JPRS ID: 9849 USSR REPORT POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 30
• Content Type: REPORTS

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1
FOR OFFIC'IAL l1SE ONLY
JPRS L/9849
~ 15 July 1981
USSR Re ort
p
- POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
- (FOUG 19/81)
FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000440030030-1
NOTE
JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign
newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency
transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language
_ sources are translated; those from English-language sources
are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and
other characteristics retained.
Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets
[J are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text]
or [Excerpt] in the first line o~ each item, or following the
last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was
_ processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor-
mation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques-
tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the
original but have been supplied as appropriate in context.
Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an
item originate with the source. Times within items are as
given by source.
The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli-
cies, views or at.titudes of the U.S. Government.
COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF
- MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION
OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY.
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R400404030030-1
F4R OFF[C(AL 11S~ UNLY
SPRS L/9849
15 July 1981
USSR REPORT
POLITICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL AFFAIRS
(FOUO 19/81)
CONTENTS
- INTERNATIONAL
~ Role of Southern Azerbaijani in Spreading Maxxist Propaganda in
Iran Discussed
(A. A. Aminzada; IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK AZERBAYDZHANSKOY SSR:
SERIYA ISTORII, FIZOSOFII I PRAVA, No 1980) 1
REGIONAL
Kazakh Wrii;ers Focus on Themes in Five-Yeax Plan
(Akhat Zhaqsibaev; QAZAQSTAN KOMMUNIYSI, Apr 81) 7
Book on Industrial Development of Kazakhstan Reviewed
(Ye. Rogov; VOPROSY EKONCJMIKI, No 1~, 1981) 12
- a- LIII - USSR - 35 FOUO]
~
Cllp /~CCTI`T A i ~(QS llAfT V
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400030030-1
FOR OF'FI('IA1. l1SF: ONLY
INTERNATIONAL
ROLE OF SOUTHERN A7.ERBAIJANI IN SPREADING MARXIST PROPAGANDA IN IRAN DISCUSSED
Baku IZVESTIYA AY�ADF.MII NAUK AZERBAYDZHANSKOY SSR: Seriya istorii, filosofii i
_ prava in Azeri No 4, 1980 pp 90-96
[Article by A. A. Aminzada: "The Role of Samad Behrangi in Spreading Marxist
_ Materialist Philosophy in Iran"J
[Text] The history of the spread of the Marxist-Leninist philoso~hical concept in
Iran has been closely bound to the people's struggle against internal and external
reaction from the early period to the present as a social event. The complexity
and specific facets of this historical process are not only affected by the condi-
tions of the historical development of socioeconomic life within the country but
also by the influe.nce of powerful contradictory external factors. ~Although the
Marxist concept has encountered serious obstacles due to its opposition by reac-
tionary ideology, as in all antagonistic class societies, it has not been eliminated
but because of its liveliness and validity has been strengthened even further.
The spread of the Marxist concept on the basis of the struggle in Iran in the
historical conditions of the '60s has acquired a definite specificity.
As is known, an effort was made to effect certain socioeconomic reforms by the
ruling circles in Iran due to the historical necessity in these years. Connected
with this, the entire media called these reforms the "white revolution," described
as the ~reatest event in the life of the people of Iran. At the same time, men
witt~ ~~ro~ressive ideas and social workers who denigrated the administration ruling
in Tran and who criticizecl it were persecuted by "security organs" and thrown into
prison. Despite the }iullaballoo about the rise in the country's economic life, the
fact that the mater3al and cultural conditions remained at a low level, the non-
- ;ichi~vement of the minim~~l demands for a normal standard of living and interference
In the internal affairs of Iran by American and Briti~h imperialists caused
pro~;ressive Iranian intellectuals to protest. It became their objective to
explain this lamentable situat#on to their fellow countrymen and to show the people
the correct road. S. Behrangi was one of the Iranian Azerbaijani intellectuals
who was working toward this objective. S. Behrangi strove to develop his world-
view in belles-lettres; along with composing children's poetry, which stand among
the finest examples of world children's literature, in his early writing activity
he became famous as the author of didactic and ethical s*_ories which had signifi-
_ cant educational importance. At the same time he favored world philsophical
literature, especially Marxist-LeninisC concepts, and wrote and published a number
of significant articles on the history of philosophy and of the revolutionary
mo~remen t .
1
FOR OFFIC(AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1
H'OR Of~l~l('IAI, l1SH: ONLY
The works written by~S. Behrangi in Farsi were collected in the "Magalalar
Majmuasi" [Collection of Articles]. Whether one examines his historical and
philosophical legacy or his literary one, it is cleai that he was seriously
com4nitted to the Marxist concept, and tried to spread it openly and secretly.
The writer revealed and criticized the existing social condition$ of the fatherland
in his works and clarified hicalband foliticalaworks enco passethe~basesrofiMarxist
readers. His pure philosop P
philosophy in terms of content.
First of all it is important to note that the basic and important position held by
the Marxist concept in S. Behrangi's scientific activity was connected to the
history and development of the spread of this concept in Iran for more than half
a century. 'Ihe publication of the works of Dr. Tagi Arani, whose scientific,
theoretical and political activity was significant in the propagation of the
Marxist concept in the 1930s, the theoretical and practical activity and the
political and ideological strugheeWaf for this developmentrandideepened40t,and
other historical events paved Y
S. Behrangi, when speaking about the Marxist school of materialist philosophy,
- its substance and conception, felt it superior to the idealist school. In defending
the dialectical materialism of Marxism, he emerged as an adherent of the idea
that substance came first and the conception second. He wrote that "theaT~icipates
is the main product of a lasting and perfected substance,banactivelylinfluencing
in its perfection. The conception is never passive and, Y Certainly
the world (the material world--A.A.), changes it and creates it anew.
this is not to say that the world i~ the creation. of man's conception. On the
contrary, we would say that if th~ui@ni~Pt~henrwithinsiththe~bestaroad foraman
correctly reveals the l~t~s2w~3~~h >
= will be demonstrated." '
As is seen, the author is speakiaYectical maeterialism,~withoutamentioning their
founders of the philosophy of d uestion of phil.ogophy by
names and tries to give an explanation of the major q
attempting to communicate to theXrlicatetthedsecnndiaspectnofcthenfundamentalbstance
and conception. He strives to p erce tion of the
question of the philosophy of dialectical materialism, namely the p P
real material world, the disceVfull extent~ofstheirhpossibilities~forathetbenefit
of these manifestations to th erce tion, S. Behrangi
of mankind. Based on the Marxist materialist th~~~ry of p P
explains the role of observation and experience in the process of perceptiHe said
and, in connection with this, repudiates the scholastic idealist thearYicles in
that it was possible to perceive the form of all things and minute p
�the material world and systematio led eevesl Behrangiewrote inthis articlereThe
world by means of science and kn g
Perception of the World": "There is no doubt that the power of science is very
great. The man armed with scieenceiweucouldunotbhave,attainedrthenartificial
- mastering and comprehending sci to the moon, which are wonderful
satellites circling the earth or space ships flying
works o 4m~n5~~genius; we would not even be able to do the smallest and simplest
jobs." ~ ' '
2
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000440030030-1
FUN Ol~FI('IA1. U~N: ONLY
S. Behrangi rejects the agnostic theory which claims that it is impossible to
perceive the world and clearly demonstrates that agnosticism is tightly bound to
religious ~~e~lp~~~ and is an expression of the scholastic, idealistic philosophical
movement. Explaining why and where this thought pattern emerged, he
showed that in antiquity they considered science and knowledge to bQ clarity and
light. But not everyone liked clarity. To perceive the real world through human
intelligence is to say that we see mosr. of the objects within it, comprehend most
things about it, and that we are prepared to do most work ourselves concerning it.
From this point of view, the "church" or "religious hearths" serve as a barrier
between the tree of knowledge and the man reaching out to it and state clearly that
- it is impossible for normal and sinful men to even reach the threshold of true
knowledge. S. Behrangi criticized the unscientific theories and claims of religious
functionaries and clergy under the rubric of "church." He refuted their claims
from the position of dialec~ical materialism and considered the ~dealistic
philosophers who defended the attraction and catchwords of the church to be agnostic.
The Marxist author, in explaining agnosticism scientifically, has given a Marxist
explanation of the theory of perception by criticizing and revealing the unscientific
theories of the English philosopher Hume and the German philosopher Kant, which
claimed that men could not perceive the form of the external world and Abjects.
S. Behrangi, when discussing the subjective idealists, says that Hume's contention
which denies the existence of the external world beyond human perceptions, and
Kant's theory of "das Ding an sich" [the thing in itself] in which man cannot
comprehend the form of things but must be satisfied by formulating ideas about
events occurring from things, reaches the ironic conclusion that man, when listening
to agnostics, develop~6~~e5i~c~ea that he can only sit passively on the periphery
and observe things.
S. Behrangi, showing the baseless and unscientific nature of statements of the
agnostics who consider it impossible to perceive the external world,such as "to
disbelieve data based on perceptions active in the process of comprehending things"
wrote that, contrary to the claims of agnosticism, man believes the information
received from perceptions occurring in the process of his active life to be true
and he can discover the base and ~~sgn~~~of things and, through research, can
influence natural events deeply. ' '
- When talking about the examples and facts set forth by the agnostics in connection
with the data of human experience, S. Behrangi shows that they are false and
deceptive and puts forth the idea that man discovers the form of the external world
- in productive work and activity and can then explain it. That is to say, compre-
hension of the world, its objects and events is possible and there is no way to
this other than constant research, experience and observation. In other words,
knowledge attained th~gu~h5~~n's own perceptions as a result of untiring research
is a credible truth. ' '
Although S. Behrangi differs somewhat in the manner in which he expresses these
words, thetr content coincides completely with the basis of Marxist philosophical
materialism and teachings. Marxist philosophical materialism asks the question:
Are our thought processes capable of comprehending the real world? As an answer
to this question Marxist philosophical materialism, the opposte of idealism which
rejects the possibility of comprehending the world and its legitimacy and does not
believe in the correctness of our knowledge, is based on the fact that the world
3
HOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-40850R040400034030-1
FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY
and its legitimacy is something that can be completely perceived, that human
experience is solid proof of the truth of our knowledge, that there is nothing that
cannot be understood, that there are still things not yet comprehended but that
tliese will be revealed by the forces of science and experimentation and then
understoad.
V.I. Lenin, in his brilliant work "Materialism and F.mpiriocriticism wrote that
"To accept the objective laws of nature and th t h laws are approximately
reflected in the human brain is materialism." ~y'~'g~~~
,'~s ~s seen, S. Behrai~~i, by communicating the idea that the objective reality of
the external world is approximately reflected in me.n's brain, has completely accepted
the theory; he discusses the objective laws of all things and particles in nature,
causes~~~d2e~~gcts and shows that all events occurring in nature have definite
Iaws.
Accordin~; to S. ~3ehrangi alZ thinfis and events within the external world which is
objective reality---without exceptioii--from the flow of a small stream to the
splitting of radioactive substances, from the development of life to the gravita-
tional force of the heaviest planets to th~ wonderful reactions in the body of
animals--are following a specif ic and irrefu~able law on the basi~ of necessity.
If we use the phrase of r. Fngels, "along with accegting an ob,jective law in nature,
- cause and eff.ect, we must accept the relationships of the approximate reflectiq~~3,159)
l
of these laws in our, that is to say, man's understanding one way or another.
S. Behrangi, having carefully read through the Farsi translation of the work "The
Creation of the Sun" which was published in the Soviet Union, used it broadly as
- a means of publicizing dialectical materialism dnd the study of nature. Based on
the same book he wrote: From chemistry and physics to biology, astronomy and the
social sciences, to cosmogony which is the field of c n --all of these
maintain that there is an objective law in nature." Along with this
the author, when talking about natural�laws which are not dependent upon man's
will and which rule it, notes that one cannot draw conclusions from them since man
was and will always be a slave to natural laws. Certainly this is a false idea.
He adds later, based on the Marxist materialist theory of comprehension, that as
long as man does not understand natural laws and cannot find a way into a circle
of influence, he remains compelled to follow those laws and becomes their slave.
As a reflection of this, man becomes subordinate to nature itself.
S. Behrangi, demonstrating the importance of dialectical materialist understanding,
notes that as a result of studying and using natural and social laws for centuries,
the concept of "fate" which had taken root in man's conception is meaningless
and irrelevant. Also, "in understanding a certain law and knowing that it has no
mystery ai the upper hand over it; as a consequence, we make fate irrele-
v~~nt . ~ ~L, bl )
l~ci his warlcs S. Behrang.i proves scientific~zlly that nature and its laws existed
before the creation of man, which corresponds to the materialistic theory of the
Murxist classics. He wrote: "I would say that social laws emerge from the working
activity of man. But natural laws existed before man's creation... It is neces-
sary to know that before and after studying the laws of nature they remain the
same ar~~4a~~6~~ the same way. But after studying them they serve man and help
him."
4
~
FOR OFFIC(AL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1
F'OR OFFI('IA1. U~H: (DN1:'~
'I'he most important aspect of S. Behrangi's work in co~iunicating the Marxist
� concept consists of tlie fact that he attempted to apply the dialectical materialist
world-view to the history of society, to the way of life of the toiling masses
- and to social activity, and to extract scientific conclusions. He correctly drew
a scientific conclusion from the history of class societies and from his analysis
of contemporary social eveats of which he was a witness, namely, that since man
has uninterruptedly studied the secrets and laws of nature and applies them for
~ his well-being, he must also apply the laws of society to the same degree. S.
Behrangi who in this way shows the tragedy, discomfort, fear and tension caused by
wars, espionage, repression, famine, unemployment, colonialism and other social
events, proposed the application o~ the Marxist dialectical matarialist theory of
comprehension to the study of the laws of society.
S. Bchranfi3. sliows in his works that the church and the clergy were enemies of
sctcnce w}iic}~ tries to study natural and social laws. Man protects himself from
socio-pal.ittccil anci economj~� difficu.tties which enslave him through science.
I'ri.maril.y, he ruts an end to the way of life where there are the rulers and the
ruled. Since in t1ii5 exploitative society the ruling circles take their profit
at a risk their ideologists try to explain human history through fictitious and
unscientific t}ieories.
S. Behrangi, who spread the Marxist concept in Iran, analyzed and illuminated
social, economic, political and historical events from the position of the founders
of scientific communism. Criticizing ttie unscientific theories put forth by the
idealists on language and thought, he has explained their dialectical connection
with work. This prominent litterateur and writer in his article "A Brief Word
on Conception, Language and Thought" explains and communicates their scientific
theory with a unique st~~e without mentioning the names of the classic Marxist
works. He explained the role of work which is the fundamental reason for the
creation of man's language and thought thusly: "Work is the fundamental factor
for the development and activation of man and his concept. According to the well-
known postulate (his objective is r. Engels' postulate--A..A.) it is work that
makes tiic man. [Jork l~as aif Eerentiated man from his wild ancestors who lived in
thc forest. Work, alon~; w.itli giving man foad, clothing and housing, also protected
l?Im from natural forces and ~ave him the capacity to dominate those forces. Man
lias r~ised h:imsel f even l:igl~er through work and has changed the face of the r h
Work--m~zn's ~r^_atest resnurcc--is necessary for his life and development." ~g~'~'89~
S. T3el~ran~;i, in talking aUout man's creation and the social character of w~rk from
the time of his creation and ttle fulfillment and improvement of work, wrote, based
on I'. I:ngels' well-known ::~rticle "The Role of Work in Transforming the Ape to Man":
"Work is always social. From the first days of man's creation men were compelled
to unite in order to confront the monumental forces of nature and hunt wild animals.
T'or this reason rhe necessity of group ]iving emerged. Consequently, the first
men had to understand certain things by whatever means and cominunicate with each
other. '1'he resi~lt of this strong need was that the under-developed vocal cords
of the monkey were transformed into an organ which could speak openly and clearly."
(16,2,90)
Along witi~ noting the connection between the voice--in other words, speech--with
work, S. Behrangi considered that the true expression of human thought was through
language. In refuting a number of unscientific theories he showed that "Ideas can
5
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1
only exist within the framework of words. When we think or express our ideas on
paper those ideas always exist in words. When the idea takes shape...it is spread
and comprchended by mesins of language. Man, by means of grouping words together,
strengthens tiie truthCulnes~ of the reflection of the ob~ective external world
as he perceives it. Thus men are able to exchange idea~l~n~~~~i~~~about the
transmission of ideas from one generation to another."
In noting the dialectical relationship of thought and language, S. Rehrangi makes ~
the currect observation that language, since it is connected with thought and
objective truth, sometimes has difficulty in deciding the connection of a definite
- word with a precise thing. Thus, in many languages, or even in one language itself,
a number of things can be expressed with one word or, just the opposite, one thing
can be expressed with different words.
S. Behrangi scientifically criticizes ideologists and bourgeois sociologists
working for the interests of imperialism and the exploiting classes, who have drawn
unscientific conclusions from situations like those existing between language and
objective existences. Thus ha wrote: "Some of them imagine that language is
separate from truth. 'Che root of this baseless philosophy emerges from the
concept that they believe in isolating language from thought, and thought f rom
trutti: they are of the idea that words are employed by men in whatever manner
they wish witliout in~?'_catinfi any truth. In other words, words consist of a
cate~;oric~i.L zrrangement of soiinds. From this they draw the conclusion that words
likc colony, exploit.zt~Ion, aggression, dictatorship, etc, consist of ineaningless
sounds. They claim that if people were to substitute other sound compositions
and words for the word 'exploitation,' all kinds o~l~o~~~}~contradictions, struggles,
exploitations and aggression would be abolished."
S. Behrangi wrote about reactionary bourgeois ideologists who concealed the class
nature of exploitation: "One must say to these cunning and loyal prophets that
words are not only pronounced by the people in whatever form they wish, but are
related to the comprehension of a definite thing or event within the activiCy or.
process of work. By changing words the processes of truth are neither changed
nor eliminated. For example, owners of a great deal of capital invent words like
"National capital," "humane economies," "natural order" and "free wor~~9~~n9S~~der
to cover inhumane actions to explo3t peoples in their own interest.
'l'hus, S. Behr.angi put a great efYOrt into communicating the Marxist concept in his
pedagogical activity, continued the great work of his predecessors, attempted to
give a correct scienternalizedthis namehinithelhistorysofu~heenationalcliberation
the fatherland and et
;ind independence movement of the people of Iran.
FOOTNOTES
l, ~'/.I:KBAY.IAN 1976, No 6(S.zmud Behrangi's biography) .
2, S.zmad llehrangi, "M~jmueye Magalaha" [Collecti.on of articles], Tabriz, 1347 L1969-7~7
3. V.1. I,enin, "Asar.llri" [Works] fourth printing, Volume 14.
4. S. 'r~ehrangi, "Bir Hulu va Min iiulu" [A thousand and one peaches], Tabriz,
1348 ~1.970-71 ~92~J
CO1'YRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "ELM," 1980
9676
CSO: 1810/082
6
COR UFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1
REGIONAL
KAZAKH WRITERS FOCUS ON THEMES IN F1VE-YEAR PLAN
Alma-Ata QAZAQSTAN KOMMiJNIYSI in Kazakh No 4, Apr 8I. pp 84-87
[Article by Akhat Zhaqsibaev: "'Phe Writer and The Five-Year-Plan"J
[TextJ The party's XXVI congress was a very important event in the life of our
society. The decisions of the congress have appealed to the hearts of Soviet
citizene and have expressed their hopes and life. The congress is another proof
of the statement that "the party and the people are indivisible."
Comrade L. I. Brezhnev, first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, pro-
vided a~ust party evaluation of the work of literature and arts fighters in his
report to the congress. He pointed out in his speech that "progressive broaden-
~ ing and enrichment of the spiritual life of Soviet society is the unquestioned
duty of our cultural fighters and of literature and the arts." Also expressed
at the congress was the party's ma~or demand for strengthening the connection
between literature and life and raising its ideological and aesthetic levels.
The congress was proud to examine the creative effort of Soviet writers in terms
of the present rate of development of our society.
The work that we have accomplished in the past has been in association with party
- congress resolutions. The reason is that these resolutions are a responsible
obligation and very clear goal for us. These historic documents outline broad
programs for the future development of our country. They specify basic goals of
economic and social development and point out ways in which they can be achieved.
It is not to be doubted that the strength of our people will be increased and our
life will be more beautiful than before when these goals have been achieved. Thus
the Soviet people unanimously approves of the resolutions of the party congress
and is setting to work to carry them out properly. The unity of purpose and labor
enthueiasm of our people are a source of inspiration for the writer.
We are used to thinking of the history of the development of our country and its
creative labor in terms of five-year plans. Five-year plans represent distinct
milestones in terms of our nation's development and the material and spiritual
maturation of our people. ~very five-year plan has been the ob~ect of tasks put
forth in terms of the needs of the times. We produ~e, in fulfilling these tasks,
many labor victories, examples of heroism and fine undertakings that are inscribed
in gold letters in our nation's history. Each five-year plan has had its heroes.
Each has been faithfully depicted in Soviet literature and has become part of the
history of heroic labor and each has had idealistic and aesthetic qualities that
7
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-40850R040400034030-1
FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY
have become models for later generations. The duty of the new generations is to
remain true and devoted to the great communist legacy of each five-year plan and
to advance to new greatness. One important characteris~ic of Soviet literature
is that it examines the life of the people closely, treats important themes thor-
oughly and stands in the forefront of five-year plan strugglers. The civic con-~
sciousness of the Soviet writer is high, his ideals are broad and he produces
various valuable works that express the truths of an age, setting as his primary
goal the painting of an image af the active strugglers.
The principal characters of these works become great props that support the needs
of the times and take a firm place in literature by clearly perceiving their
responsibility before society, rousing themselves to brave action and refusing
to be discouraged in the face of difficulty. The fine traditions and aesthetic
and idealistic perfection shown by Soviet literaCure in depicting our contem-
poraries are being continued in a logical way today replete with new characteristics.
The working man, his spiritual being and totality of good characteristics are being
depicted faithfully in choice works produced in recent years. These works depict
the working man as highly reasoned and as a firm fighter who strongly perceives
~ the responsibility that he bears before society in all sectors of life. Comrade
L. I. Brezhnev stated, in his report to the XXVI Congress of the CPSU, "the heroes
of such works are varied. They are construction brigade leaders and kolkhaz
managers, railroad workers, officers, fliers and ecientists. In each, however,
readers and viewers perceive the image of the finest qualities of the Soviet
character, a character that is faithful to iCs conceptions and plans."
To be sure, we clearly see our responsibility at a time when one five-year plan
has just ended and we stand on the threshold of another. The party has taken
counsel with the people and has made the tasks o� the new five-year plan an ob~ect
of public discussion. That the suggestions of the mas3es have been su~marized
and have found expression in congress resolutions is a clear expression of wise
party leadership and mass activism. Carrying out party congress resolutions has
become a struggle of all the people to bring into being new achievements in com-
munist construction. Writing the artistic history of that struggle has become
an honored duty of literature. Thus e~ch writer must think of the place he is to
occupy and the contribution that he is to make in this struggle of all the people.
Under present conditions the writer must always bear in mind the necessity that
he must work tawards educating the new man and instilling a communist worldview
and fully recognize the responsibility that he bears before society.
We think that writers must have a good understanding of 1ife. But it must be
realized that there are various ways to understand life. The peculiarities and
life experience of each writer are reflections of his creative peculiarities and
talents. The topics that he cl~ooses and the directions in which he moves are
conr.ected with the degree of inner preparation and experience of the writer. We
cannot today view the fate of the individual as isolated from the fate of the whole
or his expectations as seParate from social development tasks. For this reason
our ct?aracters must be view~d in the midst of ardent labor. An individual's '
social position is defined by his participation in collective labor and in social
activity. Just such characters interest me as a writer. But what kind of persons
" are they? What do they like and dislike? How extensive are their spiritual
riches? Getting to know them is not easy. The longer one works together with
them in work collectives and closely watches their relationships with one another
the more complicated their contempoiary image becomes and the more difficult it
is to depict them in liCerature.
- 8
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400030030-1
;
ln or.t~~r tu ~>rc~:tivt~ chr variou5 requiren~ent5 ot today'~ production relationships
keenly, understand the meaning of every day circumstances anci know the mood of the
working man the writer must share in life and know first hand his civic and social
activism. The difficulty of mastering contemporary themes is connected with the
fast pace of development today and the broad scope of tasks advanced. Let me make
an intellectual comparison of the difference between this and the previous, lOth
Five-Year-Plan. The differences between the Turkestan-Siberian Railway and the
Baykal-Amur Mainline, between the Dnepr Hydroelectric Station imeni V. I. Le:~in
and the Ekibastuz State Rayon Electrical Station are extremely great and give some
idea of the problem involved. If the pace of today's development cannot be per-
ceived in works on such topics we cannot hope to convince the reader. Books can
be faithful to what the worker sees in his life and the situations that he en-
counters. Thus analysis of what the innovations and changes are and how they
arise while exactly sensing perspectives of social development demands long term
investigation and a deep understanding of life. Our literature`s present process
of development fully evidences this.
The remarkable changes in our social life and economic advances can be understood
in terms of the rapid pace of development in Ekibastuz. I~m well acquainted with
the life of that city during the last 20 years. More often than not I have re-
turned to Ekibastuz in my creative work. I worked in that city for some two
years after completing school and received an education in those mines so that
_ Ekibastuz occupies a deep niche in my soul. When I take pen in hand and ask my-
self what to write in my creative endeavor I perceive that what I saw and learned
in Ekibastuz has had great meaning for my life. Themes connected with the workers
there are close to me and thus I write about them. Life in the Ekibastuz mines
serves as the basis of my novels "Eges" [Feud] and "Boget" [The Obstacle], which
have been well-received in recent years. I was in the coal mines when I wrote
these books, among the miners, and concerned with production problems. Thus I
became a witness of Ekibastuz's rapid development, abrupt growth and impressive
- changes that came about within the period of a few years. I was a delegate to the
psrty congress that planned the growth and development of Ekibastuz, as a repre-
sentative of the workers and miners of the city. I thus had a major influence
on the growth and development of Ekibastuz and upon the fate of its miners. I
took part in the resolution of successive mining problems that had significance
for the whole nation. Was I not proud to be in the ranks of these social fighters?
Excavator operator Khaliyd Dosmaghambetov was a delegate to the XXVI Paxty Congress.
Today Khaliyd Dosmaghambetov is a leading equipment operator of Ekibastuz and a
+ deputy to the KaSSR Supreme Soviet.
In his speech delivered to the XXV Party Congress Comrade D. A. Qonaev, first
secretary of the Central Committee of the Kazakhstan Communist Party, stated that:
"Coal production has been increased twofold at the Ekibastuz pits which now equal
~he output of Karaganda, the third largest coal mine in tlie Soviet Union. I can
say to the congress with confidence that there is now a new, fourth a11-union
coal mine in the Kazakhstan Soviet land." Thus G. M. Dordyuk, brigade leader of
the Central Mine Excavators Brigade, went as a delegate to the XXV Congress of the
CPSU as the representative of the Ekibastuz miners. New plans were formulated
at tt~at ~ongress for developing ~kibastuz and beginning a bright new era in its
history. It is known that it was planned to construct four thermoelectric stations,
J each with a capacity of four million kilowatts, at Ekibastuz during the lOth Fiv~-
Year Plan and the intention was to begin construction of the first state rayon
electrical station. Thus Ekibastuz was no longer to be just a mine but also an
energy producing city, one of the largest energy producing centers in the Soviet
- Union.
- 9
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1
FOR OFFICrt1I, i1SE 4NLY
Engineer S. P. Kurzhey, chief director of the Ekibastuz Coa1 Production Unit, and
the drainage shafts equipment operator G. Qasqaldaqova were delegates to the
recently held XXVI congress of the party. Engineer Kurzhey has worked at Ekibastuz
for many years as a produc.tion chief. He rose froin pit director to unit director.
HQ is a hero of socialist labor and recipient of a USSR State Prize.
Comrade D. A. Qonaev stated in his speech to thQ XXVI Party Congress that: "The
process of regionalizing production forces has become refined in accordance with
the resolutions of the XXV Congress of the CPSU. Major territorial production
comF~exes have been developed. One of them alone, the Pavlodar-Ekibastuz complex,
now produces tractors, ferroalloys, alumina, chemical and similar products. The
complex has become a ma~or fuel ar_d energy center. It produces more than 70
million tons of coal a year. The three energy blocks of the Ekibastuz State Rayon
Electrical Station, second only to the powerful Dnepr Hydroelectrical Station
imeni V. I. Lenin, are now in full production. A br3.dge has been built to the
Ekibastuz energy center, which supplies regularly over the greatest distances in
the world.
An example of Ekibastuz' rapici growth will provide a clear proof of this. The
Bogatyr' Pit was put into full utilization in May 1980. Comrade L. I. Brezhnev
congratulated the pit collective in connection with this major labor achievement.
Whereas the Bogatyr' pit produced five million tons of coal in 1970 when it was
first exploited, last year's production reached 50 million tons. In 10 years
production capacity has grown tenfold.
To mention all the achievements and growth pains of Ekibastuz would prove tedious.
We have confined ourselves here to looking at a few examples and individuals as
proof. Needless to say, Ekibastuz's rapid developmenC has been directly effected
by individuals. Coal pit production technology has been reorganized and the pro-
duction process and working conditions have been improved further. This has com-
plicated labor participation and deepened content. The scientific and technoZogi-
cal r~volution, modern scientific and technological innovations and the refinement
of t;1e production process have influenced the thou~hts, conditions and professional
abiJ_ities of workers and have enhanced them considerably. Today's livelihood
see.s to the work needed on a daily b asis but does not confine itself to self-
comfort and self-satisfaction. It is aware of itself in terms of a variety of
social problems. For this reason civic consciousness finds expression in social
activism and in direct participation in the resolution of weighty problems. The
communist view of work is to be understood in terms of its correspondence to the
ideas of every day life and in connection with the hopes of individuals and ma~or
social goals. Selfish views involving giving little to society in order to re-
ceive much cannot be allowed and are to be struggled against. Minds and knowledge
cannot be allowed to give way to ignorance nor is indifference to the world accept-
able. The civic duty of the worker is to be connected to the complex of economic
problems via needs of the times and raised to a 1eve1 of proper fulfillment.
As I looked into the life of the Ekibastuz miners it was as if I came to under-
stand such characteristics as they exist among the workers. Fulfillment of plans
- and the labor process are sometimes in confl.ict. What is the meaning of this
conflict? Is the conflict produced out of the general expectation or is it a
manifestation of individual self-interest? There are many questions of this sort
_ before us. In any case, it is necessary to create knowing the thoughts and minds
10
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1
of our contemporarie~ who have undertaken great thinge. For this purpose writers
must be well aware of the fact that creative connection with the workers must be
, intensified as we coexist closely with them.
COPYRIGHT: Qazaqstan Kommuniysi 1981, No 4
11,433
CSO: 1810/094
~
11
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1
FOR ONFI('IA1, I1SF: ONLY
REGIONAL
�
- BOOK ON INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF KAZAKHSTAN REVIEWED
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 4, 1981 p 146
[Review by Ye. Rogov of book "Industrial'nyy Progress Kazakhstana v Period
Razvitogo Sotsializma" [The Industrial Progress of Kazakhatan in the Period of
Ueveloped Socialism] by A. K. Koshanov, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", Alma-Ata, 1979,
number of copies not given, 301 pages]
[Text] The laws of formation of the industrial structure of public production on
a regional basis are one of the basic topics of economic research. Historical
- economic studies are especially timely in this respect, because in this case the
theoretical conclusions are based on broad, concrete material and economic de-
velopment itself is presented as a process in its full diversity from both the
purely technological and the socioeconomic standpoints.
From this point of view A. Koshanov's monograph is a timely and useful study
that fills a certain gap in the literature, for the process of the formation and
development of the contemporary material-technical base of Kazakhstan, one of
the Soviet Union's largest industrial regions, has not been adequately treated
before. This is important botti from the general theoretical standpoint of using
the experience of Kazakhstan in other Union republics and from the point of view
of following it in developing countries which are in similar economic conditions.
The first chapter reviews a broad range of issues related to formation of a
multisectorial industrial complex in a Union republic as the universal form of
functioning of the pr.oductive forces of developed socialism throughout the
- country. Analyzinfi the industrial growth of the Union republics as an insepar�-
able part of overall progress to build the uniform material-technical base of
dev~loped socialism, the author investigates the role of the Union republics, in
particular Kazakhstan,in ~this process. The chapter concludes by showing the in-
creasing role of the Eastern regions in the country's industrial progress.
The second chapter gives a general description of the rules and regional char-
acteristics of the growth rate of industry. In the 1960's and 1970's
Kazakhstan became one of the country's largest economic regions,and its indus-
_ trial potential today is greater than all other republics except the RSFSR and
the Ukraine. The rate of capital development in industry between 1960 and 1977
12
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102109: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1
1~OR OI~FI('IAL US1~: ONLY
was 1.53 times the USSIt indicator. This. reflects not only the priority given
to comprehensive development of the productive forces of the republic, liut also
a purposeful policy of plan-based convergence and evening-out the levels of
technical-economic development of the republics and regions while building and
refining the materiai-technical tiase of developed socialism as a whole. The
author devotes special attention to the questions of sfiaping a progressive sec-
torial structure and structural policy as an independent factor in economic
growth.
The third chapter considers rational ways to improve the ;~ectorial structure of
Kazakhstan industry. The general patterns and specific features of industrial
growth and the stages and problems in the formation of the developed sectorial
structure are disclosed in their organic relationships to the dynamics and
reFinement of basic industrial proportions.
'I't~~ book tfioroi~gt~ly substantiates the ob~ective nature of the process of further
evenin~-out oC the level.s oE economic and social development of the Union repub-
llcs and regions. 'I'he Union republic and large regions are viewed as subsystems
of a single national ecc~nomtc complex, and the essence of the leveling prob,lem
is to brinK tl~e regional levels of development of productive forces as close to-
getlier as posslble and gradually equalize the conditions and prerequisites for
the vital activities of working people on this basis.
In general the monograph is a serious study of new aspects of the manifestations
of the rules and problems of industrial growth in one of the large Union repub-
lics under conditions of developed socialism. The theoretical generalizations
from material on a republic such as Kazakhstan with developed, muttifaceted in-
dustry, are ful~y representative and sufficient to obtain general conclusions on
the economies of republics and regions.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki" 1981
11~ 176
cso: 1800/458 FNll
13
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400030030-1