JPRS ID: 9938 USSR REPORT LIFE SCIENCES BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044450-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY JPRS L/9938 25 Aug~st 1981 USSR Re ort p LIFE SCIENCES BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES (FOUO 10/81) ~ - - Fg~$ FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040050-8 APPROVED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400040050-8 NOTE . JPRS publicat:ons contain information primarily from foreign newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language sources are translated; those from English-language sources are transcribed or r2printed, with the original phrasing and other characteristics retained. Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text] or [ExcerptJ in the first line of each item, or following the last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was processed. i,Jhere no processing indicator is given, the infor- mation was summarized or extracted. Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques- ~ tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the original but have been supplied as appropriate in context. Other unattributed parenthetical nates within the body of an item originate with the source. Times within items are as given by source. - The contents of this publication ir_ no way represent the poli- cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government. COPYRIC-HT LAWS AND REGULA.TIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION OF THIS PUBLICATIOiv' BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY. ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040050-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400040050-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY JPRS L/9938 25 August 1981 USS R REPO~T LIFE $CIENCES BIOMEDICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES ' (FOVO lo/s1) CONTENTS BIOCHEMISTRY Algorithms in Biometrics 1 BIOTECHNOLOGY Site-Specific Nature of Recombination in Escherichia Coli K-12 and Possibility of Elimination of 'Hot' Sites 7 Chapter 4. Culture of Microalgae as the Regenerating Element in a Biological Life Support System for Man 12 ENVIRONMENT Current Problems of Z~ogeography 35 Diversity Factors in Mathematical Ecology and Population Genetics 40 PHYSIOLOGY Fundamentals of Comparative Physiology of Sensory Systems-- A Textbook 43 Temperature Compensation and Behavioral Homeostasis 48 Biorhythms and Work 50 Time Environment and Biological Rhythms 53 Chapter 2. The Gravitational Sensory System 56 - a- [III - USSR - 21.a S&T FOUO] FOR nFFI('iAT USF. ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040050-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/42/09: CIA-RDP82-40850R000400440050-8 FOR ~F~iCfAL USH: OiV1.Y Reproduction of 'Passive' Avoidance in Rats With Administration of 64 Pharmacological Agents � Group Relations Among Animals: Some Aspects of Population Physiology in Pharmacol~gy and Toxicology 70 PSYCHOLOGY Invariant Method of Identifying the Emotional State of a Group of Speakers an the Basis of Their Speech 73 - b - ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040050-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/42/09: CIA-RDP82-40850R000400440050-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY BIOCHEMISTRY UDC: 578.087.1 ALGORITHMS IN BIOMETRICS Moscow ALGORITMY BIOMETRII in Russian 1980 (signed to press 19 Nov 80) pp 2-4, 11-13, 87-88 [Annotation, foreword by Prof B. V. Gnedenko of Moscow State University, academician of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, introduction and table of contents from book "Algorithms in Biometrics", by Nikolay Aleksandrovich Plokhinskiy, 2d edition, revised and enlarged, edited by Prof B. V. Gnedenko, Moscow Society of Naturalists, Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 4900 copies, 150 pages, illustrated] [Text] The second edition contains 60 algorithms (there were 29 in the first) and explains how they are used. The algorithms are referable to five areas of modern statistical biology [biometrics]: summary characteristics of tags, theory of repre- sentativeness, variance analysis, mathematical models in biology, informative indicators in biology. The second edition of algorithms is intended for saecialists in biology, university students and instructors, as well as industrial workers in the field of agriculture. Foreword Problems related to the content and nature of mathematical education of biologists have never been as important as today. The exceptional complexity of biological phenomena, on the one hand, and comprehensive penetration of physicechemical and technical methods of research, on the other, as well as the turn to investigation of microbiological and global processes, inevitably lead to the necessity of studying mathematical methods in biology. We must have broader ideas about the capabilities of modern mathematics, and there must be joint participation, on a regular basis, of biologists and mathematicians in solving major and pressing biological problems. How can a mathematician know what he must give primarily to a biologist with res- pect to mathematical information if he does not have even a superficial idea about the tasks of biological science? How can a biologist demand an explanation about some parts of mathematics or other of mathematicians, if he has no conception of . its capabilities? The mathematical education of biologists should be based on profoundly comprehended and interpreted needs of biological science. Courses of mathematics at biology faculties should be placined on expressly this basis. This also would implement entirely the remarkable thesis of V. I. Lenin, to the effect that human cognition is proceeding from vivid contemplation to abstract thought, and from the latter to practice. 1 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040050-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404040050-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY We must admit that the first and final phases of this scheme for acquirfng knowledge have disappeared from mathematics courses for biologists, and only the bare middle part remains. As a result, a biologist does not see the link between mathematical con- cepts and the problems, to the solution of which his life is dedicated. The existing literature on mathematics for biologists is extremely spare in our country, while the need for it is enormous. Unfortundtely, the existing textbooks are very abstract or mediocre. In my opinion, the mathematical education of biologists should help in the following tasks: 1. It should give them an idea about the meaning of mathematical ,3~~proaches ~hat could serve to learn about quantitative patterns in biological phenumena. 2. It should teach them the fundamentals of processing experimental biolo;ical data. 3. It should teach them not to be afraid of mathematically formulated articles dealing with biology and of having a critical attitude toward the premises and mathematical system [structure] used in them. 4. It should give them an idea about the principles involved in building mathematical models of biological processes. 5. It should convince them of the benefits of professional collaboration with mathe- maticians on a regular basis, since they are capable of becoming interested in studying biological phenomena. This program does not by any means imply that a biologist is to change into a mathematician, and its purpose is to arm the biolo- gist with mathematical methods. The mathematical works of the biologist, N. A. Plokhinskiy, are rather similar in their initial premises to the general theses advanced in this foreword. The textbook, "Algorithms in Biometrics," deals with the description and explanation of computing procedures that are needed to process statistical data as they apply to biological problems. The contents of this book are tied in with the author's well-known books, "Biometrics," "Manual of Biometrics," "Heredity" and enlarges upon his previously published book, "Algorithms of Biometrics" (1967). The offered textbook is, in a certain sense, the concluding part of the many years - N. A. Plokhinskiy worked on the use of classical methods of mathematical statistics and probability theory in biological research. This book meets the pressing needs of biologists, and it is an exc.ellent gift for the numerous students and followers of N. A. Plokhinskiy. Introduction " An algorithm is the systematized description of a purposeful sequence of operations. [actions]. The algorithms furnished in this guide describe the form, order and formulas that are needed to find the most frequently used biometric parameters. 2 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040050-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040050-8 FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY Mathematical methods, which have been modified to conform with specific objects and phenomena in life, as well as the distinctions of biological studies, are presently used in many branches of biology. The questions of which mathematical methods, when and in what form they should be used, as well as the biological meaning of eventual results of calculations, are dealt with in the theoretical part of biometrics, and they are answered in accord- - ance with the objectives of each specific study. After these questions are answered, we proceed to the practical use of the chosen methods, i.e., biometric processing of primary data. This guide has as its purpose to organize, define and simplify the techniques for biometric calculations thatare needed to analyze the results of experiments and observations, or when using production accounting records. The algorithms submitted here are referable to methods t~at were chosen from the vast armamentarium of modern mathem~tics (probability theory, mathematical statis- tics and other branches), as being the most suitable for modern biological studies. The major difficulty of preparing this textbook was in the choice of standardized (at least, within the framework of one manual) terms arrd symbols. It was found impossible to take an existing integral system, since such a system does not exist. Many various designatic~ns for the same parameters are used in works dealing with mathematics; there are seven different symbols to designate the arithmetic mean, nine differenr_ symbols for the sum of the squares of central deviations, six different terms for the concept of "reliability of difference," five different terms to designate the main property of any group consisting of dissimilar ob~ects with reference to the tag under study. Such a diversity of symbols and parameters can be easily attributed to the fact that the letters of three alphabets--Latin, Greek and Gothic--are not enough to designate the enormous quantity of mathematical parameters, so that it is impossible to assign a special symbol for each parameter. Mathematical schools and different mathematicians find a solution to this situation in their own and, of course, different ways. Some prefer to use the symbol M to refer to the mean, others prefer the square of the mean-square deviation. Some use the symbol V for the datum (result of primary measurement of an abject), others use the symbol x, although it would seem that the symbol for an unknown or symbol of an argument should not be used for values that are known from the very start of a study aud usually not viewed as arguments, but on the contrary as a function of the arguments studied, the.influences. In some cases, abstract mathematical terms lead biologists into error when studying specific phenomena. For example, designation of dissimilarity of objects in a group by the term "variability" (which refers to a ve.ry different phenomenon in biology) could lead to improper interpretation of the term "heritability." In preparing this guide, we had to introduce designations that do not reflect any specific mathematical system of terms and symbols (there is no such system), but those that were the most suitable for biologists and corresponded rather accurately to the biological essence of a phenomenon or parameter. The attached table is a brief summary of the main biometric terms and symbols. 3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040050-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R000400040050-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Main terms and symbols used in biometrics In this manual In works of other authors Tag [signJ--elementary distinction of Random value, variab'le each object on the outside, inside, in constitution, anatomy, histology, physiology, productivi~y Datum (result of ineasuring sign, Value acquired by random variable, its value, magnitude) V variant V, X, x, z~, a Group size (number of objects in Size, volume of group n, N group) n, N Mean value of tag M= EV/n Mean value of random variable General mean M M, m, a, b, S, e, x Sample mean M Diversity (presence of dissimilar Variability, fluctuation, dispers-!on objects in group) and even ''scatter" Sum of sc~uares, dispersion C= Su~ of squares of central deviations, E(V-M) sun of squares, dispersion: E(V-M)2, E(x-x)2, Ex2, S, SS, S0, SA, SAQ, CQ Variance, mean square Mean square, dispersion, deviation 2 C variance.~2, SZ, v2, E, M, MQ, ES 6 n-1 Mean square deviation, sigma Mean square deviation, standard Q, S, v C Q - n-1 General sigma Q, Sample sigma Q, S Reliable difference (one can expect Substantial, reliable, significant, real, the same dtfference betweer? general difference, there is a difference, means as was found between sample "difference is reliable, i.e., real," means)--difference in sign, magni- samples from different general sets tude of difference, confidence limits (M1>MZ) ~M1>M2) - Unreliable difference (vague results Insignificant, etc., difference. Samples were obtained) from one general set (M1>M2) (M1 o n GK D~FOfom)0 and calm states, ti D(Fom, f o)