JPRS ID: 9931 USSR REPORT AGRICULTURE

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• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9931
25 August 1981
USSR Re ort
p
AGRICULTURE
CFOUO 5/81)
FBIS FOREICN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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JPRS L/9931
25 August 1981
~ USSR REPORT
RGRICULTURE
(FOUO 5/81)
CONTENTS
LIV~ESTOCK FEED PROCUREMEI~T
Importance of Reliable, Balanced Feed Base for Livestock Stressed
(N. Yevaeyev; MOLOCHNOYE I MYASNOYE SKOTOVODSTVO, Jun 81) . 1
LIVESTOCK
Sheep Raising ProspECts, Trends for Eleventh Five-Year Plan
(P. B. Genkin; OVTSEVODSTVO, Jun 81) 7
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Problems in Soviet Land Reclamation Program
(GIDROTEKHNIKA I MELIORATSIYA, Jun 81) 13
- a - [III - USSR - 7 FOUO]
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LIVIiSTOCK FEED PROCUREMENT
IMPORTANCE OF R~LIABLE, BALANCED FEED BASE FOR LIVESTOCk STRESSED
Moscow MOLOCHNOYE I MYASNOYE SKOTOVODSTVO in Russian No 6, Jun 81 pp 2-5
[Article by N. Yevseyev, chief of Administration of Production and Feed Procurement
Technology of USSR Minis.*.ry of Agriculture: "A Reliable and Balanced Feed Base for
Animal Husbandry"]
- [Text] Recently the CC CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers adopted the dacree
entitled "Additional Measures for Ensuring the Harvestin~ of the Crops and the
Procurement of Agricultural Products and Feed During 1981 and the Successful
Wintering of the Livestock During the 1981/82 Period." In particular, this decree
called for the measures required for ensuring that the livestock and poultry are
fully supplied with the necessary feed during the coming wintering pariod.
In this decree, special attentioii was focused on the need for organizing the
~fulfillment and over-fulfillment on each farm of the plans for procuring hay, haylage,
silage, grass meal and granulated and briquetted feeds and also for utilizing all
reserves for the additional accumulation and proper use of feed resources on the �arms.
Maximum use is called for, for feed purposes, of the tops of sugar beets,`potatoes,
- straw, chaff, the waste products of ve~etable production and the food industry and
also food remnants obtained in cities and industrial centers from the popslation and
from trade and public Gatering enterprises. Special attention was given~to the need
for creating insurance reserves of feed for the winter pastures.
The CC CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers have obligated the party, soviet and
agricultural organs ro undertake measures aimed at ensuring the timely procurement of
feed from all areas sown in grasses, from natural meadows and also from gullies,
ravines, the flood plain~ of rivers, forest lands, roadside strips and other tracts
having stands of grass. Repetitive sowings of forage crops must be carried out,
especially on irrigated lands. The complete and timely gathering up of straw and
glume during the harvesting of grain crops must be ensured and the straw obtained
from harvests of previous years must be preserved. The transporting of the feed to
the aniraal husbandry farms must be canpleted for the most part prior Co the
commencement of the indoor maintenance period for the livestock and the necessary
- measures must also be undertaken to protect the feed against fire and theft. StricC
control must be established over the quality of the feed during procurement and
storage.
In accordance with the present decree, the directors of sovkhozes and other state
agricultural enterprises are authorized in 19t31 to issue (free of charge), in the
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form of an additional payment to workers engaged in procuring hay, straw, silage
- and haylage and in the prod~.iction of a_:ificially dehydrated feed and ko sell in
accordance w~_th planned production costs, to those percnanent workers of sovkhozes
and other s'.ate agricultural enterpriaes maintaining domestic livestock on a private
basis, up to 10 percent of the hay and silage procured and up to 20 percent of the
s tra~w .
The directors of sovkhozes, forest husbandry and other state enterprises are
authorized to issue up to 50 percent of the lzay (free of charge) to those workers
engaged in procuring hay manually from lands deemed unsuitable for ths use of
tractors atid machines.
At the present time, specialization and concer:tration in the production of feed are
being develaped extensively. Specialized complexes, detachments and brigades for
the procuremrnt of feed, having at their disposal the necessary equipment and
material resources, are operating successfully at the kolkhozes and sovkhozes. Un
the basis of cooperation, specialized farms are being created for the production of
coarse and succulent feeds and interfarm enterprises are being built for the
produ~tion of mixed feeds and feed additives.
These new organizational forms are ~ttaching a branch character to feed production and
they are creating the conditions required for the fur6her industrialization of this
branch and for converting it over to an induatrial basis.
Ir- recent years, considerable material resources have been made available for
developing feed productior~ and for strengthening its logistical base,and this has
exerted a positive influence with regard to feed production.
Progressive technologies for the procurement of hay are being introduced into
- operations on a more extensive scale. Considerably greater use is being macle of
synthetic film for covering feed and chemical preservatives and other prepar~tions
during ensilage making operations. The production of mixed feeds and protein-
vitamin additives at state and interfarm, kolkhoz and sovkho~ enterprises has
increased. Improvements have been realized on the farms in the work of the feed
preparation ~hops and feed preparation houses in the preparation of feed for feeding
to the livestock. However, tk:e level of development achieved for the feed base is
still lagging behind the increasing requirements of ani~r~al husbandry in terms of both
the quantity and quality of the feed.
The main direction to be followed in feed production is that of raising the
productivity of a hectare of agricultural land, improving the structure of areas sown
in forage crops and ensuring their correct selection.
Great reserves are to be found in the correct use of irrigation farming. In recent
years, almost no increase has taken place in the areas sown in alfalfa on irrigated
lands. Very little alfalfa is und~:r irrigation in the RSFSR, Arinenia, Kirgizia or
Georgia. At the same time, annual grasses are being grown unjustifiably under
irrigation conditions on from 380,000 to 730,000 hectares annually, despite the fact
that their cropping power is almost two times lower than that for perennial grasses.
The cropping power of forage crops grown on irrigated lands has for all practical
practical purposes not increased in recent years and in the Turkmen SSR, Tadzhik SSR
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_ Kirghiz SSR, Georgian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Armenian SSR and the RSFSR it has even
decreased in terms of a number of cropa compared to the Ninth Five-Year Pl~tn.
The crops to be grown under irrigation conditions should be those which throughout
the entire growing season furnish the greatest increase in fodder having a high feed
value.
Computations reveal that it is possible this year to increase the fodder yield
obtained from irrigated lands by a factor of 1.5-2 by observing the irrigation
regimes, expanding the sowings of alfalfa, sorghum, Sudan grass, by introducing into
= operations reoetitive sowings of forage cropa on a more extensive scale and also by
~ making correct use of the mineral fertilizera made available. This is a realistic
task~and practical measures must be undertaken to ensure that it is carried out.
Specisl attention should be given to obtaining multiple cuttings of grasses,
especially from lands under irrigation. Here, in combination with early sc.hedules
for the mowing and procurement: of hay, haylage, briquettes, granules and grass meal,
the nutrient yield per unit of space is raised by a factor of more t!1an 1.5. Such
use under irrigation conditions on leading farms throughout the country is producing
up +to 180 quintals of alfalfa hay per hectare. Even in the Volga region, with 3-4
cuttings, it ensures more than 50-60 quintals of hay per hectare. However, in many
oblasts of the RSFSR, only one or at best two cLttings of alfalfa are being obtained
annually.
Tntermediate sowings of forage crops in regi4ns of adequate moisture and under
irrigation conditions represent a strong reserve for increasing the production of
feed.
Many farms in Khersonsl:aya, Krymskaya, Dnepropetrovskaya and other oblasts are
annually using 20 percent or more of their irrigated arable land for intermediate
sowings~and they are obtaining high yields from them. For examp' , the Avangard
Kolkhoz in Chernigovskiy Rayon in Chernigovskaya Oblast is systematically using more
than 40 percent of its arable l~nd for int.ermediate sowings~and it is obtaining
30,000-32,000 quintals ot feed units, or approximately 25 percent of its overall
production of feed from arable land. In the Belorussian SSR, up to 1 million
additional tons of feed units are being obtained annually as a result of intermediate
sowings. Extensive use is being made of them by the Osnezhitskiy kolkhoz in Pinskiy
Rayon in Brestskaya Oblast, the Kolkhoz imeni Uritskiy in Gomel'skaya OUlast, the
Ukraina Kolkhoz in Vinnitskiy Rayon in Vinnitskaya Ot~last and by many others.
The nroblem of producing plant protein warrants speci~~l attention. During the past
few years, a considerable shortage of feed protein has been observed in the feed
balance. In addition to a considerable shortfall in oLtput, a reduced feed protein
level in animal husbandry will also lead to a considerable over-expenditure of feed,
especially grain forage.
In solving this problem, a great amount of attention must be given to increasing the
production of pulse crops.
Of the pulse crops in the European and eastern parts of the country (Urals zone,
western Siberia and Kazakhstan), peas must occupy a considerable place in the sowings
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of grain crops; in the western regions of the RSFSR, the B~lorussian SSR, the Baltic
republics and the Polesskaya zone of the Ukrainian SSR lupine; in the Far East,
_ on irrigated lands in Central Asia, the north Caucasus, the southern Ukraine and in
Moldavia soybeans.
Greater attention must be given to the growing of such valuable (from a feed '
standpoi~t) crops as winter rape, oil-bearing radishes, wild cabbage and other
cruciferae family cropg.
The natural feed�lands serve as an important source for the production of feed.
Kowev~;, they are n+~t being employed au�ficiently effectively. On many farn~s,
pro~er attention is not being given to carrying out basic and surface imgrovements
on the natural feed lands, to creating irrigated haying and pasture lands ar to the
flooding of pastures, as a result of which the established tasks for these types of
work are not being carried out in a number of republics.
Natursl feed lands must occupy a leading place in th~ creation of a stable feed base
for animal husbandry. An increase in the production of feed must be carried out by
intensifying the use of haying and pasture lands, thus making it posaible to release
as much arable land as possible for increasing the production of other types of feed.
Towards this end, it will be necessary on each farm to develop and implement specific
T,~asures aimed at organizing the tending of the haying and pasture lands, applying
the required amounts of mineral and organic fertilizers, improving the use of hay~ng
ar.d pasture lands and raising their productiv~ty sharply.
Special attention must be given to raising the quality of the feed being procured
and impruving its storage. Modern progressive technologies for the procurement and
storage of feed are making it possible to ensure up to 80-90 percent the preservation
of the nutrients in the feeds, whereas in the case of conventional feed procurement
technologies the nutrient losses amount to 30 percent or more. It bears mentioning
that a large quantity of low quality feed is being procured annually at the kolkhozes
and sovkhozes and this underscorea the lack of proper control over observance of tt~e
technologies for procur.ing the feed. Thus, last year 48 percent of the hay and �
ailage and 57 percent of the haylage were either of 3d class quality or non-graded.
We can no longer tolerate situations in which the feed procurement work is held off
until later in the hope of obtaining more bulk. A majority of the farms are
commencing their hay harvesting work during the blossoming phase for the grasses and
instead of just 5-6 days they are requiring a month or more to complete the work.
The dragging out of the commencement of grass harvesting operations reduces the
number of subsequent cuttings and lowers the yield of feed units and digestible
protein by 40-50 percent compared to the harvesting of leguminous grasses during the
budding phase and cereal grasses during the heading phase. Attention should be
directed to the great losses which are occurring in connection with early schedules
for harvesting corn for silage and feed root crops. Progressive feed procurement
technologies are being introduced into operations very slowly on many farms. Thus,
in 1980, at kolkhozes and sovkhozes in the nonchernozem zone of the RSFSR, pressed
hay constituted 13 percent and the method of forced ventilation only 5 percent of the
overall procurements, whereas in the Estonian SSR these indicators were 71 and 49
percent respectively, in the Latvian SSR 44 and 59 percent and in the Lithuanian
SSR 42 and 51 percent.
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As a rule, low quality haylage is observed at those farms where., for the sake of
fulfilling the established task, the grasses are cut down and placed in trenches
with no dry-curing being carried out. For all practical purposea, silage is
obtained and yet it is reported as haylage. In this regard, the laboratories
concerned with determinin~ the value of feed quite often furnish a non-objective
evaluation of its quality. They actually check the quality of the silage and not
the haylage.
Extensive use is presently being made of various preparations for the chemical
preservation of green feeds. An inspection has revealed that the instructions on the
use of chemical preservatives are being violated here and, as a result, low quality
feed is being obtained. Thus, in 1980, on some farms in Tul'skaya Oblast, RNMK was
was employed for preserving green feeds at the rate of 1 liter per ton of fodder
instead o~ 5 liters in accordance with the norma, benzoic acid 1 ktlogram per ton
inste~~i of 2-4 kilograms. As a result of analysis, all silage containing this
p~eservative turned out to be non-graded. Sfmilar situations have been noted on a
number of farms in Kalininskaya and o~her oblasts. Or still anather example; In the
Mariyskaya AS~R, silage obtainsd from 15 trendhes that had been treated with
- preservatives, was checked for quality. The silage from two trenches was described
as lst class, from three 2d class, from four 3d class And from six trenches
non-graded~ It turned out that in those instances where the silage was placed in a
trench for 4-5 days the feed was lst class, buti as the periods for �illing up the
capacities dragged out the quality of the feed deteriorated and non-graded silage
developed in those areas where the trenches were filled cver a period of 15 days.
The production of grass meal and other dehydrated feec~s reached more than 7 million
tons in 1980, of which amount more than 5 million tons, or 73 percent, were checked
for quality. As a result, of the overall quantity of feed checked, 53 percent
turned out to be 4th and 5th class or non-graded. The principal cause of such low
feed quality the lack of a proper raw materials base on the farms. On many of the
farms, overripe grass was delivered to the drying units under the guise of so-called
green chop.
It is obvious that the drying units must be used for preparing high class feed which
is equivalent to concentrates in terms of nutritional value and which makes it
possible to reducs grain consumption in animal husbandry.
Finally, a word concerning the construction of feed storehouses, without which it
would be impossible to raise the quality of feed or reduce feed losses during the
- storage process. At the present time, the kolkhoz and sovkhoz requirements for
silage and haylage feed storehouses are being satisfied by roughly 48 percent and for
hay and root crops by approximately 10 percent. There is a shortage of substantial
- storehouses for grass meal, briquettes and granules. It bears mentioning that durittg
the past f.ew yaars a definite amount of work has been carried out at kolkhozes and
sovkhozes aimed at accelerating the construction of feed storehouses. Thus, in 1979
the plan for constructing silage and haylage installations was fulfilled by 105
percent and grain storehouses by 135 percent. The 1980 task for the construcLion
of silage and haylage installations at farms in the Russian Federation, the Ukrainian
SSR, Kazakh SSR, Azerbaijan SSIc, Lithuanian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Armeniqn SSR and
Turkmen SSR has been over-fulfilled. ,
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However, proper attention is not being given to this problem in all areas, especially
in the Georgian SSR, the Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR, Volgo-Vyatskiy, westerii Siberian
~ and other regions of the RSFSR. In addition to silage and haylage installations, a
greater number of storehouses for hay, root and tuber crops and other feeds should
be built. In view of the fact that insufficient storehouses are available, the
kolkhozes and sovkhozes must make more extensive use of polymer film for covering
their feed.
In the decree adopted ~y the CC CPSU and the USSR Council of Ministers, the confidence
is expressed that the party, soviet, agricultural, professional trade union and
komsomol organizations, kolkhozes and sovkhozes,and industrial and transport
ornanizations, Quided by the decisions handed down during the 25th CPSU Congress,
will devote all of their efforts towards the successful fulfillment of the tasks
aimed at achieving further agricultural development and undertake measures directed
- tomards developing an efficient work rhythm during the period devoted to harvesting
the crops and procuring feed, completing the harvest c:ork without losses, procuring
the required amount of feed and ensuring successful wintering of the livestock
during the 1981/82 period.
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "IColos", "Molochnoye i myasnoye skotovodstvo", 1981.
1026
r'S0: 1i324/381
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LIVESTOCK '
SHEEP ~2~4ISING PROSPECTS, TRENDS FOR EIEVENTH FIVE-YEAR PLAN
Moscow OVTSEVODSTVO in Russian No 6, Jun 81 pp 2-4
~Article by P.B. Genkin, chief specialist at Administration of Sheep Raising of USSR
Ministry of Agriculture: "At the Start of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan"]
[Text] Large-scale measures were carried out in our country during the Tenth Five-
Year Plan aimed at improving agriculture. More than 170 biilion rubles were made
available for the development of this branch. Industry began to satisfy to a greater
- degree the requfrements of the rural areas f.or sgricultural machines and mineral
fertilizers. Such specialized branches as rural construction, land reclamation and
water management, machine building for animal husbandry and feed production and the
microbiological industry underwent further development. Concentration and
specialization in agricultural production and a~roindustrial integration became more
intensified and comprehensive in nature.
~ Despite the unfav~rable weather conditions experienced in many regions of the
country during three of the past five years, agriculturel output increased 9 percent
on an average annual. basis. For the very first time, the average annual yield of
grain reached 205 million tons and increased by 23 million tons compared to the
Ninth Five-Year Plan. Increas~s were achieved in the production of other types of
agri.cultural products.
In 1980, meat production amounted to 15.1 million tons, milk 90.7 million tons,
wool 461,700 tons and eggs 67.7 hillion.
During the Tenth Five-Year Plan, wool procurements increased by 8 percent compared
to the figure for the Ninth Five-Year Plan. At the same time, the proportion of
the more valuable merino wool increased from 51 to 64 percent; fine lst class wool
from 47 to 61 percPnt; fine normal condition wool from 33 to 39 and crossbred
wool of the crossbred and tsigayskaya from 41 to 54 percent.
The number of sheep and goats in the country, owing to the factors mentioned above,
remained unchanged, that is, it remained at the level for ?.976. At the beginning of
1981, there were 147 million at all categories of farms, including 117.8 million in
, the public sector and 29.2 million head on private plots.
At the same time, it bears mentioning that the available reserves for increasing
production and raising the quality of the wool were not being used fully and by no
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means by all of the sovkhozes or kolkhozes. During the past few years, the wool
productivity of sheep throughout the country as a whole remained at the same level
and amounted to 3-3.3 kilograms, or 1.5-1.6 kilograms of washed fibre per sheep.
The ~eading sheep raising farms in various zones of the country are consistently
obtaining 2.7-3.5 kilograms of wo~l in washed fibre per sheep annually.
Included among such farms are the kolkhozes Kolos, Rossiya and imeni Lenin, the
breeding plants Ipatovskiy, Bol'shevik, Vostok and Sovetskoye Runo in Stavropol'skiy
. Kray, Sovkhoz No. 18 in Rostovskaya Oblast, Stepnoy Sovkhoz in the Kalmytskaya ASSIt,
the Shelkovskiy Breeding Plant in the Checheno-Ingushskaya ASSR, the kolkhozss
Strana Sovetov and imeni XXI S"yezda KPSS, the breeding plants ~odinskiy, 50 Let
USSR and Ovtsavod in Altayskiy Rray, Moskalenskiy and Mar'yanovskiy in Omskaya
Oblast, Komsomolets in Chitinakaya Oblast, Chumskiy in Krasnoyarskiy Kray,
Kommunist in Zaporozhskaya Oblast, Krasnyy Chaban in Khersonskaya Oblast, imeni Roza
Lyuksemburg in Donetskaya Oblast and Chervlennyye Buruny in the Dagestanskaya ASSR.
All of the mentioned farms are praised not only for their highly productive and
sufficiently conaolidated herds of pedigree sheep but also for the outstanding
quality of their wool. The proportion of lst class wool, compared to the overall
quantity of fleece wool supplied by them, amounts invariably to 95 percent or more.
The task of carrying out a comprehensive study of the experience ir. the organizaEion
and technology of production at these farms, the creative interpretation of this
experience and its introductian into operations on an extensive s~ale at each
sovkhoz�and kolkhoz in the zones of developed sheep raising is a task worthy of
the attention of all agricultural organs. In passing, it is important to uncover
the factors which are restraining the development of sheep raiaing at each farm and
to place in operation all of the reserves that are available for increasing ~he
production of wool and mutton and for steadily raising their quality and reducing
production costs.
The chief cause of low animal productivity and slow rates of reproduction of the
herd on many farms continues to be the chronic shortage of fodder. Even according
to official accounting data, the average annual consumption of feed per sheep
throughout the country is 270-290 kilograms of feed units, or almost two times less
than the norm (550 feed units). As a result of unsatisfactory feeding and
maintsnance, the improvement achieved in the pedigree status of the sheep has not
been accompanied by a proper increase in their productivity. It is for this reason
that many farms are producing low quality wool. This is why the problems concerned
with strengthening the feed base to the maximum possible degree have now become
very vital problems with respect to the development of sheep raising.
The methods for solving this most important problem were set forth in the "Principal
Trends for the Economic and Social Development of the USSR During the 1981-19$5
period and for the Period Up To L990," approved by the 26th CPSU Congress. Here it
is ca~egorically written that in the field of agriculture "an urgent task is that of '
radically improving feed production and sati5fying the feed requirements of public
animal husbandry and also those for the livestock and poultry pr.ivatedly owned by
citizens. Work must be completed in connection with the development and
implementation of a complex program for the creation in the country of a reiiable
and balanced feed base for animal huabandry. ihe production of feed at kolkhozes and
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sovkhozes must become specialized in nature. Special attention must be given to
ensuring that the farms produce their o~an feed.
Work must be carried out aimed at improving the quality of all types of feed and
effort must be concentrated on solving the problem of feed protein, particularly
through an expansion of plantings and a considerable increase in the production of
peas, alfalfa, clover, lupine, soybeans, rape and other high protein crops. The
cropping power of the forage crops and the productivity of the natural feed lands
must be raised. A sharp reduction must be achieved in nutrient losses in the feed
- during harvesting and storage operations. The constxuction on the farms of
storehouses for silage, h~ylage, hay, grass meal, root crops and other types of feed,
using standard plans, must be accelerated.
Land reclamation operations must undergo further development. State capital
investments must be employed for placing in operation 3.4-3.6 million hectares of
irrigated and 3.7-3.9 million hectares of irrigated land and for the watering of
26-28 million hectares of pa~ture land in the desert, semi-desert and mountainous
regions.
During the Eleventh Rive-Year Plan, the program aimed at achieving maximum
concentration and specialization in the branch and introducing progressive
technologies for the production of wool and mutton will be continued. At the present
time, more than 270 sheep raisi*�g complexes for 1.5 ~illion ewes have been built
throughout the country and a~proximately 1,300 mechanized fattening sites for the
one-time handling of 6.5 million sheep are operating successfully. An increase in
the production of sheep raising products during the forthcoming five-year plan must
be achieved through improved organization and growth in labor productivity, based
upon the complex mechanization of the production processes. This will make it
_ possible to lower considerably the production costs for wool, mutton and karakul fur.
The plans call for the average annual production of wool during the current five-
year period to be raised to 470,000-4$0,000 tons,. compared to the actual level
achieved during the 1976-1980 period of 460,000 tons. Thus the average annual
increase in the production of wool is set at 2-4 percent.
The country's sheep raisers must carry out a great amount of work in connection with
further raising the quality of the wool. Merino wool must occupy a predominant place
in fine-fleece sheep raising. This year, its proportion of the country's
procurements on the whole is 64 percent, whereas in the Kazakh SSR only 6 percent.
The farms in eastern and western Siberia and also in the Azerbaijan SSR are selling
very little merino wool to the state.
Many kolkhozes and sovkhozes in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Armenia and some oblasts in
the Russian Federation and the Ukraine are clearly not making sufficient use of the
reserves which are available for increasing the production of fine and semi-fine lst
class wool. For example, the proportion of such wool in Kazakhstan, compared to the
overall procuremQnts, is only 24-29 percent, whereas on all farms which converted
over to direct contacts with factories for the primary processing of wool in
Stavrop~l'skiy and Altayskiy Krays, the Dagestanskaya, Ra:.mytskaya and Checheno-
Ingushskaya Autonomous Republics and Omska3~a, Tyumenskaya, Chelyabinskaya,
Lipetskaya, Krymskaya, Zakarpatskaya, Odesskaya, Ternopol'skaya, Donetskaya,
Zaporozhskaya, Khersonskaya and Gomel'skaya Oblasts, lst class wool constituted 80
percent or more of the 1980 procurements of fine and semi-fine wool.
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In recent years, so~ne improvements have been realized in the quality of the wool.
For example, the kolkhozes and sovkhozes in Uzbekistan, Georgia, Altayskiy Kray and
in Omskaya, Chelyabinskaya, Tyumenskaya, Gomel'skaya, Mogilevskaya, Brestskaya and
- Minskaya Oblasts and also a number of oblasts in Kazakhstan are annually producing
wool 70-90 percent of which is less contaminated and defect-free. However,
approximately 60 percent of the fine wool being supplied to the industrial
enterprises is contaminated or of wea'.c strength. In particular, a large quantity
(85 percent or morej of such wool is being supplied by farms in Moldavia, Azerbaijan,
Zaporozhskaya, Kherson~kaya, Krymskaya, Nikolayevska.ya, Khar'kovskaya,
Voroshilovgradskaya, Belgorodskaya Oblasts and in the Tatar and Mordovian Autonomous
Republics. This intolerable situation must be corrected decisively.
In confonnity with an order handed down by the USSR Council of Ministers, prior to
1985 a conversion will be carried out throughout the country over to the planning
and accounting for wool procurements in accordance with the indicators for wet
fibre and using the norms for moisture content, fat content and degree of
contamination. The mentioned norms will be common for the agricultural, procurement
and industrial enterprises. This measure must regulate the organization of wool
procurements based upon an objective measurement of their quantitative indicators,
~ which in turn will make it possible to raise the quality of the raw materials being
procured.
~owards this end, it will be necessary during the next few years to introduce into
~perations at the kolkhozes and sovkhozes a determination, by flocks, of the yield
o` wet fibre and accordingly to establish a wage for the sheep raising workers
- based upon this indicator. The republic and zonal laboratories for wool musC
furnish a ma.ximum amount of practical assisCance to the farms in introducing the
mentioned measure into operation.
During the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the procurements of semi-coarse and coarse wool
increased somewhat throughout the country, however the production volume for such
wool is falling short of the industrial requirements. Thus a need exists for
accel.erating in every possible way the ~ievelopment of coarse wool and semi-coarse
wool sheep raising, especially with white and light gre~; wool. Moreover, in the
interest of stimulating such production, the procurement prices for these types of
wool should be raised considerably. Cansidering the exi.sting ratio o� prices, the
earnings from the sale of wool from one sheep in fine fleece sheep raising turns out
to be greater by a factor of two than::that from sheep raising involving the
production of semi-coarse and coarse wool.
During this current five-year period, at sheep raising farms throughout the ~
country, an effective method for selecting pedigree rams based upon objective
laboratory studies of the qt~ality of their wool will be introduced infio operations.
Work aimed at introducing into production operations a system for ~.ontrolling the
- quality of the wool being produced and also the preparations for selling it will be
continued at a higher level. For the purpose of implementing these measures, a
- network of republic and zonal wool laboratories has been created throughout the
_ country and at the kolkhozes and sovkhozes laboratories for determining the
output of wet fibre. The republic and zonal laboratories are carrying out a great
- amount of work in connection with training and raising the skills of the kolkhoz and
sovkhoz classifiers and wool laboratory workers. Each year, these laboratories
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train more than 3,000 such specialists. They are also concerned with introducing
a system for controlli.ng the quality of the wool at the kolkhozes and sovkhozes;
for all practical purposes, this system has already been implemented at 3,254 farms
and the plans call for it to be in operation at 5,000 farms by 1985.
The practice of the sheep raising farms selling wool directly to the industrial
enterprises, by-passing the intermediary (procurement office of consumer cooperation),
has revealed that the procurement expenses for the wool decrease when direct
contacts are employed. In addition, a more objective system is established for
accepting the wool, one which excludes disagreementa between the producer and
consumer and the material interest of the kolkhozes and sovkhozes in increasing
production and raising the quality of the products is raised. In conformity with an
- order handed down by the USSR Council of Ministers, approximately 5,000 kolkhozes
and sovkhozes engaged in supplying the state with roughly 350,000 tons of wool, or
75-80 percent of the overall volume of wool procurements, will be converted over to
maintaining direct contacts with enterprises of the wool processing industry during
this current five-year plan. The plans also call for the development and placing
in operation of uniform standards for wool, standards which will be equally binding
upon the kolkhozes and sovkhozes and also upon the procurement organizations and
' enterprises of the wool processing industry. This fully excludes the use of a
subjective approach for evaluating its quality. New technical conditions are also
being developed for wool, for converting over to a new method for preparing it for
processing. This method will be introduced into operations by stages during the
current five-year plan.
In the interest of improving the supply of food goods to the population, the 26th
CPSU Congress recognized the need for developing a special food program and, in
particular, to increase the average annual production of ineat during the Eleventh
Five-Year Plan by 15-18 percent and raise it to 17-17.5 million tons (in dressed
weight), compared to 14.8 million tons during the Tenth Five-Year Plan. The
country's sheep raisers must make a worthy contribution towards solving this most
impfl rtant task.
During the past few years, the rountry's kolkhozes and sovkhozes have annually
supplied the meat combines with 23-24 million sheep, the average delivered live
weight of which has been 37 kilograms. Thus, during the past yea.~ the average
delivery weight for one sheep was: in the Russian Federation 34 kilograms, the
Ukraine 32, Belorussia 3C~, Georgia 24, Azerbaijan 32, Moldavia 22,
Kirgizia 36, Tadzhikistan 34, Armenia 31, Estonia 34 kilograms. If the
meat thus sold is mainly that of adult sheep, then such a delivery weight should not
be considered as sufficient. This then represents one of the principal causes of
the completely unsatisfactory situation with regard to the production of mutton
throughout the country.
Another factor which limits the opportunities for increasing the production of
mutton is the fact that the proportion of ewes in the kolkhoz and sovkhoz herds
throughout the country is still unjustifiably low. In recent years it has
fluctuated on the order of 50-52 percent, including in the RSFSR 48, Kirgizia
46 percent, the Ukraine 39, Belorussia 47 and Azerbaijan 49 and in many
rayons in these republics percentages as low as 35-40 percent ha.ve not been reached.
In this regard, the plans call for the proportion of ewes in the herds of fine fleece
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~ sheep to be raised to 55 percent by 1985 and in the herds of ineat-wool semi-fine
fleece and coarse wool sheep to no less than 70 percent.
At individual kolkhozes and sovkhozes, as a result of mismanagement, a large number
of ewes and ewe lambs older than 1 year annually remain unmated and barren. In
1950, only 90 lambs were obtained per 100 ewes th.roughout the country as a whole and
on farms in the Russian Federation 86, the Ukraine 87, Georgia 83,
Azerbaijan 78, Moldavia 89, Tadzhikistan 87 and Armenia 85 lambs. When
we take into account l~mb losses, then even less young stock remains for augmenting
the herd or for carrying out meat sales. It is for this reason that only 6-7
percent of the overall number of young stock obtained annually is sold for meat
puzposes, or 15 percent of the overPll slaughtering contingent of sheep. Computations
have shown that if a lamb was obtained from each ewe, which is fully possible on
each farm, then it would be possible to sell 12-14 million additional head of young
stock for meat purposes. This would produce more than 350,000 tons (in live weight)
of high quality mutton, not to mention good quality sheepskins.
Each year, 35 percent of the sheep supplied to the meat combines by the kolkhozes and
sovkhozes are in a state of nourishment classified as low average or poor. An
improvement in their slaughtering condition will make it possible to improve sharply
the quality of the mutton and also the sheepskins. Thus the well organized raising
and intensive fattening of replacement young stock and also the special fattening of
adult sheep subject to be sold for meat purposes must become a mandatory measure at
, ~aach sheep raising farn~.
Special attention should be given to the problem of sheepskin fur coat procurements
throughout the country, since problems have definitely developed in this sector.
Each year, more than 3G million sheepskin fur coats are procured th~:oughout the
country. More than one half of them are supplied to enterprises of the fur
industry by the procurement offices of consumer cooperation and approximately 45
percent by meat combines. The kolkhozes and sovkhozes are not provided with a
_ procurement plan f~r leather and fur coat raw materials. The pelts obtained from
the slaughtering of animals to satisfy intra-farm needs and also those obtained
from animals which succumbed to non-infectious diseases are sold by the farms Co the
procurement organizations of consumer cooperation. However, they are completely not
interested in doing this from a material standpoint. An inspection has established
that the average payment to kolkhozes and sovkhozes for one standard sheepskin is
4.5-2 rubles and for a non-standard sheepskin obtained from an anima.l which died
from a non-infectious disease 22 kopecks. The total amount of earnings obtained
even for a standard sheepskin does not cover one half of the expenses for removing
the pelts, for preserving them or delivering them to the central storehouse of a
farm. It is for this reason that in the majority of instances the pelts are not
removed from animals which perished from non-infectious diseases. On the other ,
hand, the farms do�not always sell the sheepskins obtained from animals slaughtered
for meat purposes to the procurement specialists, because of the extremely low
prices for them.
The party calls upon all agricultural workers to solve these probl.ems rapidly and to
overcome the difficulties and eliminate the shortcomings and disproportions.
COPY1tIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Kolos", "Ovtsevodstvo", 1981
702G
cso: 1a24/344
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REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT
PROBLEMS IN SOVIET LAND FtECIAMATION PROGRAM
Moscow GIDROTEKI~IIKA I MELIORATSIYA in Russian No 6, Jun 81 pp 82-84
- [Article: "Raising the Quality of Work and Achieving a High Return From a Reclaimed
Hectare"]
~Text] A joint meeting was held between the boards of the USSR;Ministry of
Agriculture and the USSR Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resources, during
which discussions were held on the tasks of the agricultuLal and aquicultural organs,
with regard to raising the quality of land reclamation work and improving the
utilization of irrigated and drained lands in light of the decisions handed down
during the 26th CPSU Congress and the statutes and positions advanced in the report
by the General Secretary of the CC CPSU, Comrade L.I. Brezhnev. The following
individuals participated in the work of the boards: member of the Politburo of the
CC CPSU and Secretary to the CC CPSU M.S. Gorbachev, head of the Agricultural
Department of the CC CPSU V.A. Karlov, Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of
Ministers Z.N. Nuriyev, the ~hairman of USSR Goskomsel'khoztekhnika L.I. Rhitr+.in,
executives of the CC CPSU and the USSfl Council of Ministers and union and republic
ministries and the leaders of aquicultural and agricultural organizationa and
enterprises, scientific-research, planning and training institutes.
In their speeches, the USSR Minister of Land Reclamation and Water Resources
N.F. Vasil'yev and the USSR Minister of Agriculture V.K. Mesyats described the 3tatus
of affairs in the sphere of land reclamation construction and in the use of irrigated
and drained lands and they outlfned the tasks for the land reclamation specialists
and agricultural workers during the Elaventh Five-Year Plan.
The USSlt Minister of Land Reclamation and Water Resources, in his speech, coumnented
upon the just nature of the criticism directed against the aquicultural construction
organizations. The specific shortcoming in their work lack of an overall
approach for construction and developmental work. It is manifested not only in the
fact that production, housing and cultural-domestic construction have fallen behind
land reclamation construction (caused in many instances by a shortage of personnel),
- but also in violations of the standards for cimnnpleting land reclamation operations.
Thus, for example, the construction of a collector-drainage network is quite often
carried out on a tardy basis and this resulta in the sa3inization and waterlogging
of irrigated lands (Engel'sskaya, Kislovskaya and other systems in the Volga region
and the Khauz Khan tract in the Turkmen SSR). Reservoirs are being built and water
intakes are being controlled in an untimely manner. In the Far East, a great pause
takes place between the construction and cultivation of the landa.
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Shortcomings in planning lead ko a situation wherein the irrigation systems, during
years of raised moisture levels, are unable to cope with the removal of surplus
runoff. The planners must display greater responsibility for the quality of their
plans.
_ It was emphasized during the 26th CPSU Congress that the center of grav{ty in all of
our work is shifting to the use of existing capabilities. This in essence is
assigning new and serious tasks to the operational service, the mission of which
must not be reduced to merely supplying water to the intra-farm network. The repair
of an intra-farm network, the organization of waterings and the utilization of .
reclaimed lands all of these factors must be the objects of constant concern by
those operational workers bearing direct responsibility for the crops. Special
attention must be given to achieving quality improvements in the existing irrigation
systems and to modernizing them. The corresponding expenditures are re$aid
considerably more rapidly than the expenses for new construction. A serious
shortcoming in the operation of irrigation systems is wasteful conaumption of water,
typical for Khorezmskaya Oblast in the UzSSR and the Karakalpakskaya ASSR.
N.F. Vasil'yev cited the principal trends for improving the land reclamation systems
and accelerating scientific-technical progress in lgnd reclama.tion, including the
introduction of wide-swath frontal action sprinkling machines, supplied from an
open network (Kuban' machine), the use of polymer materials and laser equipment and
the automation of irrigation system operations.
The USSR Ministry of Agriculture V.K. Mesyats, in his speech, emphasized that the
results realized from the use of reclaimed lands are determined by the level of the
culture of farming and by observance of the agrotechnical requiremenCs. This is
borne out by the experience of farms in Krymskaya, Khersonskaya and Dnepropetrovskaya
Oblasts in the Ukrainian SSR, Stavropol'skiy and Krasnodarskiy Krays in the Uzbek
SSR and Kzyl-Ordinskaya Oblast in the Kazakh SSR, all o� which achieved high and
stable yfelds from reclaimed lands. On the whole, the yields obtained from such
lands are still far from the required or potentially possible lavels. The forage
crop yialds are extremely low.
The productivity of the irrigated and drained lands wi11 be dependent to a great
degree upon the structure of the crops. At the present time, the proportions of oats,
barley, annual grass hay and grain crops for green feed planted on these lands are
unjustifiably high.
Complete support must be provided for the farms on reclaimed lands in the form of
equipment and fertilizers, the programming of yields must be introduced into
operations on a more extensive scale and zonal scientifically sound farming systema
must be developed and introduced. Repeated and intermediate sowings on irrigated
lands and the experience of Tadzhikistan in obtaining two and three yields annually
must be employed on a more extensive scale. Great importance is being attached to
the use of highly productive varieties and hybrids.
The principal shortcomings in the work of agricultural and aquicultural organs, with
regard to the use of reclaimed lands untimely preparations and low quality
repair work on the land reclamation network, por.r equipment preparation for the
growing season, failure to observe the watering schedules and low rates for the
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mod2:rnization of irrigated lands. In the interest of achieving the best
organization for utilizing the reclaimed lands of farms, a bolder approach~must
be employed in creating interfarm associations for land recl.amation and the Poliv
RPO~
An all-round approach for the utilization of reclaimed lands requires that special
attention be given to tne problem of personnel training and also to improving the
working and domestic conditions for workers. The construction of housing at farms
on such land must keep pace with the reclamation work.
The use of reclaimed land in the nonchernozem zone of the RSFSR is fraught wii:h its
own peculiarities. Capital investments in construction here are exceptionally
great and yet the growth in such investments is not being accom~anied by a
noticeable increase in the production of agricultural products. Owing to a raised
acidity level in the soil, the return from ~ertilizers is low here and thus it is
necessary to employ lime on an extensive scale. A scientifically sound system for
farming on reclaimed lands must be developed for each oblast in the nonchernozem
zone.
The ministers of agriculture and land reclamation and water resources of the union
republics, t~?e leaders of aquicultural organizations and scfentific and agricultural
production workers partici.pated in discussing this problem.
Great attention was given to the speech delivered by Comrade M.S. Gorbachev. He
emphasized the fact that the problem of utilization of reclaimed lands should be
reviewed in light of the results of the 26th CPSU Congress. More than 40,000
kolkhozes and sovkhozes presently have reclaimed land. Tremendous changes are taking
place in the scale of land reclamation operations~and great achievements are being
realized. However, the status of affairs must be evaluated from the standpoint of
tomorrow. The reclaimed lands, which constitute the gold fund of farming, must be
utilized to their maximum capability. A new approach must be employed for the land
reclamation problems, one in which the principal criterion will be the final
product obtained.
At the present time, the harvesting of products from irrigaCed lands is lower than
the amount possible. The period for making repayment for expenses involved in the
construction of reclamation projects is being drag~ed out for 9-11 years. The return
from capital investments for irrigation in the new regions of its development, for
example in the Volga region, is especially low. Here the cropping power of grain
crops under irrigation does not exceed 2.5-2.8 t,ona per hectare and the yields of
corn and perennial grasses are considerably lower than the average for the country.
The USSR Ministry of Agriculture has underestimated the complexities involved in
converting over to irrigated farming in the Volga region,and it has been unablE to
organize timely personnel training, equipment preparation, the creation of a seed
fund or the correct use of fertilizers. The experience in all-round construction
and the development of irrigated lands, accumulated in the Golodnaya Steppe region,
is being utilized to only a weak degree. The agricultural science, the conCribution
of which must also be meASUred in terms of yields, has not proven itself to be equal
to the task.
A low return fran capital investments in land reclamation is typical of republics in
the Baltic and Trans-Caucasus regions and also certain rayons in Siberia. This
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derives to a considerable degree from an irrational structure of the crops. The
example of the Uzbek SSR and the Kabardino-Balkarskaya ASSR reveals the results
that can be achieved from an expanaion of corn sowings under irrf.gation, assuming
use of the correct cultivation technology.
The party has declared animal huebandry to be an important front for work. The
reclamation of land must play a decisive role in increasing the production of feed.
Meanwhile, the return from 15 million hectares of reclaimed land occupied by forage
crops is considerably tower than that which could have been obtained. There are
several reasons for this: unjustified and extensive use of annual grass plantings,
insufficient attention given to expanding the plantings of rape, alfalfa,and
sc~beans and to creating production associations and enterprises for the production
of feed.
The essence of the required reorganization, coith regard to the use of reclaimed
lands, is such that the capital investments should promote maximum gmowth in the
return realized from such lands. In this regard, the USSR Ministry of Agricu~ture
is obligated to improve continuously the support it provides for farms on reclaimed
lands, support in the form of everything that is required for obtaining high yielda.
Under modern conditions, a most important task is that of learning how to control
the process of intensification of agricultural production. The introduction c?f
~rogrammed yields from irrigated lands is opening up great prospects for the future
hare. Such programming represents operational control over the technological
~rocess for cultivating agricultural crops, with use Ueing made of the industrial
technology. For successful work, efficient coordination of the activities of the
land reclamation specialists and agricultural workers is required. In this regard,
approval should be given for the practice of joint work on a contractual basis
between the land reclamation and agricultural organs in the Ukraine. Programming
which ensures an increase in cropping power on the order of 1.5-2 times, must be
called for during the planning stage.
- The method of special purpose programs must become a leading meChod for p.lanning
land reclamation operations and for organizing the utilization of reclaimed lands.
Ef~orts must first of all be concentrated on solving the more important problems
_ and obtaining the final results. Special importance is attached to the problem of
surveying reclaimed lands. We must advance decisively from scattered sectors to
large tracts and specialized farms.
One la:ge scale special purpose program is that of further agricultural~development
in the nonchernozem zone of the RSFSR. Fine prerequisites and an atmoaphere of
confidence in solving problems have been created here and yet the work ~s not being
carried out to the degree possible. Land reclamation construction is not being
carr~ed out on a sufficiently all-round basis and only slowly are basic
improvements being carried out in the natural feed lands. The construction of bases
is fallfng behind.
In discussing the problems of aquicultural construction, Comrade M.S. Gorbachev
emphasized the need for concentrating forces on the large conetruction projects, on
reducing the volumes of incomplete construction and on overcoming the psychological
barrier and the forces of inertia, which are inhibiting the strict fulfillment of
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bot~ the quantitative and qualitative indicators. The building of a system
represents only one haif if not just one fourth of the work. The principal concern
is the results achieved from development. In this sense the Eleventh Five-Year
Plsn will serve, as pointed out by Comrade L.I. Brezhnev, as a serious test for the
builders. The problem of land reclamation and the utilization of reclaimed lands
must be solved as a component element of the food program advanced by the party.
In conclusion, Comrade M.S. Gorbachev emphasized the ne.ed for strict observance of
planning discipline. Minvodkhoz ~Ministry of Land Reclamation and Water Resourcr~s]
and the USSR Ministry of Agriculture must raise the quality of planning and increase
the requirements for fultillment af the plans for land reclamation construction and
the use of irrigated and drained lands.
The meeting of the boards ended with the adoption of a draft joint order by the
Ministry of Agrzculture and USSR Minvodkhoz entitled "On Measures For Improving the
Use of Irrigated and Drained Lands and Raising the QualiCy of Reclamation Operations."
COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Kolos", "Gidrotekhnika i melioratsiya", 1981
7026
CS~: 1824/378 END
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