JPRS ID: 9967 USSR REPORT MATERIALS SCIENCE AND METALLURGY

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 _ FOR OFFIC[AL iJSE ONLY JPRS L/9967 9 September 1981 - USSR Re ort p MATERIALS SCIENCE ANa METALLURGY (FOUO 4/81) FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST IIVFORMATI~N SERVICE FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 NOTE JFRS publications contain information primarily from foreign newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language sources are translated; those from English-language sources are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and other characteristics retained. Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in brackets are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text] or [ExcerptJ in the first line of each item, or following the last line of a brief, indicate how the original information was processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor- . mation was summarized or extracted. Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are _ enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preceded by a ques- tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were not clear in the original but have been supplied as ap~ropriate in context. Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an item originate with the source. Times within items ar2 as given by source. The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- ciesy views or attitudes of the U.S. Government. COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS ~OVERNING OWNERSHIP OF MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.Y. APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2447/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400454417-4 FOR OFF[CI~L USE ONLY JPRS L/9967 9 September 1981 USSR REPORT MATERIALS SCI~NCE AND METALLURGY (FOUO ~/81) CONT~NTS ANALYSIS AND TESTING Evaluating Crack Resistaace of Structural Materials 1 COI~OSITE MATERI~ALS i Antifriction Properties of Fluoropolymer-Baee Compoeition j Materials........... ~ 6 ' HEAT RESISTANT ALLOYS Heat Resistance of Alloys for Gas Turbine Engines lI. Processing Lightweight and Aeat-Resistant E,l.loys 15 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES ~ Strength, Plasticity of Materials in Radiation Fluxes 2(~ REFRACTORY MATERIALS Precipitation Iiardening of High-Melting Metals 23 - a- [III - USSR - 21G S&T FOUO] APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400050017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY . ANALYSIS AND TESTING UDC: 539.37:620.17:620.19 - EVALUATING CRACK RESISTANCE OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS Kiev METODY I SREDSTVA OTSENKI TRESHCHINOSTOYKOSTI KONSTRUKTSIONNYKH MATERIALOV in Russian 1981 (signed to press 12 Dec 80) pp 3-4, 301-303 [Foreword and table of contents from book "Methods and Means of Evaluating the Crack Resistance of Structural Ma'terials", edited by V. V. Panasyuk, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1500 copies, 303 pages] [Text] Contents Page Foreword 3 Analytic Methods of Evaluating the Crack Resistrince of Materials Panasyuk, V. V.; Andreykiv, A. Ye., Kovchik, S. Ye.; Zazulyak, V. A.; Pan'ko, I. N.; and Nagirnyy, R. V. Establishment o� the Conditicns of Applicabil= iryo uf Irwin's Cr~.terion 5 Method of Determining Crack Res~stance of Materials KI~ in Bending a - Cylindrical Specimen With an Annular Crack 11 Method of Evaluating the Cra~k Resistance of Structural Materials in Stretch- ing and Bending a Cylindrica~ Specimen With an Exterior Annular Crack Coming to the Surface of a Ring Concentrator 19 Yarema, S. Ya. Investigation of Disk Specimens With a Crack 25 Ivanitskaya, G. S. Stability of the Trajectory of a Fatigue in a Disk Specimen 44 Stadn3k, M. M. Analytic Investigation of the Kinetics of Growth of an In- terior Fatigue Crack in an Infinite Cylinder 52 Methods of Stabilization of the Coefficient of Intensity of Stresses Around the Point of a Growing Crack 57 - Andreykiv, A. Ye. Calculated Mode1 of Local Failure of Elastico-Plastic Bodies With Cracks 63 Method of Determining the Kinetics of Growth of an Exterior Crack in an In- finite G~linder Under Cyclic Loading 73 Stadnik, M. M. Plot~ing a KI Calibration for a Force Diagram of Bending of a Prismatic Bar With a Circular Crack 78 Method of Determining the Crack Re3istance of Materials During Four-Point Bending of a Cylindrical Specimen With an Exterior Annular Crack 81 1 FOR OFI~ ICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450017-4 - FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY ~ Evaluation of the Crack Resistance of Materials During Short-Duration Loading Method of Determining Fracture Toughness (Crack Resistance) KI~ of Structural Materials Under Static Loading 87 _ Zazulyak, V. A. One Approach to Plotting Temperature Relations of KI~ 96 Method of Evaluating Fracture Toughness on Cylindrical Specimens With a Helical Concentrator During Torsion Testing 102 Method of Determining Fracture Toughness KI~ on Cylindrical Specimens With Segmental Concentrator 108 Maksimovich, G. G., and Fedirko, V. N. Estimating Resistance to Crack Propagation on Small Plane Specimens 115 Method of Determining Characteristics of Crack Resistance of Welded ,Toints of Unlike Materials 119 Panasyuk, V. V.; Kovchik, S. Ye., and Khodan', I. V. Estimating Tendency - Toward Brittle Failure of Structural Materials Under Shock Loading 122 Method of Estimating Fracture Toughness of High-Strength Materials In- clined to Delayed Failure 136 Gnyp, I. P.; Pokhmurskiy, V. I.; Bakshi, 0. A.; and Shron, R. Z. Estimating Fr~.cture Toughness of Low-Strength Metals by the Soft Interlayer Method 139 Microfractographic Method of Estimating Fracture Toughness of Patented High- Strength Steel Wire 145 Petrina, Yu. D., and Lenets, N. A. Method of Forming Cracks on Specimens In- tended for Estimating Fracture Toughness 152 Romaniv, 0. N. Method of Formation of Annular Cracks on Cylindrical Speci- mens Intended for Estimating Resistance of Metal to Brittle Failure 155 Maksimovich, G. G.; Fedirko, V. N.; and Skitskiy, R. Yu. One Method of For- mation of Cracks on Flat Specimens 159 Zazulyak, V. A., and Mikitishin, S. I. Method of Formation of Axisymmetric Cracks in Cylindrical Specimens 162 Automated Unit for Producing Cracks in Cylindrical Specimens 167 Device for Producing Artificial Cracks With a Rectilinear Front in Prismatic and Compact Specimens 170 Guillery Impact Machine 174 Estimating Crack Resistanoeof Materials Under Cyclic Loading Yarema, S. Ya. Growth of Fatigue Cracks (Methodological Asspects of In- vestigation) 177 Method of Determining Cyclic Fracture Toughness of Materials 207 Method of Plotting Cyclic Fracture Diagrams in Conditions of Plane Strain 212 Method of Stabilizing.a Stressed-Strained State Around the Point of a - Fatigue Crack in Specimens During Pure Bending 220 Method of Investigating Propagation of Fatigue Cracks in Prismatic Specimens With a Constant Coefficient of Stress In~ensity 226 Simin'kovich, V. N.; Gladkiy, Ys. N.; and Deyev, N. A. Plotting Kinetic Fatigue Diagrams Based on Test Results on a Machine With Rigid Loading of Specimens of Differing Thickness 228 Ostash, 0. P. Features of Method of Investigatiizg Kinetics of Low-Tem- perature Fatigue Failure 23Z Tension-Cc~nession Machine For Fatigue Testing at Transresonance Frequencies 234 Device for Testing Cyclic Cxack Resistance of Materials in Conditions of Controlled Change of aK Level 238 2 FOR OFFICIAL iJSE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Machines for Testing Cyclic Crack Resistance of Structural Alloys 241 Machine for Testing Fatigue Failure of Beam Spec~mene 246 Methods of Mechanics of Corrosion Failure Romaniv, 0. N., and Nikiforchin, G. N. Featuzes of Kinetic Diagrams of Cor- rosion Cracking of Structural Alloys 251 Nikiforchin, G. N., and Student, A. Z. Utilization of Nonlinea�r Mechanics of Failure for Estimating Resistance to Growth of Corrosion Cracks 258 Method of Investigating Corrosion Cracking of Structural Materials in Con- ditions of An~iplane Deformation 262 Romaniv, 0. N.; Nikiforchin, G. N.; and Berezyuk, I. A. Principles of Design of Testing Devices With Rigid Loading by Means of an Elastic Element 268 Device for Investigating Fatigue Crack Kinetics in Specimens During Pure Bending in Liquid Media 275 Test Device for Investigating Fatigue Crack ICinetics in Aqueous Media of Medium Parameters 278 Device With Automatic Load Control for Investigating Corrosion Cracking of Materia?s .............o................................................ 282 Device for Investigating Protracted Static Crack Resistance in Working Media 286 Device for Testing Large Specimens fcr Delayed Failure 289 Device for Obtaining a Temperature, Pressure and Moisture-Stable Gaseous Medium 291 Chamber for Investigating the Crack Resistance Parameters of Structural Materials in Controlled Gaseous Media 296 Shpitse~ K. M. Method of Investigating Cyclic Crack Resistance in an En- vironment Under Pressure 296 ~ FOREWORD Interest in the problem failure of materials has been steadily growing during the ~ast two or three decades, and rapid growth and development of research is observed in this field of science. This has been caused to a significant degree by the practical importance of this problem and, in particular, its great significance for developing methods of estimating the durability of a material in a structure ~ under given conditions of operation, as well as for forming the principles of con- trolling the strength of structural materials. Intensive advance in elaboration of the problem of failure of materials became pos- sible as a result of new approaches to treatment of this phenomenon as a phenomenon - of crack formation and development, and as a result of elaboration of effective mathematical and physical methods of analysis bf stressed-deformed states in a - deformable solid. Of special significance in this area are new failure criteria based on the concepts of density of fracture energy, coefficients of stress inten- sity, critical crack opening, etc. They have become the basis of fundamentally new methodological approaches in determining the durability of structural materials under specified extreme operating conditions. These approaches have made it pos- sible to adopt the concept of crack resistance in engineering practice, that is, the characteristics of a material's resistance to the development of cracks, as well as the values of critical and threshold coefficients of intensity of stresses, 3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R004400050017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY critical or maximum crack onening, diagrams of rate of crack growth during 1rotracted cyclic or static loading, etc. The practical significance of crack resistance _ characteristics for engineering practice is indicated by the fact that in some tecY~- - nologically developed countries steps are being taken to standardized methods of determining c.rack resistance characteristics in order to provide adequate attesta- tion and ranking of structural materials on the basis of resistance to crack propagation. A new field of study of strength of materials has formed in this area mechanics of failure, the development of which originated in study of concentration of stresses alongside cavities and apertures in an elastic continuum. In the 1950's this area of investigation was intensively developed by scientists at the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences Institute of Engineering Science and Automatic Control (presentl~ the Ukrainian SSR Academy of S~.iences Physicomechanical Institute) imder the direction of Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences Academician G. N. Savin and Professor M. Ya. Leonov. This resu~ted in publication of the first studies on theory of cracks, estimate of the elastico-plastic situation at the apex of a quasi- - brittle body, as well as limit equilibrit:m of brittle bodies with cracks. The first Soviet monograph dealing with this latter sub~ect was published in 1968.* The now widely known ~k criterion of limit equilibrium and cr+ack resistance of structural materials was formulated in the first studies on theory of cracks. Methods of estimating the effective surface fraeture energy, which are something of an analog of inethods of estimating the now well-kzown parameter of specific intensity of fracture energy GI~, were elaborated in the mid-1960's at the Ukrainian SSSR ' Academy of Sciences Physicomechanical Institute. A number of studies at the Institute laid down the methodological groundwork for the nonlinear criterion of failure, which is being intensively developed today, a criterion which was desi.g- nated J--integral. As a result of fruitful activity by the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Scienc~es Physicomechanical Institute in the area of inechanics of failure, more - than 200 different items were published (including monographs), in which theoretical and applied developments in this area of science are synthesized. Taking into consideration the practical possibility of research in the area of mechanics of failure, the Institute devotes considerable attention to new , methodological developments in estimating the crack resistance of structural materials, including both the development of new methods and experimental means for estimating the crack resistance of materials. This volume presents retrospectively the most important methodologicaZ achievements in estimating a material's resistance to the propagation of cracks under the most _ diversified conditions of loading, results obtained in recent years at the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences Physicomechanical Institute. All articles in this volume are grouped in four sections according to methodological thrust and functional significance in estimating crac'_c resistance. The first sec- tion contains articles which present the analytic basis of a number of new methods * Panasyuk, V. V., "Predel'noye ravnovesiye khrupkikh tel s treshchinami" [Limit Equilibrium of Brittle Boaies With Cracks], Kiev, Nauko~~a Dumlca, 1968, 246 pages. 4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450017-4 ' FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY of estimating a material's resistance to crack propagation. Alongside establishment ~ and and development of conditions of applicability of failure criteria, the articles in this section present calculated relations for estimating crack resistance in ob- - jects of a cylindrical type with an exterior and interior cracks, as well as in special specimens of a disk ty~.~, on which it is comp3ratively easy to secure stabilization of coefficients of intensity of stresses in the process of crack - growth. The second section reflects the diversified activities of the Institute's experts in creating and i~proving experimental methods of estimating brief-duration crack resistance (fracture toughness) of inetals and alloys. These methods provide a sub- stantial measure of experimental confirmation to the analytic solutions developed at the Institute. Some articles in this section.deal witr development and imprave- ment of techniques of inducing fatigue cracks, which provide an adequate estimate of crack resistance (fracture toughness). The third section deals with.development of inethods and techniques of estimating long-term crack resistance of structural materials under cyclic loading. In addi- tion to construccion and interpretation of fatigue failure diagrams, the articles describe design features and operating principles of various testing devices for studying the kinetics of crack growth under protracted cyclic loading. The fourth section deals with the methodological aspects of the youngest and in- adequately elaborated problem of inechanics of failure, pertaining to growth of cracks under the effect of static loads and aggressive media. Development of these problems is of particular engineering significance in connection with the determined - radical effect on crack growth of gaseous and liquid media which are recognized as inert or low-activity in estimating the load-carrying capacity of items not con- taining cracklike concentrators. A characteristic feature of a number of ap- proaches and methods described 3n this volume is their extensive analytic line of reasoning and practical effectiveness, which enables one to recommend them as a basis for drafting standards for determining the crack resistance of inetals and alloys. COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dumka", 1981 3024 CSO: 1842/128 5 ~ FOR ~FFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400050017-4 _ FOR OFF'[CIAL USE ONLY - COMPOSITE MATERIALS unc 62~.893~ 6zo.2z, b78-o36 ANTIFRIGTICN PRQPEE3TIES aF FLUCQ~OPLff,YMER-BASE C~CSITIIN MATERIAI,S~ Moscow ANTIFRIKTSICNNYYE 5V(7YSTVA KCY~IPOZITSICNNYKH MATERIALOV NA C~NOVE Fr.~PCg,IM~OV in Russian 1981 pp 2-4~ 146-147 ~Annotation, forexord and table of contents from book "Antifriction Properties af ~'luoropolymer Base Composition Materials", by N. P. Istomin and A. P. Semenov, - Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 147 pages] EText] Annotatior. This monograpti gives the results of the study of friction and weax without lubrica- tion using fluoropolymers and fluoropolymer-ba.se composition materials. Installa- tions and testing methods axe described. Da,ta on vaxious technological processes for obtaining fluoroplastic-4-base composition materials are cited. The results of the effect of a number of factors on the friction and weax of fluoropolymers, as well as of the introduction of various fillers into pol,ymers axe considered. Data are c3ted on the fricti~n and wear of inetal-fluoroplastic materials and fluoroplas- tiC-4MB-base composition materials. This boak is intended for scientific staff workers, engineers and designers in- volved in solving problems of friction, weax and lubrication. The '~ook contains 14 tables and 61 illustrations. The bibliography lists 172 i~ems. Foreword The use of polymer materials at friction joints had alread.y become w~des,grea.d in the thirties. At first, they were phenolic tax-base plastics such a~ t-extolite or laminated wood. plastics. Then polyamide tara and their compouncis with other sub- stances appeared and began to be used as antifriction materials. ~ill theae mate- rials axe efficient only with lubrication, including lubricatian witl~ water and, under certain condition~ have important advantages o~r~r met~,l materi,als. In the fifties to the seventies, due to the development of ck~emfstry and~ in par- ticular, the rapid development of fluorine chemistry [1-6~, it became.possible to obtain, on an industrial scale, a whole series of entirely new synthetic fluoro- polymers. Among such materials, polytetrafluoroethylene ~~:''~'FE1, or fluoroplastic- 4, has a unique complex of properties. (he of the most val~ua.b~e properties of fluoroplastic-~h is tha.t its friction coefficient with other materials without 6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R004400050017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY lubrication and with fluoroplastic-4 itself is low (at low sliding velocity it doea not exceed 0.05). It was precisely because of this property that fluoroplastic-4 is being used as an antifriction material; however, in its pure form it has limited ~pplication because of its low wear resistance and lox mechanical properties. The "inherent" antifriction properties of fluoroplastic-4~ however~ may be used in vaxious methods including creating composition materials on its basis whose fric- tion coefficients rema.in close to those of pure fluoropla,stic-4, while the weax resistance when operating without lu~rication is increased many times and, at the same time, other physico-mechanical properties (strength, heat conductivity etc.) neceQsaxy for beaxing materials are improved.. The developmeni; and introduction of increasing scales of antifriction ma,terials not requiring lubrication axe urgent problems in mod.ern and future technology. The possibility of operating individual machine units and entire machines without lubrication is very desirable in the ma.jority of car~es, while in some cases extremely necessary. This makes it possible to save large amounts of lubrication materials, simplifies machine design~ reduces operating costs and facilitates an increase in prod.uction efficiency. In a number of cases, these ma.terials axe the single acceptable solution of the problems faced by designexs. The development of new materials able to operate without lubrication, and the im- provement of ma.terials already available, are impossible without corresponding investigations of, and finding method.s for increasing wear resistance and improving the antifriction properties of materials by improving their composition and the technology for their manufacture. In this book being offered to the reader, the results axe correlated. of investiga- tions made at the USSR Acade~y of Sciences Ma.chinery ~5cience Institute imeni A. A. Blagonravov on friction and wear without lubrication of fluoroplastic-4 and com- position ma.terials on its basis. The results of broad investigations are given, using a single method, of the effects of velocity, load, temperature, degree of crystallization; the action of penetrating radiation on friction and the weax of fluoroplastic-4 without fillers, as well as the effect of composition materials on antifriction properties based on fluoropla.stic-4 with fillers (their chemical nature~ composition, concentration, degree of dispersion, sha,pe of pa,rticles and their orientation), and the technological processe~ for obtainin~ these composi- tion materials. Besides fluoroplastic-4 and its compositions with vaxious fillers, several other fluoropolymers were investigated and the possibility of utili.zing them to obtain antifriction materials tha,t operate without lubrication was consid- ered. " Lh the basis of the obtained results, a number of governing laws were established that make it possible to select better aubstantiated fillers and technological processes to obtain materials ~on the ba.sis of fluoropolymers) ~rith a given com- plex of properties that have a wear resistance hundxeds and thousands of times greater than fluoroplastic-4, for concrete operating conditions. The authors axe grateful to Z. M. Yermakova and P. G. Babi~:heva wh~ participa,ted in ma.king the tests and processing the results. The authors honor the memory of pro- fessor M. M. Khrushchev, doctor of technical sciences,who initiated the investiga- tions, the results of which are given in this monograph. 7 FOR OFF'ICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Table of Contenta ~ Page Forewoxl 3 Cha,pter i. Fluorogolymer properties 5 1.1. Certain information on fluorine, fluorocarbon and fluoropolymers 5 1.2. Fluoroplastic-4, its chemical, physico-mechanical, technological and operating properties 6 1.3. Antifriction properties of fluoroplastic~+ 15 1.4. PTFE modifications 21 1.5� PTF'E copolymers 23 Chapter 2. Anti~iction materials containing fluoroplastic-4 26 - 2.1. Methods for utilizing the antifriction properties of fluoroplastic-4 2( 2.1.1. Use of fluoroplastic-~h-ba,se ma.terials in the form of coa.tings 27 2.1.2. Use of fluoroplastic-4 in the form of woven cloth 28 2.1.3. Ma,terials with fluoroplastic-4 introduced into a porous body 29 2.1.4. Metal-fluorop].a.stic ribbon ma.terials with a steel structural base 31. 2.2. Fluoroplastic-4-base composition materials (filled fluoroplastics) 33 2.2.1. Materials manufactured abroad and in the Soviet Union 35 2.2.2. Review of papers devoted,to investigation of PTFE-base composition materials 45 _ 2.3. Investigation problems 56 Chapter 3. Installations and methods for friction and weax testing ~ 58 3.1. IP-j machine ~ 3.1.1. General chaxacteristics and deaign 58 - 3.1.2. Mpasuring device for determtning the friction coefficient 63 3.1.3. Error determination in measuring the friction force 65 ~ 3.1.4. Error determination in measuring the no~,~,a.l load in the hydxaulic loading device 66 8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Table of Contents (Continued) Page 3.2. Method for testing on the IP-3 machine using the friction - shaft-flat sample arrangement 67 3�3~ ~~hine for testing friction using an arrangement of a rutating s~here-annulax sample 71 - 3.4. Method for testing friction using an arrangement of a rotating spher3-annulax sample 72 Chapter 4. Investigation of friction and wear of fluoropolymers 73 4._l.~ Effect of load, valocity and temperature on friction and weax of fluoroplastic-4 73 4.2. Effect of degree of crystallization on friction and weax of fluoroplastic-4 4.3. Effect of penetrating radiation on friction and weax of fluoroplastic-4 82 4.4. Friction and wear of several PTFE copolymers $5 Chapter 5. Technology of manufacturing fluoroplastic-4-base com- position ma,terials 89 5.1. Using fluoroplastic-4 suspensions $9 5.2. Using fluoropla.stic-4 powder 90 5�3� ~essing and sintering 92 Chapter 6. Investigation of friction and wear of f3uoroplastic-4- - ba.se composition materials 96 6.1. Relationship between weax resistance and antifriction properties and the material of the filler~ as well as its content in the composition 96 - 6.2. Effect of the degree of dispersion of fillers on the friction and wear of composition materials 107 6.2.1. Graphite anat molybdenum disulfid.e 107 6.2.2. Silica 110 6.3. Effect of the structure and orientation of graphite parti- cles cleavage planes ' ii5 6.4. Effect df various graphite brands 120 6.5. Effect of shapes of bronze particles 122 6.6. Effect of lead 123 6.7. Complex fluoroplas~ic-4-base composition materials 128 9 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400050017-4 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ Table of Contents (continued) Page Chapter 7. Investigation of friction and weax of fluoroplastic- _ 4N6-ba,se composition materials 129 Conclusion 135 Bibliography 139 CQPYRIGHI'i Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1981 z29i _ cs os ls4z/l~z io FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450017-4 _ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY HEAT RESISTANT ALLOYS UDC: 669.14.018.44:539.4 HEAT RESISTANCE OF ALLOYS FOR GAS TURBINE ENGINES Mqscow ZEY~ROPROCHNOST' SPLAVOV DLYA GAZOTURBINNYKH DVIGATELEY in Russian 1981 (signed to press 22 Oct 80) pp 3-6 [Table of contents, foreword and introduction from book "Heat Resistattce of Alloys for Gas Turbine Engines", by Radiy Yevgen'yevich Shalin, Igor' Petrovich Bulygin, and Yevgeniy Rostislavov~.ch Golubovsk~y, Izdatel'stvo "Metallurg3ya", 1,500 copies, 120 pages] [Text] Table of Contents Page Foreword 4 Introduction 5 Chapter 1. Principle of Selection of Melts for Est3mating the Grade Characteristies of Heat Resistance ~ Probability Approach to Estimating Aeat Resistance Characteristics 7 - Selection of Melts Character~.zing the Grade of a Me1t, According to Out- put Check Data 18 Chapter 2. Patterns of Change in Variance of Heat Resistance Characteristics 23 Variance in Time to Failure 24 Variance in Plasti~city Limit 33 Variance 3.n Creep Characteristics 35 Estimate of Average and Minimum Values of Heat IZesistance Characteristics in the Area of Experiment 38 - Deviations fron Logarithmically Normal Distribution of Heat Resistance Characteristics 43 Chapter 3. Temperature-Power Relationship of Heat Resistance Charac~er3,stics 44 Long-T3me Strength and Creep Limit 45 Plasticity Limit 61 Creep Rate and Isochronous Creep Curves 64 11 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400050017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Chapter 4. Forecasting Average and Minimum Grade Values of Heat Resistance Characteristics 72 Long-Time Strength 73 - Creep � Plasticity Limit 79 Chapter 5. Estimating Heat Resistance Characteristics Taking Account of Transient Conditions of Uperation of a Material in a Structure 83 Influence of Transient Temperature and Power Conditions on Long-Time Strength 84 Application of Method of Experiment Mathematical Planning for Quantita- tive Estimate of Heat Resistance Characteristics 100 Appendix 113 Bit,liography 117 FOREWORD Improving the efficiency of societal production is a most important direction of party economic and technical policy advance3 at the 25th CPSU Congress. One of the principal ways to achieve this objective, speci~fied in party and government deci- sions, is to reduce the materials input in industrial products and securement of high product quality by extensive employment of advanced design solutions and proper utilization of materials, including ferrous and nonferrous metals and alloys, on the basis of a comprehensive,objec.tive and precise evaluation of their proper- ties. Advance in the machine building industry is accompanied by speeding up the pace of improvement in operating parameters and increasing the load on structural com- ponents, with simultaneous increase in demands on product reliability and service life. In order to meet these demands it is essential to develop new, improved methods of evaluating the strength, reliability and durability of inetallic materials produced by the metallurgical industry, with the ob3ective of maximum utilization of their capabilities. Several current tasks pertaining to this important problem, as applied to heat resistant alloys for a leading and intensively developing branch of power engineer- ing machine building transport gas turbine engineering, are examined in this volume. INTRODUCTION Increasing demands on reliability and service life of gas turbine engines simulta- neously with an improvement in their operating parameters evokes the necessity of developing optimal methods of estimating the strength properties of employed , 12 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R004400050017-4 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY materials, with the ob~ective of their fulleat and most correct utilizatian. The basic criteria of properties of materials intended for extended operation at high temperatures include long-time strength and creep limit indices, utilized as cal- culated performance characteristics. Extensive adoption of any grade of steel or alloy presupposes the manufacture of components of inetal from different melts. Therefore in determining service life and margin of safety for commercial metal, the design engineer is interested not only in the average heat resistance indices of certain typical melts but also the pertormance of the target material as a whole (that is, grade characteristics), in- cluding standard deviation of strength properties and change in this figure in relation to length of service and level of operating temperature. A lag in acquisition of information on the durability of materials in conditions of extended effect of stress-strain loads and high temperature, connected to a con- siderable degree with a substantial volume and considerable duration of laboratory testing for heat resistance, creates difficulties for design engineers and slows the rate of increase of product durability. In connection with this, development of reliable methods of predicting long-time strength and creep limit indices on the basis of the temperature-time relations of these indices and taking their variance into account, in spite of extensive research in this area remains a critical problem. Questions connected with development and practical adoption of inethods of statisti- cal estimate and predict3on of long-time strength and creep limit charact~ristics (including plasticity limit) are of particular importance for the class of high- heat-resistant alloys employed for power components of transport (especially avia- tion) gas turbine engines (GTE), for the following reasons: increased demands on rel3ability of critical structural components; high thermal and mechanical stress on parts; limited design and development timetable and rapid product replacement; continuous increase in service life; specific features of this class of matera.als. The last of the above-listed factors is of great importance ~.n regard to the prob- lems under discussion. For the most part complex nickel-base heterophase alloys with a clearly-marked structural instability in the range of operating temperatures are presently em- ployed in the manufacture of such GTE components as turbine wheels and blades. Also characteristic of these alloys is a variability of manufacturing technology, caused by improvement in manufacturing procesaes [1] and var;ation in heat treatment of specific semimanufactures and finished products. In this case one can expect reliable results only with a statistical approach to estimatin~z heat resistance characteristics and employment of temperature-time (temperature-power) relations 13 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400050017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY which reflect the structural features of a materia? for predicting these character- istics. At the same time melts of t~is class, and esp~cially the group of new high-heat- _ resistant foundry alloys of the ZhS family which head this ~lass, a typical representative of which is the ZhS6U alloy [2], which is produced in quantity, are the most interesting and representative ob~ects of investigation in connection with the above features. - The developmentof new engines involves the adoption of cooled tilrbine moving and nozzle blades. In this area casting alloys are for all practical purposes displacing forming alloys, since they possess greater resistance and provide a better capabili- ty to produce hollow cooled blades. In this volume the authors examine the methods and practical results of solving a number of basic problems pertaining to statistical estimation and prediction Uf long-time strength and creep limit indices of high-heat-resistant alloys empl~yecl in propulsion engineering. COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Metallurgiya", 1981 3024 CSO: 1842/135 14 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2447/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400454417-4 FOR ~FFICIAL USE ONLY UDC 669.2/8:3621.7+669.2/8.017/ PROCESSING LIGHTWEIGHT AND HEAT-RESISTANT ALLOYS ' Moscaw PROTSESSY OBRABOTKI LEGKIKH I ZHAROPROC~INYKH SPLAVOV in Russian 1981 pp 2, 5-6, 260-262 [Annotation, table of contents, and foreword frrnn book "Processing of Lightweight and Heat-Resistant A11oys", edited by Academician N. M. Zhavoronkov, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 262 pages] [Text] This volume extensively discusses the scient~fi.c and technical school developed by Academic3an A. F. Belov, who celebrates his 75th birthday in 1981, by his students and disciples. Thi~ volume contains the results of most recent in- vestigations in the area of casting, pressure shaping and heat treatment of aium3.num, magnesium, titanium, heat-resistant and refractory alloys; contemporary problems of physical metallurgy, metallurgy and processing technology are examined. This volume contains extensive materials dealing with obtaining metal blanks and workpieces by methods of high-speed crystallization and hot isostatic pressure forging. This volume is intended for research scientists, design eng~neers and metallurgical production speGialists, physical metallurgists, process eng3neers, designers, machine builders, and students ~.n the appropriate fields of spec3alization. Contents Page 75th Birthday of Academic3.an A. F. Belov 3 Foreword 5 I. General Problems of Working and Treating Lightweight and Heat-Resistant Alloys ~ A. I. Tselikov and V. G. Trishki.n. Modern Equipment for Working Light- weight and Heat-Res3stant Alloys with UtilizaCion of High Pressure and Temperature ~ V. S. Rakovskiy. Latest Advances in Powder Metallurgy ~n the Manufac- ture of Mass-Production Items for the Machine-Building Industry 14 N. N. Rykalin, Yu. L. Krasulin, and 0. A. Batanova. On ThP "ma1 Stresses in Powders Produced With High Cool3.ng Rates 19 - 15 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400050017-4 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY F. V. Tulyankin, and V. P. Vasil'kovskiy. New Stage in the Development af Pressure Forging Technology 25 B. V. Rozanov and S. M. Topaler. Problems of Improving the Accuracy of Rolled Sheet and Automation of Rolling Mills on the Basis of Employ- ment of Hydraulic Screwdown Gear 33 G. A. Nikolayev. Laser Welding 42 S. I. Kovalev and N. I. Koryagin. Influence of Friction Conditions in Rolling Laminated Sheet and St rip on Stresaes Developing in the Layers 46 S. S. Kiparisov and V. K. Narva. Obtaining a Property and Employment of Wear-Resistant Titanium Carb ide-Steel Materials 53 M. S. Gil'dengorn. Combined Pressure Forging of Metals of Differing Strength 59 M. S. Sirotinskiy. Cyclic Sh~ear in Processes of Pressure Shaping Metals 65 . S. A. Vigdorchik, A. V. Fishgoyt, and V. V. Luk'yanenko. Micromechanism of Propagation of Fatigue Crack in VT6, D16 and AK4-1 Alloys 69 . II. Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys 77 N. A. Kaluzhskiy and V. P. Kiselev. Improving the Manufacturing Process and Quality of Products of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys 77 V. I. Dobatkin, V. I. Yelagin, and G. A. Mudrenko. Study of the Structure - and Properties of Alloys of Aluminum With Iron, Obtained With High Cool- ing Rates During Crystallizat ion 82 I. N. Fridlyander, 0. A. Setyukov, L. M. Sheveleva, and Z. A. Yelagina. Influence of Iron on the Structure and Properties of Aluminum Forging Alloy V93 91 B. S. Mitin, A. I. Kalpashnikov, A. V. Yefremov, S. S. Rodchenko, and A. S. Kirilyanchik. Investigation of Semimanufactures of A1-Mg Alloy ~ystem Granules 9~ B. I. Bondarev, V. I. Napalkov, V. S. Chulkov, and V. S. Rozanova. In- fluence of Methods of Process ing Aluminum Melts on the Quality of Semi- manufactures 101 A. D. Andreyev, V. V. Gogin, and G. S. Makarov. Paths of Deaelopment of Deformable Aluminum Al1oy Melt ing Technology 105 A. N. Chekanov. Multiple Ingot-Mold System With Graphite Molds for Cast- ing Aluminum Al1oy Ingots 110 16 FOR OFFICIAL USE C~NLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400050017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY G. I. Eskin and P. N. Silayev. Employment of Ultrasonic 'rreating of a Melt During Crystallization of Large Ingots of High-Strength Aluminum Alloys 118 I. G. Kirpa, and Yu. N. Ponagaybo. Improving the Efficiency of Co1d-Roll- ing Aluminum Alloy Strip 123 I. A. Shur, and G. V. Silanova. Continuous Working of Flat Rolled Stock of Aluminum Alloys 127 V. S. Sinyavskiy, V. I. Plokhov, V. M. Gladyshev, and F. P. Zalivalov. - Investigation of the Mechanisms of Formation of a Stable Alloy-Polymer Film System in Laquering Aluminum Can Strip 133 I. P. Erlikh and G. V. Ryuchina. Employment of Rolled Aluminum in the Nation's Economy 140 M. Ye. Drits and L. L. Rokhlin. Damping Capability of Magnesium Alloys 144 III. Titanium, Heat-Resistant and Refractory Alloys A. F. Belov, N. F. Anoshkin, V. I. Khodkin, 0. Kh. Fatkullin, V. A. Danilkin, G. S. Garibov, M. I. Rasshivalkin, A. A. Rogozinskiy. In- vestigation ~f Physicochemical Processes in the Manufacture of Heat- Resistant Nickel Al1oy Pellets and Products of Them. 151 S. Z. Bokshteyn, Ye. V. Bolberova, S. T. Kishkin, Yu. M. M3shin, and I. M. Razumovskiy. Features of Diffusion in Eutectic Alloys With Directional Structure 163 P. N. Belyanin and V. L. Arutyunov. New Processes of Manufacture of Parts and Assemblies of Sheet Titanium Alloys 171 Ye. M. Savitskiy and K. B. Povarova. New Developments in the Investiga- tion of Tungsten A11oys 178 M. I. Karpov and Ch. V. Kopetskiy. Features of the Structure of Ro113ng- Deformed and Annealed Molybdenum 190 A. I. Baturin and V. B. Gusarev. Development of Processes of Electro- contact Treatment in the Production of Semimanufactures of Heat- Resistant Alloys 198 I. A. Kononov and V. T. Musiyenko. Process Features and Equipment for Obtaining Powders by the Method of Centrifugal Spraying of a Rotating Workpiece 205 Ye. P. Daneliya, I. P. Pazyuk, V. M. Rozenberg, and Yu. F. Shevakin. Relaxation of Stresses and Creep of Copper Hardened bq ii~persed Oxides 212 17 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400050017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ' M. Z. Yermanok, Yu. P. Sobolev, G. M. Kuleshov, S. A. Katukov, and V. I. Feygin. Pressure Shaping Granulated Heat-Resistant Alloys 218 Yu. M. Sigalov, A. I. Kolpashnikov, V. N. Chernyshev, and V. S. Rakovskiy. Investigation of the Possiblity of Rolling Sheet and Foil of Nickel and Titanium Alloy Powders and Granules 227 Ya. V. Ulanovskiy and G. I. Dubnik. The Problem of Forming the Structure of Foil Obtained by Vacuum Deposition 234 B. A. Kolachev, V. S. Lyasotskaya, R. G. Koknayev, and L. S. Krasno- yartseva. Preliminary Heat Treatment of Titanium Alloys 240 G. A. Bochvar, Ye. I. Oginskaya, and N. V. Yanovskaya. Influence of the Conditions of Phase Recrystallization on the Fatigue Strength of the Alloy VT5 248 I. S. Pol'kin. Features of Fracture of High-Strength Titanium Alloys 253 FOREWORIl This volume extensively discusses the scientific and technical innovations in metallurgy of lightweight and heat-resistant alloys developed by Academician - Aleksandr Fedorovich Be1ov, who is celebrating his 75th birthday in 1S81, and by his pupils and disciples. The first section of this volume deals with general problems of treatment and working of lightweight and heat-resistant alloys. Prominent Soviet scientists metallurgists, physical metallurg3sts, machine builders, and experts in the field of powder metallurgy outline, on the basis of analysis of the present level of - science and technology in high-grade metallurgy, the general paths of further development of advanced processes of working and treatment of inetals and the development of equipment for processing lightweight and heat-resistant alloys with utilization of high pressures and temperatures. Also presented are the results of physical metallurgical invest3gations and studies 3n the area of theory of pressure shaping metals, which are of interest in studying the processes of working all alloys. The second section of this volume deals with aluminum and magnesium alloys. It contains articles which encompass a broad range of questions, including improvement in production technology and product quality at aluminum industry enterprises, development prospects of the processes of blank casting, cold rolling, continuous processes of heat treatment and application of protective and decorative coatings - on semimanufactures of aluminum alloys. Articles examine the results of investiga- tions of change in structure and properties in relation to the chemical composition of alloys and the conditions of various treatment processes; data are presented on the nature of fracture of alloys. Materials are included which deal with obtain- ing aluminum alloys by the high-speed crystallization method and this method's development prospects; various aspects of the quality of magnesium alloys are examined. Information is presented on the prospects of utilization of aluminum alloys in the nation's economy. 18 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450017-4 FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY The third section of this volume deals with investigations of titanium and heat- - resistant alloys based on nickel and other nonferrous metals, as well as refractory metals. Of greatest interest are data pertaining to new methods of obtaini'ng ad- vanced metallic materials by the high-speed crystallizat~ion and hot isostatic pressure forging methods. Articles examine the complex physicochemical processes which take place during production and treatment of individual granules, during sintering of granules under the effect of high pressures and temperatures, and heat treatment of forming one-piece items. There is extensive discussion of investiga- tion of various methods of obtaining and processing semimanufactures of titanium alloys, industrial processes of working and treating titanium, and the behavior of titanium parts in certain structures. This section contains materials pertaining to the physical metallurgy of molybdenum and tungsten. On the whole the volume contains a good deal of new information in the area of processes of working and treating lightweight and heat-resistant alloys and points out the paths of future development ot high-grade metallurgy. This volume will help further strengthen links between research scientists and industry and will promote effective utilization of scientific advances. ~ COpYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1981 I 3024 CSO: 1842/149 ~ i _I 19 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400050017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY MEG'~iANICAL PROPERTIES UDC: 620.1.05:620.17 STRENGTH, PLASTICITY OF MATERIALS IN RADIATION FLIJXES Kiev PROCHNOST' I PLASTICHNOST' MATERIALOV V RADIATSIONNYKHc POTOKAKH in Russian 1979 (signed to press 12 Dec 79) pp 3-4, 283-284 [Foreword and table of contents from book "Strength and Plasti~fty of Materials in Radiation Fluxes", by Georgiy Stepanovich Pisarenko and Vladimir ~1i~COlayevich Kiselevskiy, Izdatel'stvo "Naukova diunlca", 1400 copies, 284 pag~es] (Text] Table of Contents Page - Foreword 3 - Chapter One. Methods of Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical Proper- ties of Irradiated Materials 5 l. Principal Requirements on Irradiation Methods 6 2. Principles of Mechanical Load3ng During In-Reactor Investigations 8 3. Improved-Accuracy Hydraulic Method of Stati~c Loading 23 4. Electromechanical Method of Cyclic Loading 32 5. Measuring Deformations During In-Reactor Tests 44 6. Heating Irradiated Specimen~ and Features of Measuring Their Temperature 63 Chapter 7.tao. "Neytron" Test Equipment for Investigating the Mechanical Progerties of Structural Materials 76 1. Neytron-1 and Neytron-3 Equipment for Studying Creep Limit and Creep Resistance 78 2. Neytron-2 and Neytron-4 Equipment forStress-Strain Testing of Materials In a Plane Stressed State 94 3. Metrological Characteristics of Neytron Equipment for Investigating Creep and Creep Limit 103 4. Neytron-5 Equipment for Investigating Fatigue of Materials Under Small- Cycle Loading 111 5. Neytron~6 Device and Neytron-7 Equipment for Stress-Strain Testing of Materials in a Mnlten-Metal Medium and Dissociating Gas 125 Chapter Three. Resistance to Plastic Deformation and Failure of Irradiated Heat-Resisting Steels and Alloys 130 20 FOR OFF'ICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000404050017-4 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY l. Change in Strength Characteristics of Stainlesa Steels 130 2. Effect of Reactor Irradiation on Strength of Nickel Alloys 139 3. Change in Plastic Properties of Steels and Alloys. Effect of High-Tem- perature Radiation Embrittlement 146 4. Increasing Tendency of Steels Toward Brittle Failure 158 - 5. Creep Limit of Irradiated Steels and Alloys 170 6. Change in Creep Resistance of Irradiated Steels and Alloys 180 Chapter Four. Change i.n Mechanical Properties of Zirconium Alloys As a Result of Reactor Irradiation 190 1. Characteristics of Strength, Plasticity and Resistance to Brittle Fail::xe of Irradiated Zirconium Alloys 190 2. Creep Resistance of Zirconium Alloys During In-Reactor Tests 201 Chapter Five. Phenomenological Model of Deformation and Failure of Ir- - radiated Steels 216 1. Experimental Investigation of Hypotheses of Creep and Limiting State 216 2. Equation of the State of Steel Dur3.ng Creep 229 3. Experimental Verification of Creep Equations 239 4. Criterion of Creep Limit of Heat-Resisting Steel 251 S. Dependence of Creep Limit of Stainless Steel on Intensity and Energy Spectrum of Irradiation 255 Bibliography 266 FOREWORD The development of nuclear power engineering makes it necessary to elaborate the scientific principles of strength calculations of structural components of the - cores of nuclear reactors, and particularly the fuel elements, which determine the overall reliability and economy of reactors. Utilization of the reserve capability of materials able to resist loads under the complex conditions of thertaal and radiation effects is possible only with availability of scientifically substan- tiated standards for calculating the components of the appropriate structures. Modern technology of designing fuel elements calls for comprehensive ~.nvest~.gation of the physicomechanical properties of fuel compositions and shell materials, as well as testing both of individual fuel element components and assemblies (for example, shells, ceramic plugs, rods, pellets, etc), and of structures as a whole ~ in the form of fuel elements and their assemblages [131]. In the period 1955-1975 radiation materials science took shape as an independent . science, which has had appreciable success in solving theoretical and applied problems of physics of radiation damage, and development of new materials possessing the requisite aggregate of physicomechanical properties. The obtained results enable one to resolve problems of application of individual types of materials under specified operating conditions. 21 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407102/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY In the development of given structures, the stressed-deformed state and the maximum load-carrying capacity of the3.r components at the given stage of development of strength phys3cs should be calculated from the position of inechanics of a continuous medium, which is at an early stage of development for bodies sustaining radiation damage in the process of deformation. Equations of the state of materials constructed on the basis of continuum mechanics, applicable to the applied aspects of inechanics of materials, are formulated by synthesizing the results of tests under conditions maximally approximating actual operating conditions. Investigation directly in radiation fluxes for the purpose of obtaining initial information on the behavior of irradiated materials under various conditions of thermomechanical effect involve substantial methodological difficulties, which impede the acquisition of corresponding equations of state. In connection with this, there exists a certain indefiniteness in establishing the dimensions and shapes of fuel elements, an uncertainty which does not guarantee optimal initial models, which are subjected to subsequent fairly complex elabora- tion. The lack of scientifically substantiated strength standards requires adoption of large safety factors ~n calculations, which as a rule leads to a decrease in the neutron-physical characteristics of reactors, greater cost and, as a consequence, decreased technical-economic indices of nuclear equipment and power generating units as a whole. Therefore investigations of the properties of irradiated materials from the standpoint of inechanics of a continuous mediwn are conducted for the purpose of determining not only strength and plasticity characteristics but also the patterns of change in resistance to deformation and failure in relation to conditions of ir- - radiation, r.ype of stressed state, nature of application of load, temperature and other factors. Conduct of research as formulated above requires execution of special programs differing from the conventional programs of radiation of materials science. In this study an attempt is made to resolve fundamental problems of inethodology of in-reactor investigations of the mechanical properties of structural materials and synthesis of data on the infl.uence of radioactive irradiation on the various characteristics of their resistance to deformation and failure, with the aim of establishing a number, 1csp~ within reasonable limits, of independent variables in the equations of state of materials under conditinns of irradiation. A phenomenological model of creep of irradiated steels is presented, as well as a criterion of their maximum load-carrying capacity in a complex stressed state. The methodological elaborations and research results presented in this monograph were obtained by the staff of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sc~ences Inst~tute of Problems of Strength, under the supervis~.on of and with the partic3pation of the authors. In particular, the data examined in Section 3 of Chapter One and Section 1 of Chapter Two were obtained ~rith the active participation of D. V. Polevoy and - 0. N. Yudin; Section 3 of Chapter Qne and Section 2 of Chapter ~tao V. K. Lukashev - and G. P. Khristov; Section 4 of Chapter One and Section 4 of Chapter Two Yu. D. Skripnik; Section 5 of Chapter ~ao S. S. Tishchenko; Section 2 of Chapter Five B. D. Kosov and 0. N. Yudin. The authors would like to express their profound gratitude to these contributors. COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Naukova dutnka", 1979 3024 CSO: 1842/129 22 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 FOR OFFI('IA1. USF (1~NLY REFRACTORY MATERIALS uDC 669.017 669.015 f 539�4 PRECIPITATICN HARDF~TIldG OF HIGH-MELTING METAIS Moscow DISPERSICNNOYE UPFt.OCHNF~TIYE TUGC~LAVKIKIi NaETALLOV in Russian 1980 (signed. to press 26 Sep 80) pp 2-5, 303 [Annotation, introd.uction and table of contents from book "Precipitation Hardening of High-Melting Metals", by Vsevolod Konstantinovich Grigorovich and Yelena Plaumovna Sheftel', edited-by Professor 0. A. Bannykh, doctor of technical sciences, .T.zdP.tel'stvo "Nauka", 1400 copies, 304 pages] [Text] Annotation - An analysis of the crystalline structure and the physical and strength properties of transition metals that axe the basis of most refractory alloya was ma.de. This analysis was ma,de from the standpoint of the electronic structure and chemical bond theory. The electronic-crystalline structure and the thermodynamic chaxacteristics _ of high-melting compounds and their selection as precipitation-haxdening phases axe considered. The physico-chemical principles of developing refractorq alloys by combining a solid solution and precipitation hardening, as well as vaxious methods for obtaining such refractory ma.terials axe described,. - Patterns axe consi3ered of th~ precipitation hardening of niobium, vana.dium, tanta- lum, chromium, molybd.enum, tungsten and their alloys with high-melting carbides, nitrides and oxides of the transition metals of the fourth group. This book is intended for a broad group of inetal scientists, metallurgists, metal- physics scientis~;,s and production people who develop and use refractory materials in new axea.s of technoloy~;. It may be useful to students, graduate students and in- structors in corresponding fields. The book ha,s 44 tables and 123 illustrations. The bibliography contains 563 titles. 23 FOR OFFICIAL USE OI~II.Y APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 FOR ~F N ICIAL USE ONLY Introduction The developmer~t of nucleax pcwer engineering~ aviation and space tachnology, radio- electronics, power a.nd chemical machine-building, metallurgy and other sectors of industry demand thE development of new refractory and heat-resiatant na.terials that axe more effici~nt ihan the steel and nickel alloys used widely at the present time. The most important, still unused, reserve of high-temperature structural materials axe high-melting UI'sK [Body-centered cubic] metals of the V- VI groups. F~chaustive monographs by Soviet scientists are devoted to the metal science of vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten~ chromium and their alloys [1Jr et al~. The physico-chemical principles of developing refractory alloys in connection with the phase (equilibrium) diagram, based on the teachings of academician N. S. Kurnakov were developed in correlating paper~ E5-8]. Ths structure and properties of high-~r.elting metals and their alloys were considered in detail in monographs [9-12]. The theory and practice of the precipitation hardening of iron, nickel and cobalt were also described systemically [13-15~. However, the precipitation harden- ing of high-melting metals, which is the most important ~thod for raising the heat- resistance of their alloys is still not adequately covered� The investigations of precipitation haxdening of inetals xith carbides, nitr:ldes, oxides and borides of the transition metals, published in periodicals, were analyzed in detail from the standpoint of inetal science [11]; however~ a systemiza~ion and further corre- - lation of available data in the aspect of the electronic s~tructure and physio-chemical alloy analysis are need.ed. This monograph attempts to fil:l this blank. The stability of the crystalline structure, the thermodyna:mic and mechanical strength and heat resistance of high-melting metals axe determined ultimately by inter- atomic bonds. The forma,tion of strong~ short metallic bonds between the closest atoms in tightly packed rows is considered a result of the overlapping of orbits of the outer collectivized electrons. In this case~ the electroai distribution in the actual lattice space tha.t preserves the criteria of symmetry conforming to the atomic s-, p- and d- orbits or electronic clouds, corresponds to the s-,p- and d- zones. The excitati~n and fission of the basic p- fra.mework shells lead to the - formation of six covalent bonds localized on the framexork. and the l7~aK structure of the high-melting metals. Assuming the symmetry of the outer collectivized framework of localized electrons~ the following can be given a simple physical in- - terpretation~ the patterns of forming crystalline structures of inetals and their polymorphic transformations, the preferred system of sliding at plastic deforma,tion, the anisotropy of elastic modules, and many physical and mechanical properties of the metals. Such an analysis of the atructure and properties of high-melting UrsK metals made it possible to interpret the patterns of the forma.tion of the alloys of these metals in the aspect of the electronic structure. The crystalline atructure and properties of hardening phases and~ especially, of high-melting, high-mod.ulus caxbides, nitrides, oxides and borides of transition metals axe also due to the electronic structure of their atoms and the physical - nature of interatomic bonds. The extremely high strength of the lattice of these compounds the extremely high temperatures of inelting~ hea.t of formation, ex- tremely high haxdness and strength axe the direct result of the formation of - strong, short covalent metal-interstitial element bonds that originate due to the 24 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY overlapping framework shells of the ions. The metallic bonds between adjacent atoms, originating in the metal sublattics, add strength to the structure of such com- pounds. Caxbides, nitrides, oxides and borides of the IV group of inetals play an = especially important role in the precipitation hardening of the V-VI group of inetals. Precipitation-hardened metals may be ob~tained by powder and granulax metallurgy, by chemothermal treatment as well as by metallurgical methods used especially widely at present in making high-melting metal alloys. _ Of all the physico-chemical hardening principles for high-melting metals, the most important are so::;d solution hasdening of the metal base and increasing its strength by precipitated particles. The solid solution hardening of the CI~sK metals in the high temperature region is facilitated by alloying with higher-melting metals that increase the melting temperature and the electron concentration of the allay. The most efficient was the precipitation haxdening of high-melting metals by high strength caxbides, nitrides, oxides and l~ides of the IV-V group of inetals that have the highest thermodynami.c stability and strength. A rational basis for = developing heat-resistant alloys may be a triple system consisting of inetals of - the V and VI group - a metal of the IV group-interstitial element, where the V-VI ~ group metals axe the basic components, while the~high-melting compound MeIy3C is the haxdening phase that forms with it a quasi-binary eutectic system. The vaxiable solubility of the compound in the matrix makes it possible to achieve by therma.l treatment the precipitation haxdening of the deformed alloys, and with a higher con- - tent of the haxdening pha.se, up to the eutectic concentration to obtain high - strength casting alloys. Among the most high-melting metals, niobium is especially promising for developing heat-resistant alloys. It is distinguished by high plasticity, relatively low oxidiza,bility and other useful chaxacteristics. CYi the basis of new theoretical and experimental data, the possibility of efficient hardening of niobium and its = alloys by precipitating particles of caxbides, nitrides and zirconium and ha.fnium - oxides was discovered. The patterns of forming and decomposing supersatuxated solid solutions in two-phase niobium alloys is typical for the classical aging of alloys. - In this connection, it is very important to be able to regulate the structure and � properties of these alloys by thermal treatment. The combination of the optima,l amount of precipitation haxdening, pha,se and a rational mode of therraa,l treatment - makes it possible to increase considerably the heat-resistance properties of mod.ern niobium ali_oys. L~ the basis of the phase (equilibrium) diagrams, and in connection with the - physico-chemical theory of heat-resistance~ it was found to be possible to systema- tize rationally a great amount of data on the pxecipitation haxdening of vana.dium, tantalum~ chromium~ molybdenum and tungsten alloys by high-melting compounds of group IV metals~ as well as by niobium and tantalum compounds. Chapters 1 and 3 _ were written by V. K. Grigorovich and 2, 4~ 5-- by Ye. N. Sheftel'. The authors express their deep gratitud.e to professor ~0. A. Bannykh, doctor of _ tecl~nieal sciences, for his scientific editing of the book and very useful dis- cussion of its basic concepts; K. P. Gurov, doctor of physico-mathematical sciences; O. G. Kaxpinskiy~ candidate of physico-~mathematical sciences; A. I. Kozlenkov, 25 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400050017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY candidate of physico-mathematical sciences for their discussion of questions touched upon in the book on the physics of inetalsf as well as to V. M. ~linov and other staff inembers of the institute for their valuable comments. The authors are grate- _~1 to G. Sh. Usmanova and L. I. Tsyganova for their help in prepaxing the manuscri.pt. - BIBLIOGRAPHY l. Yefimov, Yu. V. ; Vaxon, V. V. ; Sa,vitskiy~ Ye. M. "Vaxiadium and its Alloys. " Moscow, Nauka, 1969~ 2~+ pages. 2. Prokosukin, D. A.; Vasil'yeva, Ye. V. "Niobium Alloys." Moscow, Nauka, 196~~ 331 pa,ges . 3. Morgunova~ N. N.; Klypin, B. A.; Boyaxshinov, V. A. et al. "Molybdenum Alloys." Moscow, Metallurgiya, 1975, 391 pages. 4. Sa.vitskiy, Ye. M.; Povarova, K. B.; Makaxov, P. V. "Metal Science of Tung- sten." Moscow, Metallurgiya, 19'j$, 223 pages. _ 5. Kornilov, I. I. "Physico-chemical Basis of Heat-Resistant Alloys." Moscow Izd.. AN SSSR, 1961, 516 pa,ges. 6. Grigorovich, V. K.."Heat-Resistance and Phase Diagrams." Moscow, Metallurgiya, - 1969, 324 pa,ges. 7. Zakhaxov, M. V.; Zakharov~ A. M. "Hea,t-Resistant Alloys." Moscow, Metallurgiya, 1972, 3~ I~ges. TABLE OF CINTIIdTS Pa.ge Introduction 3 Bibliography 5 Chapter 1. Structure and properties of high-melting metals and compounds 7 1. IIectronic structure, crystalline structure and physical proper- ties of transition metals 7 2. IIectronic structure, crystalline structure and physical proper- ties of high-melting compounds 80 3. Physico-chemical substantiation for selecting hardening phases 120 Bibliography ~24 26 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400050017-4 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY TABL~; OF CCNTFSiTS (continued) Page Chapter 2. Methods for obtaining dispersion haxdened alloys ~28 1. Powder method,s 129 2. Method.s ba,sed on the interaction between the solid metal and the gaseous medium ~3p 3. Metallurgical methods 133 Bibliography 136 Chapter 3. Physico-chemical principles of hardening high-melting metals 138 1. Deformation haxdening 13g 2. Solid-solution hardening 139 3. Precipitation hardening 1~7 4. Haxdening by directed. crystallization of eutectic alloys 170 Bibliography 173 Chapter 4~ Precipitation haxdening of alloys using niobium 175 1. Caxbide hardening ' 175 2. Nitride hard.ening 212 3. Lbcide haxdening 21y1 4~. Precipitation haxdening of niobium alloys with high-melting caxbides~ nitrides and oxides 2(7 Bibliography 270 Chapter 5. Precipitation hardening of alloys using vana.dium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum and tungsten 277 1. Vanadium alloys z77 2. Tantalum alloys 279 _ 3. Chromium alloys 281 4. Molybdenum alloys 285 5. Tungsten alloys 293 . Bibliography 299 CUPYRIGI~Fri Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1980 z291 c~o~ i~+z/i~ri - Exn - - 27 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050017-4