JPRS ID: 9887 USSR REPORT ENERGY

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~JPRS L/9887
31 July 1981
U SS R Re ort
p
ENERGY
CFOUO 1 1 /81)
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JPRS L/9887
31 July 1981
USSR REPORT
ENERGY
(FOUO 11/81)
CONTENTS
ELECTRIC POWER
Electrification and Economic Growth
(A. Beschinskiy, Yu. Kogan; VOPROSY EKONOMIKI, Apr 81) 1
FUELS
Capital Construction of Petroleum Industry Structures Discussed
(St:. S. Dongaryan; NEFTYANAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' SERIYA
'NEFTEPROMYSLOVOYE STROITEL'STVO'', No 1, 1981) 14
GENERAL
Need for Standardization of Oil-Industry Engineering
Processes Stressed
(V. S. Ugolev, V. L. Chicherov; ORGANIZATSIYA I UPRAVLENIYE
NEFTYANOY PROMYSHLFNNOSTI, No 4, 1981) 22
- a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUO]
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ELECTRIC POWER
ELECTRIFICATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Moscow VOPROSY EKONOMIKI in Russian No 4, Apr 81 pp 58-68
[Article by A. Beschinskiy and Yu. Kogan in the section devoted to "Urgent Problems
of the 11th Five-Year Plan"]
[Text] December of 1980 marked 60 years since the approval by the Seventh All-
Russian Congress of Soviets of the State Plan for the Electrification of llussia,
GOELRO, which V.I. Lenin called the second program of the party.
Considerable importance is attributed to the electrification of the nation in the
Leninist concept of the construction of the material and technical base of commun-
ism. The Leninist teacliing on electrification generalized the most advanced trends
in scientific and engineering thought.
Even in the initial developmental stage of electrical power engineering, V.I. Lenin
saw a powerful lever in electrification for the construction of the material and
technical base of the new society, as well as the basis for social transformations
in the USSR; he saw an energy carrier in electrical power which met the developmen-
tal requirements and scales for national production in the 20th Century to the
greatest extent. V.I. Lenin linked the future development of national production
to the wide use of electrical power to increase labor productivity. He noted the
special properties of electrical power as an energy vehicle (the capability of con-
centration, divisibility, mobility, hygienic quality, etc.), because of which,
electricity is the most effective form of incorporating an ever increasing number
of various kinds of energy resources in the prodi~ction process. The mobility of
electrical power and the capability of concentr�ating it allow for the delivery of
a practically unlimited electrical potential to any point, consequently, create
powerful, highiy productive plants in industry. The efficiency of the conversion
of electrical energy to other kinds of energy makes it the basis for the modern
large machine industry and is responsible for the possibility of realizing new
technologies based on the utilization of electrophysical and electrochemical pro-
cesses.
Thus, V.I. Lenin treated the electrif ication of the national economy as the tech-
nical basis for progress in national production during the historical period of
the transition fram capitalism to socialism. Along with this, centralized concen-
trated production of electrical power played the part in the Le~inist concept of
a moving force for the socialist collectivization of product~on, both in power
1
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engineering itself and in all other sectors of the national economy. V.I. Lenin
saw in the dialectical unity of these two aspects the significance of electri-
fication for the creation of a new social order, "Large machine industry which
is also capable of reorganizing agriculture can be the only material basis for
socialism. But we cannot limit ourselves to this general statement. It must be
_ made more specific. The large industry capable of reorganizing agriculture and
which corresponds to the level of the newest technology is the electrification of
the entire nation".1 These Leninist ideas were embodied in the state plan for the
electrification of Russia: the GOELRO plan.
Along with the tasks of developing industry, transportation and agriculture, a
provision was made in the GOELRO plan for the creation of 30 new regional electric
- power stations over the course of 10 to 15 years with an overall capacity of
1,750,000 MW as well as 20 thermal electric power stations and 10 hydroelectric
power stations. The scales of the GOELRO plan seem modest now. Suffice it to
say that in 1979, the USSR brought about 11 million MW of electrical power capacity
on line: almost 7 times more than outlined in the GOELRO plan for 10 to 15 years.
Nonetheless, the methadological principles embodied in it have not lost their
importance.
~ One of the major principles of the GOELRO plan was the development of power
- engineering and electrification in a close interrelationship with the rise of the
technical level of the na~ional ecouomy, its structure and geographical arrangement.
For this reason, it was a program for the comprehensive development of the entire
national economy based on electrification. The increasingly deeper penetration of
electrical power into production and the growth of electrical power consumption
are tied in the closest possible manner to the major trends in scientific and engi-
- neering progress, which form the basis for the growth of national labor productiv-
ity.
A distinctive feature of the GOELRG plan was also the fact that the power engineer-
ing sector was treated as a camprehensive system in which electrical power engin-
eering was studied and planned in close coordination w:Lth all other c~~nponents of
power engineering, such as the fuel balance, the utilization of water resources,
the structure of the consumers, etc. Also embodied in the GOELRO plan was that
which today is called a systems approach, in which the efficiency of power engin-
ee~ing (in particular, its impact on technical progress and the growth of labor
productivity in the national economy) is tied to structural changes within the
energy sector, pri.marily, to the advanced development of electrical power engin-
eering.
The role of electrification in the reconstruction of the nation's fuel and
energy balance which ~was defined in the GOELRO plan was characteristic in this
regard. Soviet Russia inherited a destroyed industrial fuel base, which prior to
the revolution had entirely depended on Donetsk and imported coals and Baku oil.
The 6Jar and intervention undermined an already weakened fuel sector. The only
way out of the fuel crisis under these conditions was a deep transformation of
1
V.I. Lenin, "Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy" ["Complete Collected Works"],
Vol. 44, p 9.
2
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the fuel balance based on the wide utilization of local fuel and hydroelectric
power resources. The mastery of these resources and electrification were treated
in the GOELRO plan as two inseparably linked problems. Along with this, electrifi-
cation also performed another important function. By utilizing decentralized local
energy resources, electrical power stations combined them into large centralized
power generation and formed power systems, promoting an increase in the efficiency of
the entire energy sector.
The systemic approach was reflected in the interrelated treatment of the ongoing
and future task. The importance of lung term planning was underscored in the
- GOELRO plan as the basis for the correct solution of current tasks. The authors
of the plan noted: "We are increasingly threatened by the danger while overcoming
the routine difficulties of getting off the main track and for the sake s~f temp-
orary interests, sacrificing the major, significant and essential interest of
the ov.~rall plan for our economic work."1
In practice, the GOELRO plan was the first successfully executed long term plan,
which encompasse3 the development of the nation's economy as a whole for a long
period. V.I. Lenin called the GOELRO plan a great economic plan2. In a letter
to G.M. Krzhizhanovskiy (of 14 March, 1S21), he characterized the major features
of the system ic approach to the determination of the efficiency of national
economic outlays= the broad variants in economic analysis; individual facilities
are not c~�~pared, but rather national economic structures with differing values
of the electrical power engineering component; expenses and the results in a com-
parati~�e analysis are traced throughout the entire energy sector cycle, taking
into account the consim?er effect, i.e., the entire national economy is treated
(and not just the expenditures and impact of power engineering).
In the GOELRO plan, the problem of the mutual measurement of one-tiune and current
_ expenditures was posed on the basis of these principles, as well as the problem of
estimating the effectiveness of comprehensive measures in water management and
an analysis was made of the effectiveness of the interconnection between electri-
fication and a growth in labor productivity. The plan also containad a number ~f
other stipulations which reflect the objective laws governing the further devel-
opment of Soviet power engineering: the uniform locating to the extent possible
of regional electric power stations over the nation's territory as the basis for
the development of economic regions and establishing their specialization; the
widescale utilization of renewable water resources through the construction of
hydraulic de~elopments for comprehensive functions;~the harmonic combination of
thermal and hydroelectric power stations into large power systems; and a faster
pace of development for electrical power engineering as campared to other sectors
of the fuel and energy complex, as well as the ec~:.~nny as a whole.
1
"Plan GOELRO" ["The GOELRO Plan"], Gospolitizdat, 1955, p 44.
2
_ See V.I. Lenin, "Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy", Vol 42, p 158.
3
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V.I. Leni~ ~et up all of the work on the camposition and realization of the GOELRO
plan as a nationwide and political effort, in the course of which, the concept of
electrification mastered the masses and became a true material force in the con-
struction of a new society. Just 10 years after the approval of the GOELRO plan,
its major tasks ha.d been performed. As early as five ye=rs later, the figures of
the GO~LRO plan were exceeded: by a factor of three times for electrical power
generation, by a factor of almost two times for coal extraction, by a factor of
two times for oil extraction ar.d by a factor of three for ~tndustrial output. In
- line with the Leninist principles for systemic planning, the development of elec-
_ trical power engineering and electrification was realized in a mutual linkage to
the growth of the entire na~ion's fuel and energy base.
The period from the approval of the GOELRO pl.an to the middle of the 1950's was
the stage of increasing value of coal fuel, the percentage of which in the nation's
fuel balance increased up to 60 percent. The increase in the role of coal was
promoted by its widescale utilization for electrical power and heat generation at
electric power stations. At the same time as the discovery and planned preparation
for the mastery of industrial resources of oil and natural gas, there occurred a
restructuring of the en~rgy consumption structure because of the increase in motori-
zation and an improvement in the fue~ utilizatian efficienr_y in transportation and
industrial technologies. A new stage of deep restructuring of the fuel balance
started in the 1950's in the direction of a rapid rise in the production and con-
- s~unption of oil and gas fuel, the specific share of which increa~ed f~tom 35 percent
in 1960 up to 68 percent in 1979. The specific share of oil and gas in the boiler
and furnace fuel balance at TETs's as well as in boiler plants and industrial tech-
nologies increased. The utilization of petroleum products in transportation had u
- considerable impact because of its changeover to diesel and electric locomotives.
Along k~ith this, the increase in the fraction of oil and gas fuel was not accompan-
_ ied, as in capitalist nations, by a reduction in coal extraction. In 1978, coal
extraction increased by 42 percent as compared to 1960, while open pit mining in-
creased by a factor of 2.5. This was one of the factors which balanced out the en-
tire nation's fuel and energy complex.
At the present time, our nation possesses a large capacity, well developed fuel and
power complex. Almost one-fifth of the world's production of fuel and energy re-
' sources is its share. The Soviet Union is the only large industrially developed
nation which is completely provided with its own fuel and energy resources. The
USSR maintains leadership in the volume of coal mined and centralized power genera-
tion; it occupies first place in the world in oil extraction, including gas conden-
sate (603 million tons in 1980) and second place in terms of natural gas extraction
_ (435 billion cubic meters) and electrical power generation.
The installed capacity of USSR electric power stations amounted to 270 million KW
in 1980. The Soviet Union occupies first place in the world in a number of tech-
nological areas: the concentration of capacity in thermal and hydroelectric power
stations, the development of district heating, the rates of growth in nuclear power
engineering, the level of the voltages used for high voltage electric power trans-
mission lines and the capacities of integrated power grids (the highest form of
which is the unified power system of the USSR).
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_ Table 1. Electrical Power Engineerin~ Development Indicators as Compared
to Indicators for National Economic Growth and the Fuel-Power
Complex of the USSR (1940 = 100)
- 1960 1970 1975 1979
Growth Indices:
Electrical power engineering* 678 1,$48 2,600 3,200
Electrical power output** 608 1,524 2,137 2,549
Fuel industry* 353 636 846 960
Fuel extraction** 291 513 660 777
National income 435 867 1,142 1,362
Gross industrial production SZ1 1,183 1,694 Z,033
Labor productivity in industry 296 492 657 749
Electric power to worker ratio
in industry 300 520 660 730
Power to worker ratio in industry 230 500 630 700
* In terms of the total output cost
In terms of the real physical indicators (fuel in tons of conventional
fuel) .
Thus, electrical power output increased by a factar of 32 times fram 1940 to 1979
while the product output of the fuel sectors increased by 9.6 times and the vol-
ume of industrial production a factor af 20. In this case, the national in-
come increased by a factor of 13.6. There was a rise of 0.77 percent in the fuel
resources and a 1.3 percent increase in ~lectrical power output per one percent
of rise in the national income. The advanced growth of electrical power engineer-
ing made it possible to significantly expand the scales of electrification of the
national economy. The demand for electrical power, figured on a per capita basis,
approached 5,000 KWH as compared to 2,200 KWH in 1965; About 12 KW of electric
motor, instrument and equipment capacities went for each worker in industry, some-
thing which is ec,uivalent to a 200-fold increase in the manpower.of a worker.
Electrical power constmnption in agriculture increased in 1979 by a factor of five
as compared to 1965, and reached 102 billion KWH. The length of electrified rail-
- roads increased in 1979 by a factor of 1.7 relative to 1965 and amounted to 42,400
km, while the specific share of electrified railroads in the overall cargo turn-
over of rail transport increased over this period from 39.5 to 53.6 percent re-
spectively.
The upcoming period will be characterized by a substantial change in the tasks
- and the approaches to the development of electrification of the USSR. Its inter-
relationship with the fuel and power complex and other sectors of the national
economy is becoming more complicated and is also being strengthened. The further
development of electrification is closely tied to the tasks of increasing produc-
tion efficiency, a growth in labor productivity, an improvement in product quality
as well as savings in material resources, especially fuels. Its development will
be governed to a significant extent by the new conditions for the nation's energy
supply and shifts in the fuel and power complex.
The concent of USSR economic growth is based on the requirements of the major
economic law of socialism and takes into account a continuous increase in personal
and public demands, and the necessity of maintaining stable rates of growth in
5
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Table 2. Indicators for the Electrification of the Nati.onal Economy
Measuranent 1965 1970 1975 1978 1979
Units
Electrical power generated Billions of 507 741 1,039 1,202 1,238
in the USSR KWH
_ Electrical power consinnp- Billions of 349 488 657 737 751
tion in industry KWH
Electric power to worker percent 100 127 161 173 178
ratio in industry
Electrical power constnnpt- Billions of
ion in agriculture (for KWH 12.4 25.6 53.9 71.0 76.5
production)
The same, per 1 hectare of K~ 55 114 240 314 335
plowed land
Electric power to worker Thousands of
ratio in agriculture KWH per worker 0.4 0.8 1.7 2.4 2.5
Electrical power consump- Billions of 37.1 54.4 74.2 92.6 96.2
tion in transportation KIdH
Length of the electrified Thousands of 24,9 33.9 38.9 41 42,4
railroads km
In percent, referenced to
the overall length of the % 19 25 28 29 3G
railroads
Fraction of cargo turnover
handled by electric loco-
motives as a percentage of ~ 39.5 48.7 51.7 53.6 53.6
total cargo turnover of
railroad transport
Electrical power consump- Billions of
tion in households and ~ 59.3 94 138.9 166.2 173.3
the services sector
Specific electrical power
consumption in households ~ident 255 390 550 640 660
and the services sector
national production. Along with this, the further expansion of the nation's
economy will take place under conditions of reduced increases in labor resources,
increasing costs for traditional sources of energy and raw materials and limita-
tions of an envirornnental protection nature. For th~s reason, it is essential
to provide for a transition to a resource sparing approach to the development of
tl-~e national economy and to master fundame~itally new efficient technologies for
the production of material goods and services.
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One of the objective conditions for stepping up production is the refinement of
the structure of the energy carriers being used. The fraction of electrical power
as an energy vehicle possessing the best consumer qualities and which meets the
new technical and economic requirements should be increased.
The product output of the fuel and power camplex, and especially electrical power
engineering, is being increasingly directed towards satisfying social needs. It
serves for tbe ~:reation of the optimum conditions for production, improving work
conditions as well as lifestyle comfort, and for a growth in the standard ~f living
of the workers. The requirements placed on the "cleanness" of the energy carriers,
the methods and sources for the derivation of energy and their correspondence to
the tasks of environmental and public health protection are increasing. The devel-
opment ~of the fuel and power complex, and electrification is acquiring a multipur-
- pose character, while its results are being increasingly evaluate~ based on econo-
mic and social criteria.
Under modern condi~ions, the significance of electrification is being strengthened
substantially. L.I. Brezhnev pointed out in his address to power engineering
workers, machine builders and workers in the fuel sector in the Soviet Union on
the occasion Af the 60th anniversary of the day of approval of the GOELRO plan
that just as before, the pre-eminent role in the resolution of the greatest econo-
mic, social and political problems belongs to electrification. The most economi-
cal sources of primary energy in the future can be incorporated in the national
economic turnover by means of electrification: nuclear fuel, low grade coal, and
in the future - solar and thermonuclear energy. The "raw materials" base for elec-
trification is being expanded at the same time. Thus, the efficacy of the princi-
p1QS of the GOELRO plan is being revealed in all its completeness.
It will become technically possible in the near future with the mastery of new
_ electrical technologies to replace about 40 percent of the fuel used directly in
the national economy and about 70 percent of the steam and hot water with electri~
power. The extent of the practical realization of this substitution depends on the
economic indicators and the social efficiency of electric power utilization. The
continuous rise in the cost of replacing the work force, the increase in the cost
of raw materials and high grade fuel are responsible for the increasing importance
of electrification, since it is transformed into the most resource sparing compon-
ent which is capable of saving manpower, materials and fuel, and at times even
capital investments. The implementation of the great creative program of the
party set forth in the "Main Trends for USSR Economic and Social Development during
1981-1985 and the Peraod up to 1990" adopted by the 26th CPSU Congress is insepara-
bly tied to the furthPr development of electrification and its material base: elec-
trical power engineering.
A priority task for electrification is the resolution of the task set in the "Main
Trends" of inechanizing labor intensive processes, primarily those involvi~g heavy
manual labor. The electrification of loading-unloading, transportation and repair
work provides a savings of 100 to 1,0'.~ man-hours of manpower figured per 1,000 KWH.
Electrical mechanization within economically justified limits for manual, heavy and
labor intensive work in industry, agriculture, construction and transportation would
be able to provide right now for the conditional freeing of about 12 million workers
with an annual wage fund of 20 to 25 hillion rubles. Annual expenditures for
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electrical mechanization would amount to 12 to 14 billion rubles, while the addit-
ional electrical power constunption would amount to a total of 30 to 40 billion KWH
annually. The savings in labor expenditures, figured only with respect to the wage
fund for the conditionally freed workers, would be equal to 6 to 11 billion rubles
annually.
Electrification promotes the efficient concentration and generalization of produc-
tion. The productivity of many kinds of equipment (electrical steel making, blast
and cement furnaces, atrgnonia synthesis plants, metal rolling machine tools, etc.)
_ has increased by a f~ctor of 2 to 2.5 over the Iast 10 to 15 years. In 1975, more
than 52 percent of all product output was from large and the very largest plants
and factories, which comprisE only 4.2 percent of the overall number of USSR indus-
~ria1 enterprises. The labor productivity in this group was higher than for the
industry average by a factor of 1.6 times, the electrical power to worker ratio was
1.84 times higher, while the electrical equipment capital to labor ratio was higher
- by a factor of 1.26. The remaining 95.8 percent of the enterprises are character-
ized by lower i~dicators as compared to the industrial average. Consequently, it
is specifically the large, most electrically outfitted enterprises which in the
final analysis shape the economic indicators for industry as a whole.
Table 3. Material and Electric Power Input Requirement Indicators for
Machine Building
1960 1970 1975 1980 Growth
Factor
Product output in 1975 prices (in 2~.~ g6.6 121.2 178.5 6.44
billions of rubles)
rietal consumption (in millions of 2g.0 57.0 72.7 78.3 2.80
tons)
Electrical power consinnption (in 31.45 65.6 90.3 108.6 3.45
billions of KWH)
rtaterial consumption relative to 1.011 0.658 0.6 0.439 0.43
product output (in kg/ruble)
Electric power consumption per unit 1.123 1.15 1.242 1.387 1.24
of inetal (in KWH/ton)
Electric power consumption relative 1.133 0.757 0.745 0.608 0.54
to product output (in KWH/ruble)
The problem of boosting the output of progressive structural materials, the deriva-
tion of which is based on electrolytic and electrothermal processes, is also being
solved based on the widescale use of electric power. This includes alumintan, the
melt output of which is planned to be increased in the llth Five-Year Plan by 15
to 20 percent, as well as ti~anium, magr~esium, nickel and steel made in electric
furnaces, the production of which should increase by 60 percent in 1981-1985, and
others.
The value of electrification in reducing the material input requirements of produc-
tion is determined by the capability of electrical technologies of providing for a
8
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greater yield of product fram the same quantity of raw material, as well as less
stringent selectivity in terms of the quality of the raw materials as compared to
alternative technologies. Only on the basis of electrical technologies can wastes
(in parricular, ferrous metal scrap), spent material and oth2r low grade raw mater-
ials be efficiently utilized and all of the valuable by-product components of a
complex raw material be more completely utilized. By virtue of the fact that the
cost of objects of labor continually increases during their processing, the appli-
cation of electrical technologies is especially effective in the final stages of
production. Since the processing of materials entails energy use, the indicators
for the energy and electric power input requi.rements of production depend to a
large extent on its material input requirements. The dynamics of the electric
power input requirements as a whole for industry and its sectors manifest as the
result of two opposing trends: a reduction in the material input requirements (in
physical terms) and a growth in the electric power cons~ption per unit of material.
This can be seen in the example of machine building.
While the electric power consumption per unit of materials used in machine building
increased by 24 percent over the period.from 1961 to 1980, the material input re-
quir ~nents fell off by a factor of almost 2.5, as a result of whic~, the electric
power to product output ratio was cut almost in half. Thus, a reduction in the
materials input requirement is one of the most important factors in saving fuel and
energy resources. The major direcfions planned for the llth Five-Year Plan involve
_ the further advanced growth in electric power generation. Its annual output will
grow by 20 to 24 percent and reach 1,550 to 1,600 b illion KWH in 1985 as compared
to an 18 to 20 percent growth in national income and an 18 percent growth in the
production of fuel and energy resources.
An important role belongs to electrification in carrying out the tasks of industri-
, alization and increasing the efficiency in USSR agricultural production, in the
realization of the food program proposed by the party. An increase in the electric
power to worker ratio in agricultural production by a factor of 1.4 to 1.5 was
planned by the 26th CYSU Congress. The use of electric power for irrigation and
' providing other water to land, the creation of a microclimate in animal husbandry
facilities and refrigeration operations will be increased. The significance of
electrification in improving the living conditions of the people will rise. Special
envirorunental protection electrical technologies are being designed, because of
which, electric power consumption in industry may rise to 15 to 20 percent.
The increase in the role of electrification is likewise conditioned by the substan-
~ tial change in the energy supply conditions for the national economy in the long
term. The production of high grade fuel, primarily petroleum, is becoming more
expensive. This is related to the gradual exhaustion of petroleimm and gas resour-
- ces in the European area of the USSR and the further shifting of the major extrac-
tion centers to the northern regions of Siberia. The fraction of investments going
to replace out-of-service capacities of the overall capital investments in the fuel
and power complex is increasing. The distances of oil and gas transportation as
well as the amount of fuel and energy incoming to the European area of the USSR and
the Urals are also increa;aing. As a result of the combined effect of these factors,
the cost of high grade fuel in the major regions of its utilization is rising sub-
stantially.
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With the rise in the cost o� work force replacement and the degradation of mining
geology condi~ions, the production of mined, and especially coking coal is likewise
becoming more expensive. The capital to output product ratio for the fuel and power
complex, as well as electrical power engineering, will increase by 15 to 20%, while
in individual sectors, even more because of the strengthening of the ecological re-
quirements and the implementation of environmental protection measures. In the new
energy situation and with the increase in the requirements placed on the scales for
the utilization of fuel and energy resources to provide a reliable and economical
energy supply for the national economy, it is necessary to solve two mutually com-
plementary problems~
l. Accomplish large structural shifts in the development of the energy sector,
cahich are directed towards the realization of a new developmental strategy for the
fuel and power complex, which is an alternative (primarily for stationary power
generation) to the widescale utilization of traditional expensive, especially high
quality energy sources;
Z. The implementation of an effective energy saving policy, which provides for a
substantial reduction in the energy input requirements of the national economy,
The major shifts in the fuel and power complex structure are due to the following:
the advanced development of nuclear power engineering with its gradual transforma-
~
- tion into the leading component of the entire energy sector of the nation, and
primarily, for electric power generation; the accelerated growth of coal extraction
through open pit mining in the eastern regions of the nation (the development of
the Ekibastuz, Kuznetsk and Kansko-Achinsk basins) as well as the mastery of the
water power of the rivers of these regions; the efficient utilization of high grade
fuel. In this case, gas extraction should be increased, something which promotes
a reduction in oil and petroleum product consumption, primarily as a boiler and
furnace fuel; the gradual mastery of new sources and new methods of energy product-
ion, primarily geothermal, solar power and thermonuclear fusion.
_ There are favorable natural prerequisites and the necessary production conditions
exist in our nation for the execution of these large shifts: various types of nu-
clear reactors have been mastered, a powerful machine building base has b een created
for the development of nuclear power engineering, unique resources of inexpensive
coal have been prepared for exploitation, which are capable of being extracted by
open pit mining and scientific and technical research has been carried out for new
sources and methods of obtaining energy. An important positive factor is the favor-
able structure of the fuel and energy resources of the USSR, which makes it possible
to provide for their most efficient combination at each stage of the development of
the fuel and power complex. Thus, the accelerated utilization of natural gas in
the llth Five-Year Plan will make it possible to universally prepare for a further
~aidescale development of the coal industry. By 1985, gas extraction will grow to
600 - 640 billion cub ic meters, i.e, by 38 to 47 percent as compared to 1980, while
the fraction of gas in the overall production of energy resources in the nation will
grow from 25 to 30 percent.
The rate of growth of power consumption relative to the rates of growth in the nat-
ional income have increased significantly in recent years. During 1971 - 1979, the
growth in fuel and power consumption per one percent increase in the national in-
come also amounted to about one percent. Moreover, it is technically possible and
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economically necessary to reduce the energy input requirements of the national in-
come so that the ratio of the rates of growth in the constunption of fuel and energy
resources to the rates of growth of the national income does not exceed 0.7 to 0.8.
A gradual reduction in the coefficient of elasticity down to a value of 0.8 would
provide for a savings in fuel and energy resources by the end of the 20th Century
equal to about 20 percent of the entire annual fuel and power consumption in the
nation over 20 years (depending on the ranges of the rates of increase in the nat-
ional income).
An important factor in reducing the energy input requirements of national production,
besides curtailing its material input requir~ements, is a series of structural shifts
which occur in industrial production and which act to increase the fraction of sec-
- tors having an energy input requirement below the average for industry. A constant
condition for saving energy is the efficient distribution of primary energy resour-
ces and finite energy carriers with respect to trends in their utilization and their
consimiers, so that each of the kinds of energy delivers the maximum effect. In ev-
aluating the role of varicus measures in reducing the energy input requirement, it
must be kept in m ind that two-thirds of all energy losses, which now comprise 60
percent of its primary production, occur in the area of energy carrier consumption.
Energy savings in the consumption sector is conditioned by the increase in the ef-
ficiency of fuel and energy resources, which can be realized through the application
of goal directed measures related to the modernization and the improving of the op-
erational conditions for energy intensive equipment (for example, strengthening ac-
counting and control for power cons~ption, especially for steam, hot water and
petroleum products; refining structural design parameters of existing equipment and
that being placed in production, as well as increasing its load; the utilization
of secondary energy resources). Along with this, a fundamental specific feature of
the future development of the fuel and power complex is the fact that the possibi-
lities for increasing the efficiency of fuel and energy resources in traditional
user technologies are being relatively reduced. For this reason, a major direction
for the changeover of the economy to an energy saving type of development is a
reduction in the useful expenditure of energy based on a change in the structure
of the technologies, including a change through the creation of new non-energy-inten-
sive kinds of equipment (the creation of new technologies using the heat of exother-
mal reactions in the chemical industry, something which will make it possible to cur-
tail energy expenditures for the production of such mass products as ammonia, metha-
nol, etc. by a f actor of 5 to 10); strengthening the thermal insulation of indust-
rial and civilian buildings will make it possible to provide a heat savings for
heating of no less than 25 to 30 percent.
It is specifically in the area of technological structural measures to save energy
that the role of electrification is especially great. In this regard, one can cite
the application of new industrial technologies of the laser metal and rock cutting
type; the electric spark treatment of soil in agriculttire, which simultaneously pro-
vides for the synthesis of nitrogen compounds in a soil layer; the application of
heat pumps to ob tain low temperature heat; the utilization of "electrical delivery
devices" in central heating systems, which make it possible by means of flexible
individual control of the temperature by the users to provide for a savings of no
less than 25 to 30 percent of the heat used for heating buildings. In this case,
the electric power consumption does not exceed 10 to 15 percent of the total annual
consumption of all energy carriers for heating residential buildings.
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Electrification is an important factor in the qualitative refinement of the structure
, of useable energy resources through the substitution of electrical power for gas and
especially oil, as well as for the thermal energy derived from them. A prerequisite
for this is the further differentiation of economic estimates: their increase for
_ high grade fuel with the relative stabilization of the final outlays for electric
power generated at AES's and thermal electric power stations using coals from open
pit mining. In many cases, the substitution of electric power for petroleLUn products
and gas does not lead to a general overexpenditure of primary fuel and energy resour-
ces, since the difference between the high efficiency of the electric power consuming
equipment and the efficiency of equipment operating on other energy carriers makes it
possible to compensate for fuel losses in its conversion to electric power.
The overall volume of the possible replacement of high grade fuel at the present
stage already amounts to no less than 40 million tons of conventional fuel, for
which about 100 to 105 billion KWH is needed. The impact of this substitution, ac-
cording to our estimate, is one billion rubles annually with respect to the lumped
,.ltlays. ~
The further accelerated development of electrification in the llth and 12th Five-Year
Plans will be an important and objectively essential condition which assures the exe-
cution of all of the key tasks of economic growth. In line with this, the resolution
of the tasks confronting the area of electrification depends in many respects on the
refinement of the structure and territorial organization of electric power generation
and its orientation towards an intense path of development. An extremely important
direction for the structural realignment is the transformation of nuclear power eng-
ineering, which generates electric power and heat, into the leading component of the
energy sector for the regions of the European area of the USSR, where in this regard,
the construction of new base load condensation electric power stations using organic
fuel should be terminated. As early as 1985, the electric power generated at nuclear
electric power stations will increase up to 220 to 225 billion KWH, i.e., will more
than triple as compared to 1980, while the generation of hydroelectric power will in-
crease up to 230 to 235 billion KWH. From two-thirds~to three-fourths of the entire
annual increase in electric power output will be obtained by virtue of these two
sources in the llth and 12th Fi~~e-Year Plans. At the same time, it is necessary to
exclude fuel oil from the fuel baiance of existing power stations and replace it with
natural gas.
One of the major tasks in optimizing the structure of power systems in the European
= region is providing for their flexibility, for which, it is necessary to develop both
special peak and semi-peak load electric power stations, as well as increase the con-
trol range of the base load electric power stations (KES's, AES's and TETs's).
The development of power engineering in the regions of Siberia will in the future
- also be based on high capacity thermal (coal) and hydroelectric power stations.
The accelerated exploitation of the Ekibastuz coal basin and placing the first
stage of the extremely large Berezovskiy cut No. 1 in service in the Kansko-
Achinsk basin are planned for the llth Five-Year Plan. The construction of the
Ekibastuz GRES's will be continued. The further development of the large power
industry complexes - the Ekibastuz, Kuznetsk, Kansko-Achinsk, Angaro-Yenisey - is
an extremely important factor in the shift of the extraction and production of
primary energy resources to the nation's eastern regions. The concentration of a
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decisive portion of the nation's energy resources here at a cost of five to six
times less than in the European region makes it inexpedient to develop nuclear
power engineering in Siberia. The scales for the development of AES's are governed
by the comparative economic indicators of nuclear electric power stations where
they operate in a definite (base load) portion of the the load graph, and conse-
quently, by the size of this zone. Moreover, all of the types of necessary energy
carriers are not exhausted with electrical power and low temperature heat, in the
form of which nuclear energy can be delivered in the future to the power supply
systems. For this reason, along with the forced development of nuclear power
engineering, the regions of the European area and the Urals will be in need of an
increasing input of energy resources from the eastern regions of the nation. It
will likewise be necessary to provide for export deliveries of hydrocarbon fuel.
Al1 of this conditions the necessity of developing "east to west" transportation
systems based on an optimal cambination of various types of transport (railroads,
pipelines, high voltage electric power AC and DC transmission lines). Ultrahigh
voltage electric power transmission lines - 1,150 KV alternuting current and
1,500 to 2,200 KV direct current - will supplement the existing types of electrical
links in the nation's Unified Power System, bringing a significant savings of
electrical power and promoting an improvement in the reliability and efficiency of
the entire energy sector.
~ The reconstruction and disassembly of obsolete equipment should be important
factors in the intensification of power generation and the growth in the efficiency
of the energy supply. The refinement of the price setting system, which is called
upon to reflect the objective processes of increasing cost r~f energy resources
will stimulate the renewal of equipment. A priority task up until the end of the
current century is the development within the requisite timeframes and on the
necessary scales of the scientific, planning and trial industrial and product_~_an
developmental work in power engineering in related fields, which provide for a
planned transition to a more distant stage in power engineering development. It is
now diff icult to design a model for the power engineering of the future which is
reliable as regards structure and economic parameters. However, it can be pre-
supposed with a high level of probability that these parameters will be governed
by the mass utilization of the energy of fast neutrons, thermonuclear fusion as
well as solar and geothermal energy. As L.I. Brezhnev noted at the 26th CPSU
Congress: Life requires the continuation of the search for fundamentally
new energy sources, including the creation of the bases for thermonuclear energy."
The close tie between electrical power and the techniques for mastering these new
energy sources makes it possible to anticipate a further increase in its role
among the other forms of converted energy.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Pravda", "Voprosy ekonomiki", 1981
- 8225
CSO: 1822/169
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FUELS
CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION OF PETROLEUM INDUSTRY STRUCTURES DISCUSSED
i~loscow NEFTYANAYA PROMYSHLENNOST' SERIYA "NEFTEPROMYSLOVOYE STROITEL'STVO" in
Russian No 1~1981 pp 2-6
[Article by Sh. S. Dongaryan, in the Ministry of the Petroleum Industry: "Capital
Construction of Petroleum Industry Structures"]
[Text] During the lOth Five-Year Plan the development of the petroleum industry was
characterized by high rates of growth in the volumes of petroleum that were extracted
which was achieved principally by means of the forced development of petroleum depos-
its in Western Siberia and an increase in the volumes of capital investments and
construction and installation work that were directed toward developing deposits,
constructing, reconstructing and technologically reoutfitting enterprises and instal-
lations for transporting petroleum and preparing and processing natural gas byproducts,
and enterprises for repairing and manufacturing equipment for drilling and extracting
petroleum.
In 1980 the volume of capital investments and construction and installation work
increased by a factor of 1.6 in comparison with 1976. It became possible to achieve
the limits that were set for extracting petroleum and to execute the required
volumes of capital investments and construction and installation work as a result of
realizing the prugram for further improving the technology of extracting petroleum
and extensively introducing industrialized methods of construction.
The principal trend in the area of industrializing the construction of petroleum
industry structures is the completely equipped modular section construction (BKS)
method. The use of the advanced method has made it possible to create new tech-
nological, spatial planning and structural approaches for the complex of structures
at an installation in the form of transportable modular sections having a large
unified mass and a high level of automation and factory preparedness that provide a
reduction in fuel and energy consumption by 15 to 20 percent, material consumption
_ by 20 to 30 percent and labor resources by a~factor of 2 to 2.5, and provide an im-
provement in the system of designing, manufacturing, delivering equipment, and con-
struction. The concentration of capital investments and material and technological
resources and the completely equipped nature of the modular section equipment de-
livered by the plant has made it possible to significantly reduce the duration of
construction and the timeframes for starting up and developing new capacities.
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During 1976 to 1980 the production of 17 new types of modular section automated
equipment (BAO) was mastered. Approximately 10,000 complete sets of BAO were turned
out for the sum of more than S00 million rubles. The first completely equipped
modular section installations with a weight of up to 200 tons were made in our coun-
try having been given the name super modular sections.
In 1980 almost 4 times as many completely equipped modular section installations
werE~ manufac[ured in comParlson with the first year of the lOth Five-Year Plan while
tl~c numbcr of workcrs per 1 million rubles of construction and install.ation work (SMR)
~Ic~crc~nsecl islmc>til by halC.
Work was done to create, produce and construct pumping stations for mainline trans-
portation structure~ using modular section boxes for auxiliary purposes by member-
countries of SEV [Council for Mutual Economic Aid] in collaboration with the Ministry
of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterprises.
Highly productive methods of laying mainline and industrial pipelines have been
adopted on the basis of primarily using contact welding, thin layers of casings,
basic technology for welding pipe runners and automated methods of controlling the
pipelines that are built and by using motor vehicle transportation that is able to
pass through areas with more difficult terrain which makes it possible to convey
individual pipes and pipe sections to the line.
'1'he acloption of complete sets of prefabricated structural ~uilding components and
also :;tr~~c:ti~ral components with lighter weight shapes and inflated casings has been
acc.omPl islieel. I~uri~~g the lOCh Five-Year Plan one million aquare meters of buildinga
from ll~;liter weigtit structural componente were built. This provided a reduction in
the estimated cost of building such structures by 11 to 12 percent.
Modern technological means were used for transporting and assembling structural
building components and equipment. Approximately 100 types of new machines and
mechanisms ~,ere developed which make it possible to increase labor productivity by
15 percent. The use of standardized sets of devices and small size means of inech-
anization aided in increasing the labor productivity of construction workers by
20 to 40 percent. The technological outfitting of design organizations was done by
means of introducing new technology (the EVM [electronic computer], curve plotters
and others) within the framework of the SAPR [sutomated planning system]. The use of
computer technology increased the quality of designs for laying out petroleum indus-
try structures and roads, and reduced design time. As a.result of carrying out all
of these programs higher technological and economic indices were obtained for capital
construction. The relative proportion of SMFt that was done directly at the construc-
tion site in 1980 decreased in comparison with 1976. The level of incomplete con-
struction was reduced. At the end of 1975 the volume of incomplete conetruction
comprised 72 percent of the yearly amounC of capital investmenta while 57 percent
wns projeGted at the end of 1980.
'i'ugeth~~r w.lth thtA tl~~ ~~ac~~r for ndopting I3KS does not correspond to the growth in
~.;ipl tr~l f ~rv~~sements. 7'i~c rclative proportion of the cost of BKNS [expansion ur.known]
clecre:is~d by 5.7 pereent for the five-year plan. This was brought about by a lag in
the production of modular section equipment relative to sector demand.
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Up to the present time the output of auxiliary equipment, inter-modular section and
intersite connections in modular section form has not been developed to a full degree
in production; the completely equipped delivery of petroleum industry structures to
the construction site has not been realized.
The growth in the volumes of capital construction during the llth Five-Year Plan will
require faster rates of construction, an improvement in its efficiency, and an orien-
tation toward the end results for the national economy. The solution to these compli-
cated and crucial problems is related most of all to an improvement in the level of
management of the capital construction system that will provide an increase in con-
struction efficiency by means of adopting the achievements of scientific and tech-
n~logical progress and by reducing unproductive losses in designing and construction
production.
1. In the field of improving organizational management,work is scheduled to be done
in cwo main directions.
The creation of an optimum management system over all participants in the processes of
designing-manufacturing-construction for orienting them toward unified sector results
on the basis of eliminating disagreements in the standard legal basis of making
decisions. For this aim the principles of Special Purpose Program SKS: XI-XII "Improv-
ing Management of the System of Capital Construction for the Petroleum Industry during
the llth and 12th Five-Year Plans" were worked out, the realization of which will make
it possible to eliminate unproductive losses of time and resources that arise as a
result of a lack of coordination of the activities of the participants that are in
various organizational systems. An organizational basis is being formed for realizing
this program and documents have been prepared for publication with the criteria and
legal basis for Special Purpose Program SKS: XI-XII.
Improving the management of one's own construction organizations. The second direction
is closely connected with the first (The Special Purpose Program) and it achieved the
greatest development during the experimental perfecting of the "Tatneft Association's
management of its own construction organizations.
At the present time on the basis of interim results a program for further developing
one's own construction organizations and improving management is being worked out in
the Ministry of the Petroleum Industry.
_ In the area of adopting the achievements of scientific and technological progress a
"Plan for the Technological Development of Petroleum Industry Construction," which
_ has been worked out by the Diinistry of the Petroleum Industry is expected to be
realized as well as appropriate programs for mainline transportation, gas processing
and other production subsectors. The aim of these programs is to create conditions
which will ensure high technological and economic indices for constructing and util-
izing structures while accelerating the start up of their operations and increasin~
labor productivity in construction by a factor of 2 to 2.5. For this,more perfect
combined spatial planning and structural approaches to the structures are required
which will make it possible to form transportable modular section installations with
a single large mass ana a high level of automation and factory preparedness. It is
necessary to perfect the systems of designing, manufacturing and construction (including
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the planning and management by these workers) in order to ensure the completeness
of the deliveries of complexes for developing petroleum deposits and also the
- standard leg3Z basis for realizing the programs for developing scientific and tech-
nological progress in construction and for creating a legal basis for the completely
equipped modular section construction method.
The plan specities the fo~-mation of industrial production as well: in making com-
pletely equipped modular section structures for collecting and transporting products
from petroleum boring holes; central points for collecting and preparing petroleum,
gas and water; for maintaining pressure in the strata and the industrial water supply;
for increasing the petroleum yield from the strata; for exploiting boring holes by an
air lift method; for destroying and vtilizing the residue that is extracted when
treating the strata's waste water. These tasks are being done on a unified methodical
basis which encompasses working out standardized technological schemes for structures
and complexes; determining the quantitative level of the capacities of the structures
and the parametric level of the modular section equipment; working out standardized
combined approaches to structures and organizing the working out of deficiencies and
the modernization of existing equipment and its industrial manufacturing. Developing
completely equipped modular section technological structures will be done on the
basis of standardizing the different.types of equipment which will make it possible
to improve the serial nature of production and significantly increase the volumes
of equipment being manufactured by existi:~g production capacities;
buildings and structures for secondary and auxiliary, administrative and management
services, shelters for modular section equipment and technological installations and
also watch and operation settlements. The formation of new efficient materials and
industrialized structural components for buildings plays an important role in this
direction. It is suggested that a new system of complete deliveries be formed
having in mind the transfer of the functions for completing the equipment to the
enterprises that do the prefabrication work and complete equipping and the organiza-
tion of deliveries of structures and complexes with all the basic and auxiliary equip-
ment including intermodular section and intersite utility lines.
With the aim of providing construction sites with the required types of products and
amount of completely equipped modular section installations it is specified that
production capacities for turning out equipme~t be created. When this is done much
attention will be given to improving the technological processes for producing equip-
ment and the specialization of the plant-manufacturers.
Consideritig the fact that the existing capacities of the construction industry's ~
bases are insufficient and also their increasing role in the completely equipped
modular section method of construction, comprehensive work is specified by the plan
which is aimed at creating and efficiently placing completely equipped modular sec-
tion production bases for manufacturing large size modular sections. The creation
of a new structure and forms for construction organizations and new forms for evalu-
ating their activity will be an important moment in the perfection of the construction
industry which is extremely necessary under conditions of adopting the completely
equipped and operations-watch method of construction on a mass scale.
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Comprehensive work is specified to be done to create methods and technological means
for transporting and building structures utilizing completely equipped modular sec-
tions. It is necessary to enlist the aid of the organizations of the Ministry of
Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterprises, the Ministry of the Auto-
motive Industry, the Ministry of Construction, Road and Municipal Machine Building,
the Ministry of the Aviation Industry and the Ministry of the Shipbuilding Industry.
to resolve this work.
Tiie plan specifies that methods for evaluating and planning the level and economic
effectiveness of the completely equipped modular section method of building structures
for developing petr~leum deposits be improved. This work will make it possible to
determine the optimum level of industrialization for construction, its effect on the
technolobical and economic indices of structures for developing petroleum deposits
a~id regulate probl.ems with pricing complete.ly equipped moduler Hection equipment.
A~i ImporLant rule in improving capital construction is attributable to techno-
lobical unification and standardization--the primary links in the system of controllin~
the technological level and quality in design and construction. At the present time
a number of standard technical documents have been worked out that are aimed at
improving the quality of design and construction, reducing fuel, energy and material
consumption, reducing construction ti.me and developing new capacities. Further
improvement in the standard technical documents specifies:
creating a system of standard technical documents encompassing the entire investment
process from discovery of the deposit and verification of the reserves to the devel-
opment of the design capacities;
eliminating existing functional excesaes in the standard technical documents that are
rclated to t}~e adoption of the completely equipped modular section meChod of construct~
eliminating existing discrepancies in the standard Cechnical documente;
cr~aCing new standard documente thnt take into consideration the shift of capital
coristruction into regions with difficult natural and climatic conditiana and also the
development of deposits of petroleum with high levels of viscosity and petroleum con-
taining hydrogen sulfide.
The efforts of all participants in creating and utilizing petroleum industry structuref
must be directed toward a solution to this direction of work.
4. In the area of further improving the Ministry of the Petroleum Industry's design
complex an improvement in planning design and research work is specified as well as
in the organization and technology of the design process, the perfection of inethods
of mana~;ing planning and estimate affairs, and the adoption of an overall syetem of
controlling the quality of design and research work. Toward this goal the Miniatry of
the Petroleum Industry has completed a transfer to a new system of designing (TEO
[expansion unknownJ--workinb drawings), and development of phase one of an SAPR for
petroleum is being completed, etc. The planned work will make it possible to increase
tlie technological and economicpl. level of the design approaches while improving quality
and reducinR the time for working out designa.
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Large and complicated problems have to be solved for developing the petroleum industry
in Western Siberia.
Starting to develop a large number of distant deposits requires unprecedented con-
struction for it, main highways to them and structures for supplying power which must
eliminate the seasonal nature of the work of boring and construction organizations
and significantly increase the efficiency of their work. 1'his will also.make it
possible to gradually reduce the projected volumes of material and equipment supplies
that change hands.
Together with the construction of main highways in Western Siberia it is necessary
to complete construction of motor vehicle access routes to the groups of petroleum
bore}toles on an extensive scale. Since the beginning of exploiting the Western
Siberia deposits such access routes have not been built siace there was not sufficient
capabilities for building even main highways. But relative to the fact that conditions
for exploiting the boring holes are becoming more complicated (the allotment of the
available mechanized equipment will comprise more than 70 percent in 1985), the lack
of motor vehicle access routes to the groups of boreholes will lead to delays in
repair work and consequently to considerable losses of petroleum extracted.
With the aim of eliminating the loss of light grades of petroleum the construction
of petroleum settling installations is projected for the forthcoming five-year plan
along with the construction of gas processing plants in Western Siberia for utilizing
natural gas. This will make it possible to significantly increase the production of
a wide range of grades of hydrocarbons and at the same time meet the needs of the
petrochemical industry for this valuable raw material. It is necessary to build a
system of product pipelines from Western Siberia to Uralo-Povolzh'e for transporting
the broad range of grades of hydrocarbons.
Completing such large volumes of work for developing the petroleum industry is pos-
sible under conditions where the extremely important program for non-production
construction is implemented.
The difficulty in accomplishing this goal is contained not only in the fact of� the
absolutely large volumes but also in the fact thaC a large portion of this construc-
tion must be done in new cities and settlements. Construction orgariizations in
many republics and oblasts have been enlisted in order to complete the programs for
building housing and structures for cultural and everyday purposes in Western Siberia.
Completing such large tasks requires searches for new methods, chiefly organizational.
It is desirable to implement the following measures.
1. The decisive factor in expanding the volumes of construction is the formation of a
suitable base for construction. At the same time the formation of this base requires
that huge material and personnel resources be directed toward its construction which
will inflict.considerable harm to the construction of petroleum industry structures.
On the other hand it is necessary to build a large amount of housing, cultural and
everyday structures both for the construction workers of this base and the operating
personnel which will also have a harmful eff ect oi~ providing the workers w~o are
doing the primary operations with housing and everyday conditions.
19
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In this regard it seems expedient to form reinforced concrete and metal structural
components plants, large panel housing construction plants, sanitation and pipe
billet plants, and plants that do capital repair work on machines, mechanisms and
means of transportation within the rayons of Western Siberia where there is petroleum
construction. This is expedient even though all of the building materials, raw
materials and rolled metal are transported to the northern part of Tyumenskaya oblast
from other rayons of the country.
In order to accelerate the realization of this program i: would have been expedient
to transfer the KPD [Large Panel Housing Construction], reinforced concrete, and
metal structural components plants and gravel strip mining operations that are
already in operation in other rayons of the country to the construction organiza-
tions in the Western Siberia petroleum and gas complex.
2. The organizations of the USSR Ministry of Installation and Special Construction
Work as a subcontractor of the Ministry of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry
Enterprises could have made a large contribution toward forming capacities for the
Western Siberia petrole~ industry. At the present time the USSR Ministry of Instal-
lation and Special Construction Work is participating only in the installation of
gas processing plants, gas lifting compressor stations and storage tanks at the
main petroleum transferring stations on the main petroleum pipelines.
In order to accelerate the construction of petrole~ industry structures in Western
Siberia it is expedient to charge the USSR Ministry of Installation and Special
Construction Work with executing installation work at all structures.
3. In the interests of the work the fact that the organizational structure of gas
extracting enterprises in Western Siberia was changed requires that the organizational
structure of construction organizations in the Ministry of Construction of Petroleum
and Gas Industry Enterprises also be changed:
to form construction associations in Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Nefteyugansk on the
basis of general construction and pipe trusts;
to form construction trusts affiliated with new petroleum extracting administrations;
to reserve construction of only structures for the petroleutn industry (excluding
main petroleum pipelines) for the Main Tyumen Administration for ConstrucCion of
Petroleum and Gas Industry En~erprises having also placed under its ~urisdiction
the "Tomskgazstroy" Trust;
to reserve construction of main gas and petroleum pipelines for the Main Siberia
Pipeline Construction Administration;
to form a new main administration--the Main Tyumen Gas Construction Administration--
for supervising construction in the gas containing areas of the north.
4. In order to build almost all industrial structures, bases near groups of boreholes
and highways, and to erect cities and settlements in Western Siberia it is necessary,
t~ cover the construction site with sandy soil. The total demand for sandy soil will
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exceed 100 million cubic meters annually and will increase. Almost all ministries
are preparing the ground by a hydromechanical method. It would have been expedient
to form a Special "Hydromechanization" Trust in the Ministry of Transport Construc-
tion to prepare sandy soil for all consumers. This will make it possible to better
utilize the stock of earth probes, to better locate hydroalluvium stripping opera-
tions, to reduce transportation distances and at the same time significantly reduce
demand for dump trucks for transporting soil.
COPYRIGHT: Vsyesoyuznyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut organizatsii, upravlemiya
i ekonomiki neftegazovoy promyshlennosti (VNIIOENG), 1981
9495
- CSO: 1821/076
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GENERAL
UDC 65.015.1:622.323+622.24
` NEED FOR STANDARDIZATION OF OIL-INDUSTRY ENGINEERING PROCESSES STRESSED
Moscow ORGANIZATSIYA I UPRAVLENIYE NEFTYANOY PROMYSHLENNOSTI in Russian No 4, 1981
pp 19-21
[Article by V. S. Ugolev and V. L. Chicherov: "In the Matter of Standardizing
Engineering Processes 3n the Oil Industry"]
[Text] The importance of standardization in the economy? is growing ever greater.
This is explained by the considerable economic impact obtained as a result of stan-
dardization: an improvement in the quality of the workers' labor, an increase in
the level of engineering and improvement in the output quality.
Standardization has been extensively introduced in the oil industry, particularly
in recent years. Subjects for standardization have been: various machines, mech-
anisms, equipment, tools, materials, requirements for product quality indicators,
terms and def initions, the system of notation for product quality indicators, meth-
ods of determining product quality indicators, engineering processes, etc.
It is necessary to dwell separatAly on the standardization of engineering processes.
They can be divided into engineering processes during the manufacture of this or
that product. In other words, they can be divided into plant and machine-construc-
tion engineering processes and into specific processes for the oil industry (such
as the extraction and raw-material sectors) which are applied during the development
of oil deposits, the extraction of oil, the operation of wells and their routine
and major repairs.
It is these processes that play an importar~t role in the oil industry. The overall
number of engineering processes which are subject to standardization in the oil
_ industry is extremely great. This can be explained by many factors, chief among
which are the following.
1. An objectively composed sit~uation in which the oil industry is exclusively ex-
~ tractive in nature and is concerned with raw materials.
The major portion of machines, mechanisms and equipment operated in the industry
is designed and manufactured in organizations and at enterprises of related minis-
- tries and departments. for example, Minkhimash, Mintyazhmash, Minelektrotekhprom,
Minpribor (drill.in g rigs, drillin g pumps, deep-well borehole pumps, centrifugal
pumps for flooding, immersible electric oil pumps, compressors, equipment for the
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preparation, processing and cleaning of the washing fluid; drilling derricks, tackle
systems, keys, hoists, cables, various electrical equipment, manometers, other in-
struments for monitoring and recording, etc.}.
Therefore, under the given conditions, standardization of the industrial~output
is not a major direction for standardization in the oil industry. Such work is
covered by the corresponding min istLies, departments, developers and manufacturers
of this product, while in this regard the oil workers are interested in developing
technical specifications for these types of equipment, based on scientific and tech-
nical progress.
At the same time, one must not underesti.mate the role of such work in the industry
and pay less attention to the standardizatian af the products daveloped and manufac-
tured by the enterprises of Minnef teprom.
2. Engineering processes as a form of activity prevail over other forms of activity
in the oil industry. One can say that the oil industry is a"production process"
whose product is oil.
The activities of the majority of workers in the oil f ields, in the industry's de-
sign, planning and scientific research organizations and in the management apparatus
is one way or another associated with insuring that the most varied engineering
pracesses are carried out. The ultimate goal of carrying out this whole complex
of engineering processes in the develop~ent of oil deposits is the guarantee of
the planned extraction of oil and the conformity of its physicochemical indicators
to standards set in State Standard 9965-76 "Oil. The Degree of Preparation for
Oil-Refining Enterprises. Specifications."
It should be noted that many other subjects f or standardization in the oil industry,
for example, the system of notations for quality indicators for special materials
and reagents; values for their indicators, their methods of determination, etc.,
to one degree or another are lilcewise associated with the engineering processes
~ in which they are employel.
Moreover, up until recently, insufficient attention had been devoted to the stan-
dardization of engineering processes in the industry. This is understan~ahle if
one considers that even in the machine-construction industries where standardization
has begun its own development, the question of standardization of engineering pro-
cesses in the manufacturing of pro,ducts has not been worked out to a sufficient
degree. Therefore, in connection with the practically total lack of experience
~n this area, the oil-industry workers face challenging problems with regard to
the development of a methodical approach to the standardization of the engineering
processes used in the industry. The creation of such methodical documents, which
would establish common requirements for the standardization of engineering processes
relating to the development of oil deposits, oil equipment and oil-drilling tech-
niques, would fulf ill today's urgent tasks in the oil industry.
The development and introduction of such documents in organizations and at enter-
prises would contribute to the more intensive conducting of work on standardizing
the sector engineering processes as a major subject f or standardization in the oil
industry.
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Thus, Minnefteprom's chief organization for standardization and the basic standard-
ization organizations are faced with the task of coordinating work on standardizing
engineering processes used in the oil industry and with the task of developing stan-
dardized technical documentation regulating this area of activity on an industry-
wide scale.
Work has already begun on standardizing the engineering processes used in the oil
industry. As an example, one can refer to the industry standards developed by the
All-Union Oil and Gas Scientific Research Institute (VNII): OST 39-082-79 "Periodic
Electrothermal Treatment of Oil-Well Boreholes. A Standard Engineering Process"
and OST 39-097-79 "Cyclical Steam-Heat Treatment of Oil-Well Boreholes. A Standard
_ Engineering Process".
These standards extend correspondingly to the technology of periodic electrothermal
treatment of oil-well boreholes and to the engineering process of cyclical steam-
_ heat treatment of oil-well boreholes. They establish the sequence f or executing
engineeri.ng operations and the requirements for them.
Since these two standards are the first experience for the oil industry, we should
dwell in a little more detail on their particular f eatures, consider~ng that, by
analogy, an entire group of standards can be developed in the future which will
regulate the methods of increasing oil-well borehole productivity.
The standards cited contain the followin g sections.
The first section--"Items for Application"--establishes the parameters of oil depos-
its (oil viscosity and the oil's paraffin content) as an item for the application
of the corresponding engineering processes. Conditions are presented under which
the application of the method is advisable (the depth of occurrence of the reser-
voir, the degree to which the critic zone's oil permeability is reduced due to par-
aff in deposits, the thickness of the reservoir, the porosity of the reservoir, the
reservoir pressure, water content, etc.). The conditions which must be satisfied
by the oil-well borehole subject to this type of effect are controlled (productiv-
ity, minimal oil-well borehole output, content of inechanical impurities in the out-
put, conditions with regard to the oil and casing strings, the cement stone and
the level of fluid in the borehole).
The second section--"Preparation of the Borehole for Treatment"--establishes re-
quirements for the head fittings, the oil and casing strings, the quality of the
steam-drive installation, its heat insulation, the procedure for measuring the out-
put and water content of the oil, the procedure for studying the borehole in order
to determine the reservoir temperature, the productivity coefficient, the borehole
fluid level, the presence and degree of oil permeability due to paraffin deposits,
etc.
The third section--"Conducting Treatment"--establishes the sequence for conducting
separate engineering operations making up the engin eering process as a whole and
the requirements for conducti.ng engineering operations.
The fourth section--"Completing Treatment and Putting the Borehole into Operation"--
establishes the sequence and the requirements f or conducting final work on the bore-
hole and puttin g it into operation.
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The fifth section--"Methods of Monitoring"--establishes both the method and the
frequency of monitoring boreholes during treatment and operation after electric
and steam heating.
The si~th section--"Safety Requirements"--establishes specific requirements for
the entire complex of ineasures that insure the safe conduction of operations in
accomplishing these engineerin g processes.
The appendices to these standards likewise present the basic terms mentioned in
the standards and their def in itions. Lists of documents are presented to which
references are made in the texts of the standards.
In analogy with these standards, other industry standards can be developed for stan-
dard engineering processes used in the oil industry.
As a result of the preceding, one can make the following conclusions:
1. Engineering processes associated with the development of oil deposits, the
equipment and techniques of oil extraction, the drilling of boreholes, the raising
of fluid to the surface, the in itial preparation of the oil, that is, with the en-
tire complex of works within the sphere of activity of the Ministry of the Oil
Industry, are the most important subjects f or conducting work on standardization
in the oil industry.
2. It is necessary to stimulate work on the standardization of engineering pro-
cesses used in the oil industry.
3. The stimulation of work on the standardization of engineering processes in the
oil industry can be achieved by m~ans of devel.oping standardized technical docu-
mentation regulating the procedure for conducting work and the content of the work
on the standardization of engineering processes and on the coordination of the ac-
tivities of industry organizations and enterprises in this direction.
COPYRIGHT: Vsesoyuznyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut organizatsii, upravleniya
i ekonomiki neftegazovoy promyshlennosti (VNIIOENG), 1981
9512
CSO: 1822/183 END
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