JPRS ID: 9882 TRANSLATION AEROSPACE MEDICINE SIXTH ALL-UNION CONFERENCE ON SPACE BIOLOGY AND AEROSPACE MEDICINE KALUGA 5-7 JUNE 1979 PART II

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JPRS L/9882'
31 July 1981
Translation ~
AEROSPACE MEDICINE
SIXTH ALL-UNION CONFERENCE
ON SPACE E310LOGY AND AEROSPACE MEDICINE
KALUGA 5-7 JUNE 19~9
Part II
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JPRS L/9882
31 July 1981
AEROSPACE MEDICI(VE .
SIXTH ALL-UNION CONFERENCE ON SPACE BIOLOGY AND AEROSPACE MEDICINE
KALUGA 5-7 .iUNE 1979
PART II
Complete translation of the Russian language book edited by Academician
0. G. Gazenko: "Aviakosmicheskaya meditsina. VI 'Vsesoyuznaya
konferentsiya po kosmicheskoy biologii i aviakosmicheskoy meditsine~
Kaluga 5-7 iyunya 1979. Chast' II", ~JSSR Ministry of Health, Depart-
ment of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Eio-
medical Problems of the USSR Ministry of Health and State Museum of
History of Cosmonautics imeni K. E. Tsiolkovskiy, published in Moscow,
204 pages [summaries of papers]
CONTENTS
Psychophysiological Distinctions of Activities
Psychological Support and Psychological Ad~ustment of Crews During
Long-Term Flights 1
Psychophysi~logical Reliability From the Standpoint of Biorhythmology 3
Correlatian Between Parameters of Circadian Rhythm of Muscular Strength 5
The 'Isolated' Brain as a Model for the Study of Correlation Between
- Endogenous and Exogenous Factors of Generation of Circadian Rhythms 7
Method of Applying T'rechnique of Factor Analysis to the Study of
Psychophysiological Compatibility 9
- Dynamics of Some Psychophysiological Functions in Complex Simulation
of Conditions of a Ten-Day Space Flight 11
Dynamics of Working memory During Operator Work With Command
and Signal Devices 13
Role of Noninstrumentation Signals in Pilot Work 15 .
Effects of Psychotropic Agents on Mental Activity and Autonomic
- Functions of Man in the Presence of Emotional Stress 16
The Question of Evaluating Dispatcher Efficiency in Air Traffic Control 18
Psychophysiological Validation of Methods of ~oding Information on
Electronic Flight Instruments 20
Means of Refining Indicators in Aircraft Simulators Taking Into
Consideration Psychophysiological Distinctions of Perception 22
Perception of Color-Coded Aviation Signals in the Presence of
Photic Interference 24
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Distinctions of Visual Fitness of Pilots Under Difficult Flying Conditions 2S
Complex Psychological Evaluation of Pilots With Difficulties in
Sociopsychological Ad~ustment 27
Some of the Patterns uf Postflight Dynamics of the Recovery Period for Pilots 29
Distribution of Pilotts Attention During Landing With Low Weather Minimum 31
The Problem of Studying Individuai Psychological Distinctions of
Flight Personnel 33
Distinctions of Pilot's Sensorimotor Coordination When Performing Dual Duties 35
- State of the Nervous System of Aviation Specialists During Performance
of Their Duties 36
Physiological Evaluation of Formation of Flying Skills With a Change
in Structure of the Pilot's Work 38
Some Psychophysiological Aspects of the Problem of Improving Efficiency
of Operator Performance 40
Forecasting Flight Achievement According to Results of Testing on a Simulator 42
Physiological and Psychological Reactions of Pilots When Landing in
Water After Abandoning Their Aircraft 44
Changes in Ventilation Parameters of Civil Aviation Helicopter Crews
Under the Influence of Flight Factors 46
Simulation of Injuries Sustained in Cabins of Civil Aviation Air~raft 48
Use of Psychotherapy Aboard Ocean Navigation Vessels 50
Electrophysiological Criteria for Evaluating the Quality and Individual
Distinctions of Operator Fitness as Related to Complex Testing of
Life Support Systems 52
Screening, Expertise and Methodological Aspects in Aerospace Medicine
Experience in Organizing and Making Expert Predictions of Health Status
of the Crew Aboard the Salyut-6 Orbital Station 53
S~,gni.fica~c~ of Complex Evaluation of Bicycle Ergometer Test in Detection
o~ Latent Coronary Insuf~iciency in ~light Personnel 55
Coiapl,ex Evalua~ion uf Some Para~aeters of Central and Regional Hemodynamics
by Means o~ Tetrapolar Rheography 56
- Use of Informational Characteristics of the Heart Rate of Man for
Investigation of Autonomic Reactions to Coriolis Forces 60
Complex Rheographic Evaluation of Regional Circulation 62
Experienc~ in Computer Processing of Tetrapolar ltheocardiograms
Determination of Stroke and Minute Blood Volumes by Means of Four-Electrode
- Rheocardiography While Breathing at Excess Pressure 66
Ultr~sonic Monitoring of Blood Supply to the Brain
Possible Use of a New Rheographic Complex to Study the Parameters
of the Cardiovascular System of Cosmonauts 67
Accuracy of Measurement of Parameters Describing Redistribution of the
Cosmonaut's Body Mass in Weigh~=pssness �69
Corrected Orthogonal EKG Leads in the System of Medical Monitoring 71
of Cosmonauts
Use of Indicators of Functional Asy~.~etry of Physiological Functions
in Medical Monitoring of Flight Personnel 73
Vestibular Asymmetry and Possible Use of It~ Parameters in 75
Certification of Flight Personnel
Study of Professional Fitness for the Purpose of Forecasting Its
State Under Real Conditions 77
Studies of Cerebral Hemodynamics of Civil Aviation Pilots and Gadets
With History of One Episode of Impaired Consciousness 79
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Dynamics of Orthostatic Stability and Some Biochemical Parameters of
Man Following a Water Load 81
- Current Methods and Criteria for Determining Man's Endurace of
In-Flight Accelerations 82
Spiroergometry in the Practice of Expert Medical Certification of
Flight Personnel 84
_ Study of Physical Condition of Flight Personnel With Functional EKG Changes 8b
S~Historyiof1PsychoticSStatesivil�Aviation�Flight�Personnel.With�a�....�.���
88
Interpretation of the Results of Quantitative Analysis of
Psychophysiological Patterns of Human Performance 90
Stabilographic Evaluation of Man's Equilibrium in Vertical Position 92
The Question of Changes in Hematological and Biochemical Parameters of
Blood as a Function of Phase of Development of the Adaptation
Synd"rome During Exposure to Accelerations 94
Experience in Development and Operation of Thermostatically Controlled
Devices for Biomedical Experiments During Space Flights 96
- Hygienic Research in Flight and Model Experiments
Study of Air Environment in a Mockup of the Salyut-6 Orbital Space Station . 97
Physicochemical Microfactors Determining the Biological Quality of
Cabin Atmosphere in Manned Spacecraft 9a
Emission of Deleterious Trace Impurities in the Air Exhaled by Man 101
Recovery of Ox;,~gen From the Atmosphere of Manned Spacecraft 103
Investigation of Electrocatalytic Method of Removing Carbon
Dioxide From the Atmosphere 104
Hygienic Evaluation of Aerosol Pollution of Spacecraft Atmosphere 106
Hygienic Requirements of Systems to Be Used to Remove Toxic Impurities
From the Artificial Gas Atmosphere of Sealed Habitable Compartments 107
Toxicological Ev~luation of Mixture of Volatile Products of Combustion
of Lubricants Used in Confined Habitable Spaces 108
Experimental Validation of Maximum Permissible Concentration of
Dimethylamine in the Gas Atmosphere of Indivi~ual Insulating Protective
- Gear 110
Hygienic Characteristics of Microclimate and Air Environment of Modern
Commercial Aircraft, and Medicotechnical Requirements for the Latter 111
~ Study of Biochemical Parameters for Setting Hygienic Standards for
Acetone Levels in the Gas Atmasphere of Insulating Gear 113
Distinctions of Thermal State of Man Wearing Insulating Geax, Caused
by the Use of Local Heat-Removing S;_~2ms 115
Dynamics of Parameters of Man's Thermal State in the Case of Providing
for Thermal Balance With the Use of a Liquid-Cooled Space Suit 117
Use of Gas Chromatography for Preliminary Sanitary and Chemical
Examination of Gassing From Polymers lI8
Main Directions of Research on the Problem of Biostability of
Polymers Used in Cabins of Space Vehicles 119
The Problem of Toxicological Hazard of Products of Polymer Combustion
in Confined Compartments 121
Validation of the Set of Measures Referable to Sanitary and Housekeeping
Conditions During Space Flights Lasting up to Two Years 123
Choice of Criteria for Evaluating Cosmonauts' Toiletries 126
~ Evaluation of Functional State of the Human Vestibulum Oris and
Ef.f.icacy of '~~oi~etries During Exposure to Space Flight Factors 128
Cosmonauts' Diet of ~.;~.^c?ed and ~ehydrated Foods During Long-Term Flights 130
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Digestive System Reactions to Space Flights Differing in Duration 132
Effects of Freeze-Drying, Prolonged Storage and Proton Radiation
on Biological Value of Protein in Dehydrated Foods 134
Effect of Diet, Age and Some Factors Simulating Space Flight
Conditions on Human Lipid Metabolism 136
Basal Metabolism of Man as Related to Regulated Diet and Various ~
Levels of Exercise 138
- Effect ~f Vitamin and Amino Acid Supplements on Composition of Intestinal :
Microflora in the Presence of Nervous and Emotional Stress 140 ~
Clinicophysiological Study of the Effect of Desalinated Potable Water
Diff ering in Mineralization on Fluid-Electrolyte Equilibrium of the Body . 142
Use of Emergency Food Supplies Differing in Composition in Self-Contained
Floating Rescue Craft . 144
Carbohydrate Metabolism and Functional Load Tests on Civil Aviation '
Flight Personnel Engaged in Crop Dusting 146
Other Pressing Problems of Aerospace Medicine ~
~ Feasib ility of Predicting the Functional State of the Organism Exposed ~
to Radiation and Other Space Flight Factors 148 ~
The Problem of Primary Radiation Reaction During Space Flights 149
Cell Reactions to Combined Factors 151
The Combined Effect of Hyperoxia, Hypoxia and Diverse Radiations 152
Effects of Microwaves on Biochemical Parameters of Blood as Related
to Different Functinnal States of the Digestive System 154
Effect of Attenuated Geomagnetic Field on Some Properties of Microorganisms 155
Effect of Altitude Conditioning on Man's Endurance of Acute Hypoxia
and Oxygenation of Tissues 157
Blood Clotting and Adrenosympathetic System Reaction to Natural
Hypoxia Combined With Adverse Temperature Factors 159
Rapid Method of Enhancing Animal Resistance to Hypoxic Hypoxia and
Other Extreme Factors 160
Physiological and Biochemical Bases for Increasing Resistance to Acute
Hy~ox~a Duri~g Combined Exposure to Hypercapnia, Hypoxia and External
Coo7.i,ng 161
Dynamics of Zinc and Copper Excretion in Urine During Simulation of
the Effects of Hypoxia and Noise 162
Adenyl ic System of the Animal Brain in the Presence of
Acute Altitude Hypoxia 163
, Characteristics of the Organism's Adaptation System in the
' Presence of Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia 165
Morphological Bases of Structural and Metabolic ~rocesses of
Myocardial Ada~tation to Altitude Hypoxia 167
Altered Gas Atmosphere and Cooling as Factors Determining
Resistance of Organisms 169
Use of Rheography to Assess Man's Resistance to Heat 170
Some of the Effects on Man of 'Stepped' Hypercapnia as Related to
Diff erenC Levels of Hypoxia 171
~ Possible Use of Hyperbaric Oxygenation in Aerospace Medical Practice 173
Emergency Treatment of Acu~~ely Developing Altitude Sickness 175 ~
Study of Partial Oxygen Tension of Human Blood When Using Oxygez
at Excess Pressure for Breathing 177
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Means of Improving Resistance to Extreme Environmental Factors 178
Use of Means of External Heat Regulation to Improve Operator
Efficiency at Low Ambient Temperatures 179
Functional State of the Adrenals During Man~s Acclimatization to
Central Antarctica 181
Man~s Endurance of Local Convective Heat 183
The Problem of Stress and Prevention Thereof in Space Medicine 185
State of Bl~od Coagulation and Anticoagulation System in the
Presence of Acute Emotional Stress 186
Effect of Nervous and Emotional Stress on State of the Body's
Internal Environment 187
Reaction of Endoc~rine Glands and Macromolecular Metabolism in the
Central Nerv~us System in the Presence of Stress 188
Effects of Different Schedules of Man's Activities in a Pressure Chamber
on Excretion of Total Nitrogen, Urea and 17-Hydroxycorticosteroids 189
Immune Mechani,sm of Regulating Chemical Homeostasis During Accelerations 191
~ Scientific Organizational Principles of Supplying Znformation for
i Research in Aviation Medi.cine 192
i Study of Information Needs of Specialists in Aerospace Medicine 194
Methodological Problems nf Medicotechnical Ad~unct at the Early
Stages of Development of Aviation Technology 196
Hearing Function of Pilots and Princip~es for Setting Standards
for Aviation Noise 198
Study of Oculomotor Reactions to Vestibular and Optokinetic Stimuli 199
Postural, Motor and Vestibulomotor Reactions of Anitnals After Long-Term
Space Flights Aboard Cosmos-782 and Cosmos-936 Biosatellites 200
Gravity Factor Screening af Cosmon3ut Applicants
(Bulgarian People's Republic) 201
~ Effect of Immobilization on Functionally Different Skeletal Muscles
of Rabbits and Rats 203
- Physical Fitness of the Organism and Tolerance of +Gz Accelerations 204
Changes in Humoral Composition of Blood and Tissular Metabolism
_ of Rats Following Space Flights 205
The Microclimate and Man's Skin Temperature in Weightlessness 206
Effect of Hypokinesia on Some Parameters of Activity of the Endocrine
System and Excretory Function of the Kidneys 208
Morphological and Genetic Changes in Cells in Weightlessness 210
Oxygen Tension in Superficial Tissues of Cosmonauts in Weightlessness 212
_ Comparative Characteristics of Products of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of
Food Protein of Plant and Animal Origin 214
Cosmonauts' Hormonal Reactions After 7-Day Space Flights 215
Changes in Deep Body Temperature of Man During 26-Day Immersion 216
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PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS OF ACTIVITIES
PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ADJUSTMENT OF CREWS DURING LONG-TERM
FLIGHTS
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMTCHESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEAITSINE. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' II in Russian
1979 (signed to press ~ May 79) pp 5-6
[Article by V. I. Myasnikov, 0. P. Kozerenko, A. A. Gerasimovich and E. V. Ryabov]
[Text] The increasing duration of space missions, involving a full program of
work for the crew ;.n an unusual environment, raises with psrticular acuity the
question of development of psychological means of preventing potential disorders
due to the stress factors of flight.
The experience of inedicopsychological support of 96- and 140-day flights indicates
that the level of emotional and work tonus of cosmonauts is closely related to
the process of psychological adaptation, the effectiveness of which is determined
by the nature of the professionyl task, stage'of flarticularcimotivationson on
board, psychological personalit distinctions in p s
We have singled out two stages in the dynamics of psycholoTheafirstpcorrespondsCto
is manifested in the form of so-called functional needs. .
the first stage of the flight, and it is determined by formation of new skills
- in interaction with surroundings. Thus, according to the rfs~Tl~he first 3n7edays
national "Questionnaire" experiment (Intercosmos prngra~),
of flight, the functional needs of individuals working in space for the f irst
time reflect corresponding changes in sensory and motor systems of the body,
with fixation of attention on internal sensations (sensation of insufficient sleep,
transformation of appetite and taste, temperature-related discomfort, desire to
~immobilize oneself, control movement in space). They are met in the course of
individual experience in being in an unusual environment.
�The next stage of psycholog?cal adaptation is related to the isolation factor,
information "hunger," insufficient volume and means of communication with indi-
viduals outside the spacecraft. The needs that form at this time apparently re-
flect the decline of activation of the body, and this was confirmed by the crew's
requests for increasing the flow of news, broadcasting of music (mainly rhythmic),
radio communication with their families and friends, scientific consultants, etc.
When such requests were satisfied by the ground,based sex'vfcs, by means of a
~ set of supportive measures, the crew adapted and was functionally efficient.
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Among the means of compensating for the informat~on "hunger" special attention was
given to musical and television programs.
As shown by the results of ground-based studies:of mobilization readiness of
operators, viewing specially selected video programs and listening to music in
the presence of fatigue and asthenization was associated with a marked mobilizing
effect: increased intensity of elemestchomotorntestsalmodeldandcregulartoperations;
self-appraisals; better results o p y
stabilization of physiological parameters during work.
Thus, the results of space flight tests and model experiments justify the use.on
board, in the system of psychoprophylaxis, of such ~eatcoimnunicationl(direct and~e
and content) flow of nonbusiness information, measu p means
via the communication channel), purposeful effect one~its~deliserate intervention
of fuiictional music and television programs, which p
in the process of psychological adaptation in order to optimize it.
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PSYCflOPHYSIOLOGICAL RELIABILITY FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BIORHYTHMOLOGY
Moscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICHESKOY
BTOLOGTT I AVIAKOSMICHESKOY MEDITSIN.E. KALUGA 5-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST' II in Russian
1979 (signed to press 7 May 79) pp 6-8
[Article by B. S. Alyakrinskiy and S. I. Stepanova]
[Text] Impaired coordination of rhythmic processes in the organism--desynchronosis--
can presently be classif ied among the mandatory elements af the stress syndrome
with full justification. Desynchronosis is the nonspecific reaction to any
stress factor. [~eightlessness, as a potent stress factor, has a desyachronizing
effect on organisms. This was demonstrated with regard to lower organisms in
experiments on the zone-f orming fungus, Actinomycetes, which were conducted during
the Soviet-American flight on the Soyuz-Apollo program. The results of analysis
revealed that the periodicity of fungus growth was impaired in weightlessness,
and these disturbances were manifested by an increase (less often a decrease) in
duration of growth cycle, as we].1 as appearance of local defects in circular
structures, particularly phase-shifted segments. The desynchronizing effect of.
weightlessness was alsa observed during the flight of monkeys aboard the American
satellite, Biosatellite-3: while the periodicity of sleeping and waking, arterial
pressure and diuresis remained on a 24-h cycle, the rhythm of pulse rate acquired
a 2frh period, the rhythm of temperature of the body and brain was on a 25.5-h
cycle, while the rhythm of excretion of calcium in urine was on a 30-h cycle.
Humans differ in resistance to desynchronosis. This resistance is determined by
the individual biorhythmologic~l status, the most important feature of which--
organization, orderliness of rhythmic processes--is ultimately determined by the
quality of body functions as a system, including rhythms with the most diverse
period~. At the present time, the problem of biorhythmological status of man is
cansidered through the prism of circadian rhythms, since the system of c3rcadian ,
rhythms is the main rhythmic system of man.
Orderliness of circadian rhythms is characterized by the concept of constancy
of the organism's circadian system. The constancy of the circadian sysi:em is the
integral expression of the co~lstancy of rhythms that form it. The constancy of
circadian rhythm is determined by the degree of its resistance, stability,
daily consistency of its quantitative parameters. The higher this constancy,
the lower the variability of these parameters and the more constant the rhythm,
and vice versa. The leading feature of rhythm constancy is stability of the
position of its acrophases on the 24-h scale. A high degree of stability of
the position oF acrophases of vital rhythms ~r~vides for constancy of phasic
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angles between different rhythms, i.e., a high degree of mutual synchronization
of these rhythms. �
In view of the hierarchic structure of the circadian system of the organism, the
presence in this structure of controlling rhythms (pace setters) and subordinate
rhythms (pace followers), it can be stated that proper function of the circadian
system and F~~aper interaction between all its levels,and between them and the
system of exogenous t3mers is provided by high (but not excessive) constancy of
pace followers and adequate (but-also not excessive) lability of pace setters.
~uch a system is capable, on the one hand, of reacting rapidly to changes in the
environment and, on the ot~~er acedf 1lowersalyExpresslyrsuchyatsystemtisnthe~ntrol
signals from pace setters p
' most resistant to desynchronosis.
i
Consideration of the individual distinctions of biorhythmological status of
candidates for space flights makes it possible to screen individuals with optimum
organization of circadian system of vital rhythms, and thereby to see to it that
individuals w.ho.participate in space flig~he~rstress factorsiofaspace flights~
chronizing effect of weightlessness and o
Organization of biorhythmological screening is a pressing task for today, and
it has been validated in conceptions of desynchronosis as a mandatory component
of the stress syndrome and constancy of the body's circadian system.
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CORRELATION BETWEEN PARAMETERS OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF MUSCULAR STRENGTH
Mcscow AVIAKOSMICHESKAYA MEDITSINA. VI VSESOYUZNAYA KONFERENTSIYA PO KOSMICIiESKOY
BIOLOGII I AVIAROSMICHESKOY MEDITSINE. KALUGA ~-7 IYUNYA 1979. CHAST~ II in Russian
1979 (signed to press 7 May 79) pp 8-9
[Article by A. A. Koreshkov and V. I. Makarov]
[Text] After cosmonauts spend a long time in weightlessness, the following
factors are rather sig~~if icant in the acute period of r~adaptation to earth's
gravity: loss of muscle mass, deconditioning of some muscle groups and diminished
muscular strei.gth. In administering readaptation measures, it is imperative to
take into consideration the biological rhythms of functions. A 70-day auto-
experiment was conducted to study the circadian (about 24-h) rhythm of muscular
strength.
J. Aschoff (1964) observed the importance of such a parameter of circadian rhy~hm
as a level, and at the same time he referred to the difficulty of defining it. W.
Menzel (~968), who is one of the few authors who noticed a correlation between
different paramet~rs of the circadian rhythm--level and amplitude--with regard to
arterial pressure. We do not know of any studies where such an approach was used
to consider the circadian rhythm of muscular strength. We examined the question
of correlation between parameters on the example of the circadian rhythm of
muscular strength.
The experimental conditions did not involve changes in the sub~ect's usual life
style. Muscular strength of the right and left hands was measured during the
period of scheduled wakefulness in odd hours of Moscow time, with discreteness
.of 2 h, i.e., 9 times a day. We used the DRP-90 dynamometer.
It was established that any deviation of amplitude of circadian rhythm of muscular
strength from mean values, both in the direction of increase and decrease, was
associated with elevation of the circadian level of this functional parameter
~P~0.02 O.~l). .
The maxir,?um ~alse fo~ ~he cir~adiazt ~chythm of muscular strength demonstrated a
dependence on the position of the acrophase of the maximum on the time axis.
The probability of expression of the maximum circadian rhythm is a function of
time of day. For the function of muscular strength, it was established that,
for this sub~ect, the. maximum value of the parameter within a 24-h period is
most likely (p