981 (signed to press 2 Dec 80) pp 2-6, 134-135 [Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Acclimation of Animals", by Vladislav Vil'gel'movich Khlebovich, edited by Ya. I. Starobogatov, Zoological Institute and Section of Chemicotechnological and Biological Sciences, USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1900 copies, 136 pages] [TextJ This book analyzes the phenomenology and mechanisms of acclimation of animals referable to different taxonomic and ecological groups to environmental factors, on the basis of a survey of the author's own data and those in the literature. Acclimation is compared to processes that are similar in duration (about 2 weeks) and mechanisms (gene regulation): some manifestations of ontogenetic development, immunity, neurological memory, compensation of injuries, etc. Practical acclimation procedures are described. Ecological and evolutionary aspects of this biological phenomenon are discussed. There are 49 illu~trations, 9 tables; bibliography lists 417 items. Introduction If we were to conceive of the field of activity of science as very rugged terrain, in which we must see more and learn more, scientific theory can be mentally drawn in the form of an observation [watcl~] tower. We could endlessly fortify and build up the only~"co~rrect" tower, but we could build one, two or more new towers that would enable us to see new objects around us or to examine already known ones at a different angle or even from the opposite side. Probably, the "observation sectors" from different towers will overlap, and this would car- respond to the situation where the same phenomenon can be examined using the armamentarium of concepts, terms and methods of different branches of sciences. Apparently, this is more a positive than negative element, although it does involve some difficulties of presentation of material, since the logic of facts leads the researcher through branches of science that are beyond his own narrow specialty. In this book, we tried to consider from different angles the phenomenon of accli- - mation which, like phyeiological adaptation, adaptive modification, as an act of genetic regulation, as well as the method of determining the ecological spectr~tm, is found to be linked to various biological disciplines. l~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 - FOR OFFICIAL USF. ON1.Y Hi.storically, the concept of accli.mation emerged in connection with studies of ec:o- logy of several species of marine animals. Studies of the temperature range of vital function of some fish revealed that the ranges for survival, reproduction or function of different systems of an organism depend on the temperature the animals were exposed to before the experiment and how long this exposure lasted (Sumner, Doudoroff, 1938; Stroganov, 1940; Doudoroff, 1942, 1945; Brett, 1944, 1946; Fry et al., 1946, and others). It thus became apparent that, when comparing the temperature reactions of groups of an~mals, they must first be kept under standard conditions (they should be acclimated to the corresponding temperature). Subse- quently, this requirement was applied both to the study of species referable to other taxonomic groups and to work pursued to determine the effects on organisms of other abiotic environmental factors: salinity, hydrostatic pressure, light, pH, oxygen content, etc. (see, for example, ~the surveys by the following authors: Bullock, 1955; Prosser, 1955, 1977, 1978; Kinne, 1964, 1970, 1971; Zhirmunskiy, 1966; Hoar, 1967; Alderdice, 1972; Precht et al., 1973). At the present ti:ne, acclimation is generally used to refer to a"compensatory change arising in an organism in response to prolonged deviation of some environ- mental factor (usually under laboratory conditions) from its original level" (Prosser, 1977, p 19). This definition of K. Prosser, in spite of its vagueness, is valuable in that acclimation is interpreted as a biological phenomenon, and not as a methodological procedure for obtaining material that is comparable in its physiological parameters. There was the greatest interest in the study of temperature acclimation, since - it is more universal and metlxiiologically more accessible (see surveys by: Kinne, 1970; Alderdice, 1972; Precht et al., 1973; Wieser, 1973). There are somewhat fewer known works dealing with acclimation to salinity of marine organisms; how- ever, information of a general nature is concentrated in the~e (see surveys by: Kinne, 1971; Khlebovich, Berger, 1975; Prosser, 1977, 1978). For several years, studies of acclimation of aquatic organisms to removal or addition of salt were conducted in c~ur laboratory at the White Sea Biological Station of the Zoological Institute, USSR Academy of Sciences, paying considerable attention to osmo- conformers, i.e., organisms incapable of osmotic regulation of their endogenous environment. In our opinion, these models have seLeral advantages, and they should be discussed. In the first place, marine organisms inhabiting shallow water, which is the source of osmoconformers for the corresponding experiments, have a particularly large phenotypic component of variability or, in other words, capacity for acclimation (Scl~lieper, 1964; Neweil, ~3ayne, 1973; Oertzen, 1973; Mayr, 1974). Suffice it to recall that such properties of organisms as eurythermia and euryhalinity, which are so typical expressly of shallow waters, are related to the capacity for acclimation to temperature and salinity. In the second place, app~~rently because salt water is not only the habitat but physiological environment for aquatic poikilosmotic or~anisms osmoconformers) (Henderson, 1924), one can examine the process of salinity acclimation of these animals with tne use of various chernicals, adding the appropriate agents, for example, radioactive isotope-labeled precursors of synthesis of nucleic acids or _ protein, directly in experimental containers with salt water. No matter how complex the problem of permeability of substances through biological membranes 1) FOR OFFICiAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.Y may appear, practice has shown that when the mos~t diyer~e substances are added to salt water they penetrate rather quickly into the endogenous environment and cells of poikilosmotic organisms. This is probably related to the capacity, which was observed expressly in marine organisms, unlike fresh water organisms, ' to take up amino acids, sugars and other organic molecules by their body surface, extraintestinally, and include them in their metabolic processes (Stephens, Schinske, 1957, 1961; Stephens, 1964; Jor~ensen, 1976; Sorokin, 1977). Curiously enough, in the euryhaline Polychaeta Nereis limnicola, as ambient salinity declines uptake of glycine through the integument gradually diminishes, and it stops completely with chloride concentrations of less than 100 mmole/k (Stephens, 1964), whicti corresponds to salinity of about 6�/00, i.e., close to "critical salinity," which separates most fresh and salt water organisms (Khlebovich, 1974a). It can be assumed that these advantages .of investigatitg acclimation on models of adapta- _ tion of salt water osmoconformers to desal'inization or salinization can extend to - similar studies of some endoparasitic helminths, for example, thorny-headed worms [Acanthocephala)(Mikt~aylova, Khlebovich, 1976; Khlebovich, Mikhaylova, 1976). It must be stressed that one generally uses acclimation to refEr to both the pro- cess of compensation For environmental factors and the result of this process. One can assess acclimation according to compensatory changes in growth, metabolism, some forms of activity and, finally, resistance. Accordingly, many procedures are used to test acclimation. The tested signs are usually determined quantitatively. In the study of acclimation phenomena, it is expedient to make a distinc.tion be- tween six pairs of variants thereof, which reflects to some extent the diversity of properties of acclimation, as weli as methodological approaches to its study. 1. Acclimation against the background of ontogenetic morphogenesis and acclima- tion of definitive stages. The study of acclimation of developing individuals is particularly promising in ecology, since the parameters used to test compensa- tion for factors (rate of development and growth, time of puberty and fertility) are extremely important base material for modern ecological efforts. Such an approach was recently used with success by G. A. Galkovskaya and L. M. Sushchenya (1978). Studic~s of acclimation of. definitive stages will have the advantage in defining the phenomenology and mectianisms of this process, since one must dissociate one- self ytrictly Erom morphogenetic processes related to individual development. Moreover, thanks to tt~e anabolic (Severtsov, 1939) nature of acclimation of definitive stages, it is preferable to study them to solve acclimation-related problems of benetics and evolution. 2. Acclimation of contormers (for example, poikilosmotic and poikilothermic organisms) and regulators (homoiosmotic and homoiothermic organisms)--see Figure 1 [not reproduced]. 3. Acclimation to the tolerable range of a factor, tested by the intensity of a physiological function (capacity adaptation) and resistance acclimation (resistance adaptation), tested by the number of surviving specimens after a certain period of exposure or dur ing exposure inducing death of a specific share of specimens, for example, 50LT, 100 LT, etc. (see: Precht, 1958; Precht et al., 1973). 20 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 b'OR OHNIC'IAI. USE ONLY ~ 4. Organismic acclimation and cellular or tissular acclimation. Here, one should apparently make a distinct3on between resistance or tolerance of cells and tissues extracted from an intact organism that is in the process of acclimation or accli- mated, from the situation where the cells and tissues themselves, isolated from the organism, are acclimated. 5. Acclimation of prokaryotes ana eukaryotes. 6. Acclimation of unicellular and multicellular an3mals. In this work, we shall dwe11 primarily on problems of phenomenology and mechanisms of acclimation of definitive stages of multicellular animals, conformers and regulators, in the tolerable range, on the level of the organism and the cell, _ as well as in comparison to protozoans (Chapters 1 and 2). The conclusions con- cerning ths fluctuating mode of function during acclimation, its duration and underlying mechanisms of biosynthetic activity of cells made it possible to compare acclimation to similar phenomena (Chapter 3), as well as to discuss from this vantage point some elements of ecology (Chapter 4) and evolutionary questions of appearance and tranaformation of a certain variability (Chapter S). Contents Page Introduction 3 Chapter l. Phenomenology of Acclimations 7 Fluctuating [oscillatory] mode 77 Duration of acclimation 11 Multicellular conformers 12 - Multicellular regulators 2~ Protozoans 24 Physiological adaptation to intermittent or periodic factors 25 Consequences of cessation or modification of tidal [ebb and flow] and circadian rhythms of factors 28 - Reverse acclimaeion (deacclimation) [deadaptation] 29 Chapter 2. Principles of Acclimation Mechanisms 33 Inilibitor-depressed transcription of conformer capacity for acclimation 33 Dynamics of involvement of labeled precursors of RNA synthesis in the process of salinlty acclimation of conformers 39 Changes in protein synthesis during acclimation of conformers 41 � The effect of interrupt:Lng acclimation in poikilosmotic mollusks 47 Acclimation of regulatory organisms 48 Nature of the signal of cell genome activation 53 - Adaptogens and their effects on acclimation 55 Chapter 3. Acclimation and Similar Phenomena 61 Acclimation and developmental biology 61 _ Acclimation and immunity 65 Acclimation and problems of pathology 71 Some mechanisms and phenomena of neurological memory 76 Long-term consequences of brief exogenous factors 78 Chapter 4. Ecological Aspects of Acclimation 81 Acclimation as a procedure for obtaining comparable ecological data 82 ~ Trophic phenotypic adaptations 87 Adaptation to fluctuations of environmental factors 87 Questions of. ac;.limation to toxicants 90 ~ ''1 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Chapter 5. Evolutionary Aspects of Acclimation 92 Evolution of the broad norm of reaction 93 Dormant genes and evolution 95 'Replacement' of phenocopies by genocopies 9~ Phenospecific selection 100 Informativeness of the phenotype and genotype 104 Conclusion 109 Bibliography 112 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1981 10,657 cso: 1840/999 22 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 I~()!t ()I~1~1('IA1. Iltil~: UNI.Y a UDC: 612.17 - PHYSIOLOCY OF CIRCULATION. P~TYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART, IN THE ~TEXTBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY~ SERIES ~ - Leningrad FIZIOLOGIYA KROVOOBRASHCHENIYA. FIZIOLOGIYA SERDTSA, V SERII . "RUKOVODSTVO PO FIZIOLOGII" in Russian 1980 (signed to press 13 Mar 80) pp 2-4, 593-598 _ [Annotation, foreword by G. N. Konradi and table of contents from book "Physiology of Circulation. Physiology of the Heart", in the "Textbook of Physiology" series, edited by N. I. Arronet, Tzdatel'stvo "Nauka", 9850 copies, 598 pages, illustrated] [Text] This book submits the principal data needed to understand the function of the heart and its different manifestations. General properties of myocardial cells, their ultrastructure, energy resources, genera.tion of electrical potentials, electro- mechanical coordination and mechanism of contraction are discussed. Cardiac automatism and spread of excitation over the heart are described. The heart's _ pumping function, phases of its activity and results of studies of levels of cardiac output are submitted; there is discussion of the~principles involved in measuring and recording the pumping function of the human heart. Data are sub- mitted on mechanisms of regulation of cardiac function, the role of hemodynamic, innervation and hormonal influences on the heart, reflex control of its function. The key issues that are iml~ortant to future studies are mentioned. There are 98 illustrations and 6 tables; bibliography lists 1306 items. Foreword Academician Vasiliy Vasi1'yev~ch Parin (1903-1971) and Yevgeniy Borisovich Babskiy (1902-7.973), active member of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, played - an exceptionally large role in development of Soviet physiology of circulation. . They played a leading role in conceiving the idea and planning of the volumes of ' this "Textbook," which deal with physiology of. the cardiovascular system. V. V. Parln and Ye. B. Babskiy were teachers who trained researchers, a number of whom presently head large scientific teams. They were experts, not only in the~branches of science in which ti~ey are to be credited with experimental research of major importance, but of physiology as a whole; they were able to combine work on basic problems with studies that had to be conducted because of the immediate needs of clinical practice and applied physiology. Everyone who was fortunate enough to know Vasiliy Vasi1'yevich and Yevgeniy Borisovich gratefully remenbers how valuable were their advs.ce, fruitful critical comments, how meaningful was their assistance and cooperation in conducting research that they considered worthy of support. The 23 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USl? ONI.Y group of authors of this volume were constantly aware of the profound effect on its content of the passing of V. V. Parin and Ye. B. Babskiy; we should like for everyone who uses this book to find a stimulus and example for their efforts in the works of Ye. B. Babskiy and V. V. Parin. ~ Ye. B. Babskiy was the inspiration for the volume dealing with physiology of the heart. He made a general outline for this volume, essentially lined up the authors, and chapters 2, 5-9, 12-19, 23, 24 and 26 were written in accordance with his instructions and with his constant counsel. He was able to read over most of these chapters, to indicate some desirable refinements, and himself wrote a considerable part of Chapter 5, which contains the important results of his own research. Chapters 1, 3, 4, 10, 11, 20, 21, 25 and 27 were written after the death of Yevgeniy Borisovich, and he is not a party to the flaws they contain; but it is hoped that the general tenor of these chapters does not digress from ~ his ideas and requirements. Here, the discussion of. problems of physiology of circulation is pursued exclusively in the aspect of normal physiology. Problems of pathological and clinical physiology of the heart, effects on it of environmental factors and pharmacology should be discussed in special pub lications. The chapter on coronary circulation will be published in the next volume, which deals with systemic hemodynamics, organic circulation and re~ulation of function of the cardiovascular system as a whole. Spe cial mention must be made of the nature of bibliography references, which are listed in a bibliography that covers all of the chapters. Of course, it would have been impossible to cite the entire relevant literature on any of the issues discussed in each chapter. The submitted bibliography has only the intent of listing mainly new sources, from which it is easy to retrieve a more complete bibliography on the subject. For this reason, the reader is referred, in most cases, not to the first works that established some thesis or other, but to sub- sequent publications containing data about prior research. N. Ye. Babskaya was very helpful in compiling this volume; T. I. Khalevina helped in its final preparation for publication and compilation of the general biblio- graphy; ln addition to members of the editorial board, the following offered valuable advice on diE�ferent chapters: V. Ya. Izakov, V. A. Levtov, S. N. Lyzlova, S. A. Regirer, B. I. Khodorov and V. ~1. Ch~rnigovskiy. Many thanks to them. Contents Page Forec.ord 3 Chapter 1. Introduction. Some Features of Development of Physiology of the Heart (G. P. Konradi) 5 Chapter 2. Ultrastructural Organization of the Myocardium (V. V. Glagoleva, Yu. S. Chechulin) 25 2.1. Subce11u1ar structure of myocardial fibers 25 2.2. Mitochondria 29 2.3. The sarcoplasmic reticulum and T system 31 2.4. Golgi's complex and other elements of myocardial tibers 32 2.5. Distinctions of subcellular organization of atrial muscle fibers and conduction system of the heart 34 21~ OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2Q07/02109: CIA-RDP82-0085QR000400030026-6 Chapter 3. Energy Resources of Myocardi.al Cells (ST. A. Saks, L. V. Rozenshtraukh) 36 3.1. General energy characteristics of the myocardium 37 3.2. Glycolysis, oxidation of fatty acids and oxidative phosphorylation 39 _ 3.3. Regulation of energy-producing processes 40 3.4. The creatine-phosphate pathway of energy transport 44 3.5. Regulation of myocardial cell contraction 47 Chapter 4. Electrophysiolgy of My~cardial Cells (R. S. Orlov, V. V. Barabanova) 51 4.1. Ion basis of resting membrane potential 52 4.2. Ion basis of action potential 54 4.3. Potentials of. embryonic tissue and cardiac tissue culture 57 4.4. Phases of action potentisl of myocardial cells 59 Chapter S. Automatism~of the Heart (Ye. B. Babskiy, S. Yu. Berdyayev) 63 5.1. Development of conceptions about cardiac automatism 63 5.2. Diastolic depolarization and threshold potential 68 5.3. Structure and properties of the sinoatrial node 72 5.4. Mechanism of diastolic depolarization 77 5.5. Electrical phenomena and ion current of pacemaker fibers 81 _ 5.6. Depression of automatism of potential pacemakers 87 Chapter 6. Dissemination of Excitation Over Different Structures of the Heart (L. V. Rozenshtraukh) 92 6.1. Conduction system of the heart 92 = 6.2. Structure of excitation in the sinoatrial node 93 6.3. Sinoatrial boundary and conduction of excitation to atrium 97 6.4. Dissemination of excitation through the atrioventricular node 100 6.5. Conduction of excitation in ventricles 106 _ 6.6. Pathological modes of dissemination of excitation in the heart 113 Chapter 7. Electrical Structure of Myocard~.al Tissue L.V. Rozenshtraukh) 118 7.1. Contact membranes in functional syncytium of the myocardium 119 7.2. Electrical parameters of myocardial fibers 120 7.3. Conduction in the case of branched fibers 122 7.4. Reactive properties of syncytial structures 127 7.5. Model of electrical properties of the myocardium 128 - 7.6. Distinctions of electrical properties of syncytia with differ.ent geometric structure 12g Chapter 8. The Contractile Process in Cardiac Muscles (V. S. Sal'manovich) 134 8.1. Contractile proteins in the myocardium 134 8.2. Interaction between actin and myosin 140 8.3. Organization of contractile proteins in myofibrils 142 8.4. Mechanism of contraction of myocardial myofibrils 144 8.5. Electromeclianical coordination and structures involved 151 8.6. 7'he role of. calcium in electromechanical coordination 155 8.7. The process of myocardial rel.axation 163 8.8. Access of extracellular calcium into myocardial fiber 164 Addition to Chapter 8(G. P. Konradi) 167 Chapter 9. Mechanics oE the Myocardium 170 9.1. ~iill's model and active s~ate of myocardial fibers (V. S. Sal'manovich) 170 9.2. Correlation between rate and force of contraction in myocardial fibers (V. S. Sal'manovich) 174 9.3. Contractile and elastic elements of myocardial fibers, and resting tension (V. S. Sa1'manovich) 178 2~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OF'FICIAL USE ONLY ~.4. Application of Hill's model to the intact heart (V. S. Sal'manovich) 180 9.5. Some critical questions of inechanics of the heart (S. A. Regirer) 183 ' Chapter 10. The Ro1e of Heart Rate in Regulation of Myocardial - Contractility (Myocardial Chronoinotropism) (V. Ya. Izakov, V. S. Markhasin) 186 10.1. Characteristics and classification of chronoinotropism 187 10.2. Potentiation of contractions and paired stimulation 190 10.3. Chronoinotropism in the entire heart 191 10.4. Effect of frequency of stimuJ.ation on electrical activity and electromechanical coordination 193 10.5. Ion mechanisms of chronoinotropism 196 - Chapter 11. Structures Involved in Pumping Function of the Heart 199 11.1. The valvular system of the heart (Ye. A. Dyskin) 199 11.2. Configuration of cardiac chambers in the cycle of cardiac function (N. B. Kuz'mina, A. D. Drogaytsev) 206 11.3. Formation of blood flow in the left ventricle (N. B. Kuz'mina, A. D. Drogaytsev) 212 Chapter 12. Cardiodynamics (V. V. Parin, V. 1.. Karpman) 215 12.1. Time organization of the cardiac cycle 215 12.2. Pressure in cardiac chambers, aorta and pulmonary artery in the course of the cardiac cycle 222 12.3. Changes in volume of ventricles and diameter of the aorta during cardiac cycle 228 12.4. Venous influx to the heart and its pumping function 234 12.5. Force-displacement diagram of the heart 23~ - Chapter 13. Mechanical Manifestations of Cardiac Function and Methods of Studying Them (V. L. Karpman) 241 13.1. Mechanocardiography 242 13.2. Electrokymography 246 13.3. Dynamocardiography and ballistocardiography 248 13.4. Angiographic, ultrasonic and rheographic methods of studying kinematics of the heart 251 Chapter 14. Cardiac Output 255 A. Methods of ineasuring cardiac output (V. 0. Karpman, V. V. Parin) 255 14.1. Concentration methods of determining minute volume of circulation 256 14.2. Sphygnpgrr~phic~znd ballistocardiographic methods of determining systolic volume 262 14.3. Roentgeno~,r~zPhlc, echocardiographic and rheographic methods of - determinin~ syti[olic volume (A. D. Smirnov) 266 Addition r.o Secrlon A(C. P. Konradi) 269 I~. Level.s of c~1rd t~c ouCput (V. L. Karpman, V. V. Parin) 271 14.4. Systol-ic blood volume 2~1 14.5. Minute volume of circulation 2~3 14.6. Changes in cardiac output in the presence of some physiological states 2~5 Ctiapter 15. Heart S wnds (G. I. Kassirskiy) 280 Chapter 16. Electrocardiography (B. M. Tsukerman, L. I. Titomir) 288 16.1. Ceneral description of electrocardiography 28$ 16.2. Elementary electric generators of the heart and their electric field 2g2 16.3. Theory o~ equivalent generator 29$ 16.4. Electrocardiographic leads 302 16.5. Vectorcardiography 313 26 L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400430026-6 1~OR (N~N7('IA1, lltil? ONLY 16.6. Methods of recording, describing and processing ~information about biological activity of the heart 317 Chapter 17. Modeling Cardiac Function (V. A. Shidlovskiy, V. A. Lishchuk, A. K. Tsaturyan) _ 323 Chapter 18. Myogenic Self-Regulation of the Heart 333 18.1. Heterometric regulation (S. M. Shenderov) 333 18.2. Homeometric self-regulation of cardiac contractions (G. P. Konradi) 341 ~.8.3. Self-regulatory changes in heart rate, and significance of myogenic regulation (G. P. Konradi) 346 Chapter 19. Effects of Stimulating Cardiac Nerves (V. V. Frol'kis) 350 19.1 Mornhol.ogical structure of efferent innervation of the heart 352 19.2. Effect of extracardiac nerves on rate of cardiac contraction 354 (chronotropic influences) 19.3. 'Partidoxical' chronatropic effecta of stimulating the vagus 357 19.4. Effect of the vagus on conduction and excitability of the heart 359 19.5. Escape of the heart from influence of the vagus 362 19.6. F.ffect of stimulation of sympathetic nerve on heart rate 363 19.7. Effect of stimulation of extracardiac nerves on force of ' cardiac contraction 366 Addition to Chapter 19: Dependence of effects on the heart on number of stimulated ~lements of the parasympathetic nervous system and intensity of their stimulation (M. G. Udel~nov) 369 Chapter 20. Mediator Mechanisms of Parasympathetic Control of Cardiac Function (N. Ya. Lukomskaya) 373 20.1. The concept of cholinergic mediation 373 20.2. Transmission of neural influences to different structures of the heart 376 20.3. Effecr of acetylcholine on different structures of the heart 381 Chapter 21. Mediatory Mechanisms of Sympathetic Control of Cardiac Funct~on (V. Ya. Tzakov) 386 21.1. Synttiesis, deposition, excretion and inactivation of catecholamines 386 21.2. Inotropic effects of catecholamines 390 21.3. Effect of catecholamines on electrical activity of myocardial cells 394 . 21.4. Metabolic effects of catecholamines 396 21.5. Cyclic AMP as a mediator of catecholamine action 398 Chapter 22. Significance of Efferent Innervation of the Heart (G. P. Konradi) 400 22.1. The role of vagal innervation of the heart and its tonus 400 22.2. The role of sympathetic innervation of the heart 404 22.3. Consequences of denervation of the heart 407 22.4. Correlations between pnrasympat}ietic and sympathetic ' innervation of the heart 409 Chapter 23. ~ffects of Hormones on the Heart (V. I. Kandror) 412 23.1. EfEects of catecholamines on the heart 412 23.2. Effects of thyroxin and triiodothyronine on the heart 415 23.3. ~ffects of corticosteroids on the heart 418 23.4. Effects of other hormones and hormone-like substances on the heart 420 Chapter 24. Afferent System of the Heart (F. P. Yasinovskaya) 425 24,1. Morphology of cardiac receptors 425 24.2. PrinciplES involved in studying the receptor zone of the heart 427 24.3. Mechanoreceptors of the atria, ventricles and pericardium 429 24.4. Receptors of unmyelinated vagal fibers 435 24.5. Receptors of spinal afferent nerve fibers 437 27 FUR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400030026-6 FOR OFF'ICIAI, l1SF; ONI.Y Chapter 25. Reflexes From Cardiac Receptors 439 25.1. Distinctive features of studying cardiocard;tac and cardiovascular reflexes (G. P. Konradi) 439 25.2. Reflexes from atrial and ventricular mechanoreceptors (G.P. Konradi) 442 25.3. Reflexes from receptors of the pericardium, endocardium and coronary vessels in response to mechanical and chemical stimuli (F. P. Yasinovskaya) 449 25.4. Cardiovascular reflexes (G. P. Konradi) 455 25.5. Afferent and efferent pathways of reflexes from cardiac receptors (F. P. Yasinovskaya) 458 25.6. Significance of reflexes from cardiac receptor zone (G. P. Konradi) 461 Chapter 26. Intravascular Peripheral Reflexes (G. I. Kositskiy) 464 26.1. Morpt~ological substrate of peripheral reflexes 464 26.2. Characteristics of peripheral cardiac reflexes 466 26.3. Interac:tion between extracardiac and intracardiac mechanisms of .,neural regulation of the heart 470 Chapter 27. Reflex Regulation of Cardiac Function Through Receptors of ' Vessels,~Tissues and the Respiratory System w� ' 475 27.1. Reflexes to the heart from the aortic-carotid zone and large artery receptors (G. P. Konradi) 475 27.2. Efferent innervation of arterial chemoreceptors (V. 0. Samoylov) 486 27.3. Reflex effect o,f chemoreceptors of aortic and sinocarotid zones on the heart (I. S. Breslav) 487 27.4. Reflexes to the heart from vascular receptors and visceral chemoreceptors (G. P. Konradi) 492 27.5. Coordinate [con.~uga~ed] reflex effects c~n the heart from different afferent fibers, mechanoreceptors of hollow organs and exteroceptors (G. P. Kanradi) 495 27.6. Reflex regulation of cardiac function by skeletal muscle receptors (G. P. Konradi) 501 27.7. Respiratory arrhythmia; reflexes from receptors of the respiratory � system and trigeminal nerve (G. P. Konradi) 503 27.8. Effect of suprabulbar and subcortical structures of the brain on ttie neart (G. Konradi) S~~ 27.9. Effect of the cerebral cortex on the heart (G. P. Konradi) 510 Bibliography 524 Subject Index ~ ~ 583 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980 - 10,657 cso: 1840/999 28 , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400430026-6 UDC: 615.47:616-009.1 ~MYOTON' UNIT FOR THE CONTROL OF MOVII~iENTS Kiev "MIOTON" V UPRAVLENII DVI.ZHENIYAMI in Russian 1980 pp 2-4, 142-143 " [Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book "'Myoton' Unit for the Control of Movements", by L. S. Aleyev, M. I. Vovk, V. N. Gorbanev and A. B. Shevchenko, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 144 pages]. [Text] This monograph describes a method of bioelectrical control of human move- mezts and construction of programmed multichannel ur.its of the Myoton type, in which transformed bioelectric potentials of muscles are used to control contrac- tile activity of skeletal muscles. It was demonstrated that the Myoton is a result of development of electric muscle stimulators. There is a technical des- cription of the unit, as well as of the method of practical operation thereof by an operator. The authors' experience with the Myoton used to "i~mpose" principal movements on man is described. The desirability and potential of using this type of unit are demonstrated, in conjunction with other therapeutic measures, for some disturbances of motor func- tions resulting from diseases of the nervous system. This book is intended for physiologists, physicians, scientists concerned with biological and medical cybernetics, as well as engineers working in the field of biomedical instrument making. There are 49 illustrations and 2 tables; bibliography is listed on pp 130-141 (243 items). Foreword This work deals w.tth tlie question of practical use of a method of controlling man's motor functions on tt~e basis of biocontrolled electrostimulation of muscles. Man's motor function is one of the most complex and best developed functions, which were formed as a result of long-term phylogenesis. Motor coum~ands formed in the cortex and other motor centers of the human brain on the basis of afferent information, which is received as a result of environmental factors, are pro- cessed numerous times, as they travel toward effector mechanisms---muscles--on different levels of the nervous system, and are transformed from the "general task of movement" into concrete commands. 29 FOR OF FI('IA1. l1SF; ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400030026-6 I~OR OH'FICIAL USF. ONLY In the definition of I. M. Sechenov, a significant part of external manifestations of cerebral function ultimately amounts to only one phenomenon, muscular activity. In other words, the.process of man's interaction with the environment is largely _ expressed by movements. The question of control of man's movements has drawn in recent years the attention of a wide range of specialists--physicians, physiologists, engineers. If we con- sider that, with all the diversity and extreme differentiation and complexity of human movements, they are implemented by a system consisting of only a few dozen muscles, as well as the fact that efficiency of muscular function is very high, the interest in comprehensive investigation of man's motor system becomes understandable and warranted. Interest in controlling motor functions, or at least to influencing them to correct some pathological deviation or other, arose not only on the basis of purely scientific interest, but as a practical need. The importance of the problem of controlling motor functions is also related to the already existing possibility of using artificial control systems to re5tore and compensate for lost motor func- tions, as well as the need to render assistance in movements and conditioning of the muscles of a man under specific conditions (which arise, for example-, in - connection with the development of space exploration and studies of the world's oceans). In the presence of some diseases of the nervous system, particularly those associ- ated with impairment of motor function, electrostimulation therapy was and remains , an inseparable element of the overal set of therapeutic measures. Direct stimula- tion of nerves and muscles for therapeutic purposes makes it possible to prevent muscular atrophy when there is absence or drastic weakening of motor functions, as well as to increase the force of muscular contractions, improve delivery of blood to muscles and other tissues. However, traditional methods of stimulation (pulsed current of different forms, diadynamic current, sinusoid amplitude and frequency modulated current) do not solve completely the problem of rehabilitating patients with motor disturbances. At the present time, the main problem in the area of electrostimulation therapy of impaired motor �unctions is restoration with its help not only of the strengtll of involved muscles, but a lost motor skill, i.e., to obtain rather complex movements of the limbs, torso cr head. In this respect, the use of bioelectric potentials derived from muscles, which carry information about movement, was an important stage in the development of~electrostimulation therapy. We are not referring to the simple use of amplified bioelectric potentials as stimuli, but tu ttie use of rhese potentials as factors that control the operation of the stimulator. In this casc?, the EMG [electromyogram] is transformed in order to ~ain inf~rmation f:rom it ahout movement, and the transformed signal is used to control thc~ stimul.~t~in~ signal. Expressly this approach was implemented in the method of programmed, multichannel bioelectrical control of human movements, which was developed in ttie Department of Bioelectrical Control and Medical Cyber- netics of tlie Institute of Cybernetics, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, on the basis of which several control units of the Myoton type were created. Such units made it possible to turn to flexible control programs. The latter are formed on the basis of the characteristics of natural muscular contractions. In turn, tl~e change to flexible control programs made it possible to impose movements on man that are close to natural ones with the use of the Myoton unit and, in the pre- sence of pathology of motor functions, to augment the efficacy of rehab3.~itation~ 30 FOR OFFIICIA[, l1SF: ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400430026-6 I 'lAL USE ONLY 7'hc� EirHL rxperimentnl prototype of tlie Myoton unit was produced in 1965. Then _ experimental lots of the Myoton-2 unit were manufactured. 5ince then, the Myoton has successfully undergorn~c~.inical trial in many USSR clinics and resorts, and in 1977 it was recommended by the USSR Ministry of Health for use in medical practice and series production. We wanted to share with the readers of this monograph the experience we gained as a result of many years of research directed at development and practical intro- duction of devices for bioelectrical control of human movements. ~ Contents Page Foreword 2 Main Abbreviations Used in This Book 4 Chapter 1. Historical Aspects of Development of Devices for Bioelectrical Control of Man's Movements 5 Control of physiological �unctions based on electrical stimulation 5 Current trends in the design of electrostimulators . 7 Diagnostic and therapeutic electrostimulators 9 . Electrostimularors with arfiificial control program 12 The 'Myoton~ as a bioelectrostimulator of the proportional type 22 Chapter 2. Bases of the Method of Programmed Mu1ti-Channel Bivelectrical control of man's movements 25 Physiological prerequisites of the method of programmed bioelectr3cal control 25 The concept of bioelectrical image of movement 26 - Choice of sites for derivation arid delivery of stimulating signals 28 Formation of control program ~ 33 Parameters of stimulating signal 37 Chapter 3. Technical Execution of 'Myoton' System SO General specifications for electrostimulators of human muscles 50 Functionaldiagram of Myoton-2 unit 54 Specifications for main elements of Myoton-2 59 Construction of Myoton-2 ~p Methods for practical operation of Myoton unit 75 Distinctive features of the series-produced Myoton-S model 80 Chapter 4. Practical Use of Myoton Unit 85 Principal movements obtained by the method of programmed, multi- channel bioelectrical control 85 Use of electrostimulation and bioelectrical control in rehabilitation of motor Eunction disturbances 91 Experience in rehabilitation therapy of patients with hemiplegia and hemiparesis 95 Experience in treating patients with spinal cord lesions 110 Recommendations for clinical use of Myoton unit 117 Use of i~fyoton uilit under special conditions of muscle conditioning 123 Conclusion 12~ Bibliography 130 ' COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1980 10,657 Cso: 1840/999 31 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400030026-6 NOR OFFIC'IA1.. IISF: ONI.Y UDC: 612.821.7 SLEEP AND MOTOR ACTIVITY--STAGES OF ONTOGENET~C EVOLUTION OF SUPRASPINAL MOTOR CONTROL IN TH~ HUMAN SZEEP CYCLE Leningrad SON I DVIGATEL'NAYA AKTIVNOST'--ETAPY ONTOGENETICHESKOY EVOLYUTSII SUPRASPINAL'NOGO MOTORNOGO KONTROLYA V TSIKLE.SNA U CHELOVEKA in Ru~sian 1980 pp 2-5, 150-151 [Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Sleep and Motor Activity--Stages of Ontogenetic Evolution of Supraspinal Motor Control in the Human Sleep Cycle", by I. A. Vakhrameyeva, USSR Acadzmy of Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Ph siology and Biochemistry imeni I. M. Sechenov, Izdatel1stvo _ "Nauka", 152 page~ [Text] This book offers a survey of the present status of the problem of inechanisms of regulating movements in man in the continuum of sleep; it also submits the results of the author~s experimental research on development of these mechanisms in early ontogenesis. Three stages of development of inechanisms of depression of spinal motor centers in human ontogenesis are singled out on the basis of analysis - of the dynamics of reflexes on the spinal and bulbar level during the sleep cycle of premature and term neonates; their role in organizing adaptive behavior during the neonate period is discussed. Bibliography lists 494 items; 31 figures and 2 tables. . ~ Introduction A11 our efforts are directed toward studying each function of the organism in the course of its inception, formation and individual development...." (L. A. Orbeli, "Selected Works," Moscow--Leningrad, Vol 1, 1961, p 436). In the last 10-15 years, conceptions of sleep as an active, complexly organized process have been signif.icantly augmented, not only due to the intensive accumulation of facts and gener~ilizations dealing with neurophysiological and biochenical nature of sleep, but tlianks to creation of the conception of motor control, directed to- ward active restriction of muscle tone and mobility during sleep (Pompeiano, 1966, 1967, 1976). The conception of Pompeiano, which is striking in its orderliness and argumentation, for which reason it was gained general recognition, not only hands over neurophysiological substantiation of many of the distinctions of sleep behavior, but can serve as the theoretical basis for studying pafihological disorders that are based on selective impairment of supraspinal motor control (sleep-walking, talking in one's sleep, etc.). At present, it is no longer questioned that rela- tive immobility and muscle relaxation, which are the typical signs of a sleep state, 32 AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400030026-6 do not reflect inactivity of higher motor centers; rather, to a much greater extent _ they reflect the activity of nuuierous mechanisms fihat limit conduction to effectors of an excitatory flow of impulsation traveling to the spinal centers over cortico- spinal and rubrospinal pathways, as we11 as afferent pat~:~taays of spinal reflex ares. Activation of the system of inhibitory motor control occurs chiefly at the stage of sleep that Jouvet (Jouvet et al., 1959) graphically called paradoxical, which is characterized by prevalence of heightened excitability and activity of higher motor centers, unlike the stage of slow-wave, or orthodox sleep. Thus, the basic hypno- genic processes that develop in the central nervous system when falling asleep and with the succession of stages of sleep constitute a sort of "switch" for motor functions, setting the system of regulation of movements to a new functional mode. It is logical to expect that the formation in ontogenesis of man of the waking-- sleep continuum was also associated with development of inechanisms of inhibitory motor controlsfor spinal depression during paradoxical sleep. However, while the problem of formation of sleep stages in human ontogenesis is being studied in depth and comprehensively in many laboratories of the world, the question of onto- genetic evolution of inechanisms of inhibitory motor control during paradoxical _ sleep has not yet been investigated systematically. In essence, as we undertook the experimental study of dynamics of monosynaptic reflexes during daytime sleep of neonates, we only had the cona~ption that supraspinal motor control is organized - differently at the early ontogenetic stages than in adults, which was formed on the basis of data in the literature and our own concerning the distribution of motor phenomena during the sleep cycle of neonate infants and animals. Yet it is extremely important, from the standpoint of general biology, to comprehend the - process of development of both different elements and the entire system of inhibitory influences on spinal centers ~~iring sleep, since this process reflects the general principle of evolution of inhibitcry influences at the early stages of ontogenesis. _ In addition, one must take into consideration the circumstance that newborn infants spend most of the time sleeping, and 50-60% of total sleep time is refer- able expressly to paradoxical, or active sleep. On this basis, we can realize how great the share of inechanisms of inhibitory motor control in the general system of organization of the infant's adaptive, postural and motor behavior. Of course, this monograph does not presume to shed exhaustive light on this complex and pressing problem, let alone offer a solution. The author hopes that the experi- mental studies and generalizations, which are the subject of the third--~main-- chapter, will serve as an impetus for development of new work in this direction, which will undoubtedly be more refined from the standpoint of inethods. Questions of formation of the waking--sleeping continuum in early ontogenesis of man and devetopment of inectianisms of organization of depression of spinal motor centers in active sleep are the sub~ect of the chapter which discusses in detail the distincti.ons of distriU�tion of muscle tone and movements in different stages of sleep of adult man, as well as mechanisms on which this distribution is based; much attention is given to discussion of the conception of Pompeiano and its rela- tion to curre~it conceptions of the genesis of paradoxical sleep. Such a section was needed, not onl.y Cor the purpose of preserving the intrinsic logic of our presentation, but because this aspect of neurophysiology of sleep has been left virtually untouched in the Soviet literature, while the existing surveys in English (Gardner, Grossman, 1975; Pompeiano, 1976) are not readily available to the reader _ at large. 33 FOR OFFICIAL USF, ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 1~()R ()I~fl('IA1. Iltil~: ()NI,Y The experimental data described and generalized in the third chapter and, to a lesser extent, in the second, were obtained as a result of many years of research conducted at the neonate department of the Inst~.tute of Obstetr~cs and Gynecology, USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. It is my pleasant duty to express my apprecia- tion to the management of that institute and to G. P. Polyakova, department head, for granting me the opportunity to conduct my studies there, as well as to scien- tific workers M. L. Finkel' and I. I. Yevsyukova who participated actively in the experimental work. I also wish to express by deep gratitude to my coworkers of many years standing, A. G. Kamenetskaya, T. G. Antonova, I. G. Antoshevskaya and N. K. Glukhova. Contents Page Introduction . 3 Chapter 1. Mechanisms of Organization of Motar Control in Adult Man During Sleep 6 Motor phenomena and their distribution over sleep stages 6 Dynamics of bioelectrical activity of motor elements of the brain during sleep 17 Mechanisms of organization of depression of spinal reflexes during paradoxical sleep 26 Conception of inhibitory motor control in the light of current conceptions of genesis of paradoxical sleep 34 Chapter 2, Muscle Tone and Motor Activity of Newborn Infants During Wakefulness and Sleep 43 General features of motor activity of neonates 43 _ Segmented and supraspinal mechanisms of organization of postural-tonic and motor activity in early human ontogenesis 48 Formation of sleep stages in human ontogenesis 59 ~ Distribution of motor phenomena in sleep stages 68 Chapter 3. Development of Mechanisms of Organization of Depression of Spinal Motor Centers in Human Ontogenesis 75 The problem of identifying sleep stages in neonate infants differing in level of physiological maturity Parameters of tonic and phasic depression of spinal centers during sleep, and age-related dynamics thereof 85 Supraspinal influences on the interneuronal system of reflex ares of the spinal cord in sleeping neonate infants 98 Involvement of gamma servomechanism in organization of depression of spinal centers 103 Comparative dynamics of reflexes on the spinal and bulbar levels in sleeping neonates 112 Stages of.ontogenetic development of supraspinal inhibitory inf luences during sleep 119 Conclusion 125 Bibliography 128 List of Abbreviations 149 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka~~, 1980 10,657 cso : i840/999 34 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400430026-6 roH c~rF�i~~~ni. IItiE ONLY UDCt 612.748.76~821.3 PROBLEMS OF PHYSIOLOGY OF MOVEMENT Leningrad PROBLIIKY FIZIOLOGII DVIZHENIY in Russian 1980 (signed to press 17 May 80) pp 2-4, 213-216 , [Annotation, foreword, abstracts and table of contents from book "Problems of Physiology of Movement", edited by V. S. Gurfinkel', Institute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov, USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 2000 copies, 216 pages] [Text] This collection consists of 15 articles which deal with problems of central mechanisms of coordination of movements, interaction of supraspinal and segmental reflex mechanisms, coc~ing of information about movement by receptors of the motor system and properties of muscle as the object of control in per- forming movement. The collection is intended for specialists in physiology and psychology concerned with problems of higher nervous activity and physiology of movement, as well as specialists in the field of industrial physiology and sports. Foreword Distinction of physiology of movement as an independent branch of physiology occurred in the 1970's. For a long time, ha.ving developed within the framework of biomechanics, industrial and sports physiology and engineering psycholqgy, physiology of movement developed its own approaches and defined the subject of its investigation. Purposeful movement is always performed in the form of an integral reaction af the body, involving both the numerous structures of the nervous system and other systems in this activity. The wide diversity oF p~ssihle methodological approaches to the problems con- tained in the range of interests of physiology of movement is attributab'e to the complexity of these problems. Up to the mid 1960~s, there was pre?alence in physiology of movement of the cybernetic systems approach to the question of movement coordination, and in the next decade it was replaced by analytical directions. Within the framework of these directions, chiefly by methods of intracellular recording of evoked potentials, data were obtained on the structural and functional connections of different populations of neurons of the cerebellum, subcortical elements and cerebral cortex wiCh neurons of the spinal cord, as well as about the projections of afferent elements of the motor system in different parts of the central nervous system. 35 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2447/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400434426-6 i~OR OFFICIAL USE UNLY In recent years, a tre~id h:?s appeared in the worldwide literature to combine the � strong points of the systems approach with the capabilities of analytical methods. The problems that are being worked on the most intensively at the present time are related to determination of the patterns of regulation of different types of movement--rhythmic, following, precision and regulation of positio.n as a special instance of mbvement; nervous control of diff erent parameters of movement--force, amplitude, speed, direction of displacement; role of unconditioned reflex mechanisms in regulation of voluntary movement; supraspinal control of reflex mechanisms in regulation of movement; coding of information about position and movement by the receptors of the motor system; coding of motor commands by the nervous system; ~ neural mechanisms of initiation, ongoing regulation and stopping movement. ' To sc~me extent, this collection sums up the results of work done in the laboratory of physiol.ogy of movement, Institute of Physiology imeni I. P. Pavlov, over the last few years,'under the supe~vision of Prof N. A. Rokotova. It would be difficult to exaggerate the contribution N. A. Rokotova made to develop- ment of the range of problems in physiology of movement. It was inherent in her to conduct innovative research, both in the area of theoretical formulations and development of inethodological approaches. The untimely death of N. A. Rokotova was a great loss to our science. Tlie collection is made up of studies referable to the most important directions of physiology of movement. The problems raised by the authors of the articles are the key problems in comprehension of processes of formation and regulation of - movement. There is no need Lo assess here the extent, to which they have been solved and what has yet to be accomplished. It is hoped that this collection will be useful, not only because it describes the results of observations, but its general orientation in working on problems of physiology of movement, which is undergoi~ng dynamic development. _ Abstracts UDC; 67.2.763 NERVOUS REGULATION OF MGTOR ACTIVITX - [Abstract ~f article by N. A. Rokotova] [Text] There is discussion of information processi,ng i.n musc7.e Xeceptors and means of possible use thereof in the regulatory ring proposed in the hypotY~esis of N. A. _ Bernshteyn. It was shown that the length of a muscle, rate of change therein, start and end of extension are coded in the frequenc; of discharges of different types of muscular afferents. Influences from muscle receptors expressed in the segmenta?. ring of control are coarser and more generalized than supraspinal in- ' fluences. There are 11 111ustrations; bibliography lists 28 item~. UDC: 612.763 - PROGRAMMING AND FEEDBA(;K IN REGULATIQN OF RHYTHMIC MOVEMENTS SET BX EXOGENOUS SIGNALS [Abstract of article by N. A. Rokotova] [Texr.] A study was made of coordination o:� regulation of parameters of human motor activity on the example of following movements and muscular tension in an isometric 36 , ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 i~OFi OF'FICIAL USE ONLY mode. '1'he experimental re~u],ts are ~ntexpret~d as ~:nd;txe~t ev~:dence p~ ~x~Ste~ce of separate s-~stems for the control of force, speed and ampl~tude of znoyement. There are 5 illustrations; bibliography lists 19 items. UDC: 612.763 ARE THERE ~STANDARD SCALES' IN VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF MUSCULAR TENSION? [Abstract of article by N. A. Rokotova, N. P. Anisimova and Yu. T: Shapkov] - [Text] The hypothesis of existence of descriptions in the nervous system that could serve as standard scales in voluntary control of isometric muscular tension was tested in experiments on healthy subjects. Wide variahility of initial and terminal tension, number of gradations and magnitude of build-up, correlation between results and testing conditions are interpreted as evidence of absence of standard scales. There are 3 illustrations, 1 table; bibliography lists 12 items. UDC: 612.76 NONSPI.CIFIC NATURE OF SPINAL PREADJUSTMENT OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT [Abstract of article by I. N. Krylov and N. A. Rokotova] [Text] Experiments on nine essentially healthy subjects by the method of testing the latency period of voluntary movement with the H reflex showed that alleviation of motoneurons in the latency period of movement in response to an audio signal is related more to the activating effect of the sound proper than to events that prepare for the movement. When movement is triggered by a visual symbol no prior accentuation of the H reflex is observed. There are 7 illustrations; biblio- graphy lists 22 items. UDC: 612.833 REACTION OF NONSPECIFIC MOTOR ACTIVATION (STARTLE REACTION) IN MAN AND DEPENDENCE THEREOF ON TH~ STATE OF ATTFNTION [Abstract oE article by I. N. Krylov, N. A. Rokotova and N. F. Suvorov] [Text] h:xp~riment5 w~re cc~nducted on 4U healthy subjects to study manifestations of the slartle renction !n man to stimuli of moderate intensity, as well as - dependence of degree of reaction on attention. It was demonstrated that selective atter.tion efFectively attenuates the activating effect of any startle stimulus. The fact that changes in indicators of the state of different neuronal levels (cortical, pontomesencephalic, spinal) of this reaction occur in the same direction is tentatively interpreted as evidence of corticofugal inhibition of multisynaptic reticular formation of the stem and mesencephalon. There are 10 illustrations; bibliograE~hy lists 62 items. 37 FOR OFF[CIAI. USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL U~H: ONI.Y UDC: 612.748:816 FREQUENCY OF IMPULSATION OF llIrFF.RENT MOTOR UNITS IN VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF ISOMETRIC MUSCLE TENSION IN MAN [Abstract of article by D. Kozarov, N. A. Rokotova, Yu. T. Shapkov and N. P. Anisimav] [Text] A new method of selective derivation of single motor unit activity was used to track the frequency of discharges in achieving maximum voluntary tension of the biceps brachii at four different speeds. It was demonstrated that there is a minimal correlation between magnitude of interimpulse intervals between the first four discharges and rate of development of tension. There are 4 illustrations, 2 tables; bibliography lists 8 items. UDC: 612.831:834 STUDY OF CONVERCENCL OF INFLUENCES FROM AFFERENTS OF ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR LIMBS ON MOTONEURONS OF 'CHI: LUMBAR REGION OF THE SPINAL CORD [Abscract ot article by V. D. Avelev] ~ [Text] A study was made of interaction between polysynaptic descending and segmental reactions to stimulation of afferents of the flexor reflex of anterior and posterior limbs of cats by the method of itnracellular recording and derivation of potentials from the dorsal surface in motoneurons of the lumbar spinal cord. It was shown that descending interextremital responses depress segmental and spino-bulbo-spinal reactions without appearance of visible inhibitory potentials in the motoneuron. Three periods of inhibitory influence were demonstrated: 7-15, 40-150 and 300-500 ms. The possible mechanisms determining a given duration of inhibition are discussed. There are 5 illustrations; bibliography lists 27 items. UDC: 612.82,62-501.72 CONVERSION OF INFORMATION IN THE NEURONAL STRUCTURE OF A MODEL OF THE SPINAL LEVEL OF CONTROL OF MUSCULAR CONTRACTION _ [Abstract of article by 5. P. Romanov] [Text] A neuron model operating on a real time scale, which permits reproduction of tt~e nature of conversion of impul~ation inherent in various types of neurons on tlie spinnl ].evel, is described. There is discussion of patterns of transmission of informatton ~n sim~~].e n~~uronal structures and methods of analysis of interimpulse 1nCervz].~ E~r indlvi.du:~l ncurons, which permit demonstration of direct and feedback connecti.ons between them. There are 9 illustrati~ns; bibliography lists 5 items. UDC: 612.833 TONIC VIBRATION R~FLEX AND SUPRASPINAL CONTROL THEREOF IN MAN [Abstract of article by Yu. T. Shapkov and V. I. Goryayev] [TextJ Experiments on healthy subjects showed that fhe reflex to standard vibrostimu- lation of the biceps brachii increases proportionately to the increase in voluntary 3t~ , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 I~OR Ob'FICIAI. Util? ONI.Y tension of the muscle. The results are interpreted as confirmation of the hypo- thesis that there is a variable coefficient of intensification in the servo circuit [loopJ of the tonic vibration reflex. The hypothesis is expounded that this is implemented by supraspinal change in effectiveness of excitatory influences of Ia afferents on phasic a-motoneurons. There are 5 illustrations; bibliography li,sts 26 items. UDC: 615.47 _ METHODS OF STUDYING PROPRIOCEPTIVE REFLEXES IN MAN [Abstract of article by Yu. P. Gerasimenko and S. P. Romanov] [Text] The authors describe a device for mechanical stimulation of mobile elements of the limb, which permits delivery of stimuli of graded duration and force. Ex- periments are described that examine EMG responses when reflex reactions are elicited by the effect of sudden removal and application of load on man's motor system. Therc are 7 illustrations, 1 table; bibliography lists 11 items. UDC: 612.741+612.855 MECHANICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE 'MUSCLE-MUSCLE SPINDLE' SYSTEM AND DISCHARGES OF SPINDLE AFFERENTS DURING EXTENSION OF MUSCLES [Abstract of article by N. A. Rokotova, V. I. Zalkind and I. M. Gorbunova] [Text] Experiments conducted on more than 500 deafferented muscle receptors of anesthetized cats examined the correlation between the responses of spindle receptors and state of extrafusal muscle and intrafusal muscle fibers, with which the receptor nerve endings come in contact. Several examples are given, where the same input signal can elicit different patterns of receptor di.scharges. Views are expressed about t}ie correlation between mechanical force that builds up in the region of the terminals of ttie atferent under study. The characteristics of the discharges clepend on the current state of extrafusal and intrafusal muscle elements during delivery of the stimulus. At the same time, units of different functional types may reflect differently the same input stimulus. There are 7 illustrations, 2 tables; bibliography lists 30 items. UDC: 612.885 SENSITIVITY OF MUSCULAR RECEPTORS TO CHANGE IN STATIONARY MUSCLE LENGTH [Abstract of article by V. I. Zalkind and I. M. Gorbunova] [Text] There is discussion of conventional methods of assessing static sensitivity of spindle receptors, as well as the authors' and literature data concerning the distinct~.ons of discharges of different receptors when detecting an unchanging muscle length. The responses of 3b0 tested receptors were processed using the following criteria: 1) range of muscle lengths that a given receptor detECts, - from the static tlireshold to 10 mm extension; 2) probability of increase in dis- charge frequency with increase in muscle length; 3) configuration of "length- frequency"curve and its position in a system of coordinates; 4) coefficient of regression wtien the "length-frequency" function is close to linear; 5) degree of 39 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 N'OR OI~i~l('lAl, l1SE ONLY stability of interimpulse intervals expzessed as a co~ffic~;en~ of variata:on. It was found that, when examining the discharges of several receptors situated in the same muscle, as well as when analyzing the responses of a large population of units from several experiments, one can always demonstrate a wide spectrum of responses, and this perhaps has a desynchr.onizing effect on central neurons. Many muscle re- ceptors do not present static linear behavior, and it is difficult to describe the "length-frequency" function with coefficients of linear regression without resort- ing to oversimplification of the actual situation. There are 2 illustrations, 2 tables; bibliography lists 31 items. - UDC: 612.741 FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF A SKELETAL MUSCLE [Abstract of article by S. P. Romanov] [Text] A model of a muscle was executed on an analog computer, and it is viewed as a complex structural entity that not onlyperforms motor functions, but is supplied with its own receptor system. The model takes into consideration the nonlinear characterlstics of conversion of length and te nsion, change in plastic and viscous properties of muscle fibers during contraction, distinctions of formation of recep- tor potentials in muscle spindles and tendon organs of Golgi. The model of the muscle is tlit object of control when studying neuronal mechanisms of control of muscular co~itraction There are 11 illustrations; bibliography lists 11 items. UDC: 612.748:816 THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONDUCTION OF ACTION POTENTIALS AND RATE OF PROPAGATION OF EXCITATION OVER MOTOR UNIT FIBERS OF HUMAN SKELrTAL MUSCLES [Abstract of article by G. Dimitrov, N. Tankov ;,id Yu. T. Shapkov] [Text] Extracellular recording of action poCentlals of motor units of the human biceps brachii and flexor carpi ulnaris revealed nonuniformity of rate of con- duction of excitation over muscle fibers constituting a unit. Maximum values were recordc:d in the region of myoneural synapses, which is attributable to the - patterns of conduction of potentials in a three-dimensional conductor. However, the differences in rate of conduction in proximal and distal directions cannot be explained from this point of view. There are 4 illustrations, 1 table; biblio- grapliy lists 19 ilems. UDC: 612.741 _ POSTACTIV[1TION YOTGNTIATION OF MUSCLE IN TETANIC CONTRACTION [Abstract of ar~icle by N. P. Anisimova and Yu. T. Shapkov] [Text] Experiments on the cat's triceps surae showed the potentiating effect of a preceding te~anic contraction on the next one. Maximum potentiation is manifested - in the tiiird-Lifth contraction, with an interval of 3-S min. In tetanic tension, the contractile reaction o� the muscle to each stimulus in a series depends on the magnitude of interimpulse interval and number of prior stimuli. There are 6 illustrations; bibliography lists 32 items. 1~0 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 r~k oNH~rcinL utir: ()NLY _ Contents Page Foreword 3 Part 1. Problems of Neural Ca,,trol of Movement Nervous Regulation of Motor activity (N. A. Rokotova) 5 Programming and Feedback in Regulation of Rhythmic Movements Set by Exogenous Signals (N. A. Rokotova, N. P. Anisimova, Ye. S. Rogovenko, Yu. T. Shapkov) 25 ~ Are There 'Standard Scales' in Voluntary Control of Muscular Tension? (N. A. Rokotov a, N. P. Anisimova, Yu. T. Shapkov) qg Nonspecif ic Nature of Spinal Preadjustment of Voluntary Mgvement (I. N. Krylov, N. A. Rokotova) S~ Reaction of Nonspecific Motor Activation in Man (Startle Reaction) and Dependence Thereof on State of Attention (I. N. Krylov, N. A. Rokotova, N. F. Suvorov) 69 Frequency of Impulsation of Different Motor Units in Volunta.ry Control of Isometric Muscle Tension i.n Man (D. Kozarov, N. A. Rokotova, Yu. T. Shapkov, N. P. Anisimova) 84 Study of Convergencc of Influences From Afferents of Anterior and Posterior Limbs on Motoneurons of the Lumbar Region of the Spinal Cord � (V. D. Avelev) 92 Conversion of Information in the Neuronal Structure of a Model of the Spinal Level of Control of Muscular Contraction (S. P. Romanov) 104 Tonic Vibration Reflex and Supraspinal Control Thereof in Man (Yu. T. Shapkov, V. I. Goryayev) 123 Methods of Studying Proprioceptive Reflexes in Man (Yu. P. Gerasimenko, S. P. Romanov) 136 Part 2. Information Coding by Receptors of the Motor System and Properties of Muscles as the Object of Control in Regulation of Movement Mechanical Transformations in the 'Muscle-Muscle Spindle' System and . Discharges of Spindle Afferents During Muscular Extension (N. A. Rokotova, V. I. Zalkind, I. M. Gorbunova) 148 Sensitivity of Muscular Receptors to Change in Stationary Length of Muscle (V. I. Zalkind, I. M. Gorbunova) 161 Functional Model of a Skeletal Muscle (S. P. Romanov) 172 Three-Dimensional Conduction of Action Potentials and Rate of Dissemination of Excitatian Over Motor Unit Fibers of Human Skeletal Muscles (G. Dimitrov, N. Tankov, Yu. T. Shapkov) 190 Postactivation Potentiation of Muscle in Tetanic Contraction (N. P. Anisimova, Yu. T. Shapkov) 198 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980 10,657 - cso: 1840/999 1~1 FOR OF'FICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ' UDC: 613.12(98+99) MECHANISMS OF MAN~S ADAPTATION TO HIGH LATITUDES Leningrad MEKHANIZMY ADAPTATSII CHELOVEKA V USLOVIYAKH VYSOKIKH SHIROT in Russian 1980 pp 2-8, 199 [Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Mechanisms of Man's . Adaptation to High Latitudes", edited by Prof V. P. Kaznacheyev, academician of the USSR Academy oP Medical Sciences, Tzdatel~stvo "Meditsina", 200 pages, illustrated] [Text] This monograph sums up extensive, but thus far scattered and contradictory data in the literature, as well as the clinical and experimental findings of the authors, who pursued prolonged and comprehensive studies of the distinc.tions of man's adaptation to high latitudes. The "polar stress syndrome," which develops in man in the Extreme North is viewed as a multilevel process, which is based on biophysical patterns of interaction between the body and the environment, distinctive mechanisms of bioenergetics (activation of processes of free radical oxidation of lipids, depression of antioxidase enzymatic systems). On the level of the integral organism, this syn- drome is manifested by changes in enuroendocrine regulation, diverse functional changes, which develop in phases and vary in biological importance from adaptive to pathological. Consideration of these data is important for short- and long- term forecasting of the health status of the inhabitants of the Extreme North and Siberia. This book is intended For physiologists, pathophysiologists, biochemists, as well as physicians in different clinical spec:ialties concerned with problems of man's adaptation to long-term extreme factors. This book has 47 tables, 34 figures, 1 diagram; bibliography lists 358 items. Introduction Scientific and technological progress, which has radically altered the interaction between mankind and the environment, has posed several problems today, which cannot be solved apart from biology and medicine. We refer, first of all, to problems of urbanization, population growth, species-specific life span, diet, occupational diseases, etc. The main criterion of effectiveness of solving these problems is the health status of a population, and the overall term of man's active life can be considered the integral indicator of population health. For expressly this 4% FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY reason, the very concept of "health" should be considered and defined as the pro- cess of preservation and development of biological and psychological functions, optimum efficiency [fitness for workJ and social activity of man, ability to reproduce healthy offspring with maximum life span (V. P. Kaznacheyev, 1977). Soviet public health, which is refining and developi.ng the forms and methods of rendering therapeutic and preventive care to the public, is based on the achieve- ments of inedicine. Great strides have been made in our country in this field: under the lOth Five-Year Plan, availability of physicians will come close to the optimum standard--36 per 10,000 population, which totals 960,000 physicians. At the present time, there are 2.7 million physicians in the world, 893,000 of whom are in the USSR (A. F. Serenko, G. N. Sobolevskiy, 1978). According to the Program of the CPSU ad apted at the 22nd Party Congress, the number of people covered by dispensary supervision is increasing annually. This is an important prerequisite for the change to universal dispensary care of our country's people. Refinement of all systems for preservation and development of health, preventive and therapeutic measures, and rehabilitation is impossible without prior theore- _ tical work. The decree of the CC CPSU and USSR Council of Ministers, "On Further Improvement of National Public Health" (1977), mentions the need for searching for new forms of more effective interaction between science and practice. In our country, much attention is devoted to development of polar health care, which is characterized by constant improvement of the material and personnel base of therapeutic and preventive institutions, with due consideration of geographic pathology in northern regions, broad use of preventive measures, which is the leading principle of Soviet medicine. As of 1972, there was an average of 28.9 physicians per 10,000 people and 102.4 paramedical workers in northern regions and national okrugs. As compared to 1965, the number of hospital beds in 1972 increased from 12.5 to 18.9 per 1000 population (11 beds in the RSFSR). At the same time, there were wider opportunities to render specialized medical care. Thus, in 1965-1972, there was a 90% increase in number of surgical and general _ medical beds, 36% increase in pediatric beds and 83% increase in otolaryngologi- cal beds (S. Ya. Chikin, B. M. Cheknev, 1975, 1978). Along with the development of large medical complexes (hospitals and polyclinics) with all types of spe- cialized medical care, which are typical for the large cities in the North (Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, Vorkuta, Noril'sk and others), a wide network of district hospitals and feldsher-midwiFe centers has been created in rural areas. At the present time, qualified specialized medical care is available to all of the inhab~tants in the North of the USSR thanks to the existence of appropriate centers (hospitals, polycl.inics, dispensaries) with trained personnel, modern resources for transporting the sick and in~ured (specialized motor vehicles and aviation service). Studies of the effects of climate and geographic factors of the North on man is a tradition in our medicine. The following have made a particularly large contri- bution: G. M. Danishevskiy, I. S. Kandror, A. P. Avtsyn and V. V. Yefremov. Schools and scientific directions of inedicogeographic investigation of the North were formed in such cities as Moscow (A. P. Avtsyn, A. P. Shitskova, V. V. Yefremov), Leningrad (N. N. Vasilevskiy, A. L. Matusov, I. F. Ryabinin) and Arkhangel'sk (N. P. Bychikhin, G. A. Orlov, N. P. Neverova, T. I. Andronova). In the last few years, this direction was developed in the North of our country (V. P. Kaznacheyev, N. R. Deryapa, K. R. Sedov, N. V. Vasil'yev, V. P. Lozovoy, 1~3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400430026-6 FOR UH'FI('IAL USE ONLY ' N. S. Motavkina and others). It would have been unr~al.istic to be successful ; with studies and development of the Extreme North of our country without the ; participation of a large aray of Soviet physicians, and it would be ~mpossible , to exaggerate their heroic work. Foreign scientists also played an important role in development of biological and medical problems of the North: Kh. Forsius (Finland), L. Linderholm (Sweden), K. Oygard (Norway), L. Caprio, B. Harwald (Denmark), 0. Shefer (Canada) and many others. The international unification of efforts of scientists and physicians in the area of inedicine of northern territories is the logical and mandatory condition, not only to refine preventive and therapeutic measures, but for progress in modern biology and medicine as a whole. This is indicated by the results of four international symposiums on polar medicine (Fairbanks (Alaska, 1968), Oulu (Finland, 1971), Edmonton (Canada, 1974) and Novosibirsk (USSR, L978). One could formulate a number of important problems, in our opinion, that are related to the future development of biological and medical research in the European and Asian North: in the first place, a definition of the medicogeographic aspect of northern territories; in the second place, the distinctions of man's adaptation to live at high latitudes and means of correcting deadaptation changes; in the third place, the health status and morbidity structure of new arrivals and _ aborigenes of the North at the present time and how these indicators will change in the future; in the fourth place, the distinctions of clinical course of various pathological processes in man, principles of treating them and preventive measures; inthe fifth place, pressing problems of organizing public health care in polar regions. The solutions to these problems should include the following main directions: universal dispensary care coverage of the public and medical implementation of professional screening (roads to health); health-improving measures (resorts, sanatoriums, rest homes, recreation [rest] zones; system of ineasures for the development of physical culture and sports, optimization of working, living, recreational conditions, etc.); creation of inedical complexes (hospitals, poly- clinics, etc.). Universal coverage with dispensary care should be directed toward detection of prenosological states in man by means of informative tests, with the use of computer technology. In our opinion, from the standpoint of possible control of population health and condition of the environment, the conception of life support system is the most promising. It includes in-depth analysis of a number of subsystems involved in personal (social and biological) needs of man. A life support system is a com- plex of interrelated and mutually complementary socioeconomic, biomedical measures, which are differentiated in accordance with regional distinetions and are directed toward performing national economic tasks and providing for vital function of people 3n accordance with the Soviet life style, with maximum pre- servation and development of man's health, preservation and development of the environment (V. P. Kaznacheyev, 1978). What is the correlation between health status, stress and pathology of man, population healtli and structure of population morbidity? There is reason to believe that the nature of this correlation is largely determined by the adaptation ~~t FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY procebs (t. V. Davydovskiy). 'Phc~ adaptut~ion process is a special form of human vital function, to maintain and preserve man's health under inadequate environ- mental conditions, i.e., in conditions that do not conform with his phenogenotypic and psychosocial needs at a given time (V. P. Kaznacheyev). Thus far, there is inadequate investigation of adaptation on all levels of organi- _ zation of biological systems (population, organism, organocellular, etc.), although expressly adaptation processes constitute the key positions of both health and pathology. The qualitative distinctions of these processes determine, to a substantial extent, the symptomatology and evolution of modern human diseases in the North. Demonstration of the distinctions of the mechanisms of adaptation in the prenosological period could be one of the means of constructing a basically new classifications of human diseases. One should develop and introduce into practice untraditional principles aimed at detection of prepathological states by using current informa ion on the problem of human adaptation to the extreme conditions of the North, correlations between physiology (norm) and intensity of adaptive mechanisms and pathology in both an individual and the population as a - whole. The prospect of continued development, not only of biology, but medicine, lies in profound investigation of adaptation mechanisms in man. In the course of man's development of northern territories of earth for many generations, ther.e was formation of inechanisms that determined development of the state of adaptation of various populations to the extreme factors of these regions. A study of the history of formation of adaptive mechanisms on all levels of social and biological process will help solve such extremely important biomedical problems as the probles of chronic stress, appearance of new forms of pathology and others. The uniqueness and specifics of human diseases in polar regions, the distinetions of inedical geography, epidemiology of infectious and noninfectious diseases create the prerequisites for deper and new understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of the most widespread diseases, and they enable us to predict the appearance of possible pathology in the future. Today, the North puts many biomedical pr~blems to us, but it also helps us solve them. Thus, the study of the distinctions of atherosclerosis and ischemia in northern countries lias already enriched substantially modern cardiology. In the North, there is, so to speek, "exposure" of certain weak elements of the defense mechanisms oL the human body, which are concealed at central latitudes. For this reason, biomedica.t survey~: of the inhabitants of northern countries cauld be interpreted in modern medicine as a natural, huge "historical experiment," which determines the viability of human populations under special, extreme environmental conditions. Underestimation of the results of this "experiment" could be costly to mankind. It is also necessary to bear in mind that the human populations that acquired special adaptive mechanisms with regard to certain extreme factors (for example, high latitudes) could be found to be more resistant or more vulnerable to numerous deleterious consequences of scientific and technological progress. For this reason, future medical surveys of the population of northern countries require a spec:ial approach, and they cannot always be planned by the same methods that are used with success at other latitudes. A new, deeper as- _ pect, which is very important in the practical respect, of the problem emerges, that of similarity and differences in the mechanisms of onset and development of seemingly utterly similar diseases in different climate and geographic regions of earth. 45 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY The attention ot scientists has been long since drawn to man's acclimatization to the North. The facts obtained at the present time deal mainly with physiological evaluation of man's adaptation to the rigorous climate and geographic conditions of the polar region. Much experience has been gained in the area of controlling avitaminosis and prevention of hypovitaminosis in the North. There is information concerning changes in neuroendocrine regulation. However, there has been a sub- stantial change in the situation in the area of biology and medicine in the last . 10 years. There has been a significant increase in methodological possibilities f.or studying the human body, our methodological approar_hes have changed and so have the criteria for evaluating the obtained material. For this reason, of course, many questions in the problem of man's adaptation to the North today require defi- nition and many require further development. There has been extremely little study of inetabolic changes; we still know very little about the cellular and mole- cular mectianisms of man's adaptation to the North. There are many contradictions in evaluation of functional changes in the endocrine system. Methodologically, there must be development of the question of the extent to which the state of man's adaptation to the North is unique and specific, what differences there are in the course of pathological processes and what their causes are. Much depends on the correct answers to these questions and, mainly, the approach to prevention and treatment of diseases in the North and, consequently, health of the population as a whole. - This monograph is a summary of the field studies of the staff of the Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Siberian Affiliate of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, whose data were obtained mainly from investigation of the Asian northern regions of our country, which are characterized by rigorous climate and geographic conditions. The submitted material enables us to consider the pro- cess of man's adaptation to the set of climatic and geographic factors of the polar region in different seasons, with due consideration of age, sex, life span in the North, dietary distinctions, etc. The obtained results were systematized according to level of organization of the biological system. It was shown that, on the molecular and cellular levels, adaptive changes are characterized by intensification of reactions of free-radical oxidation of lipids witti concurrent decline of their antioxidative activity. Fatty acid hydroperoxides, which are highly reactive, could lead to alteration of cell membranes and impairment of their functions. These findings were made from a study of human erythrocytes. These conceptions served as the basis of the concept of the "polar stress syndrome." On the level of the or~anism, the most important element of adaptive changes is the chan~e in regulatory mechanisms, primarily neuroendocrine ones. The organism. changes to a different l.evel of regulation, and some of the clinical manifestations of hyperadrenocorticism do not develop because of increased production of gluco- corticoids and marked increase in level thereof in blood, but because of a de- crease in concentration of the opposite hormone, insulin. Such a mechanism of regulation corresE>onds to a different type of inetabolism--"northern metabolic type." There i.s a change in metabolism of protein, fats, carbohydrates; however, the chief sign is promotion of the role of lipids in energy supply for adaptive processes. There is also a change in metabolism of vitamins, macroelements and trace elements, with reduction of the renal barrier to some water-soluble vitamins. The demonstrated changes determine different "standards" for parameters of the t~6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400030026-6 FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY endogenous environment and different "standards" for man's food intake in the North (L. Ye. Panin, 1978). Changes in natural reactivity, which determine the distinctions of inflammatory processes, their tendency toward a chronic course (chronic, slowly progressing forms of rheumatism, nonspecific inflammatory diseases of the lungs and others), occupy an important place in the adaptive alteration of the organism. Changes in external respiratory function and pulmonary circulation are associated with development of discrete respiratory insufficiency. Noninfectious diseases of the cardiovascular system (atherosclerosis, cardiac ischemia, essential hypertension) - are characterized by a severe, continuously progressive course, and they usually strike young people of an employable age. In this work, an effort was made to show that the distinctions of adaptive changes and course of pathological processes in man in the North should be considered from the same positions. Various approaches have been used to solve the formulated problems. The study of adaptive mechanisms in man was supplemented by experi- mental studies of animals. The authors do not presume to have solved the problem definitively. Future studies will provide the fullest and most objective answer to all of the posed questions. Contents Page - Introduction (V. P. Kaznacheyev) 3 List of Abbreviations 9 Chapter 1. Distinctions of Ecological Factors at High Latitudes (V. P. Kaznacheyev, V. Yu. Kulikov, L. Ye. Panin) 10 Chapter 2. Psychological Adaptation and Psychosomatic Correlations (L. Ye. Panin, V. P. Sokolov) 24 Emotional changes 24 Emotional stress and psychosomatic pathology 28 Chapter 3. Neuroendocrine Mechanisms in Chronic Stress (L. Ye. Panin) 35 Changes in endocrine regulation 36 ~ndocrine-metabolic correlations under stress conditions 42 General adaptation syndrome and resistance of the organism to stress factors 50 Chapter 4. Reactions of Free-Radical Oxidation of Lipids and Some Parameters of Oxygen Metabolism (V. Yu. Kulikov, V. V. Lyakhovich) 60 Chapter 5. Distinctions of Energy Metabolism (L. Ye. Panin) 87 Chapter 6. Changes in Metabolism of Vitamins, Salts and Trace Elements (L. Ye. Panin) 98 Chapter 7. Seasonal Fluctuations of Biochemical Parameters of Blood (T.. Ye. Panin) 109 Chapter 8. Adaptation and Optimization of Diet (L. Ye. Panin) 116 - Cl~apter 9. Effects of Ecological Factors at High Latitudes on Animals (V. P. Kaznacheyev, L. Ye. Panin, V. Yu. Kulikov, Yu. P. Shorin, D. N. Mayanskiy) 123 _ Chapter 10. Circadian and 'Arcadian' Rhythms (V. P. Kaznacheyev, L. Ye. Panin, V. Yu. Kulikov, Yu. P. Shorin) 145 Chapter 11. Some Distinctions of Human Pathology in the Extreme North (V. P. Kaznacheyev, V. Yu. Kulikov) 155 47 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400034426-6 FOIt OFFIC{AL USE ONLY ' - Conclueton (V. P. Kaznacheycv) 174 - Bibliography 182 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Meditsina", Moskva, 1980 10,657 cso: 1840/999 4B FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400030026-6 1~()k ()I~I~1('fAl. lltil~: ()NI.Y HUMAN FACTORS MAN UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS Moscow CHELOV~K V~KSTREMAL~NYKH USLOVIYAKH PRTRODNOY SREDY in Russian 1980, pp 3-9, 190-191 [Annotation, English summary, foreword by Academician 0. G. Gazenlco and intro- duction from book "Man Under Extreme Environmental Conditions" by V. G. Volovich, _ Izdatel'stvo "Mys1 191 pages, illustratedJ a [Text] Each year, thousands of scientific expeditions, exploring detachments, hunting parties and tourist groups travel to distant places--Arctic latitudes, taygas, arid deserts, dense jungles, seas and oceans. Not infrequently, they find themsevles in difficult and hazardous conditions, when both successful achievement of goals and life itself are threat~ned. This book systematizes the minimum amount of information needed �or different natural conditions for the preservation of life and health in critical situations. English Summary ~ This book was written aboard life-boats amidst stormy waves of three oceans, in frozen tents on drifting ice in the center of the Arctic, under unsteady tents in the burning deserts of Central Asia and beneath the sweltering cover of tropical forests. The author, a scholar in problems of survival, participated in many of the experiments in extreme natural conditions. Travelers, tourists, geologists, navigators will coane across numerous useful _ pieces of advice on how to survive and preserve one's health, if by chance they find themselves "face to face" with Nature: how to look for water in the desert, or buitd a temporary shelter out of snow, render help to people bitten by poisonous ~ _ snakes and scorpions. They will learn about unfamiliar edible plants in the - jungles, habits of sharks, of the worm palolo, poisonous mollusks of the tropical - waters and many other things. A physielogist, biologist will get acquainted with the latest findings in ~tudies concerning the state of human organism under ' different natural conditions. The lucid language and numerous illustrations make the book an absorbing reading for everyone. The foreword is written by academician 0. G. Gazenko. The bibliography has over a thousand references. ~J FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R004400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAI. l1SF: ONLY Foreword Relatively recently, at the start of our century, expeditions consisting of a small number of individuals tried to reach the North and South poles, persistently - overcoming difficulties, and to conquer the peaks of the highest mountains. The history of these expeditions, many of which ended with the death of courageous travelers, constitutes a heroic chronicle. To this day, we cannot read about the attempt of Captain Scott to conquer the South Pole without experiencing much excitement. The history of this expedition, the death of all its participants, which is reflected in the sparse entries in the diary of Captain Scott and in his letters to relatives, the notes of his subordinates and comrades, ~ust like the histary of the expedition of the Russian Captain Sedov, who died in an attempt to reach the North Pole, constitute documents that elevate man, in spite of all their drama. In the past, i~ ~Jas relatively rare to succeed in saving people, mainly travelers or scientists, who encountered troubles in remote geographic regions of our planet that were poorly adapted for human life. The technological revolution, whose contemporaries we are, the appearance of more sophisticated aircraft, helicopters, ships designed for specialized purposes, development of effective means of radio communication should, it would seem, have eliminated to a signiPicant degree the acuteness of the problem of saving a man or group of people in the event of their e~cposure to the extreme conditions of a natural environment--in the unin- habited regions of the Extreme North, in remote desert regi.ons, in dense tropical jungles and the vast expances of ocean waters. Strange as it seems, but this is not so. Moreover, it can be stated that the problem of assuring the safety of man, even for short stays under such conditions, is a rather important practical task of our times. This is quite understandable, since there is no absolutely reliable equipment. Ocean liners sink, and hundreds of people find themselves in lifeboats or rafts in the ocean waves; aircraft have to make forced landings and, as a result, people find themselves under conditions that are extremely unsuitable as a habitat. Spacecraft also could, in emergency - situations, land in virtually any region of the globe: in the ~ungles, desert, high mountains and expanses of the ocean. For this reason, a new branch of inedicine was formed in the last few years, which deals with problems of man's survival when left to himself in geographic regions of the earth that are extremely difficult to live in, in which it ~ay be an unsur- mountable proUlem to obtain f.resh water needed for drinking, food, protection _ against sun rays or, on tt~e contrary, against icy cold. To solve the problem of rescuing man Erom the above-~mentioned extreme situations, it became necessary to study, boti~ under laboratory conditions and in the field, the capacity of the human body to withstand life-threatening extreme factors and, at the same time, to start developing diverse means of rescue. Having scientifically substantiated knowledge about the latent reserves of the body, which enable man to fight actively against the deleterious effects of various extreme environmental factors f~r a certain period of time, the researcher can derive a rather va].uable conclusion both about the optimum strategy of a man's behavior under such conditions and about the most effective means of helping him. j0 ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 ~ N'OR OFF'IC'IA1, f1SE nN1.Y In the book offered to the reader, all these interesting problems are discussed for the first time in a popular form by a scientist who conducted such studies for over 25 years, actively and with much enthusiasm. The author, V, G. Volovich, is one of those rare specialists who has his own rich experience in studying - problems of man's autonomous existence in different geographic regions. V. G. Volovich started his scientific work with studies of man's self--contained existence in the Arctic. He was the physician in scientific expeditions on the drifting North Pole-2 and North Pole-3 stations, the work of which gained broad recognition. He is to be credited with some serious medical investigations during self-contained existence on various vessels in the tropical zone of three oceans. _ He also headed and was directly involved in the difficult and, at times, hazardous studies directzd toward investigating the possibility of autonomous existence in the deserts and jungles. V. G. Volovich summarized in this book his many years of fruitful work in this new branch of inedicine, in situations where a man has to strain to the utmost his will, mobilize all his strength for wise adjustment to and struggle with extremely difficult natural conditions. He succeeded in telling the reader in a fascinating form about the most serious aspects of the problem of "man in an extreme habitat." The reader will glean from this book some valuable scientific information about the distinctions of vital functions of the human body under difficult climate conditions; he will learn about the experiments conducted by Soviet scientists on the problem of survival in different geographic zones, about wild edible plants in jungles and deserts, about poisonous snakes and methods of protection against sharks, about catching fish with poisonous plant substances and many other things; he will receive much useful advice, about how to behave under conditions uf autonomous existence, how to orient himself, build a shelter, find water and food, render first aid, etc. Jne need not question the fact that readers in the most varied professions will read this book witli interest and will benefit from it. Introduction The thirst to learn about the environment is one of the powerful moving forces in man. This is what compels a man, in spite of incredible difficulties and depriva- tion, to strive toward the poles of our planet, to climb, risking his life, the highest mountain peaks, descend to ocean depths and volcano cr~.ters, and to assault cosmic space. Untiring geologists search for underground treasures; explorers blaze new trails in the tayga and deserts; seafarers and fishermen channel their way through the blue expanses of the ocean, wtiile the restless tribe of tourists travels on distant tr.ips over be~lten and unbeaten paths. It wou.ld s~~em ~hat, in our ttmes of the technological revolution, when numerous rind ciivc~rsc means t~~ve bcen developed for protection against the deleterious effects c~f i~[t;li lllL.l['U(]G~G and low temperatures, when the technical sophistication of air ~iiicl mar i nc transl~or. t assures man's safety in flight and on the water, while the me:~tis of communicatior~ make it possible to send a signal for help from any point on our plane't, travelers, seafarers and land explorers could not be threatened witE~ the tragic fate of,Georgiy Brusilov and Vladimir Rusanov, Robert Scott and John Franklin, Solomon Andre and Roald Amundsen. ~l FOR OFFICIAI, IISE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 ~ FOR UHFIC'IAI. U~H: ONLY But, ~to ~atter how far techrological progress has advanced, the arctic snowstorms have not grown warmer, hurricanes are still striking in their force, ocean storms and typhoons have not grown kinder, and the arid heat of the desert is still just as pitiless. And it happens at times, that circumstances put man in a critical situation, ' one on one with nature. One can read in the worldwide press about seamen who have been shipwrecked and found themselves on boats and rafts in the raging ocean, about fishermen carried ~ out to open sea on tragments of icebergs, about wayfarers beset by a violent snow- storm, about tour.ists who have lost their way in the tayga or desert. Not in- frPquently, beFore help comes, the victims of a disaster must survive on their own, i.e., on their limited suply of food and water, using the available life support gear. A good out~ome of autonomous existence depends on many factors: physical and mental state of people, supply of water and food, effectiveness of emerge.ncy gear, etc. (Figure 1 [not reproduced]). The environment, its physicogeographic conditions, is important to man's vital - functions when he is on his own. By actively effecting the human body, it prolongs or shortens the time o� autonomousexistence, helps or prevents survival. Environmental factors that affect man are quite diverse and numerous. They in- clude temperature and air humidity, wind, solar radiation and many others. The arctic regions and the tropics, mountains and deserts, tagya and ocean--each of these natural zones is characterized by its own distinctive climate; topugraphy, plant and animal kingdom. They determine the specifics of vital functions of a man who finds himself in one of these regions: his behavior, means of securing water and food, building a shelter, nature of diseases and means of preventing - them, moving about the locality, etc. However, the degree of importance of each factor is determined by the geographic location of a region. For example, in the desert, the prime factors will be those directed at protection from heat and finding water; in the Arctic, fighting against the cold moves to the fore; in the jungles, people should strive, first of all, to prevent tropical diseases, etc. Experience sliows that people are capable of enduring the most rigorous natural conditions for a lon~ time. However, a man who is not accustomed to such condi- - tions and who is exposed to them for the first time, by chance, due to e+ircumstances, is mucti less adapted f.or lite in an unfamiliar environment than its permanent inli~bitants. For this reason, the more rigorous the environmental conditions, the shorter the period of autonomous existence, the greater effort is required to fight against nature, the stricter adherence there must be to rules of behavior, and the costlier each mistake that is made. ~2 FOR OFFICIAL USF, ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 To survive, man requires certain conditions: food, water, shelter, etc. At the same time, being a member of society, he is accustomed to the idea that many of his needs are furnished by people around him, that someone is constantly concerned about meeting his needs, that he can always count on someone's help in any unfavorable situation. And indeed, in everyday life, man does not have to rack his brain over how to f ind shelter from the heat or cold, how and where to slake his thirst and hunger. If he has lost his way in an unfamiliar city, he will _ have no trouble finding the needed information, and if he gets sick he can turn _ to physicians for help. In the case of astonomous existence in an unpopulated region, such a mundane philosophy developed by civilization is utterly unacceptable, since meeting even the most ordinary vital needs sometimes becomes a problem that is difficult to solve. In spite of experience acquired over many years, man's life begins to depend on very different factors (solar radiation, force of wind, ambient tempera- ture, presence or absence of sources of water, animals, edible plar~ts), rather than the customary criteria (education, professional skills, financial status, etc.). The Cavo.rable outcome of autonomous existence depends largely on a man's psychophy- sio].ogical traits: will, decisiveness, collectedness, resourcefulness, physical conditioning, endurance and others. But not infrequently, these factors alone are not enough for survival. People die of heat and thirst without suspecting that there is a life-saving source of water within a few steps; people freeze in the tundra because they were unable to build a shelter out of snow; they die of hunger in a forest teeming with game; they fall victim to poisonous animals because they do not know how to give first aid for bites. The ability of man to survive is the basis for success in fighting against the forces of nature. Survival means active, purposeful action, applying one's know- ledge, experience and inventiveness, using the available gear and means at hand with utmost effectiveness for protection against the deleterious effects of environmental factors and to meet the body's needs for water and food. T}ie main postulate for survival is that man can and must preserve his health and life under the most rigorotis physicogeographic conditions if he is able to make - use in his interests of everything that his surroundings have to offer. But, certain tlieoreticaJ knowledge and practical experience are needed for this. When st~irtin~ ou~ on a distant journey, man must have an idea about the physico- ~;eograpt~ic c~ndiCions in tlie area of his proposed expedition: about the topography and sources of w~ter, plants and animals, climate factors that could have an adverse effect on the body (cold, heat, solar radiation and others), the distinc- tions of these effects and methods of protection. He must learn to orient him- self by the stars and other natural phenomenon, to identif y edible plants, to make a fire without matches or lighters and to prepare food without dishes. Diversified informatian gained in the course of learning and practical skills that are acquired not only will help fight the diff iculties that arise for some reason or other, but increase a man's confi.dence in his strength, convince him that he will be able to cope with any adversity, since he will know what has to be done and how to do it. 53 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFHIC'IA1, l1tiH: ONLY For an untrained man, the environment seems to be the source of all sorts of hazards. He is in a state of constant anxious stress, since he does not know where to expect the danger from and, even if he does know, he cannot correctly assess its degree. Such a state may last from minutes to many days, and the less informed a person is about the conditions that circumstaflces placed him in, the longer it lasts. Thus, an equally important ob~ective of education is to psychoiogical train a man to over- come a potential emergency situation, increase his emotional and volitional stabi- lity, teach him to properly understand and assess the existing situation and to act accordingly. Still, no matter how well trained a man could be in methods of life support under conditions of autonomous existence, no matter how sophisticated his gear, the length of time, during which the body can withstand high or low temperatures, lack of water and food depends on the speed of alteration of physiological functions, severity of disturbances thereof and reversibility of processes. The capabilities of the human body, like those of all living things, are limited and fit into a rather narrow range. What is this range? Where is the threshold, beyond which changes in functions of organs and systems become irreversible? What is the time limit that people may have under specific extreme environmental conditions? How can one slow down processes of dehydration or cooling, overheating or desalina- tion? How can one extend the permissible time of self-contained existence, post- pone the fatal hour? Scientists go to the Arctic and deserts, to the tayga and ocean in order to answer these questions, which are posed by life,in the real situation, as close as possible to the conditions of autonomous existence. This book deals with problems of survival of man, who finds himself under condi- tions of autonomous existence in different physicogeographic regions of the globe. It is based on the results of studies on this problem, which the author obtained during expeditions to the Central Polar Basin, the drifting stations, North Pole-2 and North Pole-3, in experiments in the field conducted in the polar Kola region, in the tropical zone of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans, in the Kyzylkum Desert and ~ungles of South-East Asia. The author made an attempt to summarize on these pages Soviet and foreign knowhow in the area of survival, which was gained in the last decades, as well as to analyze and describe current views on different issues related to this problem, including the physiological essence of processes occurring in the human body under the influence of deleterious environmental factors. ~ The objective of the book was not only to acquaint the reader with the basic prin- ciples of human behavior during autonomous existence on land and in the ocean, but to help with practical advice on what one should do and how to do it under such conditions, making use of everything that the surroundings offer to preserve health and life. 5 ~t / APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR ~FFICIAI. USE ONLY - Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction 5 Chapter 1. Man Under Autonomous Conditions of Existence 11 Orientation 13 Communications and signaling 15 Nutrition during autonomous existence 17 Water provisions 24 Self- and mutual help in case of trauma or sickness 25 Chapter 2. The Arctic Region 31 Brief physicogeographic description of the Arctic 31 Man existing autonomously in the Arctic 34 Communications and signaling 40 Energy expended by the body in the Arctic and food provisions during autonomous existence 40 Some problems of fluid-electrolyte metabolism and water provisions in _ the Arctic 4$ Transition to the Arctic 51 Prevention and treatment of diseases 54 Chapter 3. The Tayga 59 Brief physicogeograph~c description of the tayga zone 59 _ Man existing autonomously in the tayga 60 Food provisions 64 Transition to the tayga 71 Prevention and treatment of diseases 72 Chapter 4. The Desert 75 Brief physicogeographic description of desert zone 75 Man existing autonomously in the desert 78 Fluid-electrolyte metabolism at high ambient temperatures 80 Water provisions in the desert 86 Nutrition at high temperatures 89 Transition to the desert 94 Prevention and treatment of diseases 96 Chapter 5. The Jungle - 101 Brief physicogeographic description of the tropical forest zone 101 " ~ Man existing autonomously in the jungle 104 Some questions of heat and fluid-electrolyte metabolism in the tropics 104 Water proVisions in the ~ungle 107 Nutrition in the jungle 108 Transition to the jungle 114 Prevention and treatment of diseases 119 Chapter 6. The Ocean 127 Brief physicogeographic description of the world's oceans 127 Man during autonomous floating on rescue flotation devices 130 Signaling and co~unication 133 Autonomous sailing [or swimmingJ in the ocean 133 Water provisions in the ocean 134 Survival in cold water 139 Nutrition durtnR autonomous existence 14~3 Prevention and tr.eatment of diseases 145 Seasi.ckness 146 Poisonous ~~nimu].s 147 Landing on shore 166 Concluston 173 Bibliography 174 COPYRTGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mysl 1980 10,657 5~ cso: 184a~999 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ UDC: 629.7.015.001 AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS: DYNAMICS OF LONGITUDINAL AND LATERAL MOVEMENT ' Moscow AERODINAMIKA SAMOLETA: DINAMIKA PRODOL'NOGO I BOKOVOGO DVIZHENIYA in Russian 1979 pp 4-7, 348-349 [Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book "Aircraft Aerodynatnics: Dynamics of Longitudinal and Lateral Movement", by G. S. Byushgens and R. V. Studnev, Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 352 pages, illustrated] [Text] This book deals with the distinctions of stability and controllability of longitudinal and lateral motion of modern aircraft. It submits the results of studies of pilot rating of piloting characteristics of an aircraft as related to its aerodynamic and inertial characteristics. It discusses the main directions of automation of control of aircraft by the pilot, including questions - of automation of control of an aerodynamically unstable aircratt. This book is intended for engineering and technical personnel, and scientific workers in the aircraft industry. Foreword In the last few years there has been substantial development of investigation of problems of flight dynamics, which is related to the desire to improve the reliability and safety of flights, improve f lying characteristics of aircraft and, ultimately, to increase the efficiency of thei~ use. Optimum introduction of automation for aircraft control by a pilot plays a signi- ficant role in ref ining aviation technology. At the present time, it is vir- tually inc~nceivable to discuss aircraft dynamics without concurrent analysis of . problems oP automation of control, particularly analysis of systems for improving stability and controllability in manual control. Such problems as piloting an aircraft when performing various maneuvers made it necessary to conduct deeper stuclies of interaction between the aircraft and pilot, as well as to work out a mathema~~c~l description of. pilot work. W~.de use of. automated control is related to the possibility of malfunctions and need to develop diPEerentiated requirements for different flying conditions. In particular,~'with eacti subsequent malfunction of devices in the control system, some worsening of its characteristics is permissible provided that safety of the flight is ensured. 56 F'OR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400030026-6 1~()R (11~1~1('IA1, l1tiH: ()NI.Y Finally, there has been particular development ~n recent years of studies on special flight simulators ["piloting stands"], with a system for view~ng the _ external situation, mockup of pilot's cabin with all the necessary flying instru-- - ments and controls. ~quations of aircraft movement are solved on electronic computers. In the most modern flight simulators with movable cockpit, there is approximate reproduction of accelerations and o~her sources of sensations of flight to which a pilot is exposed. Such simulators play a rather substantial role in studies of the dynam~cs oP modern " aircraft. The work done in the U~SR and abroad with the use oi� such simulators yielded vast material for choosing parameters of the aircraPt that determine stability and controllability, parameters of the control system, dynamics during vigorous maneuvering, in take-off and landing modes, etc. Studies with the simulators realize a savings in material and reduce substantially the time for development [finalizing) an aircraft. In spite of the rather extensive literature dealing with various aspects of - dynamics of flIght and questions of automation of control, the abovP issues have not been studied comprehensively enough or covered sufficiently in the literature. Investigation of different problems related to aircraft flying requires a differ- ent degree of accuracy of description of dynamics thereof. When analyzing the motion of an aircraft exposed to minimal perturbances and control actions, one can separate the equations of spatial movement into equations of longitudinal and - lateral movement, and study them separately. In those cases where perturbances or controlling actions are sizable, one must consider spatial movement and analyze nonlinear equations [14]. Finally, in order - to study the distinctions of aircraft dynamics when certain parameters of motion exceed ttie permissible ranges of chan~e therein, one must examine the so-called critical flying modes (such as stalling, spinning, etc.), and this usually requires analysis of virtually complete equations describing aircraft movement. In this book, analysis is limited mainly to examination of the patterns of aircraft movement, where linearization of equations is permissible and one can consider - longitudinal and lateral movement separately. In writing ttiis book, the authors pursued the following objectives: 1. To summarire the main results of investigationswof properties and distinctions of aircraft dynamics under traditional conditions of movement with minimal per- turbances. 2. To discuss the pilot's rating of flying characterj,stics of an aircraft as related to dynami.c cliaracteristics thereof and the methods of studying such relationships on flight simulators, as well as some of the specifications for such simulators, ensuing from the desire to obtain a semblance of simulating flight. 3. To discuss the means oPautomation of manual control of modern aircra~t that are bein~ developed in recent years, for the purpose of improving flying charac- - teristics ol aircraft, as well as some questions of automating control of an air- craft, the aerodynamic canfiguration of which was optimized to improve flying characteristics. 57 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400030026-6 FUR OF1~1('lAl. USF: ONLY A11 of the material in the book is divided into four parts. The first part is introductory, to some extent. It gives the equations for air- craft movement and simplification thereof for solving different problems of dynamics, mathematical description of processing of piloting an aircraft by a pilot, meGhods of simulating flights on flight stands and some of the specifications for the construction thereof. The second and third parts deal with problems of longitudinal and lateral aircraft movement, respectively, as well as the distinctions of dynamics and analysis of requirements pertaining to flying characteristics. Finally, the fourth part deals with problems of automating manual control of an aircraft by a pilot. The authors wish to express their appreciation to the following individuals, who were very he1~~Pu1 in makjn~ estimates ana analysis of some problems contained in the book: Yu. A. Vino~radov, Yu. B. Dubov, V. I. Kobzev, A. V. Novikov, V. A. Serovatskiy, S. N. Suprunenko, V. M. Shibayev and others. The authors wish to tt~ank V. K. Svyatodukh, doctor of engineering sciences, and M. A. Tayts, doctor of engineering sciences, Honored Scientist and Engineer of the RSFSR, who reviewed the book, for their valuable comments about the manuscript. Contents Page Foreword 5 Conventional designations 8 Introduction 10 Part 1. Introduction to Aircraf t Dynamics Chapter 1. Equations of Spatial Movement of a Flight Vehicle 15 l. Complete system of equations for movement of a f light vehicle 16 2. Control oE aircraft movement 27. 3. Linearization of equations of aircraft movement. Separation of complete system of equations into independent systems of lon~itudin~l. and lateral movement 36 4. Lquations oC s~~~tial movement o�� an aircraft in dimensionless form 38 Chzpter 2. Approximated Mathematical Description of the Process of Pil~t Flyin~ of an Aircraft 44 5. Mathematical description of pilot action when performing single- cilannel stahil.ization tasks 47 � 6. Mathematical model of pilot's behavior when stabilizing an aircraft over several control channels simultaneously 61 7. Model of ti~e process of aircraft control by a pilot for some special flying instances 63 Chapter 3. Studies of Flying Dynamics With the Use of Flight Simulators 66 8. Principles of construction and main elements of flight simulators 67 9. Comparative significance of sources of information in simulators when modeling various problems of flight dynamics 71 10. Displaying visual information in flight simulators 84 11. Modeling angular accelerations and G forces on flight simulators 93 12. Modeling additional sources of information about flying conditions on flight simulators 104 13. Some questions of inethodology of studies with flight simulators 107 58 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FUR OFFI('lAl. USF. ONLY Part 2. Tongitudinal Stabi.lity and Controllabi7,$t~ of Aixc~a~t Cliapter 4. Dynam~ics ot Longitudinal Aircraft Movement 113 14. Equations for longl~udinal movement 113 15. Long-period (phugoid) longitudinal aircraft movement 119 16. Stability and controllability of an aircraft in flight at constant speed 12~ Chapter 5. Effect of characteristics of longitudinal stability and controllability of aircraft on evaluation of its flying characteristics by the pilot 133 17. Specification~ for static characteristics of aircraft controllability 135 18. Specifications for dynamic characteristics of aircraft in longitudinal movement 141 - 19. Specifications for characteristics of aircraft longitudinal movement in stabilization mode (use of mathematical model of a pilot) 148 Part 3. Stability and Controllability of Aircraft in Lateral Movement Chapter 6. Main Properties of Lateral Movement of Aircraft 167 20. Analysis of stability of lateral aircraft movement 167 21. Approximated analysis of lateral perturbed movement of aircraft 173 22. Effect of aerodynamic parameters of aircraft on roots of performance [characteristic] equation of lateral movement 181 23. Controllability of aircraft in lateral motion 200 Chapter 7. Effect of parameters of lateral movement of aircraft on evaluation of its flying characteristics by pilot 208 24. Specifications for rapid action in ch~nnel of transverse control of maneuverable aircraft 209 25. Specifications for rapid action in transverse control when making a landing approach 215 26. Pilot evaluation of flying characteristics of aircraf t in lateral motion 219 27. Studies of distinctions of lateral movement of landing aircraft in the presenc~ of side wind 2g2 Part 4. Automation of Manual Control of Aircraft Chapter 8. General Questions of. Automation of Aircraft Control 243 28. Some directions of development of automation of aircraft control 243 29. General requirements for systems of aircraft control by pilot 246 Chapter 9. Automation of longitudinal aircraft control 250 30. Damper of longitudinal oscillations and machine for improving longitudinal stabil.ity 252 31. Increasing maneuverability of aircraft and improving its flying cl~aractcrL4tic5 by changing to low reserves of longitudinal stability 25$ 32. Automr~~ic' .1Sta~1.r. };yrascope for longitudinal control 26g 33. Analysis of the eEfects of nonlinear characteristics of actuating drives on dynamics of aircraft with astati~ automatic gyroscope for longitudinal control 2g1 34. Astatic overload automatic device for longitudinal control 287 35. Static systems for longitudinal control of aircraft 296 Chapter 10. Systems For Assnring Stability and Controllability Characteristics of Aircraft in Lateral Motion 305 36. Improving characteristics of aircraft stability and controllability with automation of control thereof in lateral motion 305 59 FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFI('IA1. USE ONLY 37. Analysis of characteristics of lateral aircraft motion with bank damper 316 38. Characteristics of lateral aircraft motion with yaw damper 326 39. Distinctions of using oscillation [sway] dampers on an aircraft that is unstable for banking or yawing 336 Bibliography 343 - COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1979 10,657 cso: i84o/999 60 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC: 621.:612.8 METHODOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL PROBLEMS OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY Moscow METODICHESKIYE I T~KHNICHESKIYE VOPROSY EKSPERIMENTAL~NOY PSTKHOFIZIOLOGII in Russian 1980 (signed to press 13 Aug 80) pp 2, 90-95 [Annotation, abstracts and table of contents from book "Methodological and Technical Problems of Experimental Psychophysiology", edited by'V. G. Volkov, candidate of engineering sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1500 copies, 95 pages] [Text] This collection contains data on the study of the characteristics of 3n operator during simulation of various conditions of operator work, as well as on development of psychometric equipment for tests. It is intended for specialists in the field of engineering psychology-- psychologists, physicians and engineers. UDC: 621:612.8* EFFECT OF DURATION OF JOINT WORK ON EFFICIENCY THEREOF [Abstract of article by V. A. Bodrov and I. Ye. Doroshenko] (Text] A study was made of tlie eff iciency [or effectiveness] of joint experimental ~ waxk as rel.ated to ~ifferent durat3.on of such work. The main task for the sub- ~ects consisted of tracking for 20 min, against the background of which one of four additional tastcs was presented three times for 15, 45 and 180 s: "Instrument di.als," "Scale of vectors," "Time reflex" and "Sensorimotor reaction of choice." The greatest decline of efficiency of tracking was noted when it was associated for 15 and 180 s with the "Instrument dials" and "Scale of vectors" tasks. The change in efficiency of performing the additional tasks in these same segments of - time occurred in di.EEerent directions, and it was determined by the psychological structure oE problem solving. The results of these studies are interpreted from the positions of the conception of P. K. Anokhin concerning the "exclusiveness" of inental activity and the dominance theory of A. A. Ukhtomskiy. There are 2 tables; bibliography lists 10 items. IsLECTROLNC~PHALOGItAPHIC CORRELATES OF OPERATOR RESISTANCE TO STRESS [Abstract of article by L. P. Grimak, L. G. Dikaya and 0. M. Salmanina] *Translator's note: UDC number is the same for all.abstracts and is not repeated. 61 FOR OFF?CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFI('IA1. USE ONLY 'Ptiis article discusses the results of madeling various types of opex'ator stress with the use of hypnosis. The simulated states are differentiated from emotions and fatigue on the basis of EEG data; the EEG parameters of operator resistance to stress are described. There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists S items. CHANGES IN TRACKING FUNCTION WHEN OPERATOR USES THE METHOD OF MENTAL REGULATION [Abstract of article by Yu. F. Isaulov and N. N. Lebedeva] [Text] This article describes the results of experiments testing the eff ect of one of the methods of inental self-regulation, autogenic training [biofeedback?], on tracking function when the operator works at a forced pace. There are 2 illus- trations; bibliography lists 3 items. IMPROVED QUALITY OF DETECTION OF VISUAL SIGNALS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF FEEDBACK FROM PARAM~TERS OF TH~ OPERATOR'S NICTZTATING REACTION [Abstract of article by Ye. P. Sviridov] ['l'ext] This study deals w.tth the efFect of delivering stimuli to an operator over the fcedback ctiain Lrnm tlle I~arameters of the subject~s nictitating reactiqn [corneal reflex?] on efFectiveness of detection and tracking of randomly appearing visual signals under conditions of prolonged monotonous work. The obtained data indicate that there is a decrease in signal detection time under the inf luence of stimulation, increase in level of wakefulness of the operator, manifested by changes in physiological parameters of his functional state. A difference was demonstrated in the dynamics of parameters of operator performance during work, as well as a difference in their susceptibility to the influence of stimu- lation. There are 3 illustrations. FUNCTIONAL SHORTAGE OF TIME IN OPERATOR WORK jAbstract of article by Yu. B. Pikovskiy and L. S. Khachatur'yants] [Text] This article submits a functional systems analysis of changes in quality of automated activity in modes of discrete-continuous and continuous tracking when operators nr~ t[red. Specif.ic mistakes are described, which are inherent in each typc ~F traclcin~;, and th~ principle is expounded of functional shortage of time a~ tf~r main conct Ltion lowc~ring operator efficiency [fitness for work] . The possibility is discussed of enhancing the functional resistance of an operatar Uy metl~ods oP purposeful. psychological design of activity as it relates to adverse c:nvironmental factors. There are 2 illustrations; biblio- graphy lists 2 items. - EFFECT OF REFRACTIVENESS OF THE VISUAL ANALYZER ON RELIABILITY OF OPERATOR PERFORMANCE IN A SYSTF;M OF VISUAL OBSERVATION - [Abstract of article by 0. 0. Ryumin] [Text] This article submits the results of studies of the effect of refracting capacity of the visual analyzer on reliability of operator performance dealing witti visual. observation under conditions simulating the work of cosmonauts as it relates to rendezvous and docking operations. As shown by the studies, 62 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONILY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400430026-6 N'OR OHN7C'IAI. USE ONLY the reliability of perfornance is lowEr in operators with hypermetropic eye refraction than in eunnetropes and myopic ones, since they develop fatigue faster. It is concluded that it is imperative to have equigment conform with the physio- logical capacities of the human visual analzyer, and to use operators with emmetropic and myopic refraction for such tasks, as well as to develop special work and rest schedules to provide high efficiency. There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists 2 items. A METHOD OF FU:VCTIONAL DESIGN OF' ACTIVITY (Abstract of article by N. A. Luzhbin] [Text] The method is based on successive transformation of the goal of activity [work] into the tangible level of its performance and processing of a number of unchanging characteristics of activity. Four levPls of transfermation were singled out: goal, plan, functional scheme a.nd material [tangible] execution, which constitute precise models of man's reflection of future activityy and each . successive level is the material carrier of the preceding or~e. Activity is viewed as a functional system, iahile the route over the leveis constitutes retrieval and execution of system components. A symbolic description is given of the content of the levels and retrieval [search] strategies in terms of the desired changes in parameters of activity. DYNAMICS OF SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS DURING 10-DAY HYPODYNAMIA WITH REPRODUCTIVE SUGGESTION OF HYPERGRAVITY AND HYPOGRAVITY STATES [Abstract of article by A. A. Alelyukhin.and M. L. Khachatux~yan~s] - [Text] This article describes the results of ineasurement of simple motor reac- tion, muscular endurance, tremor, critical fusion frequency and "tamping [typo for tapping?] test in operators submitted to hypodynamia for 10 days. All of the operators were divided into three groups: control, group with simulation of hypogravity ar~d group with si,mulation of hypergravity. In the course of the experi.ment, tllere was demonstration of substantial differences in dynamics of a11 three groups of sub~ects according to the first three methods (simple motor reaction, muscular endurance, tremor). No changes whatsoever were demonstrable with re~ard to critical fusion frequency and "tamping test." There are 5 i11us- trations; biblio~xaphy lists 4 items. EFFECT OF FATIGU~ ON SOME PARAMETERS OF VERBAL COMMUNICATION [Abstract of article by N. A. Yerashchenko] [Text] Studies wcre made of the effect of fatigue on the quality of verbal instructions and some temporal characteristics of verbal flow, which occur in communication between speakers (operatorsj. It was shown that these para- meters may be a~ood indicator of changes in the psychophysiological state of an operztor in the course of prolonged operator work. There are 2 illustrations; _ bibliography lists 2 items. ~3 F'OR OF i~ IC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFIC'lAL USE ONLY SOME DISTINCTIONS OF DYNAMICS c~F EVOKED POTENTIALS DURING INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY [Abstract of article by G. M. Chernyakov~ [Text] Acoustical vertex potentials (VP) were recorded on subjects while reading texts, the form of presentation of which differed in difficulty of perception. A marked variability was demonstrated for single VP recorded successively in the course of one test. An effort was made to group the single VP's according to ampli- tude and configuration. On this basis, it was possible to distinguish several types of acoustic VP's in each subject. When changing from simpler to more compli- cated texts, the different types of VP presented a different tendency with regard to changes in their components. A change in one of the isolated types of ~TP showed a correlation with difficulty of the text. There are 3 illustrations; bib- liography lists 9 items. ~ METHODS FOR STUDYING GROUP OPERATOR PERFORMANCE [Abstract of article by N. N. Lebedeva and Yu. B. Pikovskiy] [Text] This article describes the methods used to study the process of formation and execution of sensorimotor skills in interaction between two operators to perform the common task of trackin~ specified trajectories. There is also a description of the apparatus and equipment base for the experiments and methods for mathematical analysis of the results. There is discussion of the possibility of using these methods to study problems of group operator compatibility, alr,ernating leadership and stability of group skills with complication of working conditions. There is validation of the methodological novelty of this approach and its difference from conventional methods of studying group operator activity. There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists 4 items. UNIT FOR RECORDING MEAN FREQUENCY OF NEURONAL ACTION POTENTIALS - [Abstract of article by S. N. Kozhechkin and V. S. Golichenkov] [Text] An electronic device is described, which is intended for recording ongoing mean frequency of neuronal action potentials. The digital unit is assembled from integral microcircuits and contains, as its main elements, an impulse counter and code-voltage converter. The operating principle of this unit consists of counting input impulses over successive fixed intervals and conversion of the obtained binary code into voltage. The range of frequencies of input signals is from 0.1 to 1000 Hz. This unit permits recording information on inertial automatic printers. There are 3 illustrations; bibliography lists 7 items. ANALOGUE UEVICL I~OR COMPLGX L:VALUATION OF TIME PARAMETERS OF THE REACTION OF INTEWICTING OPI:RATpRS [Abstract of article by V. G. Volkov and V. I. Kichkin] [TextJ This work describes a device designed to measure sensorimotor reaction time of operators in a simulated conflict situation. By virtue of inclusion of a logic unit, specially developed for our purposes, in this device, it was possible to analyze this physiological characteristic, both with regard to its absolute values and several important derivatives, i.e., to assess the quality = G1~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 P'OR OFFI('IA1. USE ONLY oF opcraCor performancc according to a given parameter, as well as to relate the outcome of the conflict situation to finer mechanisms of sensorimotor activity. There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists 5 items. CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS OF OPERATOR EFFICIENCY [Abstract of article by Ye. A. Ivanov] _ [TextJ A description is given of the methods and results of experimental studies of efficiency [work fintess] levels of an operator in the course of continuous work for 3 days. Reliable circadian cycles bf theses levels were demonstrated. The periods, amplitude and phases of cyclic changes in efficiency level were found to differ for different forms of activity. A link was found between level of efficiency and autonomic system parameters. There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists 5 items. DYNAMIC CORRECTION OF PARAMETERS OF A CONTROL SYSTEM WITH AN OPERATOR [Abstract of article by M. V. Frolov] [Text] There is discus~:ion of adjustment of control system parameters to the existing psychophysiolop;ical state of an operator, on t-he example of a tracking complex. Adjustment is made dynamically to enhance the quality of tracking system operation as a whole. There are 3 illustrations; bibliography lists S items. STUDY OF TRANSIENT CHARACTERI3TICS OF RESPIRATORY REGULATION OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAM - T WAVE AMPLITUDE [Abstract of article b~ G. B. Milovanova] [Text] This article discusses the effect of respiratory regulation on amplitude of the T wave. The transient characteristics of T wave amplitude obtained in experiments are given; there is discussion of questions of mathematical description - thereof. There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists 3 items. INSTRUMI:NT FOR GRAPHIC RECORDING OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE [Abstract of article by R. P. Kolokolenkina and I. V. Larin] [Text] This article deals with a portable instrument for recording arterial pressure on one of tlie recorder's channels by the auscultative method. This instru- ment permits graphic documentation of arterial pressure in complex examination of functional parameters of patients' cardiovascular system in the case of long-term observatlon. There are 3 illustrations; bibliography lists 4 items. PHYSICAL MOllLL OF ASSOCIATIVE ENTRIES AND REPRODUCTION OF INFORMATION [Abstract of article by A. A. Frolov, S. A. Gusainov and Ye. V. SerbinaJ [Text] This work deals with a description of a physical model of simple associ- ative memory, which refers to a functional device capable of reproducing a pre- viously recorded complete information code upon itiput into the unit of anj~ sig- nificant part thereof. The experiment conducted with this model confirmed the 6> FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFNICIAI. USE ONLY feasihility of technical execution of sonie of the main principles of associative - information processing in the nervous system. There is 1 illustration; bibliography lists 12 items. EFFECT OF FATIGUE ON SPEED AND ACCURACY OF IDENTIFYING TONAL SIGNALS [Abstract of article by V. G. Volkov, A. K. Yepishkin and V. A. Shilova] [Text) Summary results are submitted of experiments dealing with the dynamics of efficiency [fitness for work] determined discretely in the course of 72 hours of continuous operator work. There are 2 illustrations; bibliography lists S items. STUDY OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OPERATOR IN A STATE OF EMOTIONAL - STRESS [Abstract of article by A. K. Yepishkin and V. A. Shilova] [Text] Data are submitted on changes in level of efficiency caused by operator stress in ground-based simulation of space flight conditions. The results of the test of tracking discrete tonal signals revealed wide individual differences - in direction and magnitude of the parameters studied. There are 2 illustrations; b~bliography lists S items. Contents Page Effect of Duration of Joint Work on Efficiency Thereof (V.A. Bodrov, I. Ye. Doroshenko) 3 Electroencephalographic Correlates of Operator Resistance to Stress (L. P. Grimak, L. G. Dikaya, 0. M. Salmanina) $ Changes in Tracking Function When Operator Uses the Method of Mental Regulation (Yu. F. Isaulov, N. N. Lebedeva) 15 Impro~-~d Quality of Detection of Visual Signals Under the Influence of Feedback From Parameters of the Operator's Nictitating Reaction (Ye. P. Sviridov) 18 Functional Shortage of Time in Operator Work (Yu. B. Pikovskiy, L. S. Khachatur'yants) 21 Effect of Refractiveness of the Visual Analyzer on Reliability of ~ Operator Performance in a System of Visual Observation (0. 0. Ryumin) 24 A Method of Functional Design of Activity (N. A. Luzhbin) 28 Dyn:~mics of Some Physiological Functions During 10-Day Hypodynamia With Reproductive Suggestion of Hypergravity and Hypogravity States (A. A. Alelyukhin, M. L. Khachatur'yants) 32 Effect ot Fatigue on Some Parameters of Verbal Communication (N. A. Yerast~chenko) 3~ Some Distinctions of I)ynamics of Evoked Potentials During Intellectual Activity (G. M. Chernyakov) 40 Methods for Studying Group Operator Performance (N. N. Lebedeva, Yu. B. Pikovskiy) 47 Unit for Recording Mean Frequency of Neuronal Action Potentials (S. N. Kozhechkin, V. S. Golichenkov) 49 Analogue Device for Complex Evaluation of Time Parameters of the Reaction of Interacting Operators (V. G. Volkov, V. I. Kichkin) 53 66 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400034426-6 FOR OFFI('IA1. USE ONLY Circadian Rhythms of Operator Efficiency (Ye. A. Ivanov) 58 Dynamic Correction of Parameters of a Control System With an Operator (M. V. Frolov) 62 Study of Transient Characteristics of Respiratory Regulation of Electrocardiogram T Wave Amplitude (G. B. Milovanova) 69 Instrument for Graphic Recording of Arterial Pressure (R. P. Kolokolenkina, I. V. Larin) 73 Physical Model of Associative Entries and Reproduction of Information (A. A. Frolov, S. A. Gusainov, Ye. V. Serbina) 76 Effect of Fatigue on Speed and Accuracy of Identifying Tonal Signals (V. G. Volkov, A. K. Yepishkin, V. A. Shilova) 81 Study of Psychophysiological Characteristics of an Operator in a State of Emotional Stress (A. K. Yepishkin, V. A. Shilova) 85 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel~stvo "Nauka", 1380 10,657 - cso: 1840/999 67 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ UDC: 007:681.5 VIDEOTERMINALS IN INFORMATIONAL INTERACTION (ENGINEERING PSYCHOLOGY ASPECTS) Moscow VIDEOTERMINALY V INFORMATSIONNOM VZAIMODEYSTVII (INZHENERNO-PSIKHOLOGICHESKIYE ASPEKTY) in Russian 1980 (signed to press 23 Oct 80) pp 2, 200 [Annotation and table of contents from book "Videoterminals in Informational ~nze~ract~ot~ (~ng~neering Psychology Aspects)''', by Valeriy Fedorovich Venda, _ Izdatel'stvo "~nergiya", 8000 copies, 200 pages, illustrated] Text] This book deels with principles in engineering psychology for the choice and use of videoterminals, optimization of the structure of informational inter- action between man and computers in solving different problems of an operational, managerial, planning and design, and scientific research nature. Methods are described for mathematical modeling of processes of informational interaction. Special attention is given to methods of upgrading videoterminals and their practical use in developing and refining automated control systems. It is intended for specialists in the field of automated control systems, computer and information technology, engineering psychology, ergonomics, scientific or- ganization of labor and management [control]. Contents Page _ Foreword 3 Introduction 5 Chapter 1. Engineering Psychology Bases for the Design of Videoterminals 26 1-1. The problem of optimum organization of interaction between man and computers 26 1-2. Methods for analysis of psychological structure of operator work 44 1-3. Concordance of videoterminal characteristics with the structure of operator work 50 Chapter 'L. Types of Videoterminals 82 'L-1. Ctiief principl.es of operat3on of information display equipment 82 2-2. Videotermin~ils with cathode ray tubes 89 Ctiapter 3. rngineerin~ Psychology and Artistic Design of Information 93 Complexes 3-1. Lngineering psyctiological evaluation of videoterminals 9s 3-2. Means of optimizing the visual characteristics of videoterminals 107 3-3. Experimental analytical methods in the design of videoterminals 119 3-4. Principles of investigation and optimization of structures for display of multielement information 130 3-5-. Engineering psychological planning and artistic design of videoterminals 162 68 FOR OFF'(C[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAI. L1SE ONLY Conclusion ~9~ Bibliography ~~3 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1980 . 10,657 cso: 1840/999 ~ 69 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400030026-6 FOR OFFICIAL USF: ONI.Y ' i UDC: 612.017.2+616.003.96 CURRENT ASPECTS OF ADAPTATION P:ovosibirsk SOVREMENNYYE ASPEKTY ADAPTATSII in Russian 1980 pp 2-9, 191 ~ [Annotation, introduction and table of contents from book "Current Aspects of Adaptation", by V. P. Kaznacheyev, USSR Academy of Sciences, Siberian Department, Scientific Research Clinical Section, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 192 pages] [Text] This monograph deals with theoretical problems of human adaptation, work on which is gaining special importance. Scientifically substantiated recommenda- tions to safeguard and develop the health of man (population) in different climatic- geographic and industrial conditions are needed in view of the development of new regions ~f our country that were previously not inhabited, and creation there of industrial production complexes. T~e eorrelation between processes of adaptation and pathological states is explored in this book. Some principles are expounded for diagnosis of different human states; their significance is analyzed with respect to prenosological dispensary care of the entire population and early pre- vention of disease. The main directions of research on man's adaptation to the Extreme North and Siberia are disr_ussed. This book is intended for biologists, physiologists, hygienists and physicians. There are 24 tables and 28 illustrations. Bibliography lists 540 items. Introduction The development of the national economy of our country and of vast neF~ territories, especially in regiuns witl~ rigorous climate and geographic conditions, as well as with spec~.fic and insuf.ficientiy studied endemic, bacterial-viral and parasitic infections, introduction of new industrial technology, urbanization processes (North, BAM [Baykal-Amur Mainline Railroad] region, mountains, deserts) and other conse- qt~ences of scientific and technological progress have altered appreciably processes of interaction between man and the environment. The formed biogeocenoses, psycho- physiological I~roperttes of modern human populations, structure and nature of dis- eases are c~�,nging. The ~ualitative changes in biological and psyche~hysiological parameters of a modern population are characterized by development of new biological and general pathological patterns, the specific direction thereof under given climate, geographic and socioindustrial conditions. The socioindustrial and hygienic aspects of life support systems are gaining in- creasing significance in the effectiveness of preventive measures. From the 70 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030026-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R004400030026-6 FOR OFFIC(AL ll~E ONLY practical point of view, of great importance are the works of A. L. Chizhevskiy and V. I. Vernadskiy about the biosphere, noosphere, problems of regional and global ecology. Analysis of the physical condition of the inhabitants of eastern parts of our country, some mountain regions, the arid zone and seas shows that a significant part of the nPw arrivals and indigenous population are in a state of chronic stress. With the ever increasing shortage of manpower, growth of labor producti- vity, faster pace of production and life, the task that advances to the fore is not only to predict onset of diseases and premature aging, but to safeguard and develop the health of present generations, as well as to assure the health of future generations. Man and human populations, ethnic, biological and psychophysiological patterns, _ changes in the environmen[, processes of technogenesis and noospherogenesis, noocosmogenesis are becoming problems of paramount importance in modern natural science, not only because the study thereof discloses more and more the capabi- lities of science in all areas, but because of their first and foremost practical significance to society. The modern srientific and technological revolution, the transformation of historically formed natural conditions over vast territortes of earth and water, and the profound changes in the biosphere have advanced the ' problem of "man and the environment" among the ranks of pressing and priority prob- lems, and the interdependence of these processes on earth to the level of problems on a global scale. Solution thereof is acquiring an increasingly acute sQ~io- political aspect. Among the elements of the current problem of man and the environment, one of the basic ones is adaptation, for which several major international programs have been developed intensively in the last few years. Many-year studies of man's _ adaptation to extreme conditions, within the framework of an internationa]_ biolo- gical program, have been completed (1964-1974). The results of the research of Soviet scientists have been published in the periodic press and a special three- volume monograph (Z. I. Barbashova, N. G. Rychkov, M. M. Mirrakhimov, N. N. Sirotinin, N. R. Deryapa, A. L. Matusov, F. F. Sultanov, N. P. Neverova, T. I. Andronova, N. N. Mikloshevskaya, I. I. Likhnitskaya and others). A major contri- bution to development of this problem was the publication of the collective mono- graphs, '~Society and Human Health" (1973) and "Philosophical Problems of Adaptation Theory"(1975) edited by G. I. Tsaregorodtsev. Theoretical and clinical aspects are discussed in the works of V. V. Parin, A. P. Avtsyn, G. M. Danishevskiy, A. M. Chernukli, F. 'L. Meyerson, M. M. Mirrakhimov, A. D. Slonim, Z. T. Barbashova, I. S. kandror, N. R. Deryapa ~1nd L. Ye. Panin. Eour intc~rnationE data in the literature, the author's own findin~;ti, r~~f~~rablr to studic~5 of inental health of seamen conducted since 1961 b~~th c~n l~ind rind on ships during perluds of ].ong-term cruises. Analysis is made uE extr~~me f~~cCc~rs i.n thc+ wc>rk c~f seafaring personnel. There is systematization c~f th~, c~lusc~5 of p5ychological disharmony occurring in seamen during ocean voyages. The activicies ot the Industrial [sectorial?] Medicopsychological Laboratory of ~iie USSR Ministry of the Fistiing Industry, founded in 1974, are described; they