JPRS ID: 9949 USSR REPORT ENERGY ELECTRIFICATION OF THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY OF WEST SIBERIA

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY JPRS L/9949 28 August 1981 USSR Re ort . p ENERGY ~ cFOUO 13/81) Electrification of the Oil and Gas ind~stry of West Siberia FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORMATION SERVICE FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 NOTE JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language sources are translated; those from English-language sources are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and other characteristics retained. Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets [j are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text] or [Excerpt~ in the first line of each item, or following the last line of a br~ef, indicate how the original information was processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor- mation was summarized or extracted. Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques- tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the original but have been supplied as appropri.ate in context. Other unattributed parenthetical notes with in the body of an item originate with the source. Times within items are as given b}* source. The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- cies, views or at.titudes of the U.S. Government. COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI,Y. APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R004400040061-6 FOR ON a'I('I,A1. USF: ONLY JPRS L/9949 28 August 198I USSR REPORT ENERGY (FOUO 13/81) ELECTRIFICATION OF THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY OF WEST $IBERIA - Moscow ELEKTRIFIKATSIYA NEFTYANOY I GAZOVOY PROMYSHLENNOSTI ZAPADNOY SI$IRI in Russian 1980 (signed to press 25 Nov 80) pp 1-153 [Annotation, introduction and chapters one through eight of the book by Yuriy Borisovich Novoselov, Viktor Petrovich Roslyakov and Vitaliy Alekseyevich Shpilevoy, Izdatel'stvo "Nedra", 1,660 copies, 182 pages, UDC [622.276+622.279]:620.9(571.1); chapters nine through eleven (pp 153-182) not translated by JPRS] CONTENTS ANNOTATION 1 INTRODUCTTON 1 CHAPTER l. Electrical Power Engineering and the External Electric Power Supply 5 General Information ax~d the Basic Construction Principles for an Electric Power Supply System 5 The External Electric Power Supply for Oil and Gas Deposits. 10 CHAPTER 2. Electric Equipment for Drilling Rigs 21 General Information 21 The Drilling Hoist 24 Braking the Drill Hoist 28 - a - [III - USSR - 37 FOUO] FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR OFFICIAI. lISI? ONI,Y Drilling Pumps ..........................o.............. 34 Auxilia,ry Mechanisms 35 CHAPTER 3. The Electric Equipment of Pumping Installations for Oil Extraction and the Pump and Compressor Stations in a Field 39 General Information 39 Submersible Elec tric Pump Installations 41 Dee~ 5ucker-Rod Pump Installations 47 Variable Drive for Pumping Installations ~8 Pumning and Compressor Stations Within a Field 5~ CHAPTER I~. The Electrical Equipment of the Installations of the Formation Pressure Maintenance System .......e 53 General Information 53 Water Intake Pumping Stations 54 Automated Modular Pumping Stations 57 CHAPTER 5. The Electrical Equipment and Elect~~ical Power Supply for Trunk Fipeline Facilities 66 The Elec ;,rical Equipment of Pumping S+,,ations 68 The Electrical Power Supply for Pumping Stations 71 CHAPTER 6. The Electrical Power Supply for Oil F`ield Facilities 73 Ilrilling Rigs ?3 Oil Extrac-cion Ins+,allations 74 Group Pumping Stations 78 The Oil Bearing Formation Pressure Maintenance Water Supply System .............................o........................ 87 Oil Pwnping and ~ompressor Stations Within a Field 90 - CHAPTER 7. IndependF:nt Electrical Power Sources and Power Transmission Lines Independent Power Sources 9~~ ~ - b - ,Y APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044461-6 FQR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Electric Power Transmission Lines 99 CHAPTER 8. Transformer Substations, Switchgear, Re1ay Protection and Automation �~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~� ~.~U 2`ransformer Substations and S~ritchgear 108 Relay Protection and Automation 115 ~ ~ , I ~c- FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ANNOTATION [Text] Electrical power equipment, electrical power supply and control sy'stems for drilling rigs, facilities for the extraction and field processing of oil, as well as compressor and pumping�stations for oil fields and trunk petroleum and gas pipelines are briefly described in the book. Design calculations and opera- tional methods are cited for the major electrical equipment, electrical networks, relay protection, groun~ing and lightning protection, taking into account the ' specific natural and climatic conditions of Western Siberia. Questions of the operdtional reliability of electrical power equipment are treated and recommenda- tions are given for increasing the reliability. The experience with the develop- ment, introduction and operation of electrical equipment for the oi.~ and gas industry of Western Siberia is reflected on a broad scale. The book i_s intended for engineering and technical workers of oil and gas industry enterprises of Western Siberia and can be useful to all specialists invol.ved with questions of the elzctrification' of the oil and g~is industry. Some 20 tables, 52 illust-rations and 5 bibliographic citations. Reviewer: Engineer V.D. Kudinov (Minstry of the Petroleum Industry). Introduction i The: discovery of. the oil and gas bearing province in Western Siberia has for a long time governed the prospects for the development of the entire oi.l ;and gas industry of the Soviet Union. A fuel and power base, which plays an ever increas- ing role not ~just in the comprehensive development of this region, but ~~lso in the growth of ihe entire nation's productive foxces, has been created and is success- fully being developed in an unprecedentedly short time. 1 FOR UFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044461-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ~NLY The decrees of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers provide for the development of the oil and gas industry of Western Siberia based an the latest achievem~nts of science and engineering using the most modern techniques for the development of oil and gas fields as we11 as well drilling, ~ with the wic~escale automation of all production pro~~sses. The quite rapid growth in oil and gas extraction was assured by the priority given to the development of extremely large deposits with high output wells, an annual increase in the volumes and rates of drilling operations, the introduction of efficient systems for developing oil and gas fields, the widescale application of techniques for maintaining the formation rock'pressure, as well as the industrial- ization of the processing units of fields, etc. From the very outset when the oil _ and gas industry came into being. in Western Siberia, a course was taken towards the complete electri.ficatio~iand automation of all production processes [3]. Work began in this direction simultaneously with tha extraction of the initial tons of Siberian oil. The most energy intensive consumers are the 3nsta1lations of the system for maintaining the rock formation pressure and the pumping stations for the trunk petroleum pipelines. The possibility of utilizing series produced automation and electrification equipment in Western Szbierian conditions was ascertained in the initial stage of putting oil and gas f ields in service. However, operational experience and research results demonstrated that for th~ reliable operation of automation hardware and electrical - equipment in Western Siberian oil fields, it is essential to protect them against the effects of low temperatures. There was not sufficient experience with the industrial operation of electrical power equipment under natural climatic conditions similar to the cnnditions of Western Siberia, and for this reason, the necessity arose for the f~rmulation of a number of scientific research efforts, which would make it possible to determine the most efficient operational modes for electrical equipment, electrical power networks, as well ascertain their level of operational reliability. ~e Western Siberian oil and gas bearing region is rather clearly and territorially demarcated into oil and gas provinces. The oil bearing regions are primarily located in the territory of the central portion of the Western Siberian lowlands, between the southern part of Siberia and the Far North; more precisely, in the area of the Central region near the Ob'. The gas bearing regions are located in the territory of the northern portion of Western Siberia and the Far North. The natural climatic and geomorphological features of the Western Sibierian lowlands have generated a number of complex problems in the mastery of these regions. The relief of the regions is low-lying and very boggy. An exception is the natural elevations: the watersheds. The oil and gas deposits differ little from each other in terms of the lithographic characteristics. A difference is observed primarily in the thickness of the various deposits. The depth of occurrence of the detected productive strata is relatively shal~.ow. For the regions near the Urals, the depths of wells runs to 1,400-1,800 m, for the Far North they are 800 to 1,400 m and for the Central Region near the Oli', 2,100 to 2,600 m. The considerable prospects in the Tyumenskaya oblast are related to the - 2 - APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 FUk t)N'1~1('IAI. Util�' l)Nl.ti drilling of wells at a depth of morz than 3,500 m. The drilling depths wfll not undergo any considerable changes during the upcoming decade. In 1980, the average dri~ling depth will amount to 2,810 m for geological prospecting wells and 2,480 m for operational ones. In terms of the ndture of the relief and landscape features, the regions under consideration are a component part of the enormous erosion aggradation Western Siberian lawlands. The specific features of the relief are due to the slight amount of altitude by which the extensive cup-shaped lowlands exceed sea level and th~ sma11 degree of drainage of the entire territory. The hydrographic net- work of the territory of the Central Region near Ob' is represented by numerous lakes, water courses, oxbow-lakes, microlakes, boggy rivers, streams and a boggy group of marshes. The majority of the oil deposits of the Central Region near the Ob' are located in the flood-plain of the Ob' river. Great summer floods are characteristic of the Ob', where the high water floods enormous spaces. The duration of the high flood ~aaters runs up to two months. The climate of the Central Region near the Ob' is sharply continental: it is characterized by a short, relatively hot summer (the ma:cimum air temperature in July is +35 �C) and an extended freezing winter (the minimum air temperature is -55 �C). The frost free period avierages 100 to 150 days. The average air temperature over several years for the coldest month (January) is -22 �C, and for the hot*_est (July), is +19~�C; the average annual relative air humidity amounts to 76 percent. In terms of the intensity of the ice crust--hoar frost deposits, the central region near the Ob' belongs to region I; and in terms of the wind, it belongs to region II. The average annual amount of precipi*.ation is 400 to 500 mm where the bulk of it (47 to 48 percent) falls during the warm season of the year (July-August). The abundance of precipitation and the poor evaporation create favorable conditions for ttie formation of bogs and lakes. Winter in the region is snowy. The thickness of the snow cover reaches a maximurn in March and amounts to 30 to 90 cm. A stable snow cover is formed by the end of October and lasts for an average of 190-230 days. 1'he Central Region Near the Ob', within the system of permafrost temperature regionalization of the territory of the USSR, is located in the re~ion of seasonal feezing of the soil, which starts in October-November and reaches a maximum in March-April. The depth of freezing amounts to 0.2-0.6 m in the peaty water satur- ated soils, 1.2-2.5 m in sandy loams and lo~my clays, and 2.6-3.6 m in sands. The mastery oF the oil and gas bearing regions of Western Siberia entails considerable difficulties and expenditures, which are governed by the rapid pace of oil and gas extraction as well as the special natural, geographical and economic conditions. Sonsiderable density of the deposits, a comparatively shallow depth of occurrence of the oil and gas bearing strata, easy drillability of the rock, high yields of the wells, the possibility of long term gu~her operation as well as the high quali.ty of the oil witli a moderate paraffin content and the absence of salts and sulfur are characteristic of the region. - 3 - FOR OFF[C[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 FUR OFFICIAL USF: O1~1.1' The bogginess and flooding of the territory of the oil fields with snow melt flooding are responsible for the ~aidescale application of group drilling of the wells and the seasonal moving of the drilling rigs. The arrangement of the wells in groups reduces the cost of the foundations for drilling, of the well servicing and the processing equipment, as well as the expenditures for the ail and gas collection and transportation system. A substantial curtailment of capital and operational expenditures under local conditions is achieved by colocating the sites of oil field facilities. In oil fields, this means the cambining of group metering inst~~llations (GZU), supplemental pressure pumping stations (DNS), group pumping stations (KNS), comprehensive oil preparation installations (UKPN) and transformer substation. In gas fields, this means the combining of comprehensive gas preparation installations (UKPG), com- pressor stations (KS) and transformer substations, as well as cambining the routes for the gas field conduits: pipes, oil pipelines, gas pipelines, water lines, power transmission, resnote control and camrnunications lines and roads. Industrial construction methods have found widescale application :~nder the difficult conditions of construction of oil field facilities and oil and gas trans- portation facilities in boggy territories. Series plant fabrication of modular complete installatioii packages has been organized and set up, which makes it possible to reduce tne construction and installation work to a minimum at the construction sites. In this case, the construction cost and the timeframe for placing facilities in service are significanly reduced. The natrual climatic conditions of Western Siberia and the great bogginess of the oil and gas field territory have had a substantial impact on the resolution of the problems of electrification for these regions: the selection of the circuit vari- ants tor the external electric power supply, the structural designs for power transmission lines and substations; the choice of the types of electrical power equipment, power generation sets and electrical materials used in electrical installations. All uf the electrical hardware and power equipment, installed in the open or in modules made of inetal channels, experience the influence of the severe climatic conditions one way or another. The frequently repeating extreme meteorological phenocuona have a special impact on the operability of electrical power equipment: frequent temperature transitions through 0�C, sharp temperature drops, the combination of low temperatures and strong winds, e.~ttended periods of rain and bad road conditions, fogs, etc. Increased requirements are placed on electrical equipment set up in the open. ~ Such equipment includes electric motors for pumping jacks, oil pumps and drilling rigs, power transformers at various capacities and voltages, substation equipment, - etc. The design of economically efficient electrical power supply systems and compo- nents f.o~ oil field electrical equipment under cold c2imatic conditions depends on how completely the specific operational features are successively taken into account ancl tl~e determination of the most efficient zpproaches to increasing the reliability of electrical equipment. -4- APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 FOI~ OF'FIClA1, I;SF: ONI.~' CHAPTER ONE. ELECTRIC~L POWER ENGINEERING AND THE EXTERNAL ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY General Information and the Basic Construction Principles for an Electric Powet Supply System The beginning of the electrification of the oil and gas industry of Western Siberia entailed considerable difficulties caused by the great remotemeness of the oil and gas deposits from power generation centers and the networks of the state power system. The nearest electric power station, the Tyumenskaya TETs with a capacity of 150 MW was located 40U to 1,000 km from the oil deposits and 1,500 to 2,000 km from the gas deposits. It was necessary to start the organization of. the electrical power supply for oil ~ extraction facilities, the industrial base and oil worker settlements with the installation of independent electric power stations. The first such sources were diesel electric power stations with generators having a capacity offrom 50 to 200 KSd. By the end of 1965, 10 such electric poi�~er stations with an overall capacity of 1,615 KW were installed in the oil extraction regions. In October of 1966, the first stage of a permanent diesel electric power station as a part of three plants with a capacity of 630 Ktd each was placed in service in tn.e Megionneft' adminstra- tion in N~zhr~evartovsk. At the beginning of the next year, its capacity reached 3,150 KW. Similar electric power stations were also built in Surgut and the Strezhevoy and Poykovskiy settlements. Electrical power engineering for the petroleum extracting province developed in accordance with a two stage plan. The first stage encompassed the period up to the connection to the state power system; the second stage encampassed the period after connection to the system. The electrical loads of oil fields (oil pinnping plants, group pumping ~tations for the rock formation pressure maintenance system, elec- trical drive drilling, mechanized oil extra~tion wells) required temporary, but pwerful electrical power sources in the initial stage. Steam-turbine power tra~ns of the B-4000 and Ch-2500 types with capacities of 4,000 and 2,500 KW respectively, which ran on crude unrefined oil or on byproduct natural gas came to be used as - such sources. � The power trains played their own positi.ve part, however, the further increasing of generator capacities by the additional installation of power trains was not expedi- ent because of the duration of their transportation and construction. In the beginning of 1967, industrial tests of two gas turbine electric power sta- tion units were started: the PEG-1000-6300 and PEG-1250-6300. An AI-20 gas turbine aviation engine, which had run out its service life was used as the drive, with a few structural modifications. Thereafter, these stations came to be produced in tr~nsportable designs. In 1969, six transportab le gas turbine PAES-1600-T/6.3 electric power stations were placed in service. The transportable - 5 - FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 ~'oK c~~'N'ic'tn~. t ~~t�: c~Nl.ti' elactr3_c power stations do not re~uire construction of special buildings for the installation, are equipped with more sophisticated automation and can operate in _ parallel with each other and with the power system. By the end of 1971. two PAES-2500-T/6.3 and fifteen PAES-1600-T/6.3 electric power stations were in service in the oil regions of Western Siberia. The preparatory work for the second stage of power engineering development for the oil extracting region of Western Siberia was started simultaneously with the realization of the first stage program. Schemes were developed for the electrical power supply to the fields, cities and settlements in which the primary electric power source was the Tyumenskaya TETs, the capacity of which had to be increased - from 150 to 450 MW. The station was tied into the Urals power grid with two 110 KV power transmission lines 400 and 300 lan long. In accordance with the circuit configuration which was developed, the construction of the following was planned: a S00 KV Tyumen'--Ust'-Balyk--Surgut power transmission line (with its temporary _ use at a voltage of 220 KV), a 220 KV Surgut--Megion power transmission line, a 220 KV Tyumen'--Tavda transmission line and 110 KV Tavda--Uray power transmission line. The construction of the Surgutskaya GRES was started in 1968, for which byproduct natural gas was used as the fuel. The first unit with a capacity of 200 MW was brought on line at the end of 1972. The total planned capacity of the GRES is 2,544 MW. By this time, a scheme had been developed for the electrical power - supply to the oil and gas depasits of Western Siberia, ~ahich was the basis for the overall power engineering construction in the subsequent period. Deep entrances were used for the high voltages going into the load centers to supply electrical power to the oil fields. The 110/fi and 35/6 KV transformer substations were colocated with the production process facilities: the group pumping stations, thP oil collection points, gas compressor stations, water intake facilities, etc. With the mechanized extraction of oil, a provision was ma~'e in - each well for the installation of separate transformer paints; in the case of group drilling, there should be such a point in each group. Special attention was devoted to assuring the operational reliability of open ~ wire lines and substations, since under conditions where there are not roads, - the failure of 35 and 110 KV lines or the transformer of a dead-end substation - could lead to a long shutc3own of the users. For this reason, the decision was ' made to use only two-circuit lines at a voltage of 110 or 35 KV, and to construct radial 6 KV electric power transmission lines, connected in a ring by means of switching apparat>>s from various substations. The increase in reliability was achieved also through the use of dual transformer substations (in case of an emergency with one of the transformers, the feed of electrical power could be limited to some constuners, without disconnecting specially important production facilities). The major source of electrical power for the oil regions of ~destern Siberia during 1969-1972 was the Tyumenskaya TETs, and since 1973, the Surgutskaya GRES. At the - 6 - APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 N'Uk OF'F'It'IA1. Util�: Oti1.1" beginning of 1973, the 500 IC~~ Reftinskaya GRES--Tyumen` power transmission line was placed in service, which made it possible to obtain electrical power from the integrated Urals power grid. At the present time, the Tyumenskaya TETs and the L'rals power grid are back-up electrical po;~er supply sources. The dynamics of the growth in the electrical load of r_he cil industry of Western ~iberia and the capacities of Surgut electric power station is shown in Figure 1. 2800 Z400 I Z000 I ~ ~ ~ !SQO ~ ~ y 1Z00 ~ 2 ~ 3 i a - ~ - i ~ 800 ~ v~ s !~00 s 0 197a 197f /972 /97d l914 l975 /976 /917 l978 /979 /9B0 , _ /'Odei Years ~ Figure 1. The dynamics of the electrical loa~s of the oil and gas industry of. Western Siberia and the capacity of Surgut electric power station. Key: 1. Capacity of the electric power station; 2. Overall loads; 3. Loads of the Glavtyumenneftegaz [Main Tyumen' Oil and Gas AdministrationJ; � 4. Loads of the Major trunk oil pipeline administration; S. Loads of the gas works; 6. Loads of Tytm?engazprom [Tyumen' Gas Industry]. 'I1ie electrical loads and ele:ctrical power consiunption in 1980 are estimated at 2,800 M~d and 14 billion KWH respectively for Western Siberia as a whole and will increase by a factor of fou1- as compared to 1975 while petroleum extraction doubles and gas extracti.on trirles. - 7 - FOR OFFCCIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 FUR OFFIClAL USE O?~1.1` Such a swift growth in the electrical load is explained not only by the increase in the absolute volume of oil extraction, but also by the following factors: --An increase in thP volume of water being pumped, referenced per one ton of extracted oil; --A significant growth in the nim?ber of oil wells being operated with submersib?e deep ~vell pumps for oil extraction; --A significant increase in the percentage of operational drilling using electrical drives (up to 90-95 percent); --An increase in the quantity of liquid extracted because of a rise in the water content of the oil; --The transition to surface water supply sources for the systems to maintain rock formation pressure in place of underground (Cenomanian) waters; --A significant rise (by a factor of 1.52) in the pressure in rock formation pressure maintenance systems; --The great remoteness of new deposits from existing major communications lines; --An increase in the volumes of oil preparation and a number of other factors. It is proposed that the 500/220/1Z0 KV substation in the region of Urengoy be used as the major electrical power supply source for the oil regions of the northern Tyumenskaya oblast. It will also be the major one for the entergrises of the gas extraction industry and the entire adjacent region. The substation will be powered via a 500 KV power transmission line from the Surgutskaya GRES. At new oil and gas deposits, gas turbine and diesel electric power stations are being used as the electric power sources until electrical power is supplied from the power system. Electrical power supply configurations using deep entrances for voltages of 6.35 or 110 KV and the subdividing of substations in all stages were taken as the - basis for the electrical power supply to the oil extracting enterprises of tdestern Siberia. The subdivided substations with deep entrances replace the Previously used intermediate distribution points. In this case, an intermediate switching stage is eliminated, something which is the great advantage of the adopted po~oer supply system. In the case of deep entrances and high capacity current conductors, the length of the 6 and 10 KV network is sharply curtailed in the initial power supply stage and its reliability is significantly improved. ~dhere deep entrance substations are present which are broken up into smaller units, areas of outages are curtailed, switchgear design is simplified since the working currents and short curr~r.t~ ~t the secondary voltage are reduced, the energy losses are reduced, voltage legulation is facilitated and the expansion of the electrical power supply system is simplified. - 8 - � APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 f~UR ON'~'I('IAI. l'~L�' ONLY l~uestions of the electrical power supply are resolved in a comprehensive manner together with construction and production process questions. A characteristic example is the circuit for the electric power supply to the Samotlor oil field [2]. The territory of the deposit is almost solidly covered with peaty bogs and lakes. The production process facilities for petroleum extraction (group pumping stations for pumping water into the rock formation, the output pumping stations for pimiping out the oil, the central product depots) are bulk filled sites. The electrical loads for one site run up to 50 MW. A deep entrance 110/6 or 110/35/6 KV sub- station is set up at each site. Standard Lroduction process units have been developed for the Samotlorskiy oil field wh:ch contain all of the requisite electrical, power and production process conduits. The use of 6 KV voltage conductors instead of cable lines has a significant economic impact on the distribution of power within a facility when transmitting large power levels from a 110/6 KV subs~ation. A flexible current conductor with intraphase transposition of the conductors has a comparatively low inductive reactance (0.121 ohms/km). The conductors are strung by means of the fittings for open wire power transmission lines. As a rule, the installation of two transformers with separate operation on the 6 KV side is the plan at substations; a single system of buses sectionalized into two or more section~ is provided in the 6 KV distribution switchgear. The trans- formers are usually powered from the 110 KV side with the installation of jumpers with isolating switches at the substation. Rapidly installable KTPB 110 KV complete substation packages produced by the Kuybyshev "Elektroshchit" plant with short circuiting devices and isolators on the 110 KV side have found widescale application at Samotlor. Suhstations made by the same plant with oil switches on the 35 KV side are widely used at a voltage of 35 KV. - The substation is built on a modu].ar prtnciple, working from the separate opera- tion of its components. In this case, sufficient supply reliability is assured through the use of automation. The compactness of modular substations promotes the successfully introduction of deep entrances. Deep entrance substations are fed via trunk or radial two-circuit open wire electrical power transmission lines. The widescale use of large modular complete device packages of all kinds and at all voltage levels, as well as the mobility of the electrical installations are promoting a reduction in the timeframe for electrical installation work, curtailing the project plan documentation and provide for rapid interchangeability of the components of electrical installations. Dispatcher control is provided for complex electrical power supply systems for large ~il extraction enterprises and automated systems are used to control the - 9 - FOR OFF[CIAL USF: ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 FOR OFFICIr~L UtiE ONLti' electrical power system for the enterprises. The introduction of automated control systems, outfitted with computer equipment and sophisticated data retrieval and processing hardware, promozes the stepping-up of production and the making of _ optimal decisions under the conplex operational conditions of a modern industrial e-~terprise. The External Electric Power Supply for Oil and Gas Deposits The carrying capacity~�of the Tyumen'--Surgut electric power transmission line with a length of 720 km amounts to 200 MW when operated at 220 KV; when operated at 500 KV, it 1,000 MW. The route of the line was chosen along the Tyinnen'-- --Tobol'sk section, along the existing automobile highway; it was chosen along the route of the Ust'-Balyk--Omsk oil pipeline on the Tobol'sk--Dem'yansk section. The power line crosses nine navigable rivers, including the ~rtych, Tobol, Yuganskaya Ob' and the Ob' rivers . The substations of oil pumping stations (NPS) of the Ust'-Balyak--Omsk oil pipe- line at the following voltages are connected to this power transmission line: --220/35/6 KV at the "Dem'yanskaya" with 2 x 6~ MVA transformers; the substations - powering the "Mugen" and "Uvat" oil pumping stations are connected to the "Dem'yanskaya" substation via a 220 KV two-circuit power transmission line; --220/110/6 h'V at the "Salym" with 2 x 30 MVA transformers; the loads of the "Salym" oil pumping stations are fed from the substation at a voltage of 6 KV; power is fed via a two-circuit 110 KV power transmission line from the "Salym" substation to the 110 KV substation for the "Yuzhnyy Balyk" oil p~nping station and to the Mamontovskiy and Pravdinskiy oil fields; _ --220/110/6 KV at "Karkateyevo" with 2 x 20 and 1 x 32 MVA transformers, from which the loads of the Karkateyevo" oil pumping station are powered at a voltage of 6 KV; --220/35/6 KV at "Ust'-Balyk" with 3x40 MVA transformers; the consumers of the Ust'-Balyk oil field and the city of the Nefteyugansk are supplied from the substation at a voltage of 35 KV; --220/110/10 KV at the "Surgut" with 2x125 MVA autotransformers; the Western- Surgut, Fedorov and Solkinsk oil fields as well as the city of the Surgut are supplied with electrical power from the substation via a 110 KD power trans- mission l~.ne. The "Yuzhnyy Balyk" substation was placed in service in 1974. This substation supplies electrical power to the "Salym" and "Yuzhnyy Balyk" oil pumping stations of the Mamontovskiy and Pravdinskiy oil fields. In 1974, the "Irtysh" S00/110/10 KV substation with autotransformers of 250 MVA each was placed in service in the region of Tobol'sk. The "Irtysh" substation supplied the electrical power to the "Aremzyany" oil pumping station as well as the "Vagay","Novo-Petrovskoye" oil pumping stations and the city of Tobolsk. ~10-- APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR UFFICIAL USE ONLY The 500 KV "Yuzhnyy Balyk" ("Magistral'naya") substation was placed in service in 1975, while the Dem'yanskaya--Yuziinyy Baiyk power transmission l~ine sectian wriq changed over to a voltage of 500 KV. In the same year, the Surgutskaya GRF.S--� --"Magistralnaya" power transmission line section was later changed oder to a voltage of 500 KV also. With this, the "Karkateyevo" oil pumping station and the Ust~-Balyk oil field with the city of Nefteyugansk were connected to the newly constructed single-circuit 220 KV Magistral'naya--Karkateyevo--Ust'-Balyk power transmission line. The dynamics of the growth in the electrical loads of the oil fields powered from the Tyumen'--Surgut high voltage line are shown in Table 1. Electrical power is supplied to the Mamontovskoye field from the "Mamontovskaya" 110/35/6 KV substation with two transformers of 16 MVA each. The electrical pou~er is distributed via 35 KV lines to five 35/6 KV transformer substations with an overall installed transformer capacity of 40 MVA. The 110/35/6 KV "Mamontovskaya 2" substation with 2x40 MVA transformers was placed in service in 1976 to provide electrical power to the central oil collection point of the Mamontovskoye field and to supply electrical power to the southern portion of the field. Electrical power is supplied to the Pravdinskoye field and the settlement of Poykovskiy fram the "Pravdinskaya" 110/25/6 KV substation with two transformers of 16 MVA each. The electrical power is distributed via 35 KV lines to eight 35/6 KV transformer substations with an overall installed transformer capacity c~f 58 MVA. The "Pravdinskaya II" 110/35/6 KV substation with transformers of 40 MVA each was placed in service in 1975 in the region of the product depot. The Ust'-Balyk oil field and the city of the Nesteyugansk received power from the "Ust'-B~lyk" 220/35/10 KV substation with three transformers of 40 MVA each. To control the reactive power flows and the voltage leve~s, a 50 MVA synchrnonous compensator was installed at this substation. The electrical power is distributed via 35 KV power transmission lines to ten 35/6 KV substations with an overall installed transformer capacity of 85 MVA. The "Yuganskaya" 110/35/6 KV substation with 2x40 MVA transformers was built to provide electrical power to the wells for the B10 oil horizon of the Ust'-Balyk oil field. Electrical power is provided to the Solkinskaya site from the "Solkinskaya" 110/35/6 KV substation with transformers of 16 MVA each. The electrical power is distributed via 35 KV power transmission lines to two 35/6 KV substations with an overall installed transformer capacity of 25.2 MVA. The West~rn Surgut field receives electrical power from the "Zarya" 110/35/6 KV substation with two transformers of 16 MVA each and fram the "Tovarnyy Park" ["product depot"] 110/6 KV substation with two transformers~of 10 MVA each. The electrical power is distributed via 35 KV power transmission lines to three 35/6 KV substations with an overall installed transformer capacity of 33.2 MVA. - 11 - k'OR QFFICI,l~L US~ ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 FUI2 OFFlC1AL USF: UN1.1' TABLE 1 Loads of the Oil Pumping Stations of the Fields (in MW), for the Years Oil Fields 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Mamontovskoye 15.6 27.2 55.2 61.2 67.2 72.0 72.0 Pravdinskoye 26.3 35.1 40.2 43.2 44.2 44.5 45.0 Ust'-Balyk 42.0 50.1 56.1 51.0 44.0 37.0 39.0 Solkinskaya site 14.6 15.5 23,5 35.0 35.0 35.0 35~0 Western Surgut 21.9 22.6 25.0 30.6 30.6 30.6 30.6 The city of Surgut 21.0 30.0 31.2 36.0 41.2 46.4 52.0 Fedorovskoye 14.0 18,0 24.0 33.0 42.0 46.U 50.0 The "NPS" 110/6 KV substation with two transformers of 16 MVA each was brought on line to provide electrical power to the "Surgut II" oil pumping station. Electrical power is supplied to the city of Surgut from the 220/110/10 KV "Surgut" substation at a voltage of 10 KV, from the "Pionerskaya" and "Stroitel'naya" 110/6 KV substations at a voltage of 6 KV and from the "Chernyy Mys" 110/10 KV substation at a voltage of 10 KV. The Fedorovskoye field receives electrical pawer from the 110/35/6 KV "Fedorovskaya" substation with two transformers of 40 MVA each. In 1975, a 110 KV power transmission line to group pLUnping station No. 1 was placed in service, which was used temporarily for operation at a voltage of 35 KV. In September of 1970, the two-circuit Surgut--Megion pawer transmission line was placed in service, which prior to 1973 had operated at a voltage of 110 KV. In 1973, one circuit was changed over to a voltage of 220 KV, and at the beginning - of 1974, the second circuit was changed. The length of the power transmission line is 191 km; the carrying capacity at 110 KV is 120 MW and at 220 KV is 360 MW. In the initial stage of the work, substations at the following voltages were connected to the 110 KV line: --110/35/6 KV -"Ur'yevskaya" with two transformers of 10 MVA each, from cvhich the "Ur'yevskaya" oil pumping station was powered; --110/35/6 KV -"Vatinskaya" with 2x]~O MVA transformers, from which the Vatinskoye f.ield received power; --110/35/6 KV -"Tayezhnaya" with 2x10 MVA transformers, from which the Megion field and the settlement of Megion receive power; ~12-- APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044461-6 FOR OFFICIAL USI~: OI~LI' --The 110/6 KV "Megion" substation with two 110/6 KV transformers of 10 MVA each. The "Megionskaya" 220/110/10 KV substation with autotransformers having a capacity of 4x125 MVA was constructed and placed in service in 1973 to shift the Surgut-- --Megion power transmission line over to a voltage of 220 KV. Because of the growth in the loads on the 6 KV side, the two 11~~/6 KV transformers of 10 MVA each were replaced with two 110/6 KV transformers of 40 MVA each, and somewhat later, two transformers of 40 MVA each at a voltage of 110/10 MV were installed at the substation to power the Nizhnevartovskaya oil pumping station. After the Surgut--Megion power transm~.ssion line was changed over to 220 KV, the "iTr'yevskaya" oil pumping station was connected to the new 220/110/6 KV substation with 2x63 MVA transformers. The "Vatinskaya" and "Tayezhnaya" substations were connected to the 110 KV power transmission line from the "Megion" substation. The 110 KV power transmission line for the Aganskoye oil field was connected via a transit line to the Tayezhnaya" substation. The dynamics of the growth in the electrical loads of the fields powered from the Surgut--Megion 220 KV power transmission line are shown in Table 2. The Vatinskoye field at the present time receives electrical power from the "Vatinskaya" 110/35/6 KV substation with two transformers of 16 MVA each. The electrical power is distributed via 35 KV power transmission lines to two 35/6 KV substations with an overall installed transformer capacity of 25.2 MVA. The Aganskoye oil field receives power from the Aganskaya" 110/35/6 KV substation with two transformers of 25 MVA each. A 5.6 MW gas turbine electric power station is used as an emergency power source at the field. The Megion field receives power from the "Nizhnevartovskaya" 110/35/6 KV substation with 2x25 MV transformers and the "Tayezhnaya" substation with transformers of 2x10 MVA each. The consumers of the Megion Central Product Depot and the Nizhnevartovskaya head oil pumping sta- tion for the Nizhnevartovsk--Ust'-Balyk oil pipeline are powered from the "Megion" substation at a voltage of 6 KV. Electrical power is supplied to gas refinery No. 1 at a voltage of 110 KV from the "Megionskaya" substation. 'Itao transformers of 63 MVA each are installed at the refinery substation. Gas refinery No. 2 is powered from the 220 KV Surgut-- --Megion power transmission line. Two autotransformers of 125 MVA each are installed at the Substation. Four central distribution substations at the following voltages have been built in ttie 110 KV electric power supply network for the Samotlor field [1]: --110/35/6 KV -"Samotlor I" with 2x25 MVA transformers, powered from the 220/110/10 KV "Megion" substation via one dual circuit power transmission line; - 13 - FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102109: CIA-RDP82-00850R400404040061-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL1~ TABL~ 2 Load of the Oil Pumping Stations of the Fields (in MW), for the Years: Fields 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Vatinskoye 17.5 17.5 18.0 18.5 20.0 20.5 21.0 Aganskoye 10.7 18.5 27.0 36.0 39.0 42.0 42.5 Megionskoye 18.0 18.0 20.0 23.0 23.5 25.0 26.0 Samotlorskoye 200 280 360 410 451 476 493 KNS 14 RHC/2 KNCi4 KN S 13 rHC~a O p Cauomnop 1/ " nHe,.s "Samotlor II" 0 HHC6 0 A'NCIQ ~ 0 O A'NC/1 8 A'NC7 ~ A'NC22 Q XHCSA 0 KHCS6 A'nCl6 , I~IS 5B o O O XHC4 KNC86 ~ A'HCZ! ~ Q KHCfO O KNS 21 ~ ~otlor I" ~NCeA ~ 'Rechnaya" ~ CaMOmnop! " ~ PCVMQA's p A'NC3 ~ o RNC/9 ~ , O , p rrpaa~ ' RNC9 ~ NNC2 OzernaVS O Baz,T HHC/7i1' /'HC/76O Q EaS ~517 Megion M`lu�N- Figure 2. The layout of 110 KV substations at the Samotlor field. Key: KNS = group pumping station. --110/35/6 KV -"KNS 6" with 2x16 MVA transformers, powered from the "Samotlor I" substation; -1~+- APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 FOR OFFICIAL USF: Oti1.1' (a) Megion KNS 17A KNS 17B ~tb~ l XxCi7A KNC/76 U KNC9 ~SXNL`l~ y~~p 6~rE 6tC 6e6 JS~E 6"Q i~E SSe! 6.Q KV �tto~e d 20 KV ~ 'T as~e ~1' ~ ,rn,~e ~ ~r irOR/ .KNCK s.e a.e 4 . o KNS 9 ~ KNC' ~ ~ ~vesRe ~ ,u.e ~s~a ' I!0 F~Q 6nA _ RNC19 ~ XM~' ~4 A'MC/A RNC86~ R rNC6 JS~E 6eQ ` ~-r ' : � s~e' s~e RNC! 6i~ 6 KV KNS 2 ""c~ _ KNS 4 M~ Pxc. 3. CxeM~ y~tacTxoa ceTx ] 10 xB CaMOr~op- cKOro MecropoHCliexHa . 6~ sRa 35s~KV eNCO 6~ 6~ . ~ KNS 3 � . KNS 16A KNS 16B KNS 7B ~ ~~Samotlor II" KNS 15 ~ d~ y ~caromnov a' " KNC,s ~ 6 ItNCl6A RNCl66 RNC76 e.e 6~A . 6~! ::a.e sR~ KV ae.e ~s.e 6 KV 6" ~s~e ~ � 'f"~ ~1' ' f~ ~ 1) aoRe ~ 7{~~ nr?tm~ryuu R RM:lO 1`~C~YM/OpD~~ ~ RNC7S ~ ~ ~fMC lY NNC/T QRC 6~A RNGLL RNC6 RMC11 ' ,?SMa JS~A 6~A 6wC JJeE JSMG 6~E ' I t T~~ T~- ~ to KNS6 ~ ~rc. i . t O 1~L\ S 4 L R RMLL `'7 . M IfNGY R~~ R~fMC/l M J ~ ~ R A'NCS.t RNC7 asRe ~ , ~.i. tl' 't-? '~-r ~ s~e ~s~e esRa r~a0 s~a sa~ e,ra sae , [;KU W~sb aMii~ ,nNUr . ~(naa KNS 21 KNS 5B KNS 5A ~ KNS 18 KNS 13 Figure 3. Circuits of the 110 KV network sections at the Samotlor field. Key: KNS = group ptmiping station; 1. To the "Samotlor II" substation. - 15 - FOR OFFICiAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R044400040061-6 F'Ult OFFIC'IA1. 115F: ONLY 110/35/S KV' Substatioi~;KNS 11 IloBcmnNUUA 1l0/JS~SrrB XNCIf Jd2 ,lSI(B KnodtmaHC{uu 289 to Substation 289 _ ~ K nadtmaNquu Z~ to Substation 291 256 214 258 Z~Z I(nodtmaHqrl~ ,rNC/s to Substation, KNS 15 3B0 J77 JId d52 d76 Figure 4. Scematic of the 35 K network sections of the Samotlor field, powered from KNS 11 [group pumping station 11]. --110/6 KV -"Samotlor II" with 2x40 MVA transformers, powered from the "Megion" substation via one dual circuit power transmission line; in 1978, the 500 KV "Samotlor II" was also built at the "Samotlor II" substation with the supply from the 500 KV Surgutskaya GRES--"Samotlor II" power transmission line; _ --110/6 KV - the "KNS 10" with 2x16 MVA transformers, powered from the "Megion" substation, --The loads of the group and output pumping stations, the fully equipped collec- tion points, the Belozernyy product depot and the water intakes are powered from 18 main step-down 110/35/6 KV substations and 14 substations at 110/6 KV. They are all deep entrance substations. The layout of the 110 KV substations of the Samotlor field is shown in Figure 2 while the circuit schematics for the 110 KV network sections of this field are shown in Figure 3. Electrical power is distributed among the groups of oil wells at a voltage of 35 KV with a deep 35 KV entrance directly to the wells. The 35 KV power grids are made in a ring configuration with 100 percent back,up from adjacent�substations. In the normal mode, the 35 KV neteork is opan at~one of the substations. - 16 - APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONL1' - 110/35/6 KV Substation, KNS 15 n~a~m~�u~A iro/.~s/sKe xNtl~ ` zes 3e~ aso JSKB k naa- (1~ smcN. ~ynu3al ~ Z~ M naJcmaN~ua 21 Z ! ~ Z9~ 297 29B 305 304 X nadcmaNqur~ J52 to Substation 352 - avz 30R Figure 5. Circuit schematic of the 35 KV network sections of the Samotlor oil field powered from KNS 15 (group pumping station 15]. Key: 1. To substation 382; 2. To substation 272, , The cross-sections of the 35 KV power transmission lines connecting the two 110/35/6 KV substations were taken as the maximum permissible values for the _ adopted type of supports: 150 mm2, something which provides for transmitting a power sufficient not just to supply the groups of wells, but also part of the load~of an�adjacent 35 KV substation in case one transformer fails in it or it is completely disconnected. The cross-sections of the wires on the radial portions of the network were selected based on an economical current density. The supports for the 35 I~'V network were made of inetal with a single circuit strung on them. In the ring networks, where all of the substations are through-working substations, single circuit lines, in the case of bilateral feed of consumers, provide for the re- quisite degree of power supply reliability. The 35 KV line routes are run along roads or the routes of pipelines where possible, so as to provide for access to the power transmission line in case - inspection or repair is necessary. In all, it is planned that 257 substations at 35 KV and 455 lan of 35 KV networks will be constructed in the Samotlor oil field. A characteristic schematic of the 35 KV network for the Samotlor oil field, which is powered from the 110 KV substation in the case of KNS 11 and KNS 15 [group - 17 - FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR ON'FI('IA1. t!tiF: ON1.1' pumping stations 11 and 15], is shown in Figure 5. The three place figures on the schematic designate the numbers of tt?e well groups. F.lectrical power is supplied to the city of Nizhnevartovsk from the 110/35/6 KV "Nizhnevartovskaya I" substation with 2x25 + 1x40 MVA transformers and the "Obskaya" substation with 110/10 KV transformers with a capacity of 2x25 MVA, as well as from four 35/6 KV substations. The municipal 110 KV substations are powered from the "Megion" substation via a two-circuit 110 KV power transmission line. To regulate the reactive power flows and voltage levels, two compensators of 15 MVAR each have been installed at the 110 KV "Nizhnevartovskaya I" substation. The Electrical Loads of the Sovetskiy Oil Field Ycars 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 I:lectrical. loads, M[d 23.0 30.0 35.1 39.1 45.1 46.1 48.0 The Sovetskiy field receives electrical power from 110/35/6 KV "Sovetskaya" substation with 2x63 P1VA transformers, powered from the "t~i~gion" substation via a two-circuit 110 KV pocoer transmission line, which was built with the dimensions of a 220 KV power transmission line. Electrical power is distributed via 35 KV lines to nine transf.ormer substations with an overall installed transformer capacity of 53 MVA. The consumers of the "Aleksandrovskoye" head oil pumping station of the Aleksandrovskoye--Andzhero-Suzhensk oil pipeline are powered from the "Sovetskaya" substation at a voltage 6 KV. The Strezhevoy settlement ' receives power from the "Strezhevoy" 110/35/10 KV substation with 2x25 MVA transformers, powered from the "Sovetskaya" substation via a two-circuit 110 KV power transmission line. ' 'The intense growth in the volume of gas extraction and transport in the northern regions of. the Tyumenskaya oblast is responsible for a significant growth in loads and electric power consumption. The levels of electric loads and electric pawer constnnption for gas extraction and transport are stiown in Table 3. The major consumers of electric power in gas fields are the complete gas prepara- tion installations, the design load of which amounts to 1.8 M[d. The major electric power consumers in gas transport are the compressor stations. The design load of one compressor station operating on the Nadym--Punga gas trunk pipeline amounts to 3 MW. The comprehensive gas preparation installations and the com- pressor stations for trunk gas pipelines belong to first category consumers in terms of the degree of electric power supply reliability. 18 , , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR UFF'1('lA1. UtiE OtiI.Y TABLE 3 Years Electrical Loads _ and Electric Power 1975 1976 Consumption 19 � 1978 1979 1980 Gas extraction: Load, MW 24 45 78 114 152 185~ Electric power consumption, lQ6 K~ 96 18~ 300 460 600 800 C'as transport: Load, MW 24 35 44 166 420 680 Electric power consLanption, 106 KWH 96 140 180 680 1,800 2,800 Total: Load, Mid 48 80 122 280 572 865 Electric power consumption, 106 KWH 192 220 480 1,140 2,400 3,600 At the present time, there is no state power system network in the northern - regions of the Tyumenskaya oblast where the gas fields are located and the gas pipelines run. Electrical power is supplied to cosumers from independent elec-~+. trical power sources. Gas turbine PAES-2500-T/6.3 electric power stations with a capacity of 2.5 MW, PAF.S-1600-T/b.3 with a capacity of 1.6 MW and 6GChN-36/45 diesel electric power plants with a capacity of 0.63 MW and MG-3500 motor generator sets with a capacity of 3.5 MW are used as the electric power sources:; The transportable auotmat~d gas turbine PAES type electric power stationa operate either independently or in parallel. Included in the complement of the electric power stations are a 6 KV distribution switchgear unit and an outdoor transformer substation with 6/35 KV transformers. The voltage is fed via a 35 KV power trans- mission line to the installations where 35/6 KV transformers are installed. The 6 hV power transmission lines are run to facilities located close to the electric power stations. A drawback to the power stations cited here is the small unit capacities, something which with a growth in the electrical loads leads to the necessity of installing a large number of such plants and requires the construc- tion of large rooms. ~~,9~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 FOR OFFICIAL ~;SE ONL1~ At the present time, five units of gas turbine PAES-2500 and PAES-1600-T/6.3 electric power stations have been installed to provide electric power to the comprehensive gas separation facilities of the Medvezh'ye field. Electric power is supplied to the "Longyuganskaya" and "Sorumskaya" compressor stations of the Nadym--Punga gas pipeline from a deisel electric power station with fourteen 6GChN-36/45 generator sets; the "Kazymskaya" compressor station receives power from a deisel plant with twenty 6GChN-36/45 generator sets. The construction of electric power stations in the city of Nadym, as well as the settlements of Pangody, Kazym and Yagel'nyy having a capacity of 48 to 60 MW with units of 12 MW each based on gas turbine engines is planned to power the growing electrical loads of the gas fields and trunk gas pipelines during 1976- -1980. It is necessary to construct about 3,000 km of 110 KV power transmission _ lines to support gas extraction. 2 Q ~ ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044461-6 FOR OFF'ICi~il, i:ti(: ON1,1 CHAPTER TWO. ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT FOR DRILLING RIGS General Information The conduct of drilling operations in Western Siberia is characterized by a - ntunber of distinctive features, since in northern regions they differ sharply , from those of the central Ob' in that the depths of the wells are increased; the geological conditions for well drilling are complicated, which are due to the presence of perniafrost and gas strata in the cross-sections of the deposits, which necessitate the use of multiple drill string wells. The indicated regions are isolated from the main river route of the Ob' river. The severe climatic condi- - rions sharply reduce the pace of drilling operations in the winter. Because of the boggy nature of the territories of the oil fields being developed, a gro~ap method of multiple drilling has become widespread. In this method, an artificial platform with a rail overbridge is constructed, while the drilling rig, which is mounted on a base with railroad bogies, moves frnm well to well (within the bounds of the "cluster") by means of its own drive or tractor. In the group method, the majority of the wells is drilled by means of controlled directional drilling. The number of wells in the "cluster" fluctuates from 3 to 22. One of the major technical solutions which was realized in the area of drilling ~Jas the electrification of drilling operations in Western Siberia [5]. This made it possible to standardize the drilling rigs and improve their set-up capability, sharply curtail the amount of time the boreholes are idle, reduce their fire hazard, as well as reduce the watch crews of the drilling brigades and increase the production efficiency. All of these factors exerted a significant influence on improving the technical and economic indicators for drilling. An analysis of domestic and foreign experience with the operation of drilling rigs intended for drilling deep oil and gas wells attests to the substantial advantages of electrical drive for drilling rigs as compared to other kinds of power drives. The guaranteed service lives of electric motors for the main drives of drilling rigs is substantially greater than the engine service lives of diesel engines. As a result, the downtimes for electrified drilling rigs are curtailed by 75 percent as compared to diesel installations. It has been calculated that the annual operational expenditures wliere electric drives are used are 3.75 times less than in the case of diesel drive use. The application of electric drives makes it possible to change over from a group power drive for the main mechanisms of the drilling r~g (both for drilling rigs with diesel and diesel-hydraulic drives) to a single drive. In this case, one dispenses with the necessity of strict alignment of the mutual position of the majority of drilling equipment and power units, since the complex mechanical couplings between them are eli.minated. ~ 22 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 FUR OI~FI('IAI. l)til? UNI.ti Because of the complexity of mastering the oil and gas bearing province of Western Siberia, improving th e set-up capability of drilling rigs for this region takes on exceptionally great significance. The electrification of dri~ling rigs in the Main Tyumen' Oil and Gas Administration has promoted a significant reduc- tion in the timeframes for their construction. As a result of the fact th at electric motors have a high efficiency, and because - they are directly coupled to the actuating mechanisms, the overall efficiency of electric drives f or drilling rigs considerably exceeds the efficiencies of other kinds of drives. Type of Drill Drive Efficiency, % Electric, alternating current 70 - 73 Diesel-electric, direct current 60 - 70 Turbo-electric, alternating current 49 - 51 Diesel 60 ~ 62 Diesel-hydraulic 52 - 54 Besides the advantages enumerated above, the application of electric drive for drilling rigs makes it possible to realize a wide selection of primary motors (as~nchronous with a short-circuited or phase rotor, symchronous, direct current), improves the layout of the drilling equipment, simplifies the control of the . drives, promotes the automation of the production processes, eliminates the fuel oil system, decreases the metal input requirement for the drilling rig and reduces the expendttures both f or its construction and for drilling the wells by a factor of 1.5 to 2. The advantages of electric drives for drilling rigs, in conjunction with the advantages of socialist management of the national economy, which is brilliantly manifest in the comprehensive electrification of the entire nation, have assurred the universal and widescale introduction of 3rilling rigs with electric drives. In May of 1967, a well was drilled with an electric drive at the Ust'-Balyk field in jdestern Siberia. High technical and economic indicators were achieved in drilling this well. The transition to electrified drilling rigs in the Main Tyumen' Oil and Gas Administration was accomplished by changing the existing fleet of drilling rigs - with diesel-hydraulic drives (BU-75Br~, BU-80BrD and "Uralmash-5D") over to electric drive and supplementing the fl:eet of drilling rigs with installations having BU-75BrE and BU-80BrE-1 electric drives. As a result of analyzing the operational experience with drilling rings having electric drives, the Main Tyumen' Oil and Gas Administration developed the engineering documentation for the changeover of the BU-75BrD, BU-80BrD anc3 r 22 ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 F'UR nFF'1('IAI. l!tiN: ON1,}, "Uralmash-5D" drilling rigs to electrical drive. The following design solutions were taken as the basis for the modernization of ~Che drilling rigs; --The drives for the drill pumps and the drilling hoist were made the same (syn- chronous SDZB-13-42-8A motors rated at 450 KW, 6,000 V, 750 r.p.m.); --A MEP-800 electromagnetic powder clutch was used as the starting unit for the drilling hoise drive; --YaKN0-6 cells were adopted for-the 6 KV switchgear. Later, the hydrodynamic BU-75 and BU-80 of the drilling rigs started to be replaced by TEP-4500 electromagnetic powder brakes. Such an~approach to the choice of the electric drive for the drilling rigs made it possible to standardize and significantly simplify the electrical circuits - for the drilling rigs, increase the set-up capability and the safety of servicing them; it also made it possible to dispense with the intermediate voltage of S00 volts and eliminate the TMB type power transformers and the SB-58 magnetic motor control stations; as well as create conditions for maintaining practically any requisite value of the power factor. Since 1971, BU-75BrE drilling rigs have been arriving at the Main TyLUnen' Oil and Gas Administration; asynchronous AI~-12-39-6 motors at 320 KW and 6 KV have been installed in these rigs as the drive for the hoist. KRNB-6M distribution switch- gear (RU) is used to distribute the electrical power. The same 6 KV distribution switchgear is supplied as part of the equipment package for the BU-80BrE-1 drilling rigs, which began to arrive at the Main Tyumen' Oil and Gas Administration at the end of 1973. Synchronous SDZB-13-42-8A motors at 450 KW and 6 KV as well as electromagnetic induction EMS-750 slip clutches were used in the hoist drive for these rigs. Electromagnetic powder TEP-4500 brakes were used as the auxiliary brake for the hoist. The comprehensive approach to the electrification of drilling operations h~s-made it possible to accomplish the technical re-equipping of the fleet of drilling rigs in Western Siberia in an extremely short period of time. An analysis of statistical data from the Main Tyumen' Oil and Gas Administration shows that for drilling using rigs with electric drives, the schedule speed is 11.5 percent higher, the penetration per bit is 15 percent higher, while the production cost per meter of penetration is 13 percent lower than for drilling with diesel driven rigs. This attests to the high effectiveness of drilling operation electrification in Ldestern Siberia. � ~ 23 ~ ~ FOR OFF[CI,4L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 N'OR UF'F'1('lAl. USE ONL.Y The Drilling Hoist The start of the electrif ication of drilling operations in Western Siberia coincided with the performance of trial industrial tests of the induction EMS-750 and magnetic powder MEP-800 clutches, designed for the electrical drives of dril- ling rigs, in various oil regions of the nation. In Western Siberia, when dril- ling rigs with diesel drives were retrofitted with an electric drive, powder clutches were employed and a broad set of studies was made of the electric ~rive for the drilling wench using these clutches. 00 ~ ~ S o O O ~ O O O _ O - 0 0 O ~ O O~ y 5 r o o� 3 0 C~ ~ g ~ L ~ ~ ~ Figure 6. Kinematic schematic of the drill hoist for the Bu-80 drilling rig. Key: l. SDZB-13-42-8A motor; 2. TEP-4500 brake; 3. MEP-800 clutch; 4. ShPM-1070 clutch; 5. ShPM-700 clutch. A kinematic schematic of a drilling hoist with an MEP-800 clutch for a BU-80E rig, retrofitted with a DVS [unknown type of synchronous electric motor]. The wench has three hoist speeds of 0,428, 0.91 and 1.725 m/sec, corresponding to gears I, II and III. Such a kinematic variant, which is distinguished by the direct coupling of the input shaft of the transmission to the driven shaft of the magnetic particle clutch, was adopted by working from the necessity of simplifying the kinematic configuration of the hoist and the convenience of the equipment layout in units. The moment of inertia of the speed change gearbox of the BU-80E dril- ling rig (retrofitted with a DCS) is almost twice the moment of inertia of the speed change gearbox of the BU-80BrE-1 rig, something which had an unfavorable impact on the theYmal mode of the magnetic particle clutch. ~ 24 ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 NOR OFFIC[A1. USE ONLI~' We shall analyze the operational modes of the particle clutch: operational, nonoperational (the mrnnent limiting mode) and semi-operational. The operating mode of the clutch is characterized by the fact that with a con- stantly rotating drive motor, during the pauses between hoistings, the MEP-800 electromagnetic powder clutch and the ShPM-1070 air flex clutch are disconnected ~ on the shaft of the hoist dr~n. When hoisting the next string of the boring tool, the drill operator engages the air flex clutch beforehand and thereby couples the hoist drum through the transmission to the driven part of the electromagnetic clutch. The acceleration of the hoist drum begins after current is fed to the - excitation winding of the MEP-800. Upon completing the lift, the ShPM-1070 clutch is f irst disengaged, and thereafter the MEP-800 clutch, something which makes it possible to reduce the flywheel masses participating in the run-down. In this operational mode of the el2ctric drive, the acceleration of the hoisting system occurs smoothly, while the choice of the gaps takes place without shocks. The energy losses during run-up of all of the drive masses occur in the MEP-800 starting clutch. The moment limiting mode is characterized by the fact that a nominal excitation current constantly flows in the excitation winding of the powder clutch. Its driving and driven parts are coupled together and constantly transmit the rota- tional motion of the entire transmission as far as the driving portion of~.the operating ShPM-1070 air flex clutch. The hoist drum is connected to the rotating electrical drive in this mode by means of filling the ShPM-1070 clutch with com- pressed air. ~ During the run-up of the hoist drum, the ShPrI-1070 clutch slips. If the moment of the ShPrt-1070 clutch exceeds the moment of the MEP-800 clutch before the comple- tion of the run-up, then as a result of the application of the dynamic moment to the latter, a short term reduction in the angular speed of its driven shaft is possible with asimultaneous decrease in the slipping of the air flex clutch. Following the complete engaging of the ShPM-1070 clutch, the further run-up takes place only with the action oF the moment transmitted by the MEP-800 clutch. In this mode, the bulk of the energy losses occur in the ShPM-1070 starting clutch, something wtlich causes it to wear rapidly. The overall run-up energy losses though, disipated in both clutches, are less than in the operational mode, since a significant part of tiie drive masses is rotated beforehand. The semi-operational mode of the electromagnetic powder clutch is a variant of moment limiting operation and is distinguished by the fact that in the period between hoistings, a small preliminary excitation current flows in the excitation winding for the powder clutch. At this excitation current level, the moment trans- mitted by the MEP-800 clutch is insignificant and is sufficient only to rotate the unloaded transmission running up to the ShPM-1070 clutch. The hoist drum is coupled to the rotating transmission just as in the case of moment limiting opera- tion, i.e., by means of the ShPM-1070 clutch. �-25~ FOR OFF[C[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R044400040061-6 FOR nFFiC'IA1. t!til~: ONl.l' In the process of turning on the hoist drum, the driven part of the powder clutch is loaded with static and dynamic moments, b ecause of which, the angular speeds of this portion of the powder clutch, and correspondingly, the transmission fall off rapidly and both parts of the ShPM-1070 clutch engage at a relatively low rotational speed of the drwn. During the period of reducing rotational speed of the transmission, the utilization of the stored kinetic energy of the rotating masses which decreases with time provides for a soft change in the gaps in all links of the hoist system transmission. By the point in time of complete engage- ment of the air flex clutch, provisions are made automatically with a time delay for the forced excitation of the MEP-800 clutch; the subsequent run-up of the hoist system takes place ~bith the action of the moment transmitted by the MEP-800 clutch. The overall energy losses during run-up in this mode are distributed among the ShPM-1070 and MF.P-800 clutches. The distribution of the losses can be accomplished in accordance with the heat disipating capabilities of the clutches by means of selecting the level of the preliminary excitation current for the MEP clutch, the time delay between turning the ShPM clutch on and the delivery of the forcing current to the MEP clutch as well as by varying the rate of fillir~ ttie ShPM with campressed air. The distribution of the losses depends primarily on the ratio of the moments of inertia of the rotating parts of the hoist system and those cahich are being accelerated. The control circuitry for the clutch is shown in Figure 7. 220 VAC Figure 7. Control circuit for the MEP-800 "'`'`~s magnetic particle clutch. ~ ~e~ Key: B7-B3. 5witches; P~ ~ c ~~.c ts p-1, P2. Electromagnetic relays; ~z R1-R5. Resistors; p~ e,~ f Pr PB1-PB2. Time delay relays; P?_._.~' Az PKC. Speed monitor relays; q, az 1e2 II, C, Ae.C. Control pushbuttons; ~3. Travel switch; '7L Nx~ T~. Tachogenerator; IT3 # f M and OBM. Clutch and excitation BJ winding; P~1 T H s2 A, U. Monitor and metering RZ rsZ n3 R4 � v~1 instruments; Rs IIC. Signal lamp; aeu PK~ ae? P~,~ 3e. Bell. u ~ In the operational mode, switch B2 is in position 0 and the level of the clutch excitation current is zero. When the ShPM-1070 clutch is engaged, the limit switch B3, which is mechanically coupled to the control valve for the ShPM, opens th~ coil circuit of relay RB1, which feeds the instruction for forced excitation of MEP clt,tch after a time delay of 1 to 1.5 seconds. When the rotational speed ~ 2F ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 - FOR ~OF~'I(:(AL USE ONLY of the driven shaft of the MEP reaches 95 percent of the nominal, the voltage of the tachogenerator T~, mounted on the shaft of the MEP-800 clutch, becomes sufficient to actuate the PKC relay. Resistor R3 is inserted in the clutch excitation winding circuit, the OBM, where this resistor reduces the current. The removal of forced excitation, related to the completion of the run-up, retards the process of overregulation of the hoist drive acceleration. Upon completing the lift, the disconnection of ShPM-1070 clutch removes the excitation from the . MEP. In the semi-operational mode, a preliminary excitation current equal to 10 to 15 percent of the nominal when the ShPM-1070 clutch is disconnected is established in the MEP excitation winding by means of switch B2, which is in position f1B. When the ShPM-1070 is turned, relay RB1 feeds the forcing or working current to the MEP clutch with the requisite time delay for filling the clutch. ~,Then small loads are applied to the driven shaft of the clutch, its rotational speed falls off insignificantly, the PKC [speed monitor relay] is not cut off and the forced excitation current is not fed out. The protection circuitry operates in the following manner. When the ShPM clutch is turned on, cutout switch B3 de-energizes relay RB2 with a time delay of 10 to 12 seconds, equal to the permissilile drive acceleration time. If the run-up time of the drive has exceeded this delay, i.e., the MEP clutch is overloaded, then the contact of RB2 will close sooner than the contact of PKC opens, and relay P2 is actuated. The signalling actuates (bell 3e and light 11C), which remains turned on until the end of hoisting the string. When the ShPM-1070 clutch is cut-off, switch B3 cuts off the circuit of relay P1 which f eeds voltage to the control circuit for the MEP clutch. After the elimination of the cause of the overload, the circuit is reset by pushbutton fl and operation in a non-operating mode is possible when switch B2 is set in position H. Satisfactory distribution of the therm~l load between the MEP-800 and SliPM-1070 clutches is possible only when the MEP clutch functions in the semi-operational mode. For this reason, this mode is recommended as the major one. Studies have been shown that it is essential for *t~:, operatior_ of t`:C ~�ILi .:iui.ch in t!:c operatiug uivue thdi. ~t ra~re a 1.�:t ~is- s~.pating capability of 25 KW and a maximinn moment of 13 KNrm. For the retrofitted BU-75E drilling rig, the energy losses dissipated in the particle clutch in the operation mode do not exceed the heat dissipating capacity of the MEP clutch. Therefore, in the hoist drive for this rig, the MEP clutch can be used in operational and semi-operational modes. The nonoperational mode is not reasonable for this rig, since all of the losses during the run-up time of the drive are dissipated primarily in the ShPM-1-70 clutch. As was noted earlier, series produced BU-80BrE-1 drilling rigs started to arrive at Glavtyumenneftegaz in 1973, where induction EMS-750 slip clutches were used in the hoist drives. Studies performed on the U80BrE-1 rig showed that the maximum moment of the EMS-750 clutch is 18,380 N.m at an excitation current of 51 amps, a figure which is considerably greater than the maximum moments of the MEP-800 clutch and the drive motor with a capacity of 45Q KW. Because of this, with the existing excitation system for the motor, there are cases where it "stalls" (gets out of sync). Studies have demonstrated the expediency of using ~ 27 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 FOR OFFICIAL US~ ONLY thyristor excitation for the synchronous motor, increasing its overload capacity and developing a more sophisticated control station for the clutch. Braking the Drill Hoist The development of well drilling engineering and technology makes the additional - demands ofi further ref ining the braking devices in the drives of modern drill hoists. Hydrodynamic brakes with a closed water cooled system have found wide- scale applications as such brakes. The drawbacks to these brakes are: unsatis~:~. factory control properties, the impossibility of obtaining large braking moments at low bit descent speeds, etc. A number of the technical problems which come up when automating the production process operations in the case of hoisting and lowering operations (for example, the precise stopping of the hook block during hoisting, the seating of the bit on the pneumatic wedges,etc.),cannot be solved - by using a hydrodynamic brake. For this reason, the EMT-4500 electromagnetic induction brake and the TEP-4500 particle break were designed and put in produc- tion by industry. The technical characteristics of the EMT-4500 and TEP-4500 electromagnetic brakes are given in Table 4. A characteristic feature of the magnetic particle brake is the fact that the braking mament produced by it is practically independent of the rotational speed. ~ The magnitude of the braking moment is governed by the excitation current, some- thing which makes it possible to obtain stringent mechanical characteristics. A consequence of the change in the braking mament of the TEP-4500 brake in a range from zero to the maximum was the possibility of continuous smooth control of the drill bit descent speed, regardless of the weight, as well ~s the possi- '~ility o~ stopping it and holding it in suspension, obtaining slow bit lowering speeds, and when approaching the rotor platform, smoothly seating it on the rotor or the pneumatic wedges without using a band-and-block brake. This makes it possible to sharply curtail the wear and consr~mption of brake blocks, bands and hoist drum pulleys. The studies which have been made have demonstrated the possibility of operating the TEP-4500 brake with a negative ambient air temperature without forced air cooling. The time constants for brake heating also promote this: 130 minutes for the excitation winding and 80 minutes for the rotor. The study of brake operation during bit feed to the bottam when drilling a well is of special interest. As operational experience has shown in Western Siberia with RPDE-3 bit feed controllers, their application is possible only from a depth of 1,600 m. When using the TEP-4500 brake, one can provide for practically any feed speed and in this case, maintain a specified load on the bit with an accuracy of + 2 tons. A recording of the bit feed to the bottom using a TEP-4500 brake is shown in Figure 8. T G O T. APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044461-6 FOR ON'FIt7AL 1!SE O\I,Y The most efficient control of the drilling hoist is possible only in the case of combined control of the particle and band brakes. In this case, the rate of descent of the string from the maximum to the minimum value should be reduced by the particle brake, as it posses the greatest heat dissipating capability and good control characteristics; it should also limit the maximum descent speed. The preliminary reduction of the descent speed of the string by the magnetic _ particle brake down to the minimum value of 0.2 to 0.5 m/sec makes it possible to easily accomplish the precise stopping of the string by the band brake. In this case, the wear on the blocks of the band brake will be sharply reduced. Such a contral algorithm for the hoist during the lowering of the drill bit, in which the particle brake is not used to completely brake the hoist, made it possible to eliminate the question of the necessity of its demagnetization and signif icantly simply the circuitry of the control station for the particle brake (Figure 9). TABLE 4 Overall Type of MH~ Mm~~ nH Pexc. Jrot Kg, nimen- i,leight, Brake KN�m KN�m r.p.m. KW kg�m~ kg/KN�m s3ons, mm kg EMT-4500 45 56.7 500 14 1,040 107.5 1,819x 6,100 1,700x 1,495 TEP-4500 45 55 550 2 3.75 72.8 1,290x 4,000 1,500x 141P [sic] The Technical Characteristics of the Control Station for the TEP-4500 Brake The voltage of the alternating current mains, volts 200 + 15,-30~ Frequency, Hz 50 - Range of change in the current level (in one winding), amperes 0--5 Overall dimensions, mm 300 x 250 x 250 The brake windings, which are connected in parallel, are connected to the controlled thyristor rectifier D3 with the neutral diode D1. The rectifier is pwered from the ttoo phases of a 220 volt AC main, something which makes it possible to significantly reduce the time for the current to rise in the brake excitaton windings up to the specified level. 29_ ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR OF'H'ICIAL UtiN: ONI.Y /3 S 10 m 25 MPa 500 KN fON 25,U11� ~SDDxH /2 175 1 / SS . � - !87 ~a SO 1[{S,Nna 10.5 MP Zas 9 45 ~ . 206' ' 169 ~ . ~ p'' 8 40 /69 !0 JO 50 70 90 /0 JO SO 70 9a /0 30 SO 70 90 7 35 /ladav� 3a6ni~ 93eM ,qaBncNri Feed N"`'o~o~ ycunue ya ,rp~o- (2) K~,Ky ~3~ s ,~o Figur.e 8. Recording of the feeding of a drill bit to the bottom using a T~P-4500 brake. Key: 1. Bottom, 938 m; 2. Pressure of the pumps; 3. Force on the hook, KN. When drilling a well, switch B3 is set in position II. Continuous control of the braking moment is accomplished by variable resistor R5, which changes the ampli- tude of the reference voltage f ed to the control lead of thyristor D3. The latter is triggered if the current feedback voltage across resistor F1 is less than the reference voltage fed to its control electrode. In this case, numerical pulse control is possible, where the controlled voltage consists of periodically re- peating trains of sinusoidal pulses. The ratio between the number of pulses in a train and the number of passed pulses governs the current level in the brake excitation windings. In the descent mode, the rectifier is controlled by the feedback voltage based on the bit descent speed. The feedback level is governed by the resulting regu~. lated voltage from zenir diodes D7-D13. One of three descent speeds is set by switch B3. The preliminary reduction of the descent speed of the bit, when the ele~~ator approaches the rotor plarform, is accomplished by throwing the handle 30_ - APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR OFFICI:II. U5E ON1,1' of the conanand controller B2 over to position 1. When it is necessary to com- pletely brake the hoist with the particle clutch (for example, in an emergency situation), the command controller is set in position 2. When the hoist brake is released, the string is accelerated with the action of its own weight. When the descent speed increases up to the value determined by the position of switch B3, the speed feedback begins to operate, which causes an increase in the current level in the particle brake excitation winding. The cur- rent level is governed by the moment from the weight of the drill string. Prior to stopping the string, the cammand controller B2 is set in position l; in this case, the speed feedback gain causes the descent speed to fall off down to the minimum value (the creep speed). The string is finally braked and stopped by the application of the band brake. Because of the preliminary reduction of the speed down to the creep value, precise stopping of the string is assured. Because of the good control properties of N ~ e the electromagnetic particle brakes, it l:as ~ t 1 (1~ trul~ become possible to remotely control e~ .a c e: the drill hoist. A prototype of a remote At Ay control system successfully underwent industrial tests in a B-8 - Q, QS R~ U OBrE 1 drilling rig in the Samotlor f ield, and the system af pe '�~s e was recommended for series production. A " a6 qr~ Rs " mechanical (band type) brake and a particle RI n/JJ ti~ brake are used in this system. ~ A/t A! ~ aro The su erim osition of the band brake is ,~ir P P r ~'s accomplished not by the muscular effort of q;; the drill runner, but by the persistent force of a precompressed spring. The ~ relaasting of the brake (the backing-off of the brake bands from the band wheels) is Figure 9. Schematic of the accomplished by feeding compressed air into control station for a pneumatic cylinder. In cases where the the TEM-4500 brake. permissible descent speed of the bit is Key: 1. To the EMS [not exceeded, the actuation of the anti-drag-in further defined], device, in case the voltage or air is lost, or in case of wear of the blocks f or the brake bands, compressed air is released from the..cylinder and the emergency mechan- ical brake is applied. The electromagnetic particle brake performs the role of an operational braking device during the hoisting and lowering operations and the role of a device for feeding the bit to the bottom of the well. The system provides for the capability ot operational control of the mechanical brake by means of an electropneumatic pressure regulator. The regulator current is controlled by the command unit on the control console of the driil runner, on which the command unit for the particle 3~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FUR OFFIC'IA1. U~N: ()NI.Y brake is also installed. Remote control signif icantly facilitates the work of the drill runner, increases the safety in the performance of the lioisting and lowering operations and creates the prerequisites for the automation of the hoisting and lowering process. It has become possible to lower the hoisting block down to ground level, and set up the drill runner control panel at any point which is safe and operationally convenient. 1 sec. ZD ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~P ~ ~~K P z ~ E~ I ~ K d ~ .E, F ~ - F v? . . c~ Figure 10. Oscilloscope trace of the boring tool descent for the case of combined control of band and magnetic particle brakes. Key: Ig is the excitation current for the TEP-4500 brake ~IB max = 11.3 amps); I is the control current f or the electropneumatic controller ~Imax = 136 MA [sic]); p is the air pressure in the pneumatic cylinder of the spring driven pneumatic drive of the band brake ~Pmax = 0.48 MPa/cm2); ~ is the angle of rotation of the brake shaft of the band brake (�m~ = 0.29 rad); F is the force on the push rod of the spring-pneinnatic drive; w is the rotational speed of the drum shaft of the hoist ~wmax - 47.5 sec-1). An oscilloscope trace of the descent o~ the boring tool (78 strings) for the case of combined control of the band and particle brakes is shown in Figure 10. During the operation of the electromagnetic particle clutches and brakes, iti is important to replace ferromagnetic powder which has worn out on a timely basis. The rate of ~ 32 ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R004400040061-6 FOR OFFICIAL US~: OtiL1' its wear depends on the operational mode of the clutches and brakes, and for this reason, its service life can vary from three months up to two years. A conse- quence of the mechanical wear of the powder is also the change in its magnetic properties, and consequently, in the moment developed by the particle clutches and brakes. Particle wear is accompanied by its pulverization and oxidation, as a result of which, the iron oxide content in it increases and the free-flowing mass and magnetic permeability fall off. - ~ P~10"1 MP a I; A �ro' 6, A,na �c �C amp 5p _'EOr 104 ~ I C4Dr 96 21f~- !dB ~0 ~ 20c~ 80 ~g,r] 1~ I ~t;, E 4 ~ ~ II ~ 30~14~"r5f ~ ~ ~ ;?p ~ 4� ~ ll ~ - Zu 100 4C ~ ~ BO - d2i soC ?r t0 y0 16 ~ 0 L 0 p ~ 0 /OBO IJ56 11J2 ~/34B ISOD ~ 9 C 8%0 12 ~4 16 /B 20 f7 2a Z 4 6 8!0 12 /y i6 1B 20 22 24 Z � 6 B 10 /2 JY IG t~ hOUrS I 150~ 15D I l30xJ,~~ I 1Jpx 1JD . , ~z - ' , ~ ~ ~ ' 4 I , ~ ~ ~ ~ _ .r'... ~ i I f i I i ~I IL~ m ~ I~ I I1G/ti !G'0 I ~ 17601~6 /84;^ !B'I!/ 18591B,K~ L ISE� !~6' t ~ I ,M ' 16 !ff 10 ?u : ~ 6 b 1D 14' /E ;B ~0 Z~ ~9 ~ 4 6 B!0 !Z !u 1G' /6 2U 12 24 2 Y L,4 C~ ~lOuY'S ~ i50~'S0 ~;3D�'J~ ~uanr�.~+P~ Bm~ y.non t~ 11ouY's ~ ~ D:Lazn~texs o~ ttte sleeve inserts Figure 11. Graph of the loading of the U8-4 drill pump and the SDZB-13-42-8 electric drive motor during well drilling in the Samotlor fiel'd: -33�. - FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044461-6 FUR OFFICIAL USE ONL.Y [Key to Figure 11, continued fr.om previous page]: 1. The nominal motor current; 2. The motor current when operating under load; 3. The nominal travel of the pump for each insert sleeve diameter; 4. The pressure developed by the pump during drilling; 5. The motor heating temperature under load; 6. The ambient temperature during the driving of the wells; 7. The no-load motor current. Production has been set up in the Main Tyumen' Oil and Gas Administration for particle wear indicators based on the change in the magnetic permeability of the powder, something which makes it possible to resolve the issue of the necessity of replacing the magnetic powder directly on the drilling rig. The operational principle of the instrument is based on the utilization of the Hall effect: the voltage picked of.f from a Hall transducer is directly proportional to the magnetic f ield induction in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the transducer. The scale of the instrument is gradua*_ed in powder wear percent as compared to a new powder, somet~ling which makes it possible to eliminate errors caused by a varia- tion in the temperature and magnetic fields. A mark for the permissible powder wear is made on the scale graduation for clutches and brakes, which is determined by the criterion of the permissible reduction in the moment of the machines. Drilling Pumps In accordance with the stipulations of All-Union Standard 26-02-807-73, the BU-2500 and BU-3000 drilling rigs are equipped with drill pumps having a drive capacity of 600 to 750 K~d. At the present time, the BU-80-BrE-1 rigs ~eing delivered to Western Siberia are outfitted with BrN-1 pumps, driven by synchronous motors with a capacity of 450 KW. Two pumps each are installed on each drilling rig. They are connected to the motors by means of a doubled ShPM-500 air flex clutch. A correlation analysis of the drilling mod~s has made it possible to establish the inter-relationship between the mechanical drilling rate the consumption of drilling mud. The relationships obtained attest to the expedience of increasing the hydraulic power of the drilling pumps. In this regard, the U8-4 and BrN-1 drilling pumps in the Main Tyumen' Oil and Gas Administration are being replaced ~ with piunps of a greater hydraulic power (U8-6M), thereby assuring a transition to forced drilling modes using the hydraulic excavation effect of the destruction of the rock. The "Uralmash" plant supplies these pumps in complete packages with motors having a capacity of 630 KW. Well drilling in Western Siberia is charact~rized by relatively small time expenditures for the drilling process, the use of turbine drilling and hydraulic excavator type bits, the widescale utilization of forced drilling as well as 34 r APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 F'OR OFF'I(7AL Util~: ()NLY' highly mechanical, high yield speeds and travel per bit. Thus, the time for drilling a 25 meter pole is commensurate with the time for adding on to the boring tool. n8, _ ~ Figure 12. The amount of time the pump motor . ~ is turned on as a function of the well drilling interval [in meters]. 30 ?---i F..~ ZU ~ Hr 1~ ~ 400 s00 9ov /000 l2A7 1400 /60b /da04/~ Time F.~;penditures for Drilling and Building Up the Boring Tool Drilling, Meters Time for Drilling a Time for Adding 25 Meter Hole, Minutes On to the Boring T~o1, Minutes Q-5b0 8-12 8-20 500-1,000 10-17 9-11 1,000-1,500 20-25 9-11 1,500-2,000 20-30 10-12 2,000-2,500 25-40 13-15 Studies which have been carried out in the Samotlor field have made it possible to analyze operational modes of the drilling pump electric motors (Figures 11, 12). It follows from the graphs of Figures 11 and 12 that the operational mode of the cirive motor of the drilling p~p is one of intermittent operation. The calcula- tion of the equivalent current, as well as direct measurements of the motor temp- erature give evidence that the pump motor is not utilized in terms of its heating. This is explained by the operating mode of the motor (the technology for driving the well.s), the ].ow temperature of the ambient medium and the large time constant for the heating of the machine. For this reason, it was recommended that elec- tric motors with a capacity of 450 KW be used for the drive of the U8-6M pump. The experiments which were performed confirm the possibility and the expedience of this recommendation. Auxiliary Mechanisms Numerous mechanisms and coupling clutches for a drilling rig are controlled by means of compressed air. The requisite air pressure is maintained in the tank by controlling the output feed of the compressor station. 35 ~ . FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR OFF(CIA1. USI: ONLti' TABL~ S Type of Compressorr Electric Motor KT-6, KSE-5, KT-6, KT-6, AP91 KT-6 Parameters A02- A91-8 A093-8 A291-8 -8 AP-92-8 91-8 Nominal capacity, KW 40 40 40 40 40 55 Nominal current, A 75 81 80 79 94 122 Working current, A 90-105 75 78 130 110 140 rlultiplying factor for the starting current level 7 4.5 5.5 7 5.5 6 Multiplying factor for the starting moment 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.7 1.7 Multiplying factor - f or the maximum moment 1.7 1.7 2.0 1.7 2.2 2.2 Flywheel polar inertir, kg � m2 7 7 10.1 7 7 9�2 At the present time, the primary way of regulating the autput feed of compressor stations for drilling rigs is the temporary shutdown of the drive motor. However, a stressful repeated short term operating mode of the electric motor with frequent starts is characteristic of this apProach, something which has an unfavorable impact on the electrical motor itself and on the control equipment. Various types of electric motors are used in the compressor drives. Catalog. data as ~oell as the current under the actual motor load;are given in Table 5. It follows from Table 5 that the load on the electric motors for various compres- sors runs from 0.9 to 1.7 of the nominal current level at a pressure of 0.7 to 0.8 rg'a. The numb er of starts per hour runs from l0 to 60, while the relative duration of th e time the mators are turned on varies in a range of 30 to 80 percent. The electrical motor load:: during operation considerably exceeds the nominal values. The majority of motor failures is a consequence of starting the motors without relieving the cmmpr_essor load. The resistance moments of both.the compressor stations and the electric motors them~alves increase during the winter because of the thickening of the lubrication and for other reasons. At this time, the resistance moments frequently exceed the starting moments of the electric~Tnotors. ~ 36 T , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 FOR OF'F'ICIA1, USE ONLS' Figure 13. Schematic of the relief valve circuit. ~ ~ Key: 1. Relief valve; 2. Check valve; (5) C6 oc ~ 3. Compressor; 2 4. Tank; 5. Disch arge. 4 0 3 . - The cor:siderable imporfiance of the relative duration of time a compressor is turned on and the frequent actuations of compressors are due not only to the large demand for compressed air, but also to the considerable leaks in a branched air system. Thus, the duration of time a compressor is turned on reaches 30 percent, even in the case where there is not a single mechanism which uses compressed air in operation on the drilling rig. Operational experience has shown that the utilization of high capacity electric motors (55 KW) in the drives of compressors does not yield positive results. It is expedient to use the KT-6 and KT-7 compressor load relief devices to regulate the output feed of the compressors, i.e,, when an air pressure of 0.8 MPa is reached, it is not necessary to disconnect the electric motor fram the mains, but rather to shift the compressor over to idle by means of the load relief device. When the air pressure drops down to 0.6 MPa, the valves of the load relief device for the compressor are restored to the initial position, the compressor begins to _ campress the air, and the electric drive motor is loaded. To provide for such an operating mode, it is necessary to use a special regulating valve. The air-flow circuit of the compressor load relief valve is shown in Figure 13. Tests of compressor stations operating in the indicated mode have yielded good results. The use of such a configuration makes it possible to reduce the regu- lation range of the air pressure from 0.6-0.8 to 0.7-0.8 MPa, something which improves the operational reliability of the mechanisms, controlled by compressed air and significantly facilitates the operating conditions of the electrie motor and the control equipment. Calcu?ations show that the equivalent current during motor operation in a repeatedly short term mode is approximately 40 per.cent greater than the equivalent current level of a motor operating with a relief valve, samething which attests to a substantial easing of its thermal loading. Calculations have shown that despite somewhat of an increase in the expeditures of electrical power, the use of a load relief device has an economic impact ~nounting to 200 rubles per compressor per year as a consequence of reducing the ninnber of electrical equipment failures and decreasing the expenditures for the repair, replacement and acquisition of spare motors. The electrical equipment of auxilfary mechanisms is primarily set up on open sites and is subjected to the impact of climatic conditions to the greatest extent. Despite the fact that its failure does not cause long term shut-downs of the - 37 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 FOR OFFICIAI. l!~I�: ON1.1' drilling rigs, the expenditures related to the replacement, operation and repair of. this equipment is quite considerable, if one takes into account the fact that the percentage of electrical equipment failures of auxiliary mechanisms reaches SO percent of the overall number of failures. This is evidence of the necessity of using KhL design electrical equipment. Particular attention must be devoted to tihe parameters of electric motors, especially their starting characteristics, and motors must be used having a multi- plication factor of the starting moment of 1.3 to 1.5. The correct choice of lubricant for the bearings promotes an improvement in motor reliability. Operational experience has also demonstrated the expediency of replacing the magnetic starters of auxiliary mechanism electric motors with alternating current contactors. 38 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 FOR UEF'IC'IA1. US(~. Onl.l' CHAPTER THREE. THE ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT Or PUMPING INSTALLATIONS FOR OIL ~XTRACTION AND THE PtTN~ AND COMPRESSOR STATIONS IN A FIELD General Inforr~ation There are three known ways of extracting oil: spouting, pumping and the compressor approach. In the initial operational period of wells, the simplest and least expensive spouting method is used in the majority of cases. Because of the drop in the stratum pressure and in the increase in the water content of the oil pools, the spouting of the wells ceases, and in step with the increase in the working of a field, artificial li�ts or mechanized techniques for oil extraction take on increasingly greater significance: using pumps and compressors. The pump method of oil extraction is basically accomplished by means of deep sucker-rod type pumps and submersible electric pumps. Submerisble centrifugal electric pumps are widely used to pump oil out of deep and high yield wells, where the use of deep pumps with rocker drives becomes difficult. The percentage of oil extracted in the Eighth Five-Year Plan in Western Siberia by mechanized means amounted to 0.7 percent of total extraction. It increased to 17 percent in the Ninth Five-Year Plan. Wells in areas with deteriorating collector properties or water contamination are being shifted over to mechanized extraction. However, spouting still predominates, as before. The major drawback to deep pump sucker-rod installations is the installation of the electric drive on the surface and the transmission of the mechanical energy to the pump by means of a long string of rods. At great depths, this causes a significant increase in the stresses in the material of the rods due to their own weight, as well as an increase in the energy losses and limits the delivery of deep pumps (up to SO m3/24 hours fram a depth of 1,400 to 1,500 m). _ Despite the improvement in fluid pump-out modes, the refinement of deep pumps, the design of a standard series of rocker drives, etc., the efficiency of a contemporary deep pump installation nonetheless amounts to 40-60 percent overall. A specific operational feature of sucker-rod pumps in the Western Siberian fields consists in the complexity of the rocker drive structures with heavy foundations on ~veak, peaty soils, and in the massive application of directional drilling, as a result of which, the sucker-rod pump and the set of rods operate under diffi- cult conditions. A characteristic feature of the development of Western Siberian fields is the implementation of a system for maintaining a constant stratisn pressure right from the start of industrial operation. The discovery of new deposits with a relatively high formation energy, which can be developed with a large number of highly produc- tive wells, and the widescale use of modern techniques for maintaining formation ~39~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR OPFIC'IA1. t'tiE (.)'~1.1' pressure by means of water-flooding has lead to a sharp increase in the number of wells with high liquid yields. For the purpose of increasing the petroleum extraction and improving the final petroletun output coefficient of the formar.ions, water flooding is usually accompanied by forcing the removal of liquid from Che water flooded wells. For this reason, there is a rather large group of wells available at the present time with artificial fluid lifting, the yields of which are measured in hundreds and even thousands of cubic meters per 24 hours. Such rapid liquid removal is possible only by means of high performance centrifugal submersible electric pumps and the gas lift technique. In tlie majority of Western Siberian oil fields, the sites are drilled by the multiple controlled and controlled directional drilling method. More than half of all the taells are oblique controlled wells, with a deviation of the bottom from the vertical down to 1,500 m by 10 m with a curviture on individual sections of up to two degrees. The significant increase in the number of wells drilled to depths below 2,000 m, and multip~e directional and controlled directional wells with a large deviation angle is likewise responsible for the zise in the use of submersible electric pumps with mechanized extraction. The widescale application of centrifugal electric pump in5tallations is due to many factors. The primary one of them is the installation of the drive directly in the well near the pump, something which eliminates the long coupling assembly between ttiem existing in sucker-rod deep pumping installations. One of the limit- ations on the useful power delivered to the pump is thereby removed. The increase in the pressure head and the suspension depth of the pump sharply reduces the permissible useful power of sucker-rod pumps and has practically no influence on the ultimate useful power of electric centrifugal ptm?ps. The increase in the useful power of a deep electric centrifugal pump and its drive over sucker-rod pumps makes it possible to extend the range of pump opera- tion in terms of the amount of lifted liquids at small and intermediate pressure heads (up to 1,500 to 2,00f1 m). At intermediate and high liquid pressure heads, centrifugal electric pump installations are the most economical and the least labor intensive kind of equipment for servicing for the extraction of petroleum from wells as compared to compressor extraction and lifting the liquids with sucker-rod pumps. In the case of a large delivery, the power expenditure for their installation are relatively small.. In this case, its efficiency is rather high (reaches 0.2 to 0.3). It is not difficult to service the installation, since only the control station and the transformer are placed ac the surEace. Moreover, the equipment installa- tion and shifting of the wells over to the pumping station are substantially simplified, since no foundation is req~ired for the relatively light control stations and the transformer. Moreover, the period between repairs of the sub- mersible centrifugal electric pumps, according to the data of the Main Tyumen' Oil and Gas Administration, averages 280 days, while for sucker-rod pumps, it is 244 days. The dynamics of the well working equipment by mechanized extraction methods, according to the Main Tyumen' Oil and Gas Administration, are shown in Table 6. ~ 40 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102109: CIA-RDP82-00850R400404040061-6 FOR Ol~Ftt'IA1. lJtil: ON1.1~' , TABLE 6 Allocation of Mechanized Years Extraction Wells, 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 in Percent Submersible centrifugal electric pumps 85 85 81 75 68 Sucker-rod pumps 15 15 13 10 10 Gas lift installations - - 6 15 22 Submersible Electric Pump Installations The major oil deposits in the fields of Western Siberia are being dev~loped with submersible electric pumps. The introduction of submersible electric ptnnps started in 1969. The transition to mechanized extraction with submersible electric pumps in the oil fields of Western Siberia was related to the lack of submersible pumps with a delivery of more than 500 m3/day; a lack of electric motors and cab les designed for operation in high temperature oil formations; transformers and control sta- tions of the KhL design; modular complete equipment packages of a high degree of plant readiness for the surface electrical equipment; as well as a lack of devices for heating the cable on the drum when it is rewound during hoisting and lowering operations. A substantial drawback to the power supply circuit for centrifugal electric pumps is the double transformer voltage. While in the old oil regions, double trans- formation made sense, since a voltage of 0.4 KV was fed to a well (6/0.4 KV sub- stations were installed for a group of wells), in the Western Siberian fields, where a voltage of 6 KV is fed to each well, the use of such a circuit configura- tion was technically unjustified. In the Western Siberian oil fiel.ds, submersible electric pumps operate in individual wells or in wells combined into groups. The following types of pumps have found application in the fields of Western Siberia: Type of Pump Type of Motor Type of Pump Type of Motor E'isN-5-40-1400 PED-20-103 ETsN-6-160-1100 PED-35-123 ETsN-5-80-1300 PED-28-103 ETsN-6-250-1050 PED-75-123 ETsN-5-130-1200 PED-40-103 ETsN-6-350-650 PED-46-123 ETsN-S-200-800 PED-40-103 ETsN-6-350-850 PED-75-123 ETsN-6-100-900 PED-17-119 ETsN-6-500-750 PED-100-123 ~4~,~ FOR OFFICIAL U5E ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R004400040061-6 FOR OFFIC'lr1l. 114F: ON1,1' Prototype UETsN-6-1000-700, UETsN-6-100-650 and UTsEN-6-1400-650 pumps with deliveries of 1,000 and 1,400 m3/24 liours have been fabricated and are undergoi.ng industrial tests at the present timz. . Multiple drilling with an offset of the shaft of the well of up to 1.5 km along the horizontal is widely used in the Western Siberian fields because of the bogginess of the sites. A submersible electric pump is Iowered into the well in a string of pump-compressor pipes, to which the submersible cable is fastened over the entire length. When lowering the string into an inclined well, r.techan- ical damage to the cable is frequent. For this reason, submersible electric pumps have been developed which can be lowered into wells on a cable-wire rope (the ETsNB-6-250-800 and ETsNB-5A-250-1050 installations). These installations have undergone industrial tests and are being successfully operated in the Yuganskneft' NGDU [not further defined]. They allow for the possibility of re- placing the pump without shutting the well down and curtail the time for lowering and hoisting operations. In the case of oil extraction with submersible electric pumps, the complete equip- ment package for one well, regardless of whether it is included in a group or is an individual well, cansists of a submersible pump with the electric motor, a control station, a 0.4/Umotor autotransformer and a submersible cable. Transformer ~ubstations at 6/0.4 KV (KTP) [(complete transformer substation packages)] with a capacity of up to 160 KVA are used to power individual wells. The Minsk Electrical Equipment Plant manufactures KTP's for outdonr installations especially for the oi2 extraction industry ("ND" index). Substations are the most suitable for the electric power supply to individual wells, since they do not require complex con- struction and installation work, while their capacity is sufficient to power any of the pumps being used. The complete transformer substation packages are not manufactured in a KhL design, something which reduces their reliability when operated in the regions of Western Siberia. The major drawback to the KTP's is the separate delivery of them and the equipment complement for the well and the necessity of a separately heated room for the control stations and the autotrans- f ormer. Complete transformer substations with capacities of 250 to 630 KVA are installed at multiple wells. Because of the lack of special KTP's, substations of various types of a general industrial design are used. The KTP should have a large number of lines for a current of 100 to 200 amps on the 0.4 KV side (according to the number of wells in the group) . The capacity of a KTP is chosen based on the sum~of the capacities of the sub- mersible motors of a group. The control stations and the 0.4/Umotor transformers, which are ~upplied in complete packages with the pump installations, are housed in heated rooms and connected via cable lines to the KTP. These KTP's have the usual drawbacks: a nonindustrial construction method, the failure to deliver the equip- ment as a compZete package, double transformation of the voltage, and the ntnnber of outgoing 0.4 KV lines is insuff icient to power groups with a large number of wells. ~ 42 ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 NOR OFFICIAL USE: ONLY The following transformer substations have been developed in a KhL design for Western Siberia: --With transformers having a capacity of 63 to 40Q KV, at a voltage of 6/Umotor~ /0.4 KV for individual wells; --With transformers having capacit~es of 400 and 630 KVA at a voltage of 6/0.4 KV for a group containing up to seven wells; --With transformers having a capacity of 1,600 and 2,500 KVA, at a voltage of 35/6 KV for a group containing up to 25 wells. The technical data for KTPPN substations with capacities of 63 to 400 KVA are given in Table 7. The KhL design KTPPN 63 to 400 KVA substations are equipped with triple windings TMTP transformers at a voltage of 6 iT~otor~0.4 KV. In this case, double voltage transf ormation is precluded and there is no necessity for separate autotransformers or 0.4/Umotor transformers. All of the equipment of a KTPPN substation, including the motor control station, is housed in a heated unit made at the factory. The foundation is installed at the installation site and the external conduits are connected. There is no need for any additional rooms to house the equipment. A control station with the KW-6/320 vacuum contactor has been c~eveloped for the KTPPN substation, which provides for manually turning the motor on and off, the capability of automatic self-starting following a short term interruption in the electrical power, the capability of remotely turning the electric motor on and off from the dispatcher center and remote signaling. Provisions are made in this station for protecting the electric motor against overloading and the disconnec- tion of the pump installation when the liquid delivery by the pump is broken off. The insulation of the motor--cable system is continuously monitored, with the disconnection of the motor when the insulation resistance drops below 30 Khoms. The KTPPN room is eq~:i.pped with an electric heater which is automatically turned on by temperature and humidity sensors. The PMTP transformer is chosen as a function of the motor power: Type of Transformer Type of Submersible Electric Motor TMTP-1-63 PED-14, PED-17 TMTP-1-100 PED-28, PED-40 TMTP-160 PED-55, PED-75 TT1TP-200 PED-65, YED-90 T~MTP-1-250 NED-100 TMTP-400 PED-180 The KTPPN substations can also be used for multiple caells. In this case, the ninnber of them is equal to the number of wells in a group, equipped with 43 - FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR n!~'FIC'1:11. tl~l~: ONLI' TABLE 7 Type of Type of Substation Trans- Center Stage Voltage, Volts former KTPPN 1-63 TMTP 1-63 360-380-400-420-440-460-480-500-520-540 KTPPN Z-63 TMTP 2-63 645-665-685-705-725-745-765-785-805-825 KTPPN 1-100 TMTP 1-100 790-833-376-919-962-1005-1048-1091-1134-1177 KTPPN 2-100 TMTP 2-100 530-667-604-641-678-715-752-789-826-863 KTPPN 3-100 TMTP 3-100 1230-1270-1310-1350-1390-1430-147-1510-1550-1590 KTPPN-160 TMTP-160 750-790-832-873-914-956-996-1037-1036-1119 KTPPN-200 TMTP-200 1800-1849-1898-1947-1996-2045-2094-2143-2192-2241 KTPPN 1-250 TMTP 1-250 900-934-968-1002-1036-1070-1104-1133-1172-1206 KTPPN 2-250 TMTP 2-250 1700-1758-1816-1874-1932-1990-2048-2106-2164-2222 KTPPN-400 TMTP-400 1.820-1868-1916-1964-2012-2060-2103-2156-2204-2252 Note: For all of the indicated substations, the voltage on the high side is 6.3 KV, and on the low side, 0.4 KV ~ Z 3 4 ~ ~ 1 \ ~ Figure 14. A complete KTPPN transformer } substation unit. ti t ~ t` Key: 1. 6 KV switchgear; I 2. 400 (630) KVA transfonner; 3. 0.4 KV switchgear and the ia~oa , control station for the submersible electric ~ motors; e{~ ~ 4. Frame. 4 h I _ submersible pumps. A11 of the KTPPN substations are connected via taps to one 6 k'V supply transmission line. The KTPPN-400 KhLl and nTrPN-630 KhLl substations have been developed for the electric power supply to groups of wells. The coraplete KTPPN-400 KhLl and KTPPN-630 KhLl transformer substation packages consist of the TME power trans- former unit with a capacity of 400 or 630 KVA, a heated high voltage container type compartment with a service corridor and a low voltage container type heated r 44 ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044461-6 t~'OR OFFiC1:1L L'tiE Oti1.Y compartment with a service corridor. The high and low voltage compartments are installed on one prefabricated base with the power transformer, General industrial devices whicli are housed in heated compartments are used in the KTPPN substations. The following equipment is installed in the high voltage compartments: the high voltage open wire entrance; a cabinet with tfi e VNR'-10-630 oil filled switch; the RV-16/400 disconnector; the PK-6/7.5 and PKTU-10 breakers; NOM-6 voltage trans- formers; TM-25 KVA. 6/0.4 KV transformer for internal power requirements; a type - ShGS heating control panel; a type KW-66-3 power supply; and a cabinet with a TBS-3-O1 transformer to supply power to the 36 volt socket connector. From three to seven type ShGS-5072 control stations, an entrance cabinet with automatic AVM-IOSV or AVM-4NV cutoff switches, a type ShGS heating control panel and TBS-3-0.1 transformer and photoelectric relay cabinets are installed in the low voltage compartment. During the winter, the KTPPN substation can be turned on only after turning on the electric preheating and heating. Both automatic and manual control are pro- ~ vided for the room heating. The electric heating system provides for a temperature of no less than -20 �C inside the KTPPN during the winter as well as forced electrical preheating with an operating time of 0.25 to 1.5 hours to preheat the equipment and remove icing from the contacts. A provision is made for the connec- tion of three-phase and single-phase consumer equipment to the KTPPN by means of a plug connector f or the underground repair of wells. The outside lighting of the KTPPN's is turned on and off automatically depending on the illumination. Meters for the active and reactive power are installed in the low voltage compartment. The following interlocks are provided in the structural design of the KTPPN on the high voltage side: --Interlocking which does not allow for turning the disconnector on or off when the entrance cutout switch is turned on; --Interlocking which does not permit movement of the moving elements fnom the working position to the monitor position, as well as from the monitor position to the working position when the AVM autamatic cutout switch and the VMP-10-630 cutout switch are actuated; --Interlocking, which does not allow for turning on the cutout switch when the moving element is positioned in the gap beCween the working and monitor posi- tions; --Interlocking, i,Th ich does not permit shifting the moving positicn to the working position when the grounding disconnector is actuated: There are interlocks on the low voltage side which preclude the possibility of actuating the cutout switch when the door to the switch cubicle is open, which provides for the disconnection of the cutout switch when the door to the switch cubicle is open. A general view of a KTPPN substation is shown in Figure 14, while a single line schematic is shown in Figure 15. ~ 45 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 F'OR OFH'ICIA1, II~N: ON1.Y Figure 15. A singl.e 7.ine schematic of a typr KTPPN-KhLl transformer substation. ens Key: 1. 400 (630) KVA transformer, r--~~ 6 KV 6/0 . 4 KV; i t r'- 2. 25 KVA, 6/0.4 KV transformer for internal power requirements; ~ 3. NOM-6 voltage transf ormers; 4. Control stations for the sub- ' ~ mersible electric motors; Y L 5. 0. 4/Umotor � ` ~ ~ ~{"8 Oo4 KV T ~ 4x9 ~ � 7 ~4~,,_,) ~ ~ J4~'Jet ~U~vd~~ ~5 ~ Figure 16. Circuit configuration for the electrical power supply to multiple wells from a UKRUPN-6-KhLl distribution switchgear 6 KV s 2 6ir3 5 unit . ~ o,+rRe ~ sRa Key : 1. Trans f ormers for 6/Umot or 2. 6/0.4 KV transformer; ~ 3. Packaged switchgear cubicle; y 4. Voltage transformer; ' i ~ 5. 6 KV distribution switchgear units. to the submer- sib 1 e lA0 tOx' S K noepyaeMU~v dQuramaneu The UKRUPN-6-KhLl (Figure 16) 6 KV switchgear will be used to supply electrical power to groups with a large number of wells (up to 25) equipped with submersible moturs having a capacity of more tfi an 100 KW. Switchgear has been developed to supply electrical power to multiple wells in the Samotlor field and consists of individual plant manufactured units. Complete switchgear package cells for indoors e.xcavator type installation having smaller dimensions than other types of units, are used in tile 6 1:~~ distribution switchgear. The entrance cells of the complete distribution switchgear package, the cubicles for the internal power load trans- formers, the voltage transformers, the dischargers, the outgoing lines and the sectional cutout switch are installed in the entrance unit. Only the outgoing line cells to power the submersible motors using a block unit--transformer--motor ~ircuit conf.iguration are housed in the other block units. All operations involv- ing manually, automatically and remotely turning the motors on and off, including disconnection in the case of the actuation of the protection, are accomplished by means of the cutout switch in the complete switchgear package cell. The control ~ 46 ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FoK oaN'~c~i:~i, ~~~t~: c~~~.ti' stations for the motors, specially designed for the UKRUPN-6 KhLl, do not have disconnect apparatus in the power circuit and operate in conjunction with thc cutout switches of the complete distritiution switchgear package ce11s. The 6/U~otor ~ transformers f.or the submersible motors should be adapted for outdoor installation outside the UKRUPN units. It is planned that the UKRUPN-6 KhLl 6 KV switchgear units will be universal and can be used as independent units, i.e., when powering multiple wells via one or two 6 KV power transmission lines, or incorpor- ated in the SKTPPN 35/6 KV substation in the KhL design, which should be developed especially to provide electrical power to groups of wells from the field 35 KV distribution network. A special feature of the electric power supply for multiple wells consist in bhe fact that the changeover of the wells to mechanized extraction is accomplished over a period of several years. It is not expedient to install 6 KV switchgear immediately at the full capacity of a group. In the initial stage of setting up the field equipment, the drilling rigs and other electrical loads of a temporary nature are powered from the substation. Working from this, the 6 KV swj.tchgear is built up from block units. The first to be installed is the entrance unit, in ~ahich there are also three outgoing lines. In step with the changeover of the ~aells to mechanized oil extraction using submersible pumps, blocks of outgoing lines are connected to the entrance unit, and where necessary, there is a second entrance unit. A provision is made in all units for the installation of electric motor control stations which provide for the same types of protection and protec- tive responses as the ~hGS-5072 stations. Deep Sucker-Rod Pump Installations Deep well sucker-rod pumps are used for oil extraction in the fields of Western Siberia. Of the nine basic types of rocker pump drives, only two are used with asynchronous short-circuited electric drive motors of the standard series of types AO and A02, AOP, AOP2 and AOP2VMS (moisture and freeze resistant design [indicated by final three letters: VMS]). Tlie rocker drive~.motors are controlled by means of the series produced BU-3M, BU-4M and BU-5M control units, which provide for individual and group self-starts following the restoration of lost power. Electric power is supplied to individual wells and groups of wells equipped with deep sucker-rod pumps from the field mains at a voltage of 6(or 10) KV. A 6(10)/0.4 KV substation is set up at each well or group of we11s. At the present time, complete transfo;-mer substation paclcages of a general industrial design of both domestic and foriegn manufacture are used as the substation. A standard series of complete substations has been developed to provide power to the motors of the rocker drive. The control units are housed in these substations. 4J FOR OFFICIAL LJSE ONI.Y APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Variable Drive for Pumping Installations The optimization of the liquid removal mode from wells is an important problem in pinnped oil extraction. The necessity of providing for various rates of liquid removal from wells is determined by a number of factors which arise when operating pumping installations. Some of these problems can be solved for sucker-rod deep well pumps by changing the length of plunger travel of the pump or the number of strokes by means of interchangeable pulleys on the shaft of the drive motor; for submersible nonsucker-rod installations, this can be accomplished by choking down at the mouth of the we11s or by changing the parameters of the centrifugal pumps. These methods are labor intensive, not economical and entail the necessity of shutting down the pumps for a long downtime. The conditions under ~ahich liquid is pumped we11s can be changed by using variable - electric drives for the deep pump and a~onsucker-rod centrifugal installations. Various controlled electric drives [2] with a short cycle operational mode based on a dual speed asynchronous motor with a variable ratio between the operational periods at the high and low speeds are used for sucker-rod pumps; in the direct current case, thyristors or a generator-motor configuration is used; alternating current chokes are also used. It is also possible to employ variable electric drives with frequency control and asynchronous rectifier stages. A real possibility for centrifugal submersible nonsucker-rod installations is the design of a frequency controlled electrical drive. Technical and economic calcu- lations of techniques for mechanized operation of wells in Western Siberia, developed during 1973-1980, have ma.de it possible to establish that it is expedient to equip only 13 percent of the total number of wells having mechanized oil extrac- tion with sucker-rod deep pump installations and 60 percent with submersible centrifugal pumps. In this case, sucker-rod p~nps are recommended for well outputs of less than 70 m3/day while submersible centrifugal pumps are recommended for outputs of more than 40 m3/day. The fraction of such wells in Western Siberia is 10 percent and 75 percent respec- tively. The relatively small number of wells with sucker-rod deep pump installa- tions, the ra~her high stability in the yield of the wells, the large operational period between repairs of plunger pumps, the small number of wells with an elevated sand content as well as the striving to simplify the drive system of the rocker drives as much as possible, which is due to the natural climatic conditions, have predetermined the use of only the unregulated electric drive for submersible sucker-rod pumps. The most promising method for increasing the maximum parameters of electrical centriFugal pumps is that of increasing the rotational speed of the pump shaft by means of using a frequency controlled electric drive. An important advantage of a unit with such a drive is the capability of standardizing the pump equipment. 'I'he 27 standard electric centrifugal pump dimensions which have b een put in production by industry can be replaced with five standard sizes. In this case, the basie pLUnps will allow not only for an expansion of the area of application of all of the series produced pumps, but also provide for more efficient regulation of the pressure _ ~ 4 8 r. APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R004400040061-6 FOR OFN'ICIAL t~tiE ONI,I' - - - 113,Q . 50!'t~ f 2 3 O PED � ~ 50 $u~nnersSble 6 Electr~.c Motor U~ ~ f,~cl s _ USe~- - f - Figure 17. Block diagram of a frequency regulated electric drive for a submersible pump. head and the delivery in accord3nce with well parameters. The possibility of reducing the number of submersible centrifugal pumps with a frequency controlled electric drive can be utilized not only when regulating the parameters, but also during pump operating under diff icult conditions. The use of su~h installations in deposits with a heavy aggradation of inechanical impurities will promote an increase in the period between repairs of the pump. This method is most acceptable in the fields with a high formation pressure. where pump delivery heads are needed which are significantly less than the nominal. In this case, the parameters of the selected pump should be knowingly made to exceed the possible liquid removal and they should made to match a reduced power frequency for the motor of down to 30 to 40 Hz. It has been established on the basis of research that the most optimal frequency control range for the shaft rotational speed of an electric centrifugal pump is 1,800/4,200 r.p.m., which corresponds to a frequency of 30 to 70 Hz. The frequency controlled electric drive for electric centrifugal pumps, developed in the Tyumen' Industrial Institute, contains a TPCh-40 frequency converter with a DC circuit, an ATS 3x20 autotransformer, a submersible PED-10 electric motor, as well as control and protection units. A block diagram of a frequency controlled centrifugal pump is shown in Figure 17. The major components of the frequency. converter are the independent inverter 3 designed around thyristors, the controlled thyristor rectifier 1 with filter 2, the inverter frequency control unit 5, the rectif ier control unit 4 and the protection unit 6. The circuitry makes it pos- sible to maintain the nominal voltage across the motor terminals both during start- ing and in the steady-state mode at any frequency. The given condition is auto- matically met by the thyristor frequency converter when controlling the voltage as a function of frequency based on the nominal governing law, with compensation for the voltage losses in the current conducting cable; the voltage across the motor terminals is set in accordance with requisite useful power. When starting the motor at reduced frequencies, the starting moment is increased and the starting current level is reduced as compared to startia~g at the nominal supply voltage frequency. To obtain an economic operating mode for a subm~ersilile type PED motor with frequency control, it is desirable to use two different con~.rol functions: - 49 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR OFFIClAL USE ONL1~' control downward from the nominal frequency and control upward from the nominal frequency. Stand and field tests of the frequency controlled electric drive, performed in the Shaimneft' NGDU, have confirmed tfie efficiency of the pump parameter control in a wide range and tlius the possibility of curtailing the requisite products list of eleectric centrifugal pumps. The frequency control technique opens up great gossibilities in the study and mastery of pumped wells. A mobile research laboratory with a complete sets of instruments, equipped with a thyristor frequency converter, makes it possible to obtain the needed volume of information in a wide range of variation in the out- put yields to determine an efficient operational mode for a well. Pumping and Compressor Stations within a Field J Pumping stations are used in oil fields in the system for collecting oil from the groups of operating wells and pumping it to preparation facilities: final pumping stations (DNS) and for pumping the oil wi.th the water removed from the preparation facility to the central product depots: the external transpumping stations. Pumping stations within oil fields are designed for pumping oil over short distances (5 to 30 km). The pump units of DNS's and the external transpumping stations have similar equipment, for example, the following equipment is incorp- orated in DNS-13 of the Samotlor f ield: --Fump units for pumping oil; one TsNS 300-240 pump with an asynchronous motor having a capacity of 320 KW at a voltage of 6 KV of an explosion-proof type _ VAO design is installed in each of four pump units; each pump uni.t has an electrically driven ventilating fan, electrical lighting, pushbutton controls for the main motor and the fan. All of the electrical equipment is explosion- proofed; --A reagent management unit, in which two reagent dosage pumps are installed having a type VAO electric motors with a capacity of 12.27 KW each, as well as two pumps for feeding the reagent solution into the oil pipeline for the oil with the water removed having VAO-5-2 electric motors with a capacity of 10 KW ~ each and electric heaters for heating the reagent; --A modular air c.ompressor unit designed for providing compressed air to the pneumatic system and the KIP [control and measurement instruments]; three air compressors with electric motors having a capacity of 10 KW each, as well as equipment for cleaning and drying the air and electric heaters are housed in the unit. The design load of the compressor station is 28 KW; --Q pumping station for repumping the cleaned drain water to the group pumping station, which has two pump units wi.th electric motors of 75 KW capacity each; - 50 - APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 FOR OFFI('IAI. l1SH: ONl.,l' --A foam generating station for the automatic fire extinguishing system with an installed electrical equipment capacity of 260 KW powered via two independent 0.4 KV entrances; --A transformer substation in a 6 x 9 m room; the enclosure for the building structure consists of heated metal panels, liung a metal frame; a 6/0.4 KV complete transf ormer substation package with a capacity of 2x400 KVA and control station panel for the power to all electrical power consumers at a voltage of 380/220 volts are housed in the building; a separate enclosed transformer substation in accordance with existing standards is placed at a distance of 40 m fram the tanks and separators and at a distance of no less than 15 m from other explosion hazardous installations. Pumps for pumping out trapped oil, condensate and production discharges are installed in the underground tanks on the DNS site: five pim?ps in all with an overall motor capacity of 71 KW. Also included among the electric power consumers of a DNS are the electrical control panel metering and measurement instruments, exterior lighting installations, the electrically powered gate valves on~the oil pipelines and 33 electric motors for various purposes. The overall installed capacity of all electric power recipients is 1,930 KW. PLUnps with electric motors having capacities of 75 to 200 KW at a voltage of 0.4 KV and capacities of 250 to 630 KW at a voltage of 6 KV are used for all of the DNS [final ptnnping stations] in the pump units for oil repumping, depending on the requisite delivery and pressure head of the pump. Electric motors with capacities of 500 and 630 KW have built-in electric heaters, which are autamat- ically turned on when the pump shuts down. The same unit construction is used for all types of pumps. The frames of the units are metal, welded frames; the enclosure structures are fabricated from heated metal panels. The equipment is installed under plant conditions and delivered to the construction site of the DNS in assembled form by any means of transport. The units for the completely packaged prefabricated pumping centers and oil prepara- tion installations have the same structural design. That same modular and complete plant readiness principle is used for water pumping stations, for example, for the cleaned sicharges at group pumping stations. The number of pump units in a DNS can vary. Thus, the pumping station of the - Agansk field with a delivery of 1,200 m3/hr consists of five units (one of them is a back-up), while the KSP-10 pumping station of the Samotlor field, which is - designed for a delivery of 3,900 m3/hr, has 16 units (three of them are back-ups). The unit is delivered with 8 MS-7 pump set-up and installed with an asynchronous explosion-proof type VAO electric motor having a capacity of from 320 up to 500 KW at a voltage of 6 KV (depending on the number of pump rotors). Included among the auxiliary electrical equipment of final pumping stations are the electrified gate valves on the oil pipelines and tanks with electric motors with a power rating of up to 7.5 KW, air compressors for the pneumatic automation - 51 - FOR OFFICIAL iJSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI..I' systems (10 KW), pumps for pumping out condensate in trapped oil (13 KW), fire extiriguishing pumping systems, etc. Tfie overall design load of the 0.4/0.23 KV electrical power consumers amounts to 200 to 4U0 KW. Compressor stations are used in the oil fields of Western Siberia to transport byproduct natural gas to gas refineries and to the Surgutskaya GRES. The com- pressors usually have a gas engine drive. Thus, the compressor station in the product depot of the Western Surgut field, which is intended for delivering the gas of the Ust'-Balyk and Western Surgut fields to the Surgutskaya GRES, is equipped with nine 10 GKN compressor plants with a gas engine drive having a power of 1,500 hp each. Compressor stations with a gas motor drive are used in the gas lift method of oil extraction in the Pravdinsk field and serve for feeding gas to operational wells. Electric drive for compressor stations used for the auxiliary mechanisms (ventillation fans, water supply pumps, oil lubricating system, etc.). Anxiliary Mechan3.sms at Compressor Stations Number of Total Electrical Installed Devices Capacity, KW Production proeess pumps for the lubrication system, cooling, air drying, gas coolers, etc. 12 108 - Air compressors for the starting air and the - monitor and measurement meters 3 82 Ventillation 8 53 Boiler facility using gas fuel 7 14 Water supply and sewerage system 5 40 Electric lighting - 40 TOTAL 35 337 ' -52- APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 FOk O~'hiCl:11. USI~: UN1.1~ CHAPTER FOUR. THE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT OF THE INSTALLATIONS OF THE FORMATIOrT PRESSURE MAINTENANCE SYSTEM General Information Boundary contour water flooding is used in the Western Siberian fields for sustaining formation pressure (PPD) [(formation pressure maintenance)]. The group pumping station (KNS) served to pump water into the produetive strata; these stat~ons deliver water at a pressure of 15 to 20 MPa via caater pipelines to the injection wells. Rows of injection wells are positioned after every three to f.ive rows of operating we11s; the spacing between adjacent rows of forcing injection wells amounts to 3.5 to 4.5 km. The injection pressure is governed by the production configuration for working wells. At a pressure of up to 18 MPa for water pumping, TsNS-180-1422 pumps are used and at pressures of up to 20 riPa, TsNS-180-1900 and TsNS-500-1900 pumps are used. In t~~e initial stage of putting f ields in production, when the volume of pumped water is small, ~~ater for the PPD system is taken from underground Cenomanian water bearing strata. The water from the water intake wells is fed to the group pumping station by submersible electric pumps having electric motors with capaci- ties of 32 to 250 KW. The Cenomanian water contains gas. For this reason, the gas is separated in separators and it is burned in flares prior to pumping the water to the group pumping stations. In the second stage, water is supplied to the group pumping stations via ~ _i \ Figure 18. General schematic of a formation ' - ~ pressure maintenance system. ~ o i Key: 1. Water intake wells; I_^-_ ~ 2. Group pumping stati.ons; 3. Discharge pumping to the KPS ' d\o ' [possible typo for KNS - group _ ~ pumping station]; ' _ ~ 4. Oil preparation facility; ~ ~y~ b 5. Water intake; I I I. Deposit contour; II. Injection water line; 1 III. Row of injection wells; - ~ IV. Main trunk water line. 1\ d - 3 / 4 i / I 0 II s C] ~ ~ ~ ~Ye _ -53- FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 F'OR OFFI('IAL USH: nNLY trunk water pipelines fram water intake works, which are located at lakes (with a single lift) and rivers, flowing through the territory of the field (with two lifts). Combined water intake works can be used for a group of fields located close to- gether, for e:cample, the combined water intake for the Agansk, Vatinsk and Severo-Pokursk fields, located on a branch of the Ob' river. After the comprehensive oil preparation installations (UKPN) are brought on line, the cleaned discharge water of the UKPN serves as an additional source of water for the formation pressure maintenance system. The major electric power users of the formation pressure maintenance system are the group pumping stations and the pumping stations of the first and second lifts of the water intake wn~rks. A general schematic of a formation pressure maintenance systezn is shown in Figure 18. [dater Intake Pumping Stations The intake water works for the water supply of a formation pressure~~~maintenance system using river water consist of the water intakes, the first and second lift pumping stations and the auxiliary installations. The first lift pumping stations can be pe nnanent above-water, floating and shallow well jet pumps. The fiXed first lift pumping station for the Samotlor field with a water delivery of 180 million m3/year was installed or_ a sheet piling in the riverbed. Two frame buildings for the pump facility with a height of 7 m with the enclosing structures of heated metal panels have plan dimensions of 30 x 9 m each. Some 24 type 24A-18x1 pumps with vertical asynchronous electric motors having a capacity of - 250 KW each at a voltage of 6 KV are installed in the building of the pinnp facility. The overall installed capacity of these electric motors is 6 MW and that of the auxiliary equipment is 160 KW at a voltage of 0.4 KV. The auxiliary electric equipment 2t a voltage of 0.4 KV (electric heating, electric lighting, ventillation, etc.) is suppli~d from a two-section station control panel. In order to provide the requisite rel~iability in powering the 0.4 KV loads, two transformer substations at 6/0.4 KV are provided, which are mounted on a pier. The pier is intended for coupling the pumping station to the shore, for transporting the equipment, running the water pipelines and other conduits. In particular, 66 power and monitor cables at a voltage of 6 and 0.4 KV are run along the pier. The electric motors with a capacity of 250 KW are powered from the combined - 6 KV distribution switchgear located on shore, close to the second lift pumping station. -54- , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 FOR OI~HI('IA1, l!~H: ONLY First lift floating pumping stations are used for emall output water intakes. A floating pump facility takes the form of a metal pontoon with a superstructure made of heated metal panels. Some three units with 300D90 pumps and electric motors with a capacity of 100 KW each, auxiliary equipment, a 0.4 KV distribution panel and type ABN automation equipment are installed in the superstructure. The output of such a pump facility is 20 million m3/year. A floating pumping station is transported in assemb led form via the river from the manufacturing plant to the construction site of the water intake. A basic electrical schematic of a floating pumping station for the first lift is shown in Figure 19. The local automation system for the pumping station, based on ABN equipment, provides for the possibility of automatically starting the backup pump in the case of an emergency shutdown of the working pump, self-starting the working pumps after a short term interruption in the electric power, automatic cnntrol of the gate valves during the starting of the pumps and automatic control - of the electric heating. ~ The water intake lines f rom the floating pumping station have flexible inserts, so that the pontoon with the pumping station,~~moves vertically in accordance with the fluctuations of the water level in the river. Electric power is fed to the pumping station from a 6/0.4 KV transformer substation, installed on shore, and is fed via flexible cables in a rubber jacket. Floating pumping stations should be protected against ice-jangs, and should have guiding pile foundations for moving vertically. It is perdically nece.ssary to clean the ice off of them in the winter. Pumping stations with jet pumps are free of these deficiencies. Pontoons with jet pumps are secured to the bottom of the river on a prepared base. The jet heads are connected by water pipelines to the drive pumps, which are located on the shore above the water level along wi~h the second lift pumps. The drive pumps force the water to the jet units and the energy of the water flow is imparted to the water sucked up from the river. The kinetic energy of the total flow is converted to the static pressure head needed to produce the requisite pressure at the intake to the second lift pump. Al1 of the electric power equipment of the pumping station with jet ptmips is located on shore along with the electrical equipment of the second lift pumping station, close to th e power source: combined 6 KV switchgear. Only a block modular design is used for the second lift pumping stations as well as tt~e drive pumps for the jet units. The pumping units are assembled into blocks at the manufacturing plant, where these blocks consist of a framework or a pontoon with the enclosure structures made of heated metal panels. From one to six piunp units are installed in a single block, depending on the type of pump and electric motor. Synchronoiis motors with a capacity of 2,500 KW and asynchronous motors with capacities of 200 to 1,600 KW at a voltage of 6 KV are used in the second lift pumping stations. Some 15 motors with a capacity of 250 KW each, three motors with a capacity of 1,600 KW each and two motors with a capacity of 500 KW each are installed in the combined water intake with jet pumps for the formation -55- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 FOR OFFICIAI, l;Sl; ONI.ti' 1 . A ~ ~ ~ ZZOe 380 VAC ~ 38UB i ~ ~ ~ ~y ~1~ u ~ , A6H Z 3 � ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ JBO/3oB ~ ~ 336~ ~solta 0 ~ , , Y , 7 8 9 4 Figure 19. Basic electrical schematic of a first lift floating pumping station. Key: l. Input; 2. 100 KW electric motors for the p~p drives; 3. Electric air heater; 4. Lighting; 5. Electromagnetic drain valves; 6. Electromagnetic priming valves; 7. 0.6 KW gate valve drive electric motor; 8. 1.7 KW piunp drive electric motor; 9. 1.1 KW ventillation fan drive electric motor; 10. Control circuits; 11. ABN [unknown type of automation equipment, probably load control]. pressure maintenance system of the Agansk, Vatinsk and Severo-Pokursk fields. The pump units are housed in seven ir.dividual blocks, something which makes it possible to build the water intake in individual stages. � -56- � APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 HUK OFNICI:~1. USF: ON1.1' The total installed capacity of the electric power users amounts to 9.9 MW for this water intalce. The combined distribution switchgear for the water intake provides power to 20 electric motors at a voltage of 6 KV and two 6/0.4 KV transformer substations. All of the users are powered from two transformer sub- stations at a voltage of 380/220 V(the electric heating, electric lighting, ventillation, etc.). The 6 KV distribution switchgear receives power from a 35/6 KV substation with a capacity of 2 x 10 MVA, located on the site of the - water intake, close to the pumping station for the second lift. The control for the emergency and actuating signalling from the ABN equipment of the modular pumping stations is brought out on a common operator panel, installed in a _ separate room. The display of the readings of the metering instruments for the - amount of water being pumped through each water line is likewise brought out on the operator'cs panel. It is possible to transmit these readings, as well as emergency signals, via remote control panels. A single automatic stage by stage start is provided for all pump ur~its when restoring electrical power after a short term interruption. Automated Modular Pumping Stations Modular block group pumping stations (BKNS) with a delivery of 450 m3/hr using TsNS-180-1422 pumps and with a delivery of 2,100 m3/hr with TsNS-S00-1900 pumps are used to pump water into the productive strata in the deposits of Western Siberia. The TsNS-180-1422 pump.;is,supplied with a 3,000 r.p.m, type STD-1250-2 synchronous motor, while a STD-4000-2 motor with a power of 4,000 KW is used to drive the TsNS-500-1900 pump. The STD type synchronous motors have a brushless excitation system. The BKNS's are manufactured at the plant for complete modular package equipment (Ministry of Construction of Petroleum and Gas Industry Enterprises) and at'the mechanical repair plant in Tyumen'. One pump unit in a complete set with all of the au~iliary equipment (oil pumps, electrified gate valves in the water line, ventil ation fans, electrical heating devices, monitor and measurement instrument ~ensors and meters) is installed in each pump black. The BKNS's with the TsNS-180-1422 pumps (plan I) consist of four individual blocks, a 6/0.4 KV transformer block, a control unit and a 6 KV switchgear unit. Each b lock (with the exception of the 6 KV switchgear) takes the form of a completely finished structure with dimensions in a plan view ~f 3.25 x 9 m and does not adjoin the other blocks. The 6 KV switchgear unit conists of two boxes with plan view dimensions of 3.25 x 9 m and is assembled in a single room at the installation site for the group pumping station. The dimensions of the trans- former block are 3,25 x b m. All of the blocks do not exceed the permissible overall dimensions for railroad transportation. The Eoundations are built on the installation site of the BKNS and the external conduits are connected (water lines, grounding device cables, communications and -57- ~ FOR OrF[CIAL L'SE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044461-6 FOR OFFICIAL USl: ONI.V remote control lines). Interconnection of the 6 KV distribution switchgear unit is also necessary. The control stations for the pumping units, the control stations for the synchronous motors and the control panels for the auxiliary mechanisms as well as one end of the remote control unit being monitored are housed in the control block. A BKNS with TsNS-180-1422 pumps of the mechanical repair plant consists of four pump blocks, a control block and a 6 KV switchgear unit. The pump blocks and the control block are assembled without the side walls on the floating pontoons. Each block has plan view dimensions of 4 x 11.4 m, which exceeds the permissible overall size for railroad transportation. For this reason, the BKNS is towed via river transport to the construction site, and is dragged from the river to the site. The pumping blocks and the control blocks are joined together in a single room at the construction site, along with the construction of the foundations and the connection of the conduits. In this case, a common machine room is formed, something which creates more favorable conditions for operation. Such a BKNS has no individual 6/0.4 KV transformer units; the transformer are installed in the control block. The 6 KV distribution switchgear unit consists of two parts (Figure 20), which are assembled on the BKNS construction site. In this case, the frames and the enclosing structures are joined together by bus bridges and monitor cables. The cable connections, which do not pass through the plane of the joint of the blocks, can be installed at the manufacturing plant. This curtails the volume of installation work at the construction site. A schematic of the electrical connections of a 6 KV switchgear unit is shown in Figure 21. The circuit configuration is composed of type K-XII type KRU (complete _ switchgear package) cubicles manufactured by the Moscow "Elektroshchit" plant, with an auotmatic standby switching deuice, using a sectional switch. The 6 KV switchgear has cable entrances. The internal power requirement transformers of the BKNS at a voltage of 6/0.4 KV are connected ahead of the entrance cutout switches. A specific f.eature of the circuitry is the use of two KRU cells for each motor. A cutout switch is located in one of the cells, and in the other are two voltage transformers which serve to provide power for the brushless excita- tion system of the motor. Rectified current, derived from type KVU-66 rectifiers, is used to actuate the el.ectromagnetic drives of the 6 KV cutout switches. Type BPT-1002 and BPN-1002 power supply units serve as the source of rectified operating current. Standard synchronous motor control stations of the PN series are installed in the 6 KV switctigesr unit. :1 BKNS with TsNS-180-~422 p~ps of the complete modular package equipment plant ~ (plan II) consists of four pump units, as well as auxiliary pump units, a control collecting main, 6/0.4 KV transformers and 6 KV switchgear. All blocks have plan- view dimensions of 3.25 x 6 m and they can be shipped by rail transport. The pump blocks and the block of auxiliary pumps are assembled on the construction site. The control unit is set up separately and does not adjoin the other blocks. The 6 KV switchgear unit is built from two halves in a single building with plan- view dimensions of 6.5 x 12 m. Gnly the KRU cubicles and the KVU-66 rectifier -58- APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 FOR ONF'IC'lAl. l!SI~: ON1.}' units are housed in the 6 KV switchgear unit. All of the remaining electric equipment, including the control stations, are located in the control block. Figure 20. Overall view of the 6 KV switch- ' ~ gear for a BKNS [modular complete 1' o h pumping station package] with ? ~ TsNS-180-1422 pumps. s ~ ~ e 9/0 Key: 1. Building for the 6 KV switchgear; ~ ~ 2. Base (pontoon); (11) � 3. b KV KRU [complete switch- gear package] cubicles; $ 4. Motor oontrol station; ~ 5. Station control panel; /lnoc~rocme pa3aena 6. Rectifier; 9000 tis 7. Control panel; �400- 8. Partition; 9. Buswork bridge; 10. Electric air heater; 11. Plane of the joint. STD-1250 ~ ~ ~CT~-1250 ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (1) II CCMufLA ~ 2~ I CCl(4fLA ~ f[6(!N 6NE UL(~N 6/!6 ~ ~ ~ * ~ ~ ~ ~ '+i ~ ~ # . eeaa.~ z eeoa .w, Entrance No. 2 Entrance No.. 1 Figure 21. Schematic of the electrical connections of the 6 KV switchgear unit of a modular complete p~ping station package with TsNS-180-1422 pumps; Key: 1. Section II, 6 KV buses; 2. Section I, 6 KV buses. -59- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 NOR OFFICIAL USE ON1..1' The BKNS with the TsNS-500-1900 pumps are manufactured only by the mechanical and repair plant and consist of four pump units and service and control units. All of the blocks have plan view dimensions of 4 x 11.4 m and they are moved only via water transport on floating pontoons. All six BKNS blocks are joined together at - the construction site into a single b~iilding and form a common machine room. The water cooling pumps for the oil are located in the service unit; the panels with the starting and protective equipment for the auxiliary mechanisms, si~d the monitor and measurement as well as remote control panels are installed in the control block. The 6 KV distribution switchgear and the 6/0.4 KV complete trans- former substation package for providing electric power to the BKNS with TsNS-500-1900 pumps are built in accordance with individual project plans using complete modular equipment packages and structural units. ' The layout configurations of Che blocks of various types of BKNS's are shown in Figure 22. Artesian wells for fresh water and water intake wells for Cenomanian water belong among the additional structures for a BKNS. The water intake wells are equipped with submersible pumps having PED-32-230 electric motors with a power - of 32 KW. (Q ) ~,(b) B(c) (d) ~ a. y ~i _ r o'~ ~j s ~ 0~3 ~'Z _ 2 ~-4 - _ o - 3 - - p - z ~s Figure 22. Layout configurations for the units of a BKNS [modular complete pumping station package]. Key: a. BKNS with TsNS-180-1422 pumps (plan I); b. BKNS with TsNS-180-1422 pumps (plan II); c. BKNS with TsNS-500-1900 pumps; d. BKNS of the mechanical repair plant with TsNS-180-1422 P~P S ~ 1. 6 KV switchgear block; 2. Control block; 3. Pump block; 4. Block of 6/0.4 KV transformers; 5. Collecting main block;�. 6. Service block. -60- . _ , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR c)FF'i('IA1. t'SN: UN1.1, Groups of water intake wells, conisting of three to six wells, can be positioned at a distance of up 500 m from a BKNS. A 6/0.4 KV complete transformer substation package with a capacity of 160 to 400 KV is installed to provide power to the groups of water intake wells. Electric po~aer is supplied to the complete trans- former substation package of the water intake wells from a 35/6 KV substation in the case of a group pumping station or from 6 KV distribution switchgear via 6 KV open wire lines for a group pumping station. The scope of the automation of BI~1S's makes it possible to almost completely dispense with attending personnel, which are needed only for the initial starting of the station, in the case of a breakdown or planned preventive maintenance. Relays which are located in the control panels for the units and in the 6 KV distribution switchgear control panel signal the causes of equipment defects. A general (not decoded) emergency signal is transmitted via a wire communications channel from the BKNS remote control set being monitored to the dispatcher control points. Information on the volume of pumped water is transmitted via the remote control channel once every two hours or when interrogated from the dispatcher point. A set is started automatically after pressing the "start" button on the local control panel. In this case, the oil pump of the lubrication system is first turned on, and when the requisite oil pressure is reach~d, which is monitored by an electrical contact manometer, the water pump motor and the electrical drive for the gate valve on the injection line are turned on. After the pump is run-up, the protection against a pressure drop in the injection line is also turned on. Al1 of the intennediate opPrations for an automatic start are monitored by signals at the control station for the unit. After reaching the specified injection pressure, the start is terminated and the unit shifts over to automatic control. The following protection is provided from the beginning of the start and during normal operation: protection against a drop in the injection pressure, against a - drop in the oil pressure, against overheating of the bearings ar oil in the end of the oil system, protection of the motor against short circuits (longitudinal differential current protection is used for the STD-4000-2 motor and current cutoff protection is used for the STD-1250-2 motor), protection of the motor against overloading, minimal voltage, against short circuits to ground as well as protection of the motor against asynchronous running. All of the types of protec- _ tion enumerated above act to disconnect the electric~~~motor. The overload protec- tion can be switched over to be actuated by a signal. One of the BKNS pumps can be a standby and prepared for automatic starting. In the case any working unit is disconnected by the production process or electrical protection circuitry, the backup set is automatically started. When voltage is lose in the 6 KV switchgear and all of the motors shut down, all of the cutout switches are cut off by the minimum voltage protection devices after 0.5 seconds, since no provision is made for self-starting of the motors. After the voltage is restored on the 6 KV buses, all of the motors are started automatically in sequence, with the exception of the standby, if the electric power interruption time did not exceed 3 to 6 minutes. In case this time is exceeded, the motors - 61 - � FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400040061-6 F'UR nFFI('tAt, l!tiN: Of~LI` can be started only manually. To provide for stable operation of the power system when the frequency is reduced, some of the group pumping station motors are connected by an automatic frequency load relief device. After the frequency is re~tored, the motors are started autamatically in sequence. The basic control circuit for the STD-4000-2 motor with brushless excitation is shown in Figure 23. Used in the circuit for each motor are three complete distribution switchgear cubicles: with a switch, with current transformers Tr4-- Tr9 and with two voltage transformers Tr6 and Tr7. Moreover, a set of current transformers for the differential protection of the motor M is installed in a separate cabinet. The exciter G takes the form of a three-phase synchronous 400 Hz generator. The armature of the exciter is located on the shaft of the motor M and is coupled to the excitation winding of the motor through an uncontrolled diode rectifier, put together in a three-phase bridge circuit config- uration. Connected in para11e1 with the rectifier and the excitation winding of the motor M are two thyristors with disc:harge resistors and a thyrsitor trig- gering circu-it. The protective thyristor circuitry serves to limit overvoltages across the diode rectifier during starting and in other transient modes. The thyristor triggering voltage is 600 to 900 volts. The rectifier and protective thyristor circuitry are mounted on the shaft of the motor and rotate with it. Since the e~ccitation winding of the excitor is stationary, there is no need for a commutator or contact rings. Current transformers Tr4 and Tr5 serve to power the excitation winding of the exciter through the excitation regulator, AER, and uncontrolled rectifier D1--D4. An additional excitation source is voltage transformer Tr7, which is connected to rectifier D1-D4. - The additional excitation source provides for stable motor operation in the case of small loads and is used for relay f orcing of the excitation. The AER regu- lator operates on the principle of controlled compounding. During starting and when the motor is overloaded, the regulator provides for parametric excitation forcing [sic]. Additional relay forcing of the excitation when the voltage drops across the 6 KV buses is accomplished by means of relay K16 and contactor K10, which shunts rheostat 1 in the supply circuit for tihe excitation winding of the excitor from the voltage transformer (Tr7). The automatic excitation regulator provides for automatic regulation of the excitation to maintain the specified power factor and a constant voltage across the motor terminals. The value of the automatically ~egulated power factor depends on the setting of the AER [automatic excitation regulation] and can be set in a range of from -0.9 to +0.9. During normal operation (fol~lowing adjustment), the excitation is co;ltrolled and the power factor is set by rheostats R1 and R2. With the action of the motor starting program and when switch B1 is turned on, the motor speeds up asynchronously. After the reduction of the starting current to the value set by relay K2, i.e., as the near-synchronous speed is approached, the armature of _ relay K4 drops out. After a certain time, equal to the sum of the time dela~s of relays K4 and K5, contactor K6 is turned on and a voltage is fed to the excita- tion winding terminals of the exciter. Prior to the actuation of contactor K6, ~ - 62 - ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 F�ok c~N~F�ic�i.~?i. t~tii�: c~ni.~~ ~ she 6 KV r-- u ei T----- 1 ~ TP~ T~~I r0~ Tps i - ~Trl~ ~ ~T4T I ~ I l ~ l i T 9T5 i Tp6 Tp71 ~ ~ ^ _ ~ , ~ ~ - i G i . x~ R~ Kro ~ Ki -1 ez Q~ qy ~s K.r w AER ~6 R2 K7 R3 ~ 22O VO1tS + ZZaa _ + ~1~ ~aoe _ 8l � ~Z K4 u~~~ ynpc na 63 e~ ~r'Z N@A li CMOM !(4 ~ ~2 OmRnavrHrce ~1 K/3 Kf cmmasNOAae~e K4 vecetts raut~r Klw K20 K� M21 K9 B~i K9 KS eZ Ka xt! ~ A'9 K9 H3 A'16 ~'/0 ' ~ 3~ IOOB om 7p6 B R11 K1 . R!S K16 Figure 23. Basic schematic of the control and protection circuitry for a synchronous STD-4000-�2 motor. Key: 1. Starting control circuit; 2. Disconnection from production process protection circuitry; 3. 100 volts from Tr6. -~63- FOR OFF[C[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONL1~~ rectifier D1--D4 is loaded into resistor R3 by contactor K7. After the synchron- ization of the motor, the relay for the reactive power direction K1 is cutoff because of the reduction of the current in the winding, connected to transf ormer T5 (the voltage winding for relay K1 is connected to transformer Tr6), and breaks the circuit of time delay relay K8. In the case of long term asynchronous running, power relay K1 remains actuated and with the expiration of the time delay of relay K8; in this case, the following are turned off: switch B1 (K11 is turned off in the circuit of the disconnection electromagnet t.or K13) and the excitation (contact K11 is turned on in the circuit of the excitaion contactor K6). Where it is necessary to disable the asynchronous operation protection, this can be accomplished by means of pushbutton B2. With the breakdawn of one of the diodes of the rotating rectifier, an alternating current flows in the winding of relay K3, which is connected through capacity Z; the contact of relay K3 closes and the switch Bl and excitation winding of the exciter (contactor K7) are disconnected through intermediate relay K9. Production process protection circuitry, the emergency pushbutton B4 and the contacts of relays K20 and K21 also disconnect switch B1 and the excitation circuit. Relay K20 is the output relay of the differential current protection for the motor, the circuits of which are not shown in the schematic. The relay for this protection is connected to current transformers T1 and T2. Relay K21 is the output relay of the autamatic frequency load relief circuit. It is inserted in the frequency relay circuit, which is located in the complete switchgear cubicle for the bus voltage transformer. The contacts of relay K21 are closed when there is an emergency drop in the frequency in power system. Contacts B1 and B3 in the circuits of electromagnets K12 and K13 are the blocking contacts for switch B1 and itsdrive respectively. Relay K15 is the minimal voltage protection relay. The circuit described here is being used successfully to provide electric power to BKNS's without using reactors. In the case where motors are powered through reactors, the starting voltage is reduced to 55-70 percent of the nominal. The addition excitation source with such a low voltage does not provide for effective excitation, and relay forcing of the excitation does not achieve its goals. For this reason, when the motors are connected through reactors, a different circuit is used to power the excitation circuits (Figure 24), in which type TBS transformers at a voltage of 380/130 volts are used, which are connected to the local internal power load buses of the 6 KV switchgear. through magnetic starters K1. Since the local internal loads of the 6 KV switchgear are inserted ahead of the reactors, the voltage on the 0.4 KV buses amounts to 75 to 90 percent of the - nominal. In this circuit configuration, when starting the next sequential motor, the previously started motors operate in a more stable fashion, since effective relay boosting of the excitation is provided for them. The boost relay K16 (see Figure 23), which is inserted after the reactors, actuates immediately when start- ing the next motor in the sequence because of the considerable voltage drop, while the boost voltage is considerably higher, since the AER is inserted ahead of the reactors. The circuit in Figure 24 makes it possible to reduce the number of complete switchgear package cutiicles and the overall dimensions of the 6 KV switchgear building. -64- APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044061-6 FOft l)F'1~1('IAI. l!til~: ON1,}, One cubicle with a switcll is used to power a motor using this circuit configura- tion, instead of three KRU [complete switchgear package] cubicles. The current transformers for the excitation system, Tr4 and TrS, are installed in the current transf ormer cabinet along with transf ormers Trl, Tr8 and Tr9 f or the differential - protection, with transformer-Tr2 for overload protection and transformer Tr3 for protecting against shorts to ground; the overall dimensions of the cabinet are not increased in this case. M~niature panels with type TBS transformers are used in place of cubicles wi*h voltage transformers. One cubicle with the voltage transf orniers has plan view dimensions of 0.9 x 1.6 meters, while a panel with six TBS transformers and all of the auxiliary equipment is 0.6 x 0.8 m. The circuit of Figure 24 has been used recently in all cases, regardless of the presence of reactars in the 6 KV switchgear. 6 KV r' sKe ~ ~,4xs o. 4 Kv i ~ I '""i ~g 1 I '~t ~ x~ xi r~~ rsc (1) ~~~Tp Z I BZ aeo/�ae I~ ~ 1 ( j ~ R~ To Tr 6 L- TP3J (2) ~ x TPs Cxe,ua BOJGy~CHlLA ~ A f ft M M ,I ~ ~ rps ~l Tp8 ~ Dl-D4 ~ Tp8 TopTr 9 - ~ ~TP?I L___J Figure 24. Schematic of the automatic excitation power sugply. Key: 1. 380/110 volt TBS type transformer; 2. Motor excitation circuitry. � -65- FOR OrFICIAL r;SE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPR~VED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 b'OR OFFI(7A1. USE ONI.ti' CHAPTER FIVE. THE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY FOR TRUNK PIPELINE FACILITIES General Characteristics of Trunk Pipelines In the camplex and diff icultly accessible oil and gas extraction regions of ~destern Siberia, the major form of long range oil and gas transportation is pipelir.e transport. The pressure in a pipeline falls off in step with increasing distance from the oil and gas fields. For this reason, in addition to the head end pumping station, several intermediate pumping or compressor stations are built on long pipelines, where these stations maintain a specified pressure in the pipeline over the entire route. The n~nber of intermediate stations and the spacing between them are de- termined by calculations and depend on the initial pressure in the pipeline, the profile of the pipeline route, the difference in the altitude level markers for the stations, etc. On the whole, a trunk oil pipeline contains a head end pumping station, fill stations with the tank farm (intermediate and terminal), intermediate pumping stations, the linear portion or the trunk pipeline itself with the communications link and the devices for protecting against soil corrosion and stray ground currents. The head pumping stations are intended for receivi.ng the oil from its preparation facilities and transpumping it from tanks into the trunk pipeline. Included in the production process equipment of head end pumping stations are the tank farm, the transpumping station, with a colocated or separate booster pumping station, the pipelines, filter installations and devices for starting the cleaning go-devil. Included in the complement of production process facilities of the intermediate pumping stat:ion are the transpumping station, the pipelines, the filter installa- - tions and device~ for starting and receiving the cleaning go-devil. In individual cases, an intermediate pumping station has tanks and pressure suFport pumps. In addition to the production process structures at pumping stations, there are - also auxiliary facilities which provide electricity, heat and water, the sewerate system as well as ruoms for administrative and management services, repair and auxiliary operations. A transpumping station provides for moving the oil through the trunk pipeline. Some four centrifugal high pressure pumps af the same type, which are connected in series are usually installed in a pumping station. One is a standby. An -66- APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R044400040061-6 N~c~H c~Fl~~c~1�11. t~tit~: c~ti1.l additional few low pressure support pumps are inserted in the head end pumping station to deliver liquid to the main ptunps, if they do not have sufficient suction power. At intermediate ptmmping stations, when tanks are available to them and wit'.: an inadequate suction power of the pimips, pressure support pumps are also installed, but without a backup. Figure 25. Production process configuration 6 of a transpumping station. Key: 1. Site for receiving and s s s starting the cleaning go-devil; Z ~ 2. Check valve; I I~ S I 3. Filters; ~ I I~. 4. Sump with orifice; - ~ Ij I 5. Electrically driven gate ~ valve; - 3 ~ ~ 5 i 6. Trunk pipeline pumps; L___ L__- ~ 7, Regulating valve . The piping configuration for pump units is designed so as to provide for the _ series connection of the pumps through a cammon collection main with separate check valves. Such a piping configuration for the units makes it possible to start and stop any pump without terminating the operation of the other units, as well as provide for stage by stage regulation of the output of the pumping station by changing tlle number of operating pumps. The production process configuration of an intermediate pumping station is shown in Figure 25. The *_ranspim?ping of the oil is accomplished in the following manner. The liquid being transpumped, after passing through the point for the reception and starting of the cleaning go-devil l, through filters 3 and the sump with an orifice 4, is fed to the intake of trunk pumps 6. The collector with the check valves 2, the electrically driven gate valves 5 and the regulating valve 7, are, as a rule, housed in the machine room. The collector is located outside the pumpin~ station building while the regulating valves are housed in a special room at the oil transpumping statiQns of large diameter pipelines. All of the pumps and electric motors are mounted on individual foundation frames. Ttie auxiliary equipment, which is installed at oil transpumping stations, cor- responds to the type of trunk pipeline units and the technological transpumping schemes. Circulation lubricatior, of the units, convective exhaust ventila~ton, an air supply system, air cooling of the electric motors of the m~in pumps, a pump-out system for the collecting sLUnp tanks, and a system for producing excess pressure in the electric motors with a closed ventilation cycle are most fr~quently encountered. ~ -67- FOR OFF[CIAL USF. ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044461-6 FOR OFFI('IA1, l'til: ONLY A modern ptunping station for a trunk oil pipeline is a complex, high energy input facility. The installed capacity of the motor at several pumping stations reaches 30 MW. Since the major oil extraction regions of Eastern Siberia have a well branched, high capacity electric power supply system, electric drives are used for the main and auxiliary mechanisms at all pumping stations of trunk oil pipelines. Gas transports via trunk gas pipelines is accomplished by using the formation pressure or by means of compressor stations located along the gas pipeline. The - head end structures of the gas trunk line are located close to tHe fields and consist of the gas collection and delivery lines, the installations for cleaning, drying and odorizing the gases, a compressor shop as well as systems for electric power and water supply and sewerage. Where necessary, a head end compressor station is also constructed. The line facilities consist of the trunk gas pipeline, the stop valves, crossings of natural and a~tificial obstacles, cathodic protection stations, drainage installations, etc. Intermediate campressor stations are constructed to maintain the requisite pressure when transporting gas along a gas line. Included in the complement of compressor stations are one or more compressor shops, an electric power station or transformer substation, a water supply system, oil dust catcher installations, installations for oil rECOVery and other auxiliary equipment. Compressor stations are used on gas trunk pipelines, which are equipped with gas motor piston type compressors or centri~ugal force ~umps driven by gas turbines or electric motors. - Gas collection points of a comprehensive gas preparation installation are con- structed in gas fields, after which the gas is routed into the gas tnunk pipeline. In the initial period of developing gas fields, the operation does not use compressors; a head end compressor station is brought on line later. At the present time, the northern Tyumenskaya oblast has still not been provided with a high capacity electrical power supp~y system. For this reason, gas turbine plants are used to drive the main mechanisms of compressor stations. The auxiliary equipment of comprer;ensive gas preparation installations and compressor stations has electrical. drives though. The electrical power for this equipment, as well as the electrical automation, control and lighting systems is provided from trans- Former substations, which are powered from transportable automated type PAES electric power stations or from their own diesel generator plants. The Electrical Equipment of Pumping Stations In the majority oE the pinnping stations of the trunk oil pipelines of W~stern and Northwestern Siberia, four centrifugal pumps driven by synchronous or asynchronous -6~- APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400044461-6 FOf: OFNI('IAI. !'til~: O!~l.l electric motors of either a standard or special design with an open ventilation cycle are installed: three working pumps and one standby. The pumps and electric motors are located in rooms separated by a hermetically sealing wall, and are coupled together by intermediate shafts. The production piping ty,~ng the main pumps together provide f or the series con- nection of the pumps throu~h a common collector with ~:solating check valves, which make it possible to start and stop any pumps without shutting down the other ones. The collector with the check valves and the electrically driven gate valves are located outside the pumping station building. A special site is provided for technical servicing of the gate valves, which is constructed alongside the col- lector at a height of two meters. The check valves are installed in the sump wells. The gate valves are driven by DNKh-714A motors with a power of 10 KW. All of the pumping stations operate in a semiautomatic mode with remote control. Si.unmary data on the electrical equipment of oil pumping stations are given in Table 8. . The automation of a pumping station provides for operation without permanent attenting personnel. All of the major and auxiliary processes are controlled in a centralized manner from an oper~tor's room located in the p~nping station building. The automation system provides for the following: --Automatic starting of the a~ciliary mechanisms to prepare for turning the pumps on when the gate valve is opened at the suction intake station; _ --Remote autamatically programmed actuation of each main pumping unit; --Automatic regulation of the maximum injection pressure of the station as well as the minimal suction pressure of the main ptanps; --Monitoring of the cooling conditions of the motors of the pump units; ~ --Automatic control of the convective exhaust ventilation with limiting'of the oil vapor content in the air of the pump room at a level of no more than 20 percent of the lower limit of explosability and with the maintenance of the temperature in the pumping room in the range necessary for normal operation of the equipment and apparatus; --Automatic control of the submcrsible pumps and the pumps for pumping out leaks depending on the level in the collecting reservoirs; --Automatic disconnection of each of the operating units in case the normal oper- ational mode of any of its assemblies is disrupted; --Automatically turning on the back-up unit for any auxiliary system when the main ones f.ails; 6 9 - FOR OFFICIAL LSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400040061-6 FOR OFFICIAI. 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