JPRS ID: 9881 TRANSLATION AEROSPACE MEDICINE SIXTH ALL-UNION CONFERENCE ON SPACE BIOLOGY AND AEROSPACE MEDICINE KALUGA 5-7 JUNE 1979 PART I

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JPRS L/9881
31 July 198 i
Translation
_ AEROSPACE MEDIC~NE v
SIXTH ALL-UNION CONFERENCE
ON SPACE BIOLOGY AND AER~SPACE MEDICINE
KALUGA 5-7 JUNE 1979
Part i
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JPRS L/9881
31 July 1981
= AERQSPA~E MEDICINE ~
SIXTy ALL-UNION CONFERENCE ON SPACE BIOLOGY AND AEROSPACE MEDICINE
KALUGA 5-7 JUNE 1979
- PART I
- Complete translation of the Russian language book ed~ited by Academician
0. G. Gazenko: "Aviakosmicheska.ya meditsina. VI Vsesoyuznaya
konferentsiya po kosmicheskoy biologii i aviakosmicheskoy meditsine.
Kaluga 5-7 iyunya 1979. Chast' I", USSR Ministry of Health, Depart-
:aent of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciznces, Institute of Bio-
- medical Problems of the USSR Ministry of Health and State Museum of
- History of Cosmonautics imeni K. E. Tsiolkovskiy, published in
- MoscQw, 160 pages [summaries of papers]
- CONTEiVTS
Experimental Physiological Studies
_ kesults of Medical Examination of Cosmonauts During Flight Aboard
the Salyut-6 Orbital Station 1
= Gravity and Cerebral Circulation 3
- Oxygenation of Human Tissues During Space Flights Aboard the Salyut-6
= Orbital Station 4
_ Regulation of Regional Hemodynamics During Long-Term Space Flights 6
Results of Electrocardiographic Examination of Cosmonauts During
~ Flight Aboard the Salyut-4 Orbital Station 8
- Study of Hemodynamic Effects of Weightlessness in Ground-Based
Model Experiments 10
, Analysis of Changes in Diastolic Phases of the Right and Left Ventricles
_ During 140-Day Space Flight of Cosmonauts Aboard an Orbital Station 12
- Temperature Regulation in Weightlessness 13
~ Evdluation, Prediction and Optimization of Cosmonauts'�Efficiency
During Flight Aboard the Salyut-6 Ort~ital Station 14
Effect of 140-Day Space Flight on Motor System and System of
= Regulation of Motor Functions 16
- Microflora in the Crews of Space Stations 18
~ Microflora of the Upper Respiratory Tract of Crews Engaged in
Long-Term Space Flights 20
~ Distinctions of Intestinal Dysbacteriosis in Cosmonauts
Involved in Space Flights of Different Duration 22
_ Conditionally Pathogenic Enterobacteria as Possible Pathogens of
, Various Infectious Processes in Spacecraft Crews 24
_ ' a ' [I - USSR - C FOUO]
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Study of Antiviral Immunity of the Crew of the Salyut-6 Space Station 26
Biological Properties of Lactobacilli Tsolated From Cosmonauts
Before and After Space Flights 28
Hormon~~l Status of Cosmonauts After Flight Aboard the Salyut-6
Orbitai Station 29
Basic Pi:oblems of Man's Ad~ptation to Space Flight Conditions 31
Effects of Weightlessness and Earth-Based Simulation Thereof on
Hemoglobin Synthesis in Man 32
Auditory Function of Man in the Presence of Transverse Accelerations 33
_ Study of Dynamics of Blood and Lymph ~irculation in Man by
Simulation Mer.hods 35
Some Results of Studying the Human Cardiovascular System During
Orthostatic Test Using Simulation Modeling 37
Biomechanfcs of Distribution of Ve~ltilation-Perfusion Ratios in the
Human Lungs Under the Influence of Gravity and Inertial Forces 39
Studies of Skeletal Muscles and Motor Function in Hypokinetic Animals
and Man 41
Excretion of Cyclic PJucleotides in Urine Under Conditions of Altered
Gravity 43
Hormonal Regulation of Fluid-Electrolyte Metabolism ~f Man
_ During Long-Term Hypokinesia 45
Role of Volume Natriuretic Reflex in Changing Renal Excretion of Fluid
- and Electrolytes With Ground-Based Simulation of Weightlessness 47
- Man's Body Temperature During Exercise Following Brief Bed Rest 48
- Cytological Study of Peripheral Blood Erythrocytes and Leukocytes
Following Brief Space Flights 50
Distinctions of Blood Lipoprotein Metabolism Related to Limited
Motor Activity 52
Adaptive Changes in Cortical Neurons Under Hypokinetic Conditions .......o. 53
- Plasma Renin Activity and Diures~.s as Indicators of Changes in Homeostasis
_ of Fluids During Simulation of Some Elements of Weightlessness With
Accelerations 54
Effects of Space Flight Factors on Blood Protein Spectrum 56
- Study of Some Functions in Man Related to Altered Daily Schedule 57
Changes in Human Body Temperature During Three-Hour Immersion in Water 59
Some Results of Physiological Experiments Conducted Aboard
Cosmos Biosatellites 61
Methodology of Biological Experiments Aboard the Cosmos Series of
Specialized Earth Satellites. Complexes of Life Support Systems
- and Scientific Research Equipment 63
~
Experiment With Artificial Gravity Aboard the Cosmos-936 Biosatellite 65
State of Higher Nervous Activity of Animals Following Flights
Aboard Biosatellites 67
Electron rficr~scopic Study of Rat Pancreas After Space Flight
Aboard ttie Cosmos-936 Biosatellite 69
Structure of the Small Intestinal Mucosa of Rats After Space Flight
Aboard the Cosmos-9~6 Biosatellite 71
Ion Regulating Function of Animal Kidneys After Flight Aboard thr~
Cosmos-936 Biosatellite 73
Effect of Flight Aboard the Cosmos-936 Biosatellite on Bioenergr~tics
of Animals' Skeletal Muscles 75
Study of Contractile Function of Muscle Proteins on the Model of
(;lycerinated Fibers in an Experiment Aboard the Cosmos-936 Biosatellite . 77
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Effect of Artificial Gravity on Morphological Manifestations of Animal
Reactions After Fligrt Aboard the Cosmos-936 Biosatellite 79
Experiments Condueted Aboard the Salyut-6 Orbital Station With
Biological Objects 81
Effect of Clinostating of Etiolate Arabidopsis Seedlings on Some
Parameters of Plant Fertility 82
Study of the Biological Effects of Space Factors on Representatives
of the Animal Kingdom 83
Adaptation to Usual and Unusual Mechanical Conditions 85
- The First Experiments in the USSR Dealing With the Study of the Effects
of Accelerations 87
Effect of Long-Term +GZ Accelerations on Efficiency and Some
Physiological Parameters of Operators 89
Experimental Estimation of Blood Pressure and Blood in Vessels of the Lower
Extremities of Man Exposed to Longitudinal Accelerations and Wearing
a G Suit 91
Effect of +GX Accelerations on Corticosteroid Excretion 93
Experimental Theoretical Sub~tantiation of an in Va-~o Method of
Evaluating the Dynamic Strength of the Human Spine 95
Endurance of Accelerations During Periods of Calm and Increased
Solar Activity 97
Effect of Inflating G Suit on Some Parameters of Human Hemodynamics 99
Optimum Respiration During Long-Term Exposure to Transverse Accelerations . 101
Clinicophysiological Studies, and Therapeutic-Preventive Measures
Main Aspects of the Rehabilitation Problem in Space Medicine 102
Rehab~litation and Therapeutic Measures Following 140-Day Space Flight 103
Pharmacological Stimulators of Physical Fitness in Space Medicir.e 105
Autogenic Correction of Cosmonaut's Condition in Flight 107
Cosmonaut Care in Orbit: Experience and Problems 108
Adverse Reactions in the Acute Period of Adaptation to Weightlessness,
. and the Problem of Prevention Thereof 110
Use of Negative Pressure for Diagnosis and Prevention of.Circulatory
Disorders During Space Flights 112
Electroneurolepsy (Electroanalgesia) as a Method of Preventing and Treatin~
Functional Disorders in Cosmonauts During the Readaptation ~exiod 7.7-4
Distinctive Features in Planning Physical Training During
Lnng-Term Space Flights 116
Prevention of Physical Deconditioning of Man by Means of
Regular Exercise 118
The Problem of Adaptati~n of the Circulatory System to Weightlessness 120 ,
Problems of Refining Ground-Based Cosmonaut Training 121
Effect of Base Level of Physical Conditioning on Endurance of
Limited Motor Activity 123
Efficacy of Preventive Measures During Hypokinesia, According to
Stabilographic Data 125
Experimental Validation of a Set of Preventive Measures for
Long-Term Manned Space Flights 12~
Pharmacotherapy Using New Actoprotective Agents for Disturbances
Caused by Long-Term Hypokinesia 129
- The Problem of Assessing Degree of Adaptation to Long-Term
Space Flight Conditions 130
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Special Breathing Exercises in the System for Conditioning Against
the Adve*-se Factors of Long-Term Space Flights 132 ~
Problems of Forecasting and Preventing Allergic Complications
During Long-Term Space Flights 133
Existence of 'Resident Type' Carriers of Staphylococcus Aureus Among
Cosmonauts Before Flights, and Some Measures for Prevention of Disease . 135
Some of the Results of the International 'Audio' Experiment
Conducted in Flight Aboard the Salyut-6 Orbital Station 136
System of Medical Care for Cosmonauts During ~lights
Differing in Duration 137
Pathophysiological Aspects of Survival of Crews of Flying
Vehicles After Emergency Landings in Cold Regions 139
Resuscitation and Anesthesiological Problems of Space Medicine 141
Effect of Hypokinesi~. on Regional Redistribution of Blood in
the Presence of Traumatic Shock 143
The Phenomenon of Convergence of Cervicolabyrinthine Impulsation on
Mechanisms of the Spinal Reflex System and Its Significance to the
Characteristics of Vestibulocerebral Relations 145
- Characteristics of Coordinating 'Adjustment' of the Central
Nervous System in Studies of Postural Reactions 147
Study of the Pathogenesis of Motion Sickness 149
Study of the Pathogenesis of the Space Form of Motion 'Sickness'.......... 151
Pathogenetic Basis for Development of Motion Sickness 153
~ome Clinicophysical Aspects of Vestibular Disorders During Space Flights. 154
Function of Vestibular Analyzer in the Presence of
Altered Cerebral Circulation 156
Statokinetic Stability and Fitness of Flight Personnel 157
Reflex Therapy as a Possible Means of Enhancing Resistance
ta Coriolis Accelerations 158
'Sanogenesis' of Vestibular Disorders 160
= Pharmacological Prevention of Disorders Occurring Under the
Cumulative Effect of Accelerations ~ 161
Principles Involved in the Approach and Choice of Agents for the
Prevention and Treatment of Motion Sickness in Orbital Flight 163
Complex Method for Enhancing Vestibular Stability 165
Role of Vestibular Analyzer in Adaptation to Adverse Environmental Factors 166
Significance of Trophics ~f the Vestibular System in the Mechanism of
Vestibulosomatic and Vestibulovegetative Reactions of Equilibrium Organs 168
Effect of Body Position on Regional Neurovasomotor Reactions of
Pulmonary Circulation 170
D~stinctions of Vestibuiar Reactions as a Function of Intensity
of Stimulus and State of the Organism 171
Brain Tissue Oxygen Tension in Hypoxic Rats 172
Changes in Gas Exchange and Some Func4ional Parameters in Rats
Submitted to Long-Term Hypokinesia 174
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EXPERIMEKTAL PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES
~ RESULTS OF MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF COSMONAUTS DURING FLIGHT ABOARD THE SALYUT-6 ~
ORBITAL STATION .
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHE5KAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESQYUZPIAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUC,A 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in
Russian 1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 5-6
[Article by 0. G. Gazenko, S. A. Gozulov, Yu. G. N~fedov, A. V. Beregovkin, I. I.
Bryanov, A. D. Yegorov, V. A. Degtyarev, V. V. Kalinichenko and I. I. :Cas'yan]
(Text] The main medi,cal tasks related to the manned miss~ons on tk~e Salyut-6 pro-
gram consisted of maintaining the crews' good health status and high effic~en~y
dLring and after the flight, as well as studving phenon~enology and mechanisms of
changes inthe body's reactions during different stage.s of adaptation to flight
conditi~ns and evaluation of the efficacy of preventive measures used.
On the whole, the changes observed during the flight conformed with the preflight
predictions and reflected the phasic nature of adaptation processes. They were
manifested by symptoms of redistribution of blood, positional ct~anges on the.
electrocardiogram, fluctuations of main hemodynamic parameters in flight, which did
not exceed the physiological range, increased pulsed delivery of blor.', to the
head and diminished circulation in the leg. The circulatory reactions to the
physical load and effec:t of negative pressure varied as well witY~ increase in
duration of flight, and they were characterized by a tendency taward relative
stabilization.
The changes abserved aft~r the flight were consistent with systemic reactions
inherent in the readaptation period.
These reactions were functional, and qualitatively they did not differ from the
reactions observed in previous flights.
They were manifested by several syndromes, the chief nnes being general fatigue
and asthenization of the body; deconditioning for orthostatic and physical factors;
residual signs following prior (inflight) redistribution of blood; statokinetic
disorders and atrophy of muscles of the legs; anemic syn:~rome with subsequent
decline in erythrocyte count (for the first few postflignt days) followed by re-
storation thereof; change in fluid-electrolyte balance with a tendency toward
fluid retention; diminished immunological resistancP.
All of the above syndromes were less marked after the 140-day flight than after
the one lasting 96 days. In the postflight period, rehabilitation and therapeutic
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measures were instituted to accelerate the readaptation process; they consi.sced
chiefiv ~f regulated motor activity, rehabilitation massage of muscles, therapeutic
_ physical culture and hydrot;ierapy. The rehabilitation and therapeutic measures
were used in two stages after the 140-day flight, at the spaceport and in Kislovodsk.
The mission lasting 140 day~ demonstrated once more that it is possible to pur-
posefully control health status in flight ~nd prepare the body for earth's gravity.
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GRAVITY AND CEREBRAL CIRCUI,ATION
Moscow AVIAKOS,iICHESKAYA MEDITSTNA. VT VSESOYUZNAYA KONFER~N'~S~XA PQ KOSM~C~T~SKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
_ 1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 6-7
[Article by Yu. Ye. Moskalenko]
[Text] Special mechanisms developed inthe course of evolution which assure ade-
quate delivery of blood to the brain, with due consideration of the effects of
earth's gravity.
The mechanisms that provide for stability of the system of cerebral circulation
- are based on the specific biophysical structure of this system, which consists of
close correlation between volume and pressure of fluids in the closed cavit-y of
the skull (arterial blood, venous blood, spinal fluid). The overall volume of
the~e fluids is constant, but there could be efflux of a certain amount of spinal
fluid into the spinal cavity through an orifice of limited size. As a result,
structural stability of. the circu~'].atory system of the brain is provided not only
by the stability of its different elements, but composition of the system as a whole,
as an integral structure.
The mechanisms involved in maintaining functional stability of the cerebral cir-
culatory system are based on several circuits of regulation with their own feed-
back channels, based on different physiological principles (myogenic, metabolic
and neurogenic). Coordinated activity thereof provides for con~tancy of over- .
all cerebral blood flow with change in conditions of influx and efflux of blood
from the skull under the influence of gravitation.
These two groups of inechanisms were formed at certain stages of evolution of the
animal kingdom, and they are~already observed in higher~reptiles.. As a result
of the function of these mechanisms, the circulatory system of the brain can func-
tion well, not only in earth's gravity. As shown by the study of intracranial
hemodynamics during exposure of an organism to transverse and longitudinal accele-
rations, the circulatory system of the brain is capable of functioning in the
presence of significant G forces. The range of endurance thereof is quite variable.
Functional stability of the cerebral circulatory system fluctuates over a wide
range, depending on the condition of the organism. This property can change in
the case of prolonged weightlessness, as well as pathological processes.
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OkYGENATION OF HLTI~IAN TISSUES DURING SPACE FLIGHTS ABOARD THE SAI~YUT~6 ORBITAL
~TATION
Ptoscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 TYUNYA 1~79. CHAST~ I in Russi.an
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 7-10
[Article by Ye. A. Kovalenko, A. Vatsek, M. P. Bobrovnitskiy, N. V~ Lapteva, V. A~
Kaptsov, V. N. Sementsov, V. P. Pushkin, S. N. Kharin, V. K. Gabyshev, Kh. Khaaze
and Z. Sarol']
[Text] Man's life and fitness for work degend on the constant access of oxygen
into his body. However, unti.l recently, there has been insufficient information
~bout the overall, ultimate area of uptake of oxygen in tissues when he is ex-
posed to space flight factors.
There is reason to assume that changes may occur in delivery of oxygen and oxi-
dative processes in tissues during space flights and under the influence.cf weight-
lessness. It is known that, in weightlessness, there is redistribution of blood
from the lower parts of the body to the upper ones. In weightlessness, there is
more intensive exit of the liquid part of blood from capillaries into tissues,
and one observes some softening [pastiness] of tissues. There may be changes in
reflex influences on bioen~rgetic processes.
OE course, all this could affect oxygenation of peripheral tissues, including the
skin.
~
Preliminary studies of oxygenation of the skin of man with simulation of the
eff-ects of weightle~sness by means of hypokinesia, immersion, as well as anti-
orthostatic [head downJ body position, clearly showed that, indeed, under these
conditions there are changes in P02 level and nature of 02 uptake in the human
skin.
~ A study of oxygenation of the skin during the space mission of the first inter-
national crew aboard the Sal'yut-6 orbital station was conducted for the first
time within the framewark of the "Intercosmos" program by scientists of the
USSR and CSSR, on the basis of the above assumptions and facts obtained under
ground-based conditions.
Subsequently, analogous studies were conducted by scientists of the USSR, CSSR,
Polish People's Republic and GDR during the missions of the second and third inter-
national r_rews. The studies were conducted using the onboard Oxymeter instrument,
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,c s o ao o which was developed in CSSR. The principle
ro axe~dn zp Q, of the method is based on polarographic
~ ~ a~ analysis of 02 on the tip of a solid
~o ~ Z~d ~ cathode introduced into the skin of the
~ M forearm. The following results were ob-
r~ ~ o.o tained: In the control group of 93 sub-
~ L zOd ~zF~ J N jects, 245 readings established a mean
~ level of P0~ in the skin of 37�0.9 mm Hg
- w~ a~e~dn ip when breathing with air and 49.8�2.2 mm Hg
oo~n with a gas mixture, which is the same as
, a ~a ,c
zOd I~ aboard the spacecraft. 02 uptake by these
w~ subjects constituted a mean of 12.8�0.8 mm
. m~ s~ `V zOd ~z~ c�; ~o Hg/min (Table 1) .
~ ~ a~ N~
~ ~ N Thus, these studies demonstrated the same
~ k ~ axE~dn ip ~ r~ trend. During space flights, there is a-
o~ o u, distinct drop of P02 in the skin and
~ z~d diminished utilization of 02, as compared
b both to the specific data for each cosmo-
~ o N naut prior to the flight and mean data
v oo ~n i
~ Od ~z~1 ~ N for a large control group.
axsadn zp ~ Consequently, the theoretical hypotheses
ro expounded, concerning the possibility of
'ti ZOd ~I9 changes in oxygenation of tissues during
o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - flights, were corroborated.
4+ zOd .zZ~ ri rn rn
o N N ~ These data are not only of theoretical
~ w significance for disclosure of the mechan-
~ axs~dn ip ~ o; isms of effects of weightlessness on trans-
s~ oo ~
,d M~~ 'n ~ ~ port and utilization of 02 by the body,
ca ~ ZOd I~ but can be useful in expanding and deepen-
~ ing medical monitoring, and developing new
o~ i0d ~id preventive measures to be used during and
.o
~ ~ uzm~~g mm ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ after space flights.
N Q � . . . .
ca .c ~ax8~d:~ a0 � ~ ~ .N-i ~
~ ~
,~-i a~i w ~g mm ~ ~ c~ ~n
~ ~ `I~I~g `~~d rn c*i .o ~
N a a~ ~n ~c u~ .o
ao 0 8g mm ~
u w � � � � �
O N W ' ~g ' ~ Oa N ~7 ~t ~t ~t
~
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H O
Ql v] ti-t
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~ m ~ ~n a~i v`~i x N
av~ o ~ ~ ~ o
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U
y . . . .
Dd~wv~aa
. ~
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H ~ .-I N c+1 ~7 ~r1 ~O
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REGULATION OF REGIONAL HEMODYNAMICS DURING LONG-TER.'K SPACE FLIGHTS
rfoscow AVIAKOSMiCHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSE~OYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 10-11
[Article by Kh. Kh. Yarullin and T. D. Vasil'yevaJ
[Te:ct] Bipolar rheography was used to study circulation ~n the brain, lungs, liver,
fingers and lower legs under ba~al metabolic conditions and with postural loads,
before and after the 96-day flight of the crew of the first mission aboard Salyut-6.
REC [rheoencephalograms) of the hemispheres were studied during the flight using
a tetrapolar rheograph.
The increase in pulsed filling of the cosmonauts' hemispheres, which was observed
during the flight, did no*. exceed 94% of the base value. In our opinion, this is
, indicative of adequate compensation of intracranial plethora and venous stasis.
Th~ latter was manifested by marked venous waves on the REG, indicative of diffi-
cult and slow efflux of blood from the cranial cavity, and this was confirmed by
their disappearanr,e under the influence of LBNP [lower body negative pressure].
Throughout the flight, the commander presented prevalence of signs of active dila-
tation of cerebral vessels, mainly arterial ones, while in the flight engineer
there were signs of plethora of intracranial veins.
The signs of intracranial venous plethora were compensated by two mechanisms: in
_ some cases there was predominant constriction of precapillary vessels and in the
others dilatation of cerebral arteries (particularly collaterals).
On the rirst postflight day, both cosmonauts presented marked interhemispheric
asymmetry of pulsed delivery of blood to the brain. The significant asymmetry
of rilling of the hemispheres disappeared on the 3d postflight day. Already on
~ the First day after termination of the flight, venous waves disappeared on the
REC of both cosmonauts, i.e., signs of venous stasis in the brain. They appeared
only in one of the cosmonauts during the antiorthostatic test jhead down], in
spite of obvious improvement of endurance thereof after the flight. In both
cosmonauts, this ia:~provement was manifestecl by signif.icantly less marked increase
in pulsed delivery of blood to the brain, against the background of compensatory
increase in tonus of cerebral vessels, especially arterioles and small arteries.
These manifestations of the sequelae of adaptation of the vascular system of the
brain to weightlessness were the most marked in the first week and leveled off by
the 30th postflight day.
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Endurance of the orttiostatfic test wa.s signi�icantly diminished in both cosmonauts
on the first postflight day: there were signs of marked arteriolar hypotension,
which were more marked in the vertebrobasilar system.
On the first postflight day, both cosmonauts presented increased pulsed delivery
of blood to the lungs, with concurrent increase in tonus of arteries with a large
caliber. These signs of compensatory vascular hypertension in the lungs leveled
off on the 12th day, while the signs of vascular hypotension in the lower leg
disappeared on the 7th day of the recovery period.
There was rather rapid restoration of hemodynamic parameters, which was indicative
of the �=unctional nature of the changes and their reversibility. On the 30th day
of the rehabilitation period, the parameters of pulsed filling, t~nus and elasticity
of vessels were close to their preflight values in virtually all of the regions
studied.
~
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RESULTS OF ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC EXAMTNATION OF COSMONAUTS DURING FLIGHT ABOARD
THE SALYUT-4 ORBITAL STATION
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VZ VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESfiOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST~ I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 11-12
_ [Article by V. R. Lyamin, 0. G. Itsekhovskiy, A. P. Polyakova, I. A. Yevdokimova,
L. I. VoYOnin, V. N. Sidorov and Z. A. Golubchikova]
[Text] A functional test was used, with graded physical load, on a bicycle ergo-
meter, on the 14th, 22d and 37th flight days for the commander, on the 22d and 37th
_ days for the flight engineer, in order to examine adaptability of the circulatory
_ system in weightlessness and predict the condition of the cosmonauts during the
63-day flight of the second mission aboard the Salyut-4 station. The functional
test was used for S min at a pedaling rate of an average of 440 kg-m/min. We
analyzed EKG data before and after pedaling, as compared to analogous tests con-
_ ducted before the flight and in postfli;ht studies.
In all of the tests with graded exercise, the cosmonauts presented a sinus rhythm
with insignificant respiratory arrhythmia. In all of the tests, the increment
of heart rate after the test was greater for the commander than the flight
engineer.
Duration of electrical systole (QT) corresponded to the dynamics of their heart
rate in both cosmonauts.
Atrioventricular conduction (PQ) increased by 0.02-0.03 s in the recovery period
on the 14th and 22d days of flight, as well as 3 days after it, in the commander,
whereas no definite direction of changes during the flight wa~ demonstrable in
the flight engineer.
The changes in duration of intraventricular conduction (QRS) were within the
~ range of fluctuations in the preflight period in both cosmonauts.
There was a decline of amplitude of T waves, as compared to preflight and post-
flight findings. This decline persisted on the first postflight day in the
flight engineer.
- After the test, the configuration, direction and amplitude of P, Q, R and S
waves did not change appreciably, wher.eas the amplitude of T waves had a tendency
toward further decline. The cosmonauts did not notice any unpleasant sensations
referable to the heart.
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The changes in time-related amplitude parameters of the EKG were within the
range of normal fluctuations, while the decline in amplitude of the T wave demon~
strated in both cosmonauts could apparently be attributed to changes in anatomical
position of the heart in ttie chest, as well as some changes in metabolic processes
of an adaptive nature.
Analysis of the findings according to results of electrocardiographic studies pf
cosmonauts before and after pedaling on the bicycle ergometer before, during and
after the flight failed to demonstrate any pathological deviations in the cardio-
vascular system.
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STUDY OF HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF WEIGHTLESSNESS IN GROUND-BASED MODEL EXPERIMENTS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 13-14
[Article by Ye. I. Vorob'yev, V. I. Lobachik, A. A. Savilov, S. V. Abrosimov and
V. V. Zhidkov]
[Text] The experience gained by Soviet and American researchers has shown that
redistribution of blood caused by weightlessness is one of the chief causes in
functional changes in the circulatory system. However, to date we have only
general information about the nature and extent of hemodynamic changes under such
conditions, while the actual process of redistribution of blood has been virtually
unstudied. The latter is related, to a significant extent, to the limited capa-
bilities of onboard research equipment.
jdith increase in duration of space missions, the urgency of problems of the
efFects of weightlessness on hemodynamics is increasing substantially, particularly
in view of the need for more active correction of cardiovascular function at
different stages of flight. In this regard, it is growing obvious that it is
imperative to conduct basic research for in-depth investigation of this problem
caith the use of model experiments. ~
For this purpose, a series of experimental studies was conducted, in which anti-
orthostatic jhead down] hypokinesia served as a hemodynamic model of weightlessness.
Mainly the radioisotope tracer method was used to solve the proposed problems; it
permits not only determination of the clirection of hemodynamic changes, but
' reliable quantitative evaluation thereof. In addition, clinicophysiological
methods were used, such as measurement of arterial blood pressure, pulse tachometry,
electrocardiography, etc. Ultrasonic echocardiography was also used to assess
intracardiac circulation and myocardial contractility.
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of distribution of blood as related
to different angles of inclination of the human body were ~btained in this study.
Blood shifted to the upper half of the b~dy in antiorthostatic position, mainly
due to efflux from the lower extremities. The quantitative changes increased
with increase in angle of body inclination.
Under conditions of antiorthostatic hypokinesia, the same direction of this re-
distribution of blood was retained, and only quantitative findings changed.
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- It was also noted that the degree and nature of redistrihution of blood dur~ng
use of negative pressure and the orthostatic test depended appreciably on both
. the initial endurance of the subjects of these functional tests and degree of
deconditioning of their cardioc~ascular system during hypokinesia. Analysis and
compari.son were utade of tra~itional rating criteria of endurance of these tests
" (pulse, arterial pressure, etc.) to ir.dicators of redistribution of blood in the
body.
In conclusion, there was di~cussion of the findings and prospects for future use of
_ the radiotracer method for problems of space physiology.
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~uvALYSIS OF CHANGES IN DIASTOLIC PHASES OF THE RIGHT ANB LEFT VENTRICLES DURING
140-DAY SPACE FLIGHT OF COSMONAUTS ABOARD AN ORBITAL STATTON
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSIN~. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST` T in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 14-15
(Article by S. I. Pon~marev and I. V. Alferova]
[Text]In view of the fact that the contractile function of the heart in systole
depends significantly on presystolic distension of the myocardium in accordance
with the Frank-Starling mechanism ("length-contraction"), it is deemed important
to study the phasic structure, not only of the systole, but diastole.
During the second mission aboard th~ Salyut-6 orbital station, studies were made
of phasic structure of the cardiac diastole according to kinetocardiographic (KKG)
data. The KKG curves were recorded with Polynome equipment at relative rest.
Determination was made of the duration of phases of the left and right ventricles:
phase of isometric contraction (C), ejection period (E), phase of isometric relaxa-
tion (IR), period of filling (PF) including rapid (RF) and slow (SF) f illing and
atrial systole (AS).
The observed changes in phasic structure of the ventricular systole during f.light
were characterized by dynamic phasic syndromes, with prevalence of signs of the
syndrome of volume load for the left ventricle and some signs of the hypodynamia
syndrome for the right ventricle. In the phasic structure of the diastole, we
observed shortening of the IR phase (with the exception of longer IR of the right
ventricle in one of the cosmonauts), with initial increase in other diastolic
phases (RF was increased over virtually the entire flight, with the exception of
RF for the left ventricle in the same cosmonaut). Starting on the 41st flight day,
some parameters of diastolic phases diminished, as compared to mean preflight data.
- In the postflight period, the parameters of the systole and diastole reverted to
the initial levels.
These changes can be interpreted on the basis of the adaptation conception, which
- includes both immediate adaptive reactions and long-term adaptive reactions.
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TEMPERATURE REGULATION IN WEIGHTLESSNESS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSTNA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFEREi~lTSTYA PO KOSMiCHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSiNE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' i in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 15-16
[Article by Yu. A. Rostopshin]
[Text] The problem of providing the best microclimate for the human body during
" space flights is not limited to solving purely technical problem:~. Validation of
the characteristics of a system for control of the microclimate requires considera-
tion of the functional distinctions of physiological systems of the body in weight-
lessness.
According to conceptions that have been formed, which are based on calorimetric
studies of heat production by man in small and confined places in weightlessness
and on earth, human thermoregulation is little-affected by weightlessness. How-
ever, the experience of manned space flights and scientific research aboard bio-
satellites cause us to suspect that things are not so simple with temperature
regulation in weightlessness. The existing information indicates that a new
temperature mode, characterized by a drop in body temperature, is established in
weightlessness. A mathematical model of physiological thermoregulation, which
takes into consideration the link between temperature-dependent processes of heat
production and functional le~el of body organs and tissues,is proposed for inter-
pretation of this phenomenon. This model describes the main processes involved
in the body's utilization of energy to assure functional requirements. In this
interpretation, weightlessness is simulated as a decrease in load function of
a compartment of the model, which describes metabolic heat production in muscle
tissues, which corresponds to the actually observed unloading of muscle tissues
- of the skeletomuscular system.
Examination of versions of the model revealed that a decline in functional level
- or load function in the muscular compartment of the model brings the system into
a different temperature mode, to temperatures that are lower in different parts
of the body than initially. Since temperature regulation is effected in accord-
, ance with the principle of minimum expenditure of energy, while the position of
this minimum on the temperature scale is determined by the temperature-related
distinctions in activity of enzymatic systems, the change to a new temperature
mode occurs at the rate of temperature adaptation of enzymes and is associated with
increased expenditure of energy by the system. It is found that a load on the
system, caused by a change to a new temperature mode, could be partially compensated
by appropriate correction of ambient temperature. Correlations were obtained that
liiik the temperature mode of the body with the functional level of its subsystems.
These correlations can be used to validate requirements for microclimate parameters.
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EVALUATION, PREDICTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF COSMONAUTS' EFFICIENCY DURTNG FLIGHT
ABOARD THE SALYUT-o ORBITAL STATION
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSiYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 16-17
[Article by V. I. Myasnikov, K. K. Ioseliani and G. V. Izosimov]
[Text] The efficiency [fitness for work] of cosmonauts was assessed on the basis
of the reports of crew members, number and nature of inquiries while performing
work operations during com:aunication sessions, parameters obtained over telemetry
channels. The psychosomatic condition of crew members was also taken into con-
sideration.
The study of efficiency in the course of a 140-day flight revealed that the level
and effectiveness of work performance of cosmonauts V. Kovalenko and A. Ivanchenkov
were high throughout the flight. This was indicated by the large volume and high
quality of work related to extravehicular activity, docking and unloading of
Progress-2, 3 and 4 cargo craft, meetings and joint work with international crews
from Soyuz-30 and 31 spacecraft, technological experiments, "Splav" jallow] and
"Kristall" [crystal], taking photographs and observations of earth's surface and
stars, as well as a number of other studies.
A large number of studies conducted at their own initiative, in the interests of
the national economy and updating the interior of the station, was a typical
feature in the performance of the cosmonauts.
During the flight period the psychosomatic condition of crew members was rather
guod. The sleep disturbances, which were observed in the commander at the end
of the second month of flight and sporadically manifested emotional stress had
little effect on the nature of performance.
Prediction ef efficiency was made on the basis of comparison of actual fitness to
data from model experiemnts obtained in the course of training, comments of the
crew, degree of interest of the cosmonauts in performing a current flight assign-
ment. Prompt adjustment of work schedules and plans played a substantial role
in preserving efficiency.
Special attention was devoted to psychological support, which included optimum
- ~lanning of work, work and rest schedule. The optimum effect of psychological
support was more distinct when the individual traits of cosmonauts and their sets
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on various types of work were taken into consideration. Highly qualified special-
ists in different fields (meteorologist, oceanologist, geologist, specialist in
forestry and others) were ca7led upon as consultants in order to create high
motivation.
The aggregate of optimizing mea~ures made it possible to retain efficiency and~
great interest in the studies in the crew members to the end of their mission.
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EFFECT OF 140-DAY SPACE FLIGHT ON MOTOR SYSTEM AND SYSTEM OF REGULATION OF MOTOR
FUNCTIONS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 18-19
[Article by I. B. Kozlovskaya, 0. P. Kozerenko, Yu. V. Kreydich and A. S. Rakhmanov]
(Text] We know that there are disturbances of complex coordin~ted motor acts,
decline of muscle tone and force of muscular contractions, and muscular atrophy in
man under the influence of weightlessness (V. S. Gurfinkel' et al., 1973; N. N.
Gurovskiy et al., 1975, and others). Our objective here was to evaluate the
changes in the motor system of cosmonauts who had participated in a 14-day flight.
We examined the following: main proprioceptive inputs of the skeletal system accor~i-
ing to thresholds of vibration sensitivity and muscles according to thresholds and
function of involvement of tendon reflexes; the spinal system and, in particular,
interlimb synergism; muscles, according to coefficient of electromyographic
efficiency ~f muscular contraction; systems of movement control according to
cyclography of locomotor acts, stabilography and use of inethods for studying
postural synergism. These studies were performed before, and on the 2d, Sth, 4th,
' 26th and 42d postflight days. ~
As a result of rhese studies, it was established that there were substantial
changes in the spinal system, manifested by increased sensitivity to muscular
afferent input and impairment of interlimb reflex interactions, which leveled off
significantly by the 5th day. There was an increase in electromyographic "cost"
of muscular exertion and reduction of maximum level of the reflex response; the
most profound disturbances were demonstrated in activity of the system;~ of
postural regulation, which persisted even on the 26th day.
Both cosmonauts presented impairment o~ function of inechanisms for ;~aintaining a
vertical position. Tremor at a frequency of 7-9 Hz, which was particularly marked
when the eyes were closed and in load-bearing positions, was recorded on the EMG
ef crural r~uscles (and the stabilogram) while holding this position; the amplitude
of the EMG was twice as high in erect position than before the flight.
Postural synergism, which provides for stability of vertical position with
changes in position of the body and with sudden perturbations (graded jarring in
the sagittal plane), was substantially impaired. The thresholds of electromyographic
responses to perturbation were low (under 4 kg, versus 6 kg before the flight); their
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amplitude and duration more than doubled; flexor and extensor muscles of the
ankle joint functioned synchronously. Before the flight, such a response was
observed only with very strong perturbations. With volsntary deflection of the
body, the postural. changes were made with a great lag (400-500 ms, versus 200-
250 ms before the flight) and duration thereof increased to 3-6 s, with c~istinct
change in coordinational structure. The dynamics of restoration of postural
synergism presented all of the elements of learning.
The intensity and duration of disturbances referable to peripheral muscles, pro-
prioceptive inputs, spinal reflex mechanisms and systems of postural regulation
were not interrelated, which warrants the assL~mption that their origins are
independent of one another, and that there are differences in mechanisms of their
development.
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MICROFLORA IN THE CREWS OF SPACE STATIONS
~ Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1~J79. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 19-20
[Article by V. i~i. Shilov, M. P. Bragina, 0. K. Borisova, S. K. Kanareykina and
T. Yu. Norkina]
jText] In view of the future increase in duration of space flights, it is parti-
cularly important to study the microflora of the organism, since under such condi-
tions there is an increased probability of infectious diseases in cosmonauts, the
source of which could be representatives of man's conditionally pathogenic micro-
f l.ora.
In this work, we submit the results of studies of automicroflora of the crews '
of Salyut-4 and Salyut-6 space stations, before and after space flights.
The results of microbiological studies on the crew involved in the second mission
aboard the Salyut-4 space station revealed that, in the course of the 63-day
space flight, there was transmission of pathogenic staphylococcus, phagotype ZA/ZS
[or 3A/3C or 3/S] from the commander to the flight engineer. However, we did not
observe adaptation of staphylococci received as a result of mutual excr~ange.
In the course of the long-term space flight (140 days), the crew of the second
mission aboard the Salyut-6 space station showed exchange of pathogenic staphylo-
cocci between the cosmonauts. One the one hand, there was transmission of patho-
genic staphylococci, phagotype ZS/55 from the flight engineer to the commander.
On the other hand, there was transmission of highly toxigenic and pathogenic sta-
phylococci, phagotype 53/83A from the commander of Soyuz-31 (during the visit of
the latter) to the flight engineer aboard Salyut-6. However, in this case too,
no adaptation was demonstrable with regard to the pathogenic staphylococci
received as a result of exchange.
~ The obtained data are indicative of a high degree of contact, in the sense of
infection, in pressurized cabins, and they could be of some epidemiological signi-
ficance in the case of long-term space flights.
A study of the biological properties of Escherichia isolated from the crew on
the second expedition aboard the Salyut-4 space station revealed a decline in
antagonistic activity of E. coli determined by extrachromosomal genetic elements--
colicinogenic factors. In view of the fact that colicinogenicity is one of the
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forms of microbial antatgonism, the obser~yed decrease in nunlber of colicinogentc
cultures of E. coli could be interpreted as weakening of the defense reaction of
the normal microbial cenosis.
There is discussion here of the practical implications of the obtained data for
validation and developtnent of ineasures directed at disease prevention aiaong
the crews of long-term space flights.
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~SICROFLORA OF THE UPPER RESPZRATORY TRACT OF CREWS ENGAGED IN LONG-TERM SPACE ~LIGHTS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 20-22
[Article by K. V. Zarubina]
[Text] With the increase in duration of space flights, there is an increased dan-
ger of onset of diseases among crew r~embers. The possible pathogens could be re-
presentatives of the automicroflora, includiiig microorganisms that populate the
mucous membrane of tt~e upper respiratory tract. We refer, first of all, to
Staphylococcus aureus, S-hemolytic Streptococcus, bacteria of the genus Klebsiella,
Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and a few others. It is imperative to make
' a detailed study of the changes in composition of human autoflora in order to
settle the question of choice of ineasures to prevent diseases durino long-term
exposure to space flight factors.
- For this purpose, we made a comparative analysis of the microflora of the upper
_ respiratory tract of the crews aboard rwo Salyut orbital stations. The species
composition of autoflora of the crew of one of these stations was represented
by nonpathogenic microorganisms inherent in these segments of mucosa before the
f:iight. The levels of microorganisms in the nose, mouth and throat did not exceed
those established for healthy p~ople. After the flight, no increase in total
number of microorganisms or changes in species composition of microflora, as
compared to preflight findings, were demonstrsted.
In contrast, the microflora of the crew engaged in one of the missions aboard
the other orbital station presented some distinctions. Thus, we periodically
found E. coli in small amounts, in the nose of one cosmonaut. The microflcra of
the upper respiratory tract of the other crew member was notable for diversity:
pathogenic staphylococci were consistently demonstrated in the nose, while
enterococci and representatives of the Enteroba.cteriaceae family (Escherichia
coli, Citrooacter) were periodically found in the mouth and throat.
The long-term space flight was characterized by adverse changes in composition
of autoflora of both cosmonauts. Already on the 37th flight da~-, there was a
drastic enlargement of a microbial focus formed by E. coli in the nose of the
first cosmonaut. There was almost a 10`'-fold increase in number of E. coli,
which constituted 97% of all microarganisms.
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Significant quantities of Proteus mirabilis and repeated appearance of patho-
_ genic staphylococci were observed in the nasal cavity of the second cosmonaut.
- Unusual (for this site) bacteria were found in the nose of both cosmonauts--a-
hemolytic and nonhemolytic streptococci. All of the above changes in species
composition can be interpreted as signs of dysbacteriosis. As we know, the .
prolonged exposure to space flight conditions lowers immunobiological reactivity
of the body. Evidently, as a result of this, marked changes in composition of
microflora were also observed during the period of readaptation to ordinary living
conditions. Expressly during this per~od they showed appearance of such microor-
ganisms as S-hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci, bacteria of the species Entero-
bacter aerogenes, repeated appearance of pathogenic staphylococci and Proteus
mirabilis. It is only by the 30th postflight day that the quantitative parameters
and species composition of autoflora showed virtually no difference from the
background findings.
Thus, prolonged space flights are not necessarily associated with changes in com-
position of microflora in crew members.
The severity of changes in composition of microflora of individuals spending time
in a spacecraft cabin is, as shown by our findings, largely related to the initial
state of automicroflora prior to the flights, in particular, apparently it is
related to presence among autoflora of microorganisms that are not inherent in a
given part of the integument.
This circumstance must be taken into consideration in medical evaluation of the
microbiological status of crew members and to settle the question of necessity
of ineasures to normalize the species composition of microflora.
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D1:STINCTIONS OF INTESTINAL DYSBACTERIOSIS IN COSMONAUTS INVOLVED IN SPACE FLTGHTS
UF DIFFERENT DURATION
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKf1YA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 22-24
[Article by N, I. Liz'ko, V. M. Shilov and G. A. Syrykh]
[Text] It is known that marked changes are observed in intestinal microecology
t~nder the influence of extreme factors, and that impairment of. composition of
intestinal microflora could have an adverse effect on the health and efficiency
of cosmonauts during space flights (V. M. Shilov, N. N. Liz'ko, 1974; M. B. Bengson,
_ 1970; R. M. Brockeffctal, 1974; C. R. Taylor, S. N. Zaloguyev, 1976). Already
during the brief flights aboard the Soyuz-12, 13, 16, 19, 25, 28, 30 and 31
spacecraft we recorded changes in intestinal microbiocenosis of cosmonauts, which
~aere characterized by a decrease in number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli,
to the extent of total disappearance, and increase in number of conditionally
pathogenic enterobacteria. For this reason, it was considered important to demon-
strate the distinctive features of dysbiotic changes in the intestine of cosmonauts
~aith increase in duration of space flights.
- A study of the microbial cenosis of the intestine of cosmonauts who participated
in missions differing in duration aboard the Salyut-4 and Salyut-6 orbital station~
revealed that the nature of changes in composition of intestinal microflora is
analogous to the changes in intestinal microecology during short-term flights.
However, unlike the latter, the changes in intestinal microflora were characterized
by stability and more marked disturbances of microbial cenosis of the intestine
of cosmonauts involved in long-term space missions. Thus, in the second crew
member of the first mi~sion aboard the Salyut-4 orbital station, the lactobacillus
content did not reach the base level, even 1 month after the mission, while boLh
cosmonauts involved in the 96-day flight presented significant disturbances in
compositi.on of intestinal microflora with development of proteus-related dys-
bacteriosis.
In view of the susceptibility of bifidobacteria to changes under extreme conditions,
as well as their important role in vital functions of the organism and significance
, of the anaerobic component to preservation of stability of the intestinal microbial
cenosis, we tried to use the product, Bifidumbacterin, for prophylaxis and normali-
zation of intestinal microflora.
Use oi this agent in ground-based experiments yielded a positive result, which
enabled us to recommend it for preflight treatment of cosmonauts.
22
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Our findings wer~ indicative of the beneficial effect of this agent on the aerobic
flora of the cosmonauts' intestine. At the same time, against the background of
intake of this agent, there were none of the changes in microbiocenosis inherent
to the preiift-off period (in the second member of the crew of Soyuz-31). In con-
trast, no bifidobacteria were demonstrable in the fi?-st cosmonaut, who did not
take this product, when tested on launching day, and there was a decline in lacto-
bacillus content. Analogous differences were demonstrated between these cosmonauts
ir. the postfZight examination.
Intake of the above agent was recommended to cosmonauts involved in the`secoi?d
mission aboard the Salyut-6 orbital station, prior to starting on the 14C-day
flight. The obtained data warrant the belief that preflight treatment had a bene-
ficial effect on the aerobic intestinal flora of both cosmonauts.
The results of these studies are indicative of the benefit of using Bifidumbacterin
for prevention and normalization of disturbances of the intestinal microbiocenosis
in cosmonauts under space flight conditions.
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CONDITIONALLY PATHOGENIC ENTEROBACTERIA AS POSSIBLE PATHOGENS OF VARIOUS INFECTIOUS
PROCESSES IN SPACECRAFT CREWS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST~ I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 24-25
[Article by N. A. Polikarpov]
[Text] At the present time, conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria are found to
play an increased role in various infectious processes in man. The distinction
of these pathogens is that they are highly resistant to antibacterial and disin-
fectant agents. It was demonstrated that infections caused by conditionally patho-
genic microorganisms most often develop as a result of weakening of ~mmunobiolo-
gical resources. In view of the fact that the factors inherent in s~ace f.light
may lead to weakening of defenses of the body and increased susceptibility to
pattiogens of infections, including representatives of automicroflora, it became
necessary to study the quantitative and species composition of conditionally patho-
genic enterobacteria in man, both in ground-based experiments and during actual
space flights. A study was undertaken of the intestinal microflora of 100 clini-
cally healthy subjects and 40 patients with various intestinal dysfunctions, in
order to interpret the obtained data and set standards for conditionally patho-
genic enterobacteria.
Ttie studies revealed that conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria are widespread
in both clinically healthy people and those with dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal
- tract. In clinically health people, the following bacteria were demonstrated the
most often: K1. pneumoniae in 45%, Citrobacter in 44%, ~nt. aerogenes in 17% and
~nt. cloacae in 11% of the cases. Bacteria of the genera Proteus, Providencia,
Ent.liquefaciens and Ps. aeruginosa were found in isolated cases. Examination of
people with dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract revealed an insignificant
increase in incidence of bacteria referable to K1. pneumoniae ~ 62.5% of the cases,
Ent. aerogenes in 20%, Citrobacter in 50% and Pr. vulgaris in 2.5%, while such
bacteria as Pr. mirabilis and Ps. aeruginosa we~ encountered 5 and 7.5 times more
often. It was determined that conditionally pathogenic bacteria were present in
most clinically healthy people (72.3% of those examined) in amounts of 1�103-1�104
bacteria per gram intestinal contents; in 17.7% there were 1�105 and in 10%--
1�106; in the presence of dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract, most condi-
tionally pathogenic bacteria were demonstrable in amounts of 1�105-1�108 bacteria
(in 71% of those examined). It was demonstrated that such conditionally pathogenic
enterobacteria as Kl. pneumoniae, Citrobacter, Ent. aerogenes and Ent. cloacae
24
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may be present in clinically healthy individuals in amounts o~ 1�102 Co '1�10~ bac-
teria without clinical manifestions. However, when bacterial content of the
intestine increases to 1�10~-1�108, dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract were
observed. The obtained data give us grounds to consider the norm to be bot11
absence of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria in the human intestine, or
presence thereof in quantites not exceeding 1�106 bacteria per gram intestinal
contents. The studies revealed that subjects submitted to more difficult living
conditions in pressurized chambers, as well as long-term hypokinesia, presented a
significant increase in number of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria, and in
a number of cases this was associated with intestinal dysfunctions.
Analogous, but less marked changes were found in a study of microflora of
the intestine of spacecraft crews, with regard to conditionally pathogenic entero-
bacteria.
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_ STUDY OF ANTIVIRAL IMMUNITY OF THE CREW OF THE SALYUT-6 SPACE STAT:ION
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA S-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 26-27
jArticle by L. L. Fadeyeva, E. V, Khaletskaya, 0. V. Nikolayeva, A. Yu. Selezneva
and S. I. Pal'mina]
[Text] Studies were made of the distinctions of antiviral immunity: titer of anti-
viral antibodies and blood serum interferon level in cosmonauts; ~ests were also
made for isolation of viruses.
In this study, the following were used: blood serum, washings and smears from the
throat and nasal mucosa, urine, feces collected from cosmonauts at different
stages of a space mission (before flight) and on the first day after landing. Blood
serum was tested for antiviral antibodies with 12 viral antigens (measles,influenza A
and B, types l, 2 and 3 parainfluenza, types 1, 2 and 3 enteroviruses-polioviruses,
adeniviruses and smallpox) in such serological reactions as the neutralization
reaction (NR), complement fixation reaction (CFR) and agglutination inhibition
- (RAI) .
No major deviations were demonstrated in blood serum samples taken before and after
CIiE uliSSi(;Tl� ~~l !'a~.el~i.~:~ ~hc titers Ji ~lilLtvi.TF3i antiboclie5 Stc1y?u ?L c~nP ICVi'_i~
or else fluctuated within the range of one dilution, showing a tendency toward
decline. We obseraed high titers of antibodies to influenza A and B viruses,
which was related to intensive circulation of these viruses at that period. Analo-
gous titers were observed in the cosmonauts' blood serum of antibodies to type 2
par3influenza virus and adenoviruses. With regard to other viral antigens
(measles, smallpox, enteroviruses), the titers of antiviral antibodies remained
at the same level before and after the space mission.
Interferon level was determined in samples of blood serum, smears and washings
from the mucosa of the throat and nose, and urine. The conventional method of
assaying interferon in human body fluids was used to treat blood serum and washings,
for dialysis of urine and subsequent titration. Interferon was titrated according
to depression of cytopathic action of a test virus (Indiana strain of vesicular
stomatitis virus) on HEF [human embryonic fibroblast] culture. The reciprocal
of maximum dilution inducing a delay in cytopathic action in 50% of the cultures
(in IU50~m~, [IU--immunizing unit]) was taken as the interferon titer. In all of
the blood serum samples we tested, interferon titers did not exceed 128 IUso~mk,,
but most often were in the range of 16-23 IUSo~mQ. No interferon was demonstrable
in either the throat or nasal mucosa, or in urine.
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Virus was isolated from samples of throat and nose washings in 10-day ch~ck 'embryos,
as well as HEIA, HEP, KH cell tissue cultures, chick embryo fibroblasts and primary
cells of HEF. Virus from samples of feces was isolated on suckling mice. Samples
of washings and smears of the nasal and throat mucosa in cell culture underwent
4 passages each, and in 10-day chick embryos and suckling mice 2-3 passages. Virus
was not isolated in any instance.
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BTOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LACTOBACILLI ISOLATED FROM COSMONAUTS BEFORE AND Ak'TER
SPACE FLIGHTS
yioscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA, VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 27-28
(Article by A. A. Lentsner, Kh. P. Lentsner, M. E. Mikel'saar, M. E. Tyuri,
M. A. Toom and M. E. Vyal'yaots]
[Te:ct] Changes have been described, in the course of experiments in chambers
and spacecraft mockups, in biolog y of such representatives of the human micro-
flora as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. In
particular, a decline was found in antagonistic activity of E. coli (V. M. Shilov,
1975}. However, there are no data in the literature concerning studies of biology
of lactobacilli in the course of space flights. Yet these microorganisms play a
rather substantial role in protective properties of the human microflora.
In this report, we submit the results of studies of physialogical, biochemical
and antagonistic properties, lysozyme activity and sensit-ivity to antibiotics of
lactobacilli a.solated from the saliva and feces of five cosmonauts before and
after completing three space experiments: 8-day flight aboard the Soyuz-13 space-
craft, 30- and 63-day flights aboard the Salyut-4 orbital station. Tn all, 593
strains of lactobacilli were studied, 199 from saliva and 394 from feces.
Physiological and biochemical properties were studied by means of 16 tests; anta-
gonistic properties were determined in relation to E. coli, Newcastle~s dysentery
bacillus, staphylococcus and streptococcus; lysozyme activity was demonstrated
- by the method of agar plates on solid nutrient medium containing an autoclaved
suspension of micrococcus; paper disks with 19 agents were used to test sensitivity
to antibiotics.
As shown by the findings, the conditions involved, even in the 63-day flight aboard
Salyut-~+ did not elicit any particular changes in biological properties of lacto-
baciili. In particular, there was essentially no change in antagonistic activity
of lactobacilli, their sensitivity to antibiotics and capacity of Lactobacillus
fermentum to produce lysoz~me. Thus, the biological properties of lactobacilli,
at least within the range of the traits studied, remained stable in the digestive
tract of participants in three space flights varying in duration.
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_ HORMONAL STATUS OF COSMONAUTS AFTER FLTGHT ABOARD THE SALYUT-6 ORBITAL STATION
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSiNE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' i in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 28-29
[Article by R. A. Tigranyan, N. F. Kalita, E. A. PavloVa, V. M. Tvanov and
B. V. Afonin]'
[Text] The state of the cosmonauts' endocrine sysr_em was evaluated according to
levels of several hormonal compounds in blood and urine assayed before and after
_ the flight.
We assayed levels of the follow~.ng in blood: insulin, thyrotropic hormone (TTH),
thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), testosterone, aldosterone, cyclic AMP (cAMP),
prostaglandins (PG) A+ E, F1-a, F2-a, plasma renin activity, and we determined
the coefficient of effective thyroxine (CET) and thyroxine-binding capacity of
globulins (TBG). In addition, we assayed excretion in urine of t~tal 17-hydroxy-
corticosteroids (17-HCC) and fractions thereof (free, glucuronides, sulfates), 17-
ketosteroids (17-KS) and aldosterone. The radioimmune method was used to assay
1
levels of hormonal and biologically active compounds in blood and aldosterone in
urine; total 17-HCC and fractions thereof were assayed in the reaction with
phenylhydrazine and 17-KS in the reaction with metadinitrobenzene.
A comparison if the results of preflight and postflight tests revealed several
changes, the most important of which are as follows.
The insulin level, which was above nornal before the flight in Yu. V. Romanenko,
rose significantly on the lst and 7th postflight days in both cosmonauts, exceed-
ing the normal range; however, it normalized by the 32d day. In both cosmonauts,
there was an appreciable drop of blood testosterone level 1 day after landing,
and it was close to the preflight value on the 7th day of the postflight period.
It must be noted that plasma renin activity exceeded normal levels in both cosmo-
nauts in the preflight period, then dropped appreciably right after landing; aldo-
sterone excretion in urine increased appreciably in both cosmonauts, as compared
to the preflight level. The dynamics of changes in parameters characterizing
functional activity of the thyroid (TTH, T3, Ty, CET and TBG), as well as cAMP
level in blood of both crew members, were in different directions, and they de-
_ pended on the initial levels of these compounds before the flight. The PG
pressor group (F1-a and F2-a) levels in both cosmonauts demonstrated before the
flight are of some interest: they exceeded the conventional norm, while the
A+ E PG were below normal levels at this time; in the readaptation period,
29
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the dynamics of changes in PG were in different directions in the two cosu~onauts.
The high level of excretion in urine of total 17-HCC, both before and after the
space flight, starting on the first postlanding day, with concurrent increase
in percentage of free 17-HCC and decrease of glucuronides in urine, ~ohich is
indicative of prevalence of processes of 17-HCC secretion over inactivation thereof,
showed that there was a marked state of stress in adrenocortical function. In the
postflight period, there was decreased excretion of 17-KS in urine in both cosmonauts.
The obtained data indicate that the 96-day space flight was associated with some
change in hormonal status of the cosmonauts, and it was the most marked on the
first 7 days after the space mission, which is probably directed toward maintaining
homeostasis during the period of readaptation to earth's gravity.
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BASIC PROBLEMS OF MAN'S ADAPTATION TO SPACE FLIGHT CONDITIONS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSTYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) p 30
[Article by A. V. Yeremin and N. Kh. Yeshanov]
[Text] Man's adaptation to space flight factors takes place in accordance with
the theses of adaptation theory.
Weightlessness is the most difficult and least studied problem. In principle,
the weightlessness factor is not new to man. As man moves, he can alter the magni-
tude and direction of gravity to which he is exposed over a wide range. For
systems that provide for a vertical position, the horizontal position is virtually
tantamount to weightlessness.
The absence of customary afferentation in weightlessness is not an effective de-
terrent to the stereotype reaction to a pseudovertical position. Following the
biorhythm and being psychologically reinforced, the functional complex "works"
on the vertical position which actually does not exist. This determines the
severity of symptoms related to displacement of fluids during the first days of
a space flight.
The adjustment made in the function of systems in the course of adaptation to
weightlessness inevitably leads to undesirable changes, which can be predicted and
prevented.
There are no units to measure the process and state of adaptation, so that evalu-
ation of intensity and depth of adaptation can only be relative. According to
these parameters, adaptation to weightlessness (taking into consideration the pre-
ventive measures in current use) is similar to adaptation to moderately high
altitudes or the north.
With some degree of caution, it can be assumed that, in the absence of other
obstacles that may be manifested during a long-term space flight, weightlessness
is not an insurmountable barrier to development of cosmonautics.
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EFFECTS OF WEIGHTLESSNESS AND EARTH-BASED SIr1ULATION THER$OF ON HFMpGLOBIN SYNTHESIS
iN MAN
rioscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 31-32
[Article by I. S. Balakhovskiy, R. K. Kiselev and V. I. Legen~kov]
[Te;ct] The metabolic changes observed following space flights are mostly nonspecific,
moderate and not always consistent. Only some of them, in particular, reducti.on of
hemoglobin mass, were demonstrated in all examined cosmonauts who had particip;.ted
in flights lasting more than 2 weeks.
Using the carbon monoxide method, which was specially developed for this purpose,
a study was made of hemoglobin mass of crew members who had participated in
flights aboard Salyut-3, 4, S and 6 orbital stations of different duration, before
and at different times after the flights. By the end of the flights, there was a
decrease in hemoglobin mass, which was usually below 350 g/m2. Interestingly
enough, a reduction in hemoglobin mass occurred only during the first 2 months of
flight, after which the level stabilized and it was about the same, both after the
49- and 96-day flights, decreasing by about 25-35%, as compared to base values,
and the decrease constituted 16% in both crew members after the 140-day flight.
The concentration of hemoglobin, erythrocyte count and hematocrit showed little
change immediately after landing, as compared to preflight data, but they de-
clined during the first 2 weeks, then gradually increased, returning to base
values by the 45th-60th days. Reticulocyte content immediately after the flights
was significantly lower than base values in most cases, it was also low during
the flight, then increased and continued to remain several times higher than before
the tlight for a month or more.
It was possible to reproduce similar hemopoietic changes in man on earth, with
the use of. antiorthostatic hypokinesia. ?vlodel experiments enabled us to study the
dynamics of hemoglobin concentration and reticulocyte count at the early stage
of hypokinesia. For the first day of hypokinesia, peripheral blood hemoglobin
concentration increased significantly, reaching 16-19g%. Concurrently, by the 3d-
4th day, there was a distinct decrease in reticulocyte content of peripheral blood.
The decrease in hemoglobin mass is the metabolic change that is the most specific
to space flights demonstrable up to this time.
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AUDITORY FUNCTION OF MAN IN THE PRESENCE OF TRANSVERSE ACCELERATIONS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI ySESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMiCHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA S-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 32-33
[Article by V. Ye. Grishanov]
[Text] Experimental studies of piloting a flying vehicle by means of audio equip-
ment in the presence of transverse accelerations revealed that it is feasible on
a rather satisfactory level (A. S. Barer, A. S. Yeliseyev, V. Ye. Panfilov, S. A.
Rodin, 1968).
The increased role.o~ audio instruments [indicators], as one of the most important
channels of information for the pilot, makes it necessary to study man's auditory
function during exposure to various flight factors. This study was conducted in
order to examine man's hearing sensitivity during exposure to transverse accelera-
tions of 4 to 14 G.
The following parameters of hearing were tested: tonal thresholds of auditory sensi-
tivity ~or air and bone conduction, differential thresholds of hearing for volume
(VS) and pitch (PS) of sounds.
The results of these studies revealed that accelerations of 4 and 6 G have virtu-
ally no effect on threshold of auditory sensitivity for air conduction. Starting
with 8 G, there is a reliable increase in tonal thresholds of sensitivity for air
conduction, by 4-5 dB. Acceleration of 10 G increased the tonal thresholds by
8-9 dB, and with 12G the increase in tonal thresholds constituted a mean of 14-
15 dB. Maximum decline of auditory sensitivity, which was noted with acceleration
of 14 G, constituted a mean of 20 dB. At low frequencies, the decline was at a
maximum, reaching 25 dB.
Testing of auditory sensitivity for bone conduction revealed that a reliable
increase in tonal thresholds of hearing was recorded with accelerations of 12 and
14 G, constituting a mean of 7-10 dB. This increase was uniform over the entire
tone scale.
As shown by the results of testing differential thresholds for VS, a reliable
increase was observed only with acceleration of 8 G. Maximum increase of VS
was noted at 14 G, and it constituted a mean of 2.5 dB for carrier frequency of
1000 Hz and 3.6 dB for 500 Hz. With regard to studies of the differential
threshold for PS, it must be noted that a reliable increase of PS was noted only
33
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with acceleration of 10 G. At 15 G, the mean increase in PS ccnstituted 3.8%
with carrier frequency of 1000 Hz and 3.3% at S00 Hz.
Thus, on the basis of these studies, we can refer to deterioration of auditory
' sensitivity of man in the presence of high levels of transverse accelerations.
Analysis of the experimental data warrants the belief that the demonstrated
~ functional changes in the auditory analyzer occur as a result of combined damage
= to both the sound-conducting system of the ear and its sound-receiving part.
34
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STUDY OF DYNAMICS OF BLOOD AND LYMPH CIRCULATION IN MAN BY STIMULATION METHODS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 33-35
[Article by V. N. Krut'ko, I. V. Arsent'yeva and V. G. Shabel'nikov]
[Text] Simulating modeling is one of the effective means for analysis and predic-
tion of man's state in extreme situations. One of the variants of the models of
circulation that we developed enables us to simulate hemodynamic processes in
a hemodynamic circuit, including components of arteries of systemic and pulmonary
circulation, veins in the systemic circulation, right atrium, veins in the pul-
monary circulation and left atr.iu:a. In this model, peripheral resistanr_e and
blood flow are divided into three parts: renal, muscular, "not renal, not muscular."
This circut is controlled by the unit for aut~nomous nervous regulation according
- to arterial pressure level, P02 in tissues, effectiveness of delivery of blood to
the central nervous system and intensity of exercise. The model has hydroc3ynamic
circuits for regulation of cardiac output and vascular resistance. This model
enables us to study e�fects on the functional state of the cardiovascular system
such as, for example, the effects of increasing cardiac o~:tput in the presence
of cardiac hypertrophy or decreasing myocard'.al hypoxia, increasing vascular re-
sistence in the systemic c:irculation with increase in viscosity of blood or con-
centration of angiotensin (for arteries), the effect of varying the parameters of
the cardiovascular system itself, and others.
We studied the reactions of the cardiovascular system to acute hypervolumia and
permanent elevation of pressure in the right and left atria (a situation that
exists in the antiorthostatic test). We found that the hydrodynamic circuit
rapidly (with a time constant of less than 1 s) changes to a different stationary
mode characterized by elevation of pressure and flow indicators. It is note-
worthy that the circuit demonstrates its own intrinsic ability to maintain homeo-
stasis (for example, a permanent elevation of atrial pressure by 40 mm Hg leads to
such a compensatory hemodynamic cY~ange that pressure in the atria drops to 8:10 mm
Hg), which does not require the involvement of neural circuits of regulation, the
syster~ of f~uid-~~ectrolyte metabolism, and others.
The model we have developed can operate either independently or in a complex with
other models, which expands its capabilities substantially. For example, we
used a combined hemorespiratory model to examine two opposing hypotheses concerning
the mechanism of effects of changes in negative intrapleural pressure due to res-
~ piratory excursions on hemodynamic characteristics. According to the first
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hypothesis, intrapleural pressure has a suction effect mainly on veins passing
in the chest and according to the second hypothesis, on the atria. A comparison
of the modeling results to experi.mental data revealed that the first hypoth:sis
offers a good explanation of the effect of respiration on hem~dynamics in the
systemic circulation, whereas the second is acceptdble for explanation of processes
occurring in the pulmonary circulation.
The model of lymph circulation that we developed enables us to simulate processes
of circulation of various components of blood (in particular, lymphoid elements and
plasma) through bod;� tissues and the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is
represented by an aggregatP of chains of lymph nodes of different length and a
spleen compartment. Lymph goes into each node from the preceding node, if there
is one, from the segment of tissue drained by this lymph node and from blood
vessels traveling to the nodP, In addition, there are sources of the circulating
component in this model, in lymph nodes and the spleen, which enable us to
include processes of reproduction and destruction of lymphocytes in the study.
In addition to processes of redistribution of components of the immune reaction
under normal and exti~eme conditions, the madel permits investigation of the dy-
iiamic effects of deposition of fluid and constituents of blood in the iciterstitial
space and lymphatic system.
Thus, use of the model to study the concentration of recirculating lymphocytes in
human blood as a function of rate of passage of lymphocytes through the compart-
ments ot tissue, lymph nodes and spleen revealed that, when the mean time of. re-
t`ntion of lymphocytes in these compartments is changed from 1 to 7 h, the share of
recirculating lymphocytes present in blood ctianges accordingly, from 0.7 to 0.3.
:~rnaps tne above-described eirect may be relevant to the phenomenon observed in
some cosmonauts [middle of sentence omitted in source] in the blood
stream.
36
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SOME RESULTS OF STUDYING THE HiTMAN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DURING ORTHOSTATIC
TEST USING SIMULATiON MODELING
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 35-37
jArticle by V. V. Verigo, A. D. Voskresenskiy and I. V. Arsent'yeva]
[Text] A mathematical model was developed of the human cardiovascular system and
regulation thereof in order to simulate transient react~ons during the orthostatic
test and analysis thereof. The model describes pulsating blood flow, dynamics of
changes in intravascular pressure and volume in 34 parts of the cardiovascular
system within the cardiac cycle. The vascular network was viewed as a system with
concentrated parameters, consisting of 30 segments corresponding to arterial sub-
systems, venous subsystems, arterial and venous capillaries. Resistive and capa-
citive properties of vessels, inertial properties of blood, as well as functions
of venous valves were taken into consideration. Pumping activity of the heart was
described in a four-chamber model by changing in time the specific elasticity
of chamber walls.
Hypotheses were expounded on regulation of the cardiovascular system, which ex-
plain regulation of heart rate, peripheral resistance, as well as venous tonus and
other regulatory parameters.
The model permits testing various hypotheses concerning regulation of the cardio-
vascular system. In particular, studies were made of transient reactions of the
cardiovascular system during the orthostatic test, with a system for the control
of factors directed at maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. The factors were
activated proportionately to de.viation of arterial pressure from the specified
level. It was assumed that there are baroreceptor reflexes from the carotid sinus
_ and aortic arch. Under such conditions, normal circulation of blood was provided
by an increase in activity of the sympathetic nervous system and related in-
crease in heart rate, vasoconstriction of elements in the arterial and venous
subsystems.
A study of the model revealed that a transient process and ultimate result may
differ substantially, depending on the values of different parameters of the
vascular system. It was shown that the characteristics of specific elasticity
and capacitive properties of vessels exert the main influence on the course of
a transient process.
37
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Evaluation was made of the time of moving to vertical position on the nature of
the transient process in the cardiovascular system and contribution of various
elements of nervous regulation to maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis.
In particular, it was shown that, with instantaneous change to vertical position,
the most significant changes in the cardiovascular system develop by the end of
10 s: the heart rate increased from 75 to 85/min, pulse pressure dropped from
37 mm Hg to 21 mm Hg, minute volume of circulation diminished from 6 k/min to
3.9 !t/min. After removal of regulation of resistance of resistive vessels, the
HR rose to 89/mean, ~ulse pressure showed virtually no change and stroke volume
decreased from 80 m1L to 39 mQ. Minute volume dropped to 3.47 Q/min. Inclusion
of regulation of the heart rate had virtually no effect on pulse pressure
~r minute volume. Thus, the model's predictions conformed well with the known
physiological data concerning hemodynamic changes during orthostatic tests.
It was demonstrated that this simulation model of the cardiovascular system can
be used effectively for the study of functional reactions to gravity factors.
38
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BIOMECHANICS OF DISTRIBUTION OF VENTILATION-PERFUSiON RATIOS IN THE HUMAN LUNGS
UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF GRAVITY AND INERTIAL FORCES
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 37-38
[Article by A. M. Genin, A. I. D'yachenko and V. G. Shabel'nikov]
[Text] In studies of the effects of gravity on the human cardiovascular system,
attention is usually focused on hydrostatic effects in the systemic circulation.
At the same time, gravity has a substantial influence on pulmonary circulation,
and the significance of this effect to man's general reactions to weightlessness
and accelerations is far from clear.
Our objective was to study by methods of mathematical modeling the biomechanics
of pulmonary circulation and lung parenchyma in order to provide a quantitative
description of the changes in spatial distribution of ventilation-perfusion
relations in the human lung under the influence of gravity and inertial forces
differing in magnitude and direction.
In the proposed mathematical model, the gravitational distribution F ventilation
and blood flow in the lungs takes into consideration, unlike the m~ 'els known
in the literature, the interdependence of these distributions, disti?lctions of
anatomical structure of pulmonary circulation and nonlinear mechanical character-
istics of the lungs. The influence of gravity on distribution of ventilation in
the lungs is described with a"liquid-like" model of pulmonary parenchyma, based
on the following assumptions: 1) lung tissue filled with air is similar to
homogeneous fluid of the same density; 2) the density of pulmonary parenchyma is
a function of degree of filling of vessels traversing it and degree of distention
of parenchyma; 3) the degree of distention of parenchyma is a function of one
scalar variable--transpulmonary pressure, which equals the difference between
alveolar pressure and pleural pressure at a given level of the lungs. This func-
tion for any segment of parenchyma coincides with the "volume-pressure" curve
for the lung as a whole.
A model of stationary flow in an elastic vascular bed with correct dichotomous
branching was proposed to describe the distribution of pulmonary blood flow. The
morph metric model of the vascular bed was constructed on the basis of data in the
literature. The hydrodynamic part of the model takes into consideration the
signif icant contribution of "collapsed" pulmonary capillaries and venous vessels
to total resistance of the lungs' vascular bed, as well as vascular resistance as
a nonlinear function of transmural pressure.
39
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The distributional indexes of ventilation and blood flow, calculated with the model,
increase while ventilation--perfusion ratio decreases in the direct~on of the
vector of exogenous forces acting on tfie lungs; tlie estimated curves conform
quantitatively with published data. it was demonstrated that, even within the
third zone of West, there is an appreciable irregularity of the ventilation-
perfusion ratio, while irxegularity of vascular filling increases irregularity
of ventilation by 20%.
� The developed model was also used to anal,yze hypotheses concerning the effects
of potential consequei~ces of man's long-term exposure to weightlessness, i,ncluding
increase in elasticity of vessels, decrease in circulat.ing blood volume and other
. chanbes in the cardiovascular system, on the nature of distribution of ventilation
c~nd bload flow in the lungs after returning to earth. In particular, increased
elasticity [extensibility] of vessels should lead to a significant increase in
irregularity of per�usion and ventilation-perfusion ratio.
40
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STUDIES OF SKELETAL MUSCLES AND MOTOR FUNCTION IN HYPOKINET~C ANTMALS f~ND MAN
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST~ I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 39-40
[Article by A. S. Rakhmanov, V. S. Oganov, V. G. Kozlova and V. S. Magedov]
[Text] Analysis of the literature, as well as our studies, warrants the belief
that changes in movements of animals and man after a space flight or prolonged
- hypokinesia are largely related to functional atrophy of skeletal muscles,
mainly the antigravity ones. A complex method was developed for examining loco-
motion of dogs, which combines a dynamomyographic method developed in our labo-
ratory (V. S. Gurfinkel', V. S. Oganov, 1972; V. S. Oganov et al., 1975) with cer-
tain traditional neurophysiological and biomechanical procedures, to test this
*_hesis experimentally.
We recorded the exertion and electromyogram of the gastrocnemius and soleus
while walking and running on a treadmill in chronic experiments on dogs using an
implanted sensor and electrodes. Podogram and goniogram sensors were used for
concurrent recording of temporary and time-space characteristics of locomotion.
A model of restricted mobility in a special immobilization system was used to
study the effects of relative inactivity of the skeletomuscular system on bio-
mechanics of muscular contraction and locomotion. Analysis of objective data
revealed that thera was a decline of muscular functional state, as manifested
by increased production of electricity by the muscle in standard motur tests
and, consequently, diminished electroIDech,~nical efficiency of muscles (EMEM).
The obtianed data enabled us to establish a correlation between change in mus-
cular function and certain manifestations of disorganized movement. For example,
there is every reason to assume that such changes in biomechanics of movement as
increase in amplitude and speed of flexion in the ankle joint in animal loco-
motion after restriction of movement is essentially the consequence of
diminished exertion developed by the gastrocnemius.. At the same time, some of
the changes in kinematic characteristics of limb movement are apparently secon-
dary, and they are interpreted as manifestations of compensatory reactions of
the central nervous system, which are directed toward maintaining the set
speed of locomotion.
A method was developed for functional determination of the state of human skeletal
muscles under dynamic conditions--the Myotest--on the basis of the above-described
41
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experimental model and testing of such new criteria as EMEM. We used the para-
meter of electromechanical efficiency of muscles (reciprocal of ratio of integrated
electromyogram to force impulse in the active phase of a test movement performed
under standard conditions with a load in the range of 5-15% of the maximum
possible exertion) was used for quantitative evaluation of the functional state
of muscles.
Clinical trials of this method (49-day experiment on 9 subjects, 182-day experiment
on 18 ~ubjects) revealed a significant decrease in electromechanical efficiency of
the tested muscles in the course of the experiments. In the group where the
usual preventive measures applied, the function of the gastrocnemius was essentially
intact throughout the experiment, according to EMEM, and this was apparently indi-
cative of the correct choice of preventive measures.
The described method and criteria can be recommended for evaluation and prediction
of the state of skeletal muscles during long-term space flights, as well as to
assess the efficacy of preventive measures for the purpose of operational correc-
tion thereof.
42
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EXCRETION OF CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES IN URINE UNDER CONDITIONS OF ALTERED GRAVITY
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 40-42
[Article by L. B� Buravkova]
[Text] It ~s known that changes in gravity (accelerations, weightlessness) elicit
appreciable hormonal changes in man and animals, which are instrumental in adap-
tation to altered environmental conditions. At the present time the thesis is
considered validated that the effects of a number of hormones and neurohormones
on the cell are mediated by the system of cyclic nucleotides. Changes in levels of
cyclic adenosine-3',S'-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophos-
phate (cGMP) in tissues are reflected in concentration thereof in plasma and ex-
cretion in urine. For this reason, a study of the levels of these nucleotides in
biological fluids could furnish information about the correlation between different
hormonal systems with exposure to such factors.
There are virtually no data in the literature about the metabolism of cyclic nuc-
leotides with altered gravity. Our ob~ective was to examine daily excretion of
cAMP and cGMP in urine with exposure to accelerations, prolonged immersion in
water and use of preventive factors against the background of immersion.
Experiments were conducted on four subjects (healthy males 25-35 years of age)
who were submitted to i~ersion in water--the method of "dry" submersion developed
by Ye. B. Shul'zhenko (1974). During immersion, with the exception of the first
7 days, various conditioning factors were used in a specific order: divided "doses"
of accelerations of 0.8-1.6 units in the head-leg direction on the 8th to 14th
days; pedaling on bicycle ergometer on the 15th-21st days; combination of divided
doses of accelerations and pedaling on the 22d-28th days. Before and after
immersion in water, as well as at the end of each cycle of preventive measures,
the subjects were exposed to acceleration of 3 units in the head-leg direction for
S min. Cyclic nucleotides in urine were assayed by the method of competitive
protein binding using the sets of the Amersham Company (England).
As shown by the experiments, background levels of excretion of cAMP and cGMP con-
stituted 3.2t0.3 umole/day and 0.53�0.18 umole/day, respectively. Accelerations
, of 3 units in the background period, after a week of "pure" immersion, as well as
after use of preventive measures against the background of immersion in water,
elicited a significant increase in excretion of both nucleotides, by 1.7 times for
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cAMP and 1.4 times ~or cGMP. This increase is pexhaps reJ,ated to the s~g~i~icant
release of catecholamines into blood.
The first day of immersion led to a 40% decrease in excretion of cAMP and 45% in-
crease in excretion of cGMP, followed by phasic fluctuations in excretion of
these nucleotides during the 7 days of "pure" immersion. Exposure to divided doses
of accelerations daily against the background of immersion elicited a noticeable
increase in daily excretion of cAMP, particuarly on the 2d-4th day of such ex-
posure, while elevation of cGI~ in urine was not as significant. Use of exercise
against the background of immersion also led to an increase in cAMP in urine
on the 2d-3d day, and excretion of cGMP was higher than under the influence of
accelerations. The combination of accelerations and exercise during immersion
in water elicited a stable increase in daily excretion of both cyclic nucleotides
in urine th ro~ghout the week of such treatment.
Thus, the obtained results show that immersion in water, combined with conditioning
factors, leads to activation of the hormonal system, with prevalence of the
adrenergic element, as a result of which there is an increase in excretion of
cyclic nucleotides, particularly cAMP.
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HORMONAL REGULATION OF FLUID-ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM OF MAN DURING LONG-TERM
HYPOKINESIA
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAY9 MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' T in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 42-44
(Article by A. I. Grigor'yev, B. R. Dorokhova, G. I. Kozyrevskaya, B. V. Morukov,
V. B. Noskov, I. S. Skukina, A. S. Ametov and G. S. Arzamazov]
[TextJ Our objective was to study hormonal regulation of fluid-electrolyte meta-
bolism in a healthy man during 182 days of antiorthostatic (-4.5�[tilt of head end
of bed]) hypokinesia (AOH). For this purpose, we studied the activity of aldo-
sterone, insulin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in blood serum using standard test
kits--Aldok-3H, Tnsik-125I, PTH-125I of the Sea-ire-Sorin Firm (France).
It was established that the subjects presented increased sodium excretion during
- 30-40 days of AOH. On the 26th day and more so on the 46th and 86th days of AOH,
there was an increase in aldosterone activity in blood, which was most likely the
consequence of a negative sodium balance. During tihe second half of the experi-
ment, sodium excretion diminished substantially, and in a number of cases it was
below the base level. This could have been caused not only by increase in activity
of mineralocorticoids. However, in view of the fact that there was no change
in glomerular filtration or sodium concentration in blood serum and, consequently,
in its filtration charge during AOH, the decrease in sodium excretion could have
been attributable only to increased reabsorption thereof in the renal tubules under
the influence of increased aldosterone activity and sensitivity to it of renal cells.
In addition to increased sodium excretion at the first stage of AOH, the subjects
also presented increased elimination of potassium. It is important that a negative
potassium balance was already observed during the first 30 days of AOH and remained
high for over 90 days. Evidently, the increase in activity of mineralocorticoids
was one of the causes of increased excretion of potassium. However, a negative
_ potassium balance could have an adverse effec~ on *_he function of a number of sys-
tems. For this reason, upon reaching a certain level of negative potassium balance,
there is activation of hormonal systems that normalize it. Insulin is one of these
hormones, and it increases potassium transport to c211s. Its activity increased
in the second half of the experiment, and on the 131st day of AOH it was more than
3 times higher than the base level. The subsequent decrease in potassium excretion
can be attributed to this with some share of certainty.
During AOH, there was also an increase in ionized calcium and, after 86 days, of
total calcium in blood serum. There was an increase in excretion of calcium in
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urine, whicti reached highest levels on the 30th-40th days of AOH. The increase in
ionized calcium fraction in blood serum was the result of almost 2-fold increase
in PTH activity during the experiment, which caused resorption of bone tissue
and increased passage of calcium ions into blood.
On the 2d day of the recovery period, there was high activity of aldosterone and in-
sulin, and apparently as a result of this there was marked decrease in excretion of
sodium and potassium. Because of the decrease in blood serum PTH content, there
was a decrease in concentration of total and ionized fraction of calcium, while
the complex correlations between this hormone and thyrocalcitonin caused a decrease
in excretion of calcium in urine.
Ti1us, these studies enabled us to demonstrate a correlation between changes in acti-
vity of aldosterone, insulin and PTH, on the one hand, and changes in fluid-
electrolyte metabolism, which occur during prolonged AOH, on the other. It was es-
tablished that the reaction of the kidneys, tested during prolonged AOH, and
change to orthostatic position were consistent with the activity of the tested
hormones and directed toward maintaining fluid-electrolyte homeostasis.
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- - - - . . _
ROLE OF VOLUME NATRIURETIC REFLEX IN CHANGING RENAL EXCRETION OF FLUID AND
ELECTROLYTES WITH GROUND-BASED SIMULATION OF WEIGHTLESSNESS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOS~iICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 44-45
[Article by Yu. I. Ivanov]
[Text] Renal excretion of fluid and electrolytes under normal conditions, as well
as after the effects on the legs of an inflatable anti-G suit, during breathing
at negative pressure, i.e., with resistance to inspiration (breathing through a
filtering gas mask), dry immersion (submersion in water) and with change from
orthostatic to clinostatic position, was studied in men and women 19-30 years of
age. Concurrently, analogous parameters were examined in a group of essentially
healthy individuals before and after increasing the volume of extracellular fluid
by intravenous injection of isotonic NaCl solution in an amount of 2% of body
mass. The fluid was infused for 40-60 min.
In all studies simulating weightlessness under ground-based conditions, as well
as with injection of fluid, we observed about the same increase in urination and
excretion of sodium and potassium. In this case, the increased diuresis and
natriuresis resulted from decreased tubular reabsorption of fluid and sodium. Glo-
merular filtration, determined according to endogenous creatinine, underwent in-
signif icant change in all series of tests.
Our study of natriuretic activity of blood plasma, which is an indirect indicator
of natriuretic factor level in it, by a method developed in our laboratory (Yu. I.
Ivanov, 1976) revealed that in the experiments with compression of the limbs
with an inflatable anti-G suit, as well as with infusion of fluid in the vein,
there was virtually the same elevation thereof, which indicates that there is
virtually identical increase in natriuretic factor of blood plasma under these
conditions after stimulation of volume receptors by different methods.
The results indicate that one can use various procedures, wtiich lead tq re~listr~,R
bution of blood and increased volume thereof in thoracic vessels, in order to
stimulate volume receptors for studies of volume regulation, rather than infuse
large amounts of fluid, which is not always possible.
47
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~~1AN'S BODY TEMPERATURE DURING EXERCISE FOLLOWING BRIEF BED REST
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA K.ONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 45-46
[Article b y S. V. RodchenkovJ
[Text] It is a distinction of space flights that cosmonauts exercise against a
background of hypodynamia. We know from the works of a number of authors (A. Ya.
Tizul, 1973; M. Yu. Volkov, L. D. Molchanova, 1977) that bed rest and immersion
in water, which are used to simulate weightlessness, elicit a stable drop of
body temperature by 0.2-0.4�C. We cannot rule out the possibility that this also
occurs during real weightlessness.
However, there is no information in the literature concerning the effect of base
temperature at rest on the temperature reaction of the body to subsequent exercise.
On the basis of the foregoing, our objective was to investigate man's body tempera-
ture during graded exercise following brief bed rest, which induced a drop of
deep body temperature.
A total of six young men participated in the studies, in whom we measured rectal
temperature (using a thermocouple and automatic recording unit), 02 uptake, pul-
monary ventilation, heart rate and a few other parameters. The subjects exercised
on a bicycle ergometer, the loads constituting 30 and 50% of maximum oxygen uptake
(MOU) after 1 h of bed rest (a total of 24 studies). The same number of tests on
the same subjects, without bed rest preceding exercise, served as a control. MOU
was determined by the indirect method with the nomogram of I. Astrand (1960).
One-hour best rest elicited a drop of rectal temperature (with stabilization at
the level it reached) from 37.1�0.05 to 36.7t0.07�C, 02 uptake from 0.34�0.02 to
0.26�0.02 Q/min (STPD), pulmonary ventilation from 8.5�0.8 to 5.7�0.3 Q/min (BTPS)
and heart rate from 74�3 to 57�2/min (p/0.05).
Subsequent exercise on the bicycle ergometer for 50-70 min at air temperature of
about 20�C elicited an increase in al.l measured parameters proportionate to in-
tensity of exercise, with stabilization on the levels reached. The values of the
measured parameters during exercise were unrelated to the ~nitial state. Thus,
with an exercise load of 30% MOU, rectal temperature was 37.5~!'0.05�C in the
tests with bed rest preceding exercise and 37.52�0.06�C in the control; OZ uptake
was 1.31�0.06 and 1.34�0.06 k/min, pulmonary ventilation 34.6�2.5 and 35.2-_*2.8 k/min,
heart rate 105�2 and 110�4/min (P>0.05). With an exercise load of 50% MOU, these
48
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parameters constituted 37.92�0.05 and 38.00�0.12�C, 1.93t0.07 and 1.81t0.09 k/min,
61.4�5.8 and 6 2.7�3.9 Q/min, 123�5 and 128�5/min, respectively (P>0.05).
Thus, it can be concluded that body temperature during exercise of a constant in-
tensity is unrelated to its base level at rest. It is the absolute level of deep
body temperature, rather than degree of temperature elevation, that is regulated
during muscular activity.
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CYTOLOGICAL STUDY OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD ERYTHROCYT~S AND LEUKOCYTES FOLLOWING BRIE'F
SPACE FLIGHTS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 46-47
[Article by G. I. Kozinets, V. P. Matviyenko, I. A. Bykova,~ Z. G. Shishkanova,
I. V. Raypolova, S. M. Dul~tsina, L. V. Borzova and 0. A. Dyagileva]
[Text] A study was made of 4 cosmonauts who had participated in an 8-day space
fiight. A cytological examination was made of peripheral blood erythrocytes and
leukocytes. The shape and superficial arch~tectonics of erythrocytes were studied
by the method of scanning electron microscopy; dry erythrocyte mass was measured
by the method of interference microscopy; the electric chargP of the erythrocyte
surface membrane was determined by the method of cell electrophoresis. The func-
tional properties of leukocytes were examined by means of cytochemical tests (ac-
tivity of alkaline phosphatase and myeloperoxidase, polysaccharide conterit by
the PAS reaction). Characteristics were obtained that reflected the main functional
properties of the cells.
The results of the studies using a scanning electron microscope revealed that a
short-term flight had no appreciable effect on the shape of erythrocytes. On the
- tirstpostflight day, the discocytes [corpuscles?J constituted 87-89%, those
with one process 1.5 to 2.0% and pectinate 3.5 to 4.5%. Dyscocytes with numerous
processes, dome-shaped, in the form of a mulberry, collapsed ball, spherocytes
totaled about S-6%, cells with degenerative changes constituted about 0.5%. These
figures corresponded to preflight levels and the physiological norms.
' Interferometric determination of dry mass of erythrocytes yielded data on per-
centile distribution of er~~throcytes as a function of dry mass. Normally, hemo-
globin makes up 95.5% of erythrocyte dry mass. On the first postflight day, the
distribution of erythrocytes was in the physiological range: 8-28% erythrocytes
with dry weight of less tY~an 30 pg, 54-72%--30 to 39 pg, 12-36% 40-49 pg and 0-4%
over SO pg. Similar figures were obtained when blood was tested 14 days after
the flight.
The study of electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes (EME) revealed an avera~e of
10% decrease in EME on the first day after landing, as compared to preflight data.
TlZese changes were probably related to the body's stress reaction. In blood
samples taken 11 days after the flight, EME conformed with physiologica]. values(1.065-
1.138 um/cm in -1/s-1).
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Cytochemical stud~es o~ activity~ o� alkaline phosphatase and myelo~eroxidase, at~d
polysaccRaride levels in granulocytes ~ailed to depaonstrate any changes. ~ome
increase in polysaccharides was noted in lymphocytes 14 days after the flight.
These studies indicate that an 8-day space flight has no appreciable influence on
mor.phofunctional properties of peripheral blood cells.
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DISTINCTIONS OF BLOOD LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM RELATED TO LIMITED MOTOR ACTIVITY
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA S-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) p 48
[Article by T. A. Kiriyenko and P. P. Chayalo]
[Text] Restriction of motor activity affects the cardiovascular system (more
frequent cardiac ischemia and atherosclerosis). A study was made of the eff ect
of restricted activity on the main parameters of lipoprotein metabolism.
Two series of experiments were conducted on control and experimental rabbits,
which were restricted in special cages, for 2 months to study catabolism of intra-
venously injected cholesterol-labeled lipoproteins of very low (VLDL) and low
(LDL) density, obtained from rabbits with alimentary hypercholesterolemia. In
addition, determination was made of the composition of the main classes of lipo-
proteins--VLDL, LDL and high density lipoproteins (HDL) isolated from the blood~
serum of rabbits by preparative ultracentrifuging, as well as the activity of
lipoprotein lipase in blood serum.
It was found that there was slower migration of the radioactive tracer from
injected VLDL into LDL and HDL in the experimenta]. animals, which corresponded
to diminished activity of blood lipoproteins. This is indicative of slower
catabolism of VLDL under hypokinetic conditions. After injection of labeled LDL
under hypokinetic conditions, there was delayed e7.imination from blood of radio-
active tracer contained in the LDL fraction. This is indicative of di~ninished
utilization of serum LDL by peripheral tissues.
In addition, there was an increase in total cholesterol, VLDL and LDL in blood
under hypodynamic conditions, as well as accumulation in them of cholesterol, tr3~
glycerides and protein.
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ADAPTIVE CHANGES IN CORTICAL NEURONS UNDER HYPOKINETIC CONDITIONS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 48-49
[Article by N. A. Levkova, N. P. Teplyakova and S. A. Kakabadze]
[TextJ A study was made of structural and cytochemical changes in pyramidal
neurons of the sensorimotor cortex of the rat's cerebral hemispheres in the course
of 30-day hypokinesia. Material from 10 control and 30 experimental animals was
processed by light, electron microscopy and cytophotometry of nucleic acids. It
was established that, by the lOth day of hypokinesia, there is a decrease in mean
volume of neurons (by 24.8~6), their nuclei, nucleoli (by 37.1 and 34.8%) and nucleo-
plasmic ratio. Mean nucleic acid content diminished to a lesser extent (by 18%),
which corresponded to demonstration of a significant number of "dark" neurons.
There were dystrophic changes in neurons and synaptic contacts with signs of
destruction. Oligoglial cells presented large heterophagosomes and lipid inclusions.
By the end of the experiment, the mean volum of a neuron was close to the control
value, while the mean volume of the nucleus increased, and as a whole this caused
an increase in nucleoplasmic ratio. There was an increase in nucleic acid content
of neurons referable to cytoplasmic RNA, which was indicated by the increase in
RNP granule content and enrichment of granular cytoplasmic network.
The obtained data 3ndicate that there is prevalence of reactive changes of a dys-
trophic nature in pyramidal neurons at the early stage of hypokinesia. Sub-
sequently there is gradual buildup of compensatory structural and metabolic
changes involved in adaptation of neurons to new functioning conditions.
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PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY AND DIURESIS AS INDICATORS OF CHANGES IN HOMEOSTASIS 0~
~LUIDS DURING SIMULATION OF SOME ELE~IENTS OF WEIGHTLESSNESS WITH ACCELERATIONS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' I in Russian
1979 (signed to press 23 Apr 79) pp 49-SO
(Article by L. I. Voronin, S. Yu. Yelizarov and N. V. UlyatovskiyJ
[Text] +GX accelerations of up to 2.5 G have been proposed to simulate the physio-
logical effects of weightlessness, with the trunk, thighs and legs in a specific
position (G. T. Beregovoy et al., 1978). With exposure to such accelerations,
many physiological reactions of the cardiovascular system are similar to the
reactions to a central volume load inherent in weightlessness and its traditional
models. In particular, there is elevation of pressure in the right atrium and
right ventricle, and increased delivery of blood to the lungs (A. A. Sergeyev,
1967).
We conducted studies on 16 healthy male volunteers 26 to 40 years old. The sub-
jects were exposed to +2.5 GX accelerations, angle of 90� with the thighs at
an angle of 95�-105� to the trunk and legs at an angle of 100-110� to the
thighs, for 60 min.
We collected urine for 3-4 h before the start of rotation and immediately after
rotation for assay of volume and mean hourly diuresis. We took b?ood from the
ulnar vein before and after exposure to accelerations to assay plasma renin
activity (PRA). Before rotation on the centrifuge, blood samples were taken
- after spending 10-15 min in horizontal position. Blood samples were taken 1-2 min
after the centrifuge stopped with the subjects in a position corresponding to
body position during rotation with slightly elevated heaci end of the chair by
20-25�. PRA was determined by the radioimmune method.
There was a typical 1.7-fold (P