JPRS ID: 9975 JAPAN REPORT

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• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050025-5
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• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 144
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 25
• Content Type: REPORTS

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JPRS L/9975
10 September 1981
Ja an Re ort
p p
(FOUO 54/81)
_ ~~0$ FOREIGM BRO~DCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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NOTE
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aation was summarized or extracted.
Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterated are
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JPRS L/9975
10 September 1981
JAPAN RCPORT
(FOUO 54/81)
CONTENTS
ECONOMIC
Gr.owth in Postal Savings Portrayed in Graphic Form
(NIHON KOGYO SHIMBUN, various dates) 1
SCIFNCE AND TECHNOIAGY
Mechanical Sequencers Described
- (Motoji Watanabe; TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 9
Production of Peptides by Nucleic Acid Synthesis, Gene Engineering
(Yosiifuma Jigami, et al.; TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 2~
Ga.As Monolithic IC Lo~~-Noise Wide-Band Amplifier Covering From
� VHF to UHF Bands
(TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 31~
Trial Sales of Blue LED's To Begin
(TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 42 .
Research, Development Projects To Be Subsidized I,isted
(TECHN4~kAT, Jun 81) 1~5
Energy Conservation at Plastics Injection Molding Plants Noted
(TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 50
Zavaflame-S~stem of Coke Oven Describe:i
(TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 55
Continuous Storage System for Indoor Coal Stocking
(TEC1-INOCRAT, Jun 81) 57
I?irECt Coal Liquefaction Described
(TECHNOCRAT, Jur. 81) 5$
- a - [IIi - ASIA - 111 FO[TO]
~no n~cr~* r tCT~ nrri v
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- Plastics Solidification Technology for Treating Low-Zevel
= Ra,dioactive Waste From Nuclear Power Plants
= (TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 60
= High-Performance Reactor ~.iel for Controlling Output of Nucleax
- Power Plants
= (TECI~~TOCRAT, Jun 81) 61
Iron, Steel Production in FY 1980
(TECHNOCftAT, Jun 81) 62
Constant Pressure Grinding Device for Curved Surface
(TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 64
New Technology for Separating Particulates From Air Flow
(TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 66
New Positive Photoresist
(TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 68
New Media for Vertical Magnetic Re~~ording
(TECHNOCR,AT, Jun 81) 69
Wet 'I~pe Aluminum Etching Apparatus
(TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) ..........o 70
New Plastic Connector for Optical F`ibers
- (TECHNOCftAT, Jun 81) 72
F`ield Test of Mobile Telephone Service S~stem for Small,
Medium-Sized Cities
~ (TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 73
Introduction of OA Gains Momentum
(TEGHTJOCRAT, Jun 81) 75
- Multidisplay System (1~IDPS) Described
(TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 76
High-Performance Electron Microscope
(TECHNQCRAT, Jun 81) 78
Growing a Large-Sized Single Crystal of Molybdenum Lio~.de
(TECHNOCR.AT, Jun 81) 79
Practical Use of Asymmetric S~mthesis Catalyst
(TECHNOCftAT, Jun 81) 80
Development of New Active Carbon
(TECHNOCRAT, Jun 81) 81
New Method for Manufacturing Sintered Cerami.cs of Nitride
(TECHNOCftAT, Jun 81) 82
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Use of New Materials in Automobile Paxts Examined
(Shunsuke Takahashi; NIHON KOGYO SHIl~BUN, various dates)... 84
Japan, Germany Agree on I,inear Motorcar Making
(JAPAN ECONOI~IIC JOURNAL, 28 Jul 81) 90
Secrets To Success of Japan's Automobile Industry Sougth
(Hiroshi Nonaka; NIKKAN KOGYO SHIl~IBUN, various dates)...... 9~
Major Enterprises Strive To Develop New Product I,ines
(TOYO KEIZAI, 18 Jul 81) 98
Industrial Science and Technology Agency Plans Unified Coal
I,iquefaction Project
(NIKKAN KOGYO SHIl~'IBtTN, 21 Jul 81) 112
Japan Now To bnphasize Brown Coal Ziquefaction in Australia ~
(JAPAN ECON~'IIC JOURNAI~, 28 Jul 81) lll~
~ Steel Firms Moving To Expaxid Pipe Production Capacity
- (JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAI~, 28 Jul 81) 1i5
AutomakersBegin to Strengthen Marketing Networks in America
(JAPAN EC~N(~MIC JQURNAI~, 28 Jul 81) 116
Power of Japanese-British Jet EY~gine Is Likely To Be Enlarged
(JAPAN ECONONIIC JOURNAI~, 28 Jul 81) 117
Honda Will Make Car Dnploying 'Navigation' System Like Planes
(JAPAN ECONQMIC JOURNAI~, 28 Jul 81) 11~
Japan-Made Personal Computers Rush Into American Market
(JAPAN ECONONIIC JOURNAI~, 28 Jul 81) 119
,
Pipe Suction Is Eyed for Manganese Nodule Pickup
(JAPAN ECONONfIC JOURNAI,, 28 Jul 81) 120
Hitachi Group Develops Polarized Light Transmitting Optical
Fi.ber
(JAPAN ECON(7NLLC JOURNAI~, 29 Jul 81) 121
Seven-Yeax Projer,t To Develop Robot for Maldng Apparel
(JAPAN ECONONLIC JOURNAI~, 1~ Aug 81) 122
Oman Oil Pipeline Plan Will Be Backed
(JAPAN ECONOMIC ~OURNAI~, 1~ Aug 81) 123
Three More Themes Will Be Added to Biomass Study
(JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, 1.~ Aug 81) ~ 12~.
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Brief s
Amorphous Silicon ' 7.25
Methanol in Oil Burning Power Production 125
C~ Demonstration Test 126
C o i 1 f or Reactor Control Red Drive 126
Joint Study on Radioactive Wastes 126
' Reactor Decormnissioning Study Invitation 126
Designs for FBE F~iel Reprocessing 127
Energy-Saving Annealing ~rnace 127
Sales of Seawater Desalination Plants 127
Solar Seawater Plant in UAE 128
Stable Heavy Oil-Water ~nulsion 128
Qatar Seawater Desalination 128
High-Speed Dual F~el Engine ` 129
, Mechanical Feed Units 129
_ Machining Centers Increases 129
Automatic Profiling Welding 130
Profiling Machine Export 130
Prospects for Space Industry 130
Pipe-~rpe Coal Transport System 131
Gasohol Car Nears Practical Use Stage 131
Marine Color Ra.dar 131
F`rozen Sea Ship Test Tank 131
Ceramic Autombile ~gine 132
Automatic Ship Navigation S~rstem 132
High Speed Bipolar VLSI Logic 132
Mask Material for Semiconductors 133
Semiconductor Zaser Production 133
High Speed Shottky Type PR~NI 133
256K Bit CMOS Mask ROM 134
High Speed CMOS-RCfl~'I Production 134
Optical Fiber Submarine Power Cable 134
I,ong Life Batteries 134
Second Meteorological Satellite Launch 135
Optical ~ber Earth Wire 7-35
New Type Duct Bending Tool 7-35
Captain Second Term Test ~135
Data Communication Test 136
Computer for Scientific Calculations 136
Human Demand Computer 136
Supersized Computer 7-37
Japanese Language COM S~rstem 137
Optical F`iber Temperature Measuring 137
Sodium Liqi:i.d Level Guage 137
= Polyacetylene Possible Conductive Material 138
~ New Plastic Scintill ator 138
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ECONOMIC
GROWTH IN POSTAL SAVINGS PORTRAYED IN GRAPHIC FORM
Tokyo NIHON KOGYO SHIMBiTAI in Japanese 21-21~, 28 30 Apr, 1, 7s 8 May 81
[21 Apr 81 p 3]
[Text] 1. Expansion of Government Financing and Postal Savings
The battle between private financial institutions and the Ministry of Posts and Tele-
conanunications over pcstal savings continues to escalate. The private sector claims
that unlimited expansion of postal savings will wreck the national economy and miist
be stopped. The government replies that postal savings is actually on the side of
the people. It is necessary to wait for the deliberations of the Postal Savings
Discussion Group to settle the matter. However, Figure 1 shows the status of postal
savings and its influence on private financial institution based on data of the
Local Banks' Association of Japan.
Figure 1 shows the change in the relative weight of government financing in the
national economy. In the 10-year period beginning in 1970, the volume of funds
and of loans in all Japanese banks~has grown by 4.1 and 3.5 times respectively.
The growth of government financial institutions has been much greater. The expan-
sion of pastal savings has been especially dramatic: 8.2 times, double the growth
of banks. This rapid growth of postal savings has created the basic problem. The
private banks have been losing their funds to postal savings, which they criticize
severely as "a model of government oppression of the private sector."
Figure 1.
Key : ~ - .
1. Rate~ of gro~ath for 1975 and 1980 ~1~ 45~~~~~~1":50~o,~ks.`~.i~-!~?'~+~.~=~-=--
2 4 (6~:,~: _
; ~ ~.1.'__
Taking 1970 as the Standard ~ (llj
2. Funds collected b rivate f inancial I~
Y P .,~.~~~,y ; ~9~ ,
institutions ;^W i ~ ,
3. Fund volume of all Ja anese banks ~ � ~LL ~ ~ ~
P . ~ . ~
~r~~ ~3~ _ .
4. Fund volume of other private financial ~,I .;,`..~,JJ.~ , _ _ ~ _ ~ ~10)
institutions ~ I'~ ;~^_r~:~.l ~r,=~~ ..L, ~ "(g~ ' . . .
5. Nominal GNP (1975/1970) ~ l~; ; I ~5~,~, ' i t.-. ~ ~ -
6. Postal life insurance and pension funds , f, ` -
~ 7. Nominal GNP (1980/1970) ~I , ~ . , ~ .i ~ ~18~ (20~;.: -
I f~. ~ . , S 53 .
- 8. (1975 end of Sep/1970 end of Sep) ~ ~
;I ~ (13} t . ~
9. Postal savings ~ _ _ :
;!~~r9: ~ ,
10. (1980 end of Sep/1970 end of Sep) � j - ~
� J _r: ti,] ~ ; ' ' I
owin a e (12) V(14) =----~Tfi)--- ~171'_ . �_(19~ _ .
[Key continued on foll g p S~
~ 1 ~
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[Key for figure 1 on previous page]
11. Funds collected by government institutions
12. Fund supply of private financial institutions
13. Loans fro~ all Japanese banks
14. Loans from otY~er private financial institutions
15. (1975/1970)
16. Government investment and loan program
17. (1980/1970)
18. Loans from government f inancial institutions
19. (data taken from the Bank of 3apan's "Monthly Report on Economic Statistics"
and the Ministry of Finance's 1�Monthly Statistical Report on Government
Financing")
20. Fund supply of government institutions
[22 Apr 81 p 3]
[Text] 2. Share of Personal Savings Held by Bifferent Types of Financial Inst~tu-
tions
Figure 2 shows how much of personal savings goes into which financial institutions.
At the end of 1970, there was 8 trillion yen, or 19 percant of the total, in postal
savings. Aft~r that it grew rapidly until at the end of December 1980, there was
60 trillion yen, or 29.1 percent. In 1985, it is expected to reach 147 trillion
yen, or 39.1 percent. During this period, the share of both city and regional~banks
has continued to fall. In December 1980, the total for banks was 65 trillion yen,
or 32.2 percent, ~usL slightly over postal savings. This lead seems certain to be
reversed in 1 or 2 years. The banks have a strong sense of danger. (data from the
Local Banks' Association of Japan)
Figure 2. - - 6. Agriculture and fishery cooperatives
_ ~ ; ~ ;~~;~6~~~;~ ~ ~ 7. Miscellaneous
45 ~ ~ 8. end of 1970
o o~ b.1 0~ 9. 8 trillion yen
( ) ~ P (7~
~ ~i) ~3. 5.1~ e Y
~ 10. 7 tr~.llion en
9) 1~; 1 ;~7 11. 9 trillion yen
12. end of 1975
2 ~1~600 :,1~7~s 18. - 29 14.7 6.1 13. 24 trillion yen
~ ~ � .1 (1 ~}~i ~CiN ob ro % %v
, 14. 18 trillion yen
(13) ~(14~?(15) I:; 15. 20 trillion yen
i~i~
~~~'(~o~j 9a 63~'0 .0122 13.8 4~ 16. end of 1980
1 6~ 0~)~ (
3~~
9 q yg qo '
6 17 . 60 tri l lion yen
(17) ` 18r 19~,~`�, ~ ~ 18. 32 trillion yen
' 19. 33 trillion yen
n r
~ ~3y.1.~s 13 3.?~ ~ ~~8 ~o o~ 20. 1985 (estimate)
~.~1~,47~~~?:%~ c51~8 i I 21. 147 trillion yen
v
22. 51 trillion yen
1. Postal saving 23. 50 trillion yen
2. Regional banks
3. City banks
4. Mutual savings and loan banks
5. Credit association
2.
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[23 Apr 81 p 3]
[Text] 3. Share and Amount of Increase of Postal Savings
In Figure 3, the line graph on the left shows the changes in percentage of increas~
in personal savings accounted f~r bq postal savings. The bar graph on the right
shows the actual amount of annual increase in savings. Fastal savings captured
the top share of annual increase in 1975 and continued to Xise rapidly, while the
share of private financial institutions declined. In 1980, it took a decisive lea~
at 43.5 percPnt. In the actual amount of increase as well, it has held the leati
since 1976. In 1980 it raced ahead to 9.6 trillion yen, 4.3 ~trillir~n yen ahead of
all banks. The post office claims that this is due to widespread recognition among
the people of the role played by postal savings and its active ~ervice to savers.
However, it remains a fact that the plan for introduction of the ,~reen card systeai
has caused a shift of large amounts of money to postal savings. At any rate, it must
_ be said that this sudden capture of almost half of total savings is abnormal. (Data
- from the Local Banks' Association of Japan)
Figure 3. 1. Share of Annual Increase in Ind~~ridual
t developing cars, i*_ wo+~.ld he like the Grumman f iohters destroying the Zeros."
There arP, of course, those who respond te such a st~arement hy s2ying that "Japan's
resPrve of lrnow-hew is completely different then and now. No compari5on i:s'ju'sti-
fiable" (executive director Ji.ro Tanaka ef Nissan; m~aging djre~.tor Ki;oshi
96
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Matsumoto ef Tnyota). This is the general x?sponse. E~en ao, ro the news that GM
=.,*ill spend million d~llars *_o develop ~small cars hetwEPn 19f30 ar_d 1984, ma.*!y
Japanese wo�ld say Char "in a11 honesty, it is somewhat threat?ning" (same) -
In add?tion to the J-cars which were releas?d in May, GM hopes *o market even smal-
ler S-cars ir_ 19R3. It iG beginn ing to ~efine its targets clParly, and in that
*es=ect, GM's style is approaching that of Naomi Uemura. In terms ~f d?sign, ~m-
grot~ement, and ma!tufact~iring technologi?s, rhe Jap?nese c~rs ~an he sai_d t~ he at
the tog. It canno*, h~wever, be stated catego*icall~ that Japan's cupPri~rity witl
centinue if GM and othea- Western automobile man~~facturers were to ge*_ se: j,o~is ahout
~ pioneering new technologies.
In order to mairtain this sup?riority, Morita urges a"techn~loay t?-ansfe?-."
M~~.ging director Takeshi Nakatsuka o� Isuzu Motors amphasizes the "combini*�g of
ne~~ tecYuzelooies." The *_hink~r_g behi*?d this ?.s the p*od�ction ef cars that meet
the demands of the t~e ~+y introducing ne~r terhn~logies activ:-ly, applying *_hem an~?
combining them. Alm~st all top-level technologists in ?apan's autom~bile ir_dustr;
agree ~�~ith Morita and Nakatsuka. Their opinions tenr~ to be n?ga*_ive regardino te~h-
nolegical cievelopments that are based tot311y on new idezs (Yuichiro Miura tyge).
In the backgreuncl is the ~~iew th~t the a~�tomo~bile as a"marhine" ~emands "a^_ ex*_remel~
high degree of safet~" (man?ging dii~ctoT Shinji Seki of Mitsubishi M~tors): Danger
accompanies rhe adopti~n of a totally new contrieance and s~stems: So "it would be
much more effective and i_mportant to produce improved prod~acts by *_ran.sferrin.g
existir!g teclt~?ol~gies of the most advanced type, such as those of space engineering"
{Morita, Ono, znd Nalcatsukal. If so, it may he that the Japanese, ~*ho are said to
be s~perio* in applying technologi?s rather than in d?velopi~g the~, a?-e a people
most suite~ fo*_- develeping ar_d improvir_g anto~obile technolog~.
Accordi~g te Nakatsuka: "The goodness of a Japanese car is lilcp the go~dness of a
mak~!nouchi lu*_?ch ~as~orted ~ea*_s, fish, vege*_ables, and rice arranged in ? box] . It
is prett~ to ?ook at; it is dpliciotts and highly prac*_ical. It iG unjik? th?
Western l+~nch, wherP there is only ~ne entree. It has a lot o� good things in one
box. They.are the seftwares." So it seems th~t in many itemG--gower sree?-ing, power
windo~s, electronirs, Atc--the Japanese car is a conglemeration of many techno~.ogies,
and such a collection of technologies is eva1~_~ated highly b;~ the wo?-ld. The de~~elop-
ment gosture we hav? seen thus far constitut?s the b?si~ line the a�tomobile ind+!st*y
m~sst fol? ow ~?uring the 1980's.
But as *.ae have alse seen, Jap~n "{s n~t necessar.ily ahead of E+~roge and Am.erica"
(Or_o) in. snch hasic tech*�ol~giPs a~ high-speed pPrf~rmance. ~ All of the top world
*_echnologies which Japar. has de~~eloped to date "can be ~evelo~?ed by o*_hea-s" (tanaka).
It is neces~ar;~ to ~-ealiz? that the foot~g of the world's most ex~ellent cars is
'not at all Gtalile~
COPYRIGH?': Nikkan Kogy~ Shimbunsha 1981
9711
CSO: 4?OS/206
97
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s
_ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MAJOR ENTERPRISES STRTVE TO DEVELOP NEW PRODUCT LINES
_ Tokyo TOYO KEIZAI in Japanese No 4309, 18 Jul 81 pp 108-121
[Excerpts] Low growth has taken hold, as has the high cost of resources and energy.
A wall of economic friction is rising precipitously even in export products which
are based on the formula that high-production technology with quality control as
its axis equals low cost. In such a situation, the path of survival for Japanese
industry is simply high technology and original products. That is to say, it is
embodied in the strategic commodities of each enterprise. Choosing 15 [only 9 are
included in these excerpts] representative companies, I have tried here to explore
by means of what kind of goods and in what fields each of these Japanese enterprises
is now tr}ing to find a way out of these difficulties.
Communications Related Materials: Diversified Development from Polymeric Materials
of Machinery--Toray Industries Inc
Toray's basic posture is: "we will offer material to the electronics industry and
communications-related industry based on polymer chemistry and miniaturized process-
ing technology accumulated thus far in synthetic fibers and plastics." (Chairman
Masahiro Ito)
Toray has made furnishing communications-related materials the nucleus, and hecause
"one must know hardware in order to give after-sales service" (chairman Ito), it
has extended its business to the machinery field, such as the production of high-
speed printers and measuring instruments, and the sale of personal computers of
- America's Apple Company. It is nuw in the midst of building up the mood for sales,
putting up posters which read "Californian Apple" in the sLbway stations of the
_ Tokyo area.
' Toray`s electronics materials and communications-related materials and machinery
can be classified as: 1) polyester film (material for VTR tapes and audio tapes);
~ 2) electronics materials (polymer materials such as photosensitive resin and elec-
tron resists); and 3) machinery (printers, measuring instruments and personal com-
puters).
Of these, polyester film has already been nurtured into a large tree. It boasts an
estimated 80 percent share of VTR tapes and an estimated 60 percent share of audio
tapes. Toray's competitive power in quality and cost is iuternational in that its
products are used even by U.S. manufacturers, replacing DuPont. Even domestically,
Toray has a duopoly with Teijin, Ltd; film manufacturing technology and polymer
quality were the decisive factors.
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Toray has not publicized what its polyester film sales are, but in the film division
which includes polyester film (monthly production capacity of 2,200 tons) ar.3 poly-
gropylene (packing materials are the leader; monthly production capacity, 1,200 tons),
sales were 53.7 billion yen (FY-8~). Its target is to sell 100 billion yen zn the
film division 5 years from now, in 1985. To do so, Toray is now enlarging thP poly-
ester film facilities, which have a monthly capacity of 900 tons; the monthly produc-
tion capacity will be 3,100 tons by the end ef 1982.
Five years from now, polyester film is going to be Toray's largest division in terms
of profit as well as sales.
Compare3 to polyester film, electronics materials have just sprouted, only having
"sales of several billion yen" in 1980. (Koga) As for the scale of the operation,
the present goal is sales of 10 billion yer. in 1983. Ten years later, in 1993,
"a grandiose target has Seen set for sales of 100 billion yen in electronics mater-
ials and machinery, and an operating pro~it of 30 billion yen." (Ito)
While mass market goods similar to polyester film cannot be expected, there will be
an accumulation of small, high-technology goods. There is a staff of about 100
in production, R& D ansl sales, and there are various products, si3ch as transparent
conduction film, scratch-resistant film, polyamide film, heat-resistant insulating
varnish, photosensitive resin for use in integrated circuits (photoresists), elec-
tron resists, elastic connectors, IC film carrl.er tape, film for use in additive
plating and PTFE copper plating.
As for the target, materials used in integrated circuits are c~ntral. ~lectronic
chemicals which combine the electronics technology of electronics manufacturers with
Toray's polymer chemistry are in the direction being promoted.
Electron resists developed in cooperation with ultra LSI technology can be said to
be typical.
Electron resists are a polymer material capable of using an electron beam instead of
a light beam for integrated circuit pattern formation. Their development has been
highly rated as a step toward the realization of ultra LSI's.
Because electronics materials are a vanguard industry in which technological progress
is rapid, there is the nagging anguish of: 1) investment and technology become
antiquated quickly; 2) a blunder in the direction of development would be fatal; and
3) because it is a chemical manu�acturer, its ability to evaluate electronics pro-
ducts is weak.
In the machinery field, the scope of sales was 6 billion yen in 1980, and the target
for 1983 is 20 billion yen.
The American Apple Company's personal computer has not sold as originally planned,
~inc2 Japanese power, such as that of ;dippon Flectric Company Ltd, Hitachi Ltd, and
Snarp ~orporata.on, is strong and there has been a succession of. companies newly
joining the field, such as Fujitsu Ltd. Nevertheless, with Apple's plentiful soft-
ware as its weapon, Toray is eagerly expanding, setting up SO storas throughout the
country.
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As for printers, Toray is narrowing itself down to an ultra-high-speed laser beam
- Kanji [Chines~ character] prin~er, and at present is in the midst of developing a
much higher performanc~ printer based on technological cooperation with Fujitsu.
It is stated with confidence that it has a machinery shop at the Shiga site, and
"the toner which is the lynchpin is a ~~b for the chemists." (Ito) Until now
t~tal sales have been 90, so the effi~�iency of mass production has not yet appeared,
but that is hoped for in the future.
Electronic Chemicals: Rapid Growth of Resists and Pressure-Conduction Rubber--
Nippon Synthetic Rubber Company
Nippon Synthetic Rubber Company's electronic chemical projects are well under way.
There are great expectations since "in addition to growth, there is a high added
value and they are technology-intensive products which cannot be initated."
(President Shinnosuke Katsumoto)
The scale of electronic chemical sales is still 1 billion yen. With total sales
of 165.7 billion yen (March 1981), that is insignificant. However, in 6 to 7 years
from now, growth to a 10-billion-yen business is anticipated. Moreover, a contri-
bution to profits is anticipated since "the profit ratio is extraordinary."
(Katsumoto) � ~
The company's electronic chemical projects have made pressure-conduction rubber and
photoresists the two pillars.
Pressure-conduction rubber is this company's original development and has been sold
~ since February 1978. Eesides increasing the conductivity of the original conduction ~
rubber, it is a composite ~aterial of inetal par~ticles.and silicon rubber which
changes rapidly from an insulatfng state to a conducting state by the us~ of pressure
stimulation, such as touching with the fingers.
By employing the special characteristics of rubber elasticity and pressure-sensitive
conductivity, it is used for soft-touch switches and keyboards. Besides being
used in calculators as thin type touch switches, it has uses in all sorts r~f home
electrical appliances with built--in microcomputers, sound products, communications
instruments, measuring instruments, cameras, watches, automatic doors, office com-
puter keyboards, POS and diagram input units; the demand has recently extended to
word processo:s. ~
At present, Nippon Synthetic Rubber is the exclusive supplier of pressure-conduction
rubber in Japan. tt is said that as soon as it hit the market, inquiries rushed in
from mcre than 2,U00 customers. Because it is a totally new function material, not
only will the company sell the product, but it will have to plan and design in co-
oper~~ion with users. However, because the relative cost is high, there are re-
str:.ctions limiting the uses which could sufficiently absorb the cost.
~ In response to the increased demand for pressure-conduction rubber, facilities at
the Yokkaichi plant were enlarged this April (monthly production increased from
15,000 to 30,000 sheets, each sheet being 100 square centimeters).
On the other hand, microphotoresists began selling in February 1979. This is a
material necessary for making circuits, such as IC's and transistors. It is used
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in the process of making a circuit by applying a photoresist of about 1 micr-o~ ~o the
silicon wafer, printing by exposing ultraviolet rays through portrait film an~ ~inal-
ly etching (corrosive etching).
Research and development started in 1969. At that time, Japan's photores~.sts were
almost completely monopolized by Kodak product~ through Nagase and Company~ L~cd. But
since there were requests from domestic users, Tokyo Oyo Kagaku Kogyo Lt~d went into
domestic production in 1970. It successfully expanded its share after tha~, an3
Nippon Synthetic Rubber decided to join the field, given the background of demands
for a"guarant~eed stable supply" (Akira Sekimoto, director of Nippon Synthet~.c
Rubber Company Ltd and new projects d;.rector) from semiconductor manufactu~ers, the
users of photoresi~ts.
Nippon Synthetic Rubber is the world's only total manufacturer of photoresists from
the raw materials of isoprene-monomer. There are both positive and neg-ative photo-
resists. At present, Tokyo Oyo Kagaku Kogyo leads the field in the nega~tive type,
- the leader in Japan`s market, with a little less than a 90 percent shar~. However,
Nippon Synthetic Rubber has taken about a 10-percent share only 2 and .1/2 years
after beginning sales.
Furthermore, in answer to increased demand, there are plans to expa~d the photoresist
zacilities at the Yokkaichi plant, with an October completion date scheduled. The
future goal is to secure a 30-percent share of the domestic r~aY�ket. Looking at the
semiconductor industry's rapid growth, the growth of photoresis~s wfll also probably
be great.
Nippon Synthetic Rubber has just "become a resist manufacturer which has finally
come of age." (Sekim~to) Because they are for the semiconductor industry, which is
achieving rapid technological innovation, even for Nippon Synt'hetic Rubber, there
is the demand for techno~ogical development corresponding to the electron beam and
X-ray exposure.
"We are hoping that the electronic chemical field will not be limited to only con-
duction rubber and resiets. We are nurturing them into a large tree, and are hopi.ng
to expand electronic chemical materials as the new product group for the future."
such as marketing thin film insulation material for semicans~uctors (cyclic poly-
butadiene) this April. (Sekimoto)
Po~rer Conservation Electrolysis System: Aiming at 1~0-Billion-Yen Market with
30-Percent Electric~ty Conservation--Asahi Glass Company Ltd
As,shi Glass has started an electric power consexu~tion electrolytic soda process/
A7,EC system. At the end of June, the Chiba factory was in operation using this
system with a monthly production of 64 tons (6~,000 amperes). Even though it is
only 64 tons, this is just one part of the actual plant, and if the various parts
were linked together, it would be considexed a large-scale plant,.
It is not an ~~a~;gerzLion i:o sa}~ that the ALr:~ system is presetit.ty being observed
worldwide. ~Iany reasons ror chis can be iisced: 1} car~lparzu co the mercury method,
there is an electric power savings of m~re than 30 percent; 2) the quality of the
soda is the same as the mercury met'nn~i; 3) the soda concentration is~ heavy, 40 per-
cent; 4) it is nonpolluting; and conversion from the mercury method is easy and
lo~a cost.
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AZEC is an acronym for Asahi Zero Gap Cell, and as the name indicates, its specific
feature is that the spacing between electrodes is extremely narrow. Of course it
is not just that. The ion-exchange membrane whi~h is the heart of the cell has flu-
orocarbon resin as its base and has an ion exchange function by means of a carbon
acid radical group. The an~de is a generai oxide ruthenium derivation, but the
cathode is an Asahi Glass original. The electrolytic cell structure is also an
original structure, such as the automatic filter p,ress.
Because uf all this, th~ electric power used per ton of soda is kept down to 2,OOC
kWt in the AZEC system. This is a marked energy conservation compared to the more
than 3,100 kWt for the existing mercury me~hod and the more than 3,200 kWt for the
asbest~s diaphragm method (including steam energy for increased concentration).
At present, the SPE method (solid polymer electrolide) of G.E. and Italy's Dinola
has attracted worldwide attention, but even here, energy consumption is about 2,300
kWt. Moreover, SPE is still being developed, and Asahi Glass' AZEC has a great lead.
At present, when energy costs are skyrocketing, operating costs are more important
than equipment costs. However, it is said that AZEC's equipment cost "will not be
higher than the cost of the present ion-exchange film method." (Masao Nagamura,
- managing director) Moreover, a strong point is that a multipolar electrolysis for
users just getting established and a single pole electrolytic cell for those convert-
ing from the mercury method are being developed.
It is also a strong point that conversion in which existing equ~_pment, such as
rectifiers, can be appropriated, can be rather cheap.
It is said that at present, for a facxlity with an annual production of 100,000 tons,
the cost for a newly established facility would be less than 8 billion yen (equip-
ment cost for the existing ion-exchange film method) and the cost for conversion
would be about 4 billion yen.
The sodium hydroxide business has been pro~oting conversion from the mercur,y method
to nonmercury methods, such as the diaphragm method and ion-exchange film method)
since 1973 in order to avoid mercury pollution. Asahi Glass itself, investing 20
billion yen, had already converted to the diaphragm method, and it is ironic that
it cannot completely introduce its own AZEC system. However, "we will adopt it
completely in all facility expansions and overseas." (Nagamura) Likewise, in the
entire domestic business, out of an annual production capacity of 4.5 million tons,
- 1.65 million tons still have not been converted from the mercury method, and world-
wide there actually exist mercury method plants totalling 42 million tons.
Asahi Glass is aiming at the demand for conversion of these plants (domestically,
the schedule is to complete the secondary manufacturing method conversions by the
end of 1984) and will try to sell large numbers of AZEC. In particular, it plans
~ to launch an attack primarily on manufacturexs marketing soda (because private con-
sumption for use in paper manufacturing and the like is of low concentration),
making a high-concentrate soda their weapon.
- PPG and Olin in the United States, England's ICI, and West Germany's Ude have
successively decided to adopt AZEC, not to mention the fact that Kashima Denkai Ltd,
an affiliated company whose major stockholder is Asahi Glass and which has Japan's
largest capacity (monthly production, 23,533 tons), has already decided to convert
to the AZEC method. That is a good start.
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It is anticipated that S years from now conversion and expansion wi~l tota~ about
363 billion yen annually--270 billion yen in plants, 80 billion in film a.~d 7.3
billion in knowhow. Because these figures are premised on a growth in so~a demand
at an annual rate of about 5 percent, this seems ta be an exaggeratiun. But "'as
for Asahi Glass' business, we would like to get 100 billion yen." (.Nag~,mu�~a)
There is no doubt that ion-exchange film is an important technology lEor lcnw-
temperature, low-pressure processing, which is a problem for the che.~aical am~dustry,
and the dream for future development is great.
Machine Tools for Aircraft: No Rapid Growth But Modernization Is Great-�-Task~iba
Machine Company Ltd
A prof iler is a high-level, specialized machine tool which automatica.l3y cuts and
files aircraft parts in three dimensions. Unlike the pre-W~rld War TI ~r~aPeller
airplane era, in the present jet age the manufacturing process for aixglane parts
has changed fundamentally, and cuttitig has started to occupy a~ extreme].y ~.~nportant
position.
In the pre-war manufacturing metacds, the process of cuttin~k bendi.n.g and riveting
was the main pr~cess, but the demand for performance strEng~~, i~ ~e~.s k~as increased
markedly. The process of cutting the metal plates, bending tl~em and welding or
riveting is insufficient for jet airplanes; there has t~een ~ change to the manu-
- facturing method of making parts, such as the ribs, by sh,~v3~g or cutting the alumin-
tun and titanium alloy stock.
Likewise, the contradictory characteristics demanded are to ~se lighter and fewer
materials but to make it stronger. Because of thi,s, th.e outer shell uses rather
thick materials, and in order to lighten f.t, the unnece:ssa~y part is cut away, leav-
ing it full of pockmarks. In this sense, cutting is t~e :impo~rtant factor. In the
case of jet parts, 90 percent of the original stock is removed.
Because of this it is necessary for the machine tools to be ultra-high-speed-
revolution tools and to control many axes simultaneously. Toshiba's profiler con-
trols a maximum of 5 axes simultaneously. It has experience in controlling 9 axes
simultaneously in a large cutting machine for screw propellers. It is quite expert
in revolution speed and simultaneous multiaxes coutrol technology.
But because it had no cutting process knowhow, Toshiba signed an all-inclusive import
contract with Fxance's TMI (formerly Forest). TMI was originally an airplane parts
manufacturer, and since it dealt with the r~~anufacture of profilers, it had accumulated
abundant processing knowhow. Due to the nass production difference, machine tools
are more specialized in the United States. In contrast, they are relatively diverse
use machines in Europe. It can be said that since Japan is also a country which can
be p:it in the same category as Europe, it stands to reason that European-style know-
how w~~uld be introducecl.
dut Tosniba's profiler is a machine tool for cutting aluminum; one zor cutting
titanium zlloy has not yet been nianufactured.
In any case, it cannot be said that this machine is one which is linked to any
future rapid increase in demand. In Japan's case, it can be seen that the scale of
the aircraft market is a little less than 300 billion yc~z annually, and within that,
t;ie narket for aircraft parts machine tools is no more t~ian several billion yen.
lU3
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Because of the small size of the aircraft market and the instability of demand,
there are only 15 machine tools devoted to aircraft, and among those, only 5 are
profilers. It seems than many are using a combination of ordinary machine tools
and large-scale MC's for aircraft use.
The record of orders this company has received over the past several years shows a
total of seven--four for the United States, one for Australia, and two for domestic
use. All are b eing used for the manufacture of private aircraft parts, with the YX
airplane being central. Now, however, since the time is approaching where the
world's private airplanes "which are said to number about 6,000--will be replaced
with new, midsized aircraft, and because private aircraft manufacturers, primarily
American, have not made plant and equipment it.vestments for 10 y~ars, rhere are
strong indications that from here on, it will be time for full-scale plant and
equipment investments. In that sense, the profiler market has a chance to expand.
One large-scale machine tool costs 200 to 600 miilion yen, but looki_ng at the scale
of this compan;'s sales (83.9 billion yen ~n the previous period), sales of machine
tools cannot b e said to be lar.ge. Toshiba is newly joining this field in response
to goal number 2 of the foliowing three development goals of the company: 1)
develop highly the present machines; 2) develop highly the modern technology; and
3) develop a future technology. Likewise, in terms of integratir~g transportatian,
the profiler holds a position of high priority for management since it is a powerful
weapon in the sense that it is ~oining the growing aircraft market, which comes
- right after ships and automobiles.
Energy Conservation Ships: 40-Percent Fuel Cost Reduction with Coaiprehensive
System--Nippon Kokan KK
The energy conservation era is about to arrive for speciaiized carriers such as iron
ore carriers and the like. Following Nippon Kokan's announcement of its advance into
energy conservation ships in its 37th shipbuilding plan (construction to take place
in 1981), Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd also
spelled out their plans.
Zndeed, Kawasaki and Mitsubishi will make energy conservation ships using conven-
tional low-speed diesel engines. In contrast, Nippon Kokan will adopt medium-speed
engines whic:: are now technologically justifiable, and as a matter of fact its aim
is to have these engines become the main current of energy conservation ships.
This contrast is a good point.
There was a price increase in bunker oil after the first oil shock; this was the
hackground in which the idea of energy conservation ships appeared. Prior to 1973,
bunker oil was stable at $14.15 per ton, but by the end of last year, the price had
increased to an average of $220 or so. Now the price of bunker oil has dropped be-
low $200. However it is best to look for price increases instead of decrease~ over
the long term.
In any case, with such a great increase in the cost of bunker oil, 40-50 percent of
the marine transportation costs will be constuned by fuel costs.
Before the oil shock, the rationalization that transportation cost reduction depen-
ded on making large-scale ships was the decisive factor; but at present, fuel economy
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alone is the decisive factor in transportation cost reduction. The ba~ic idea of
energy conservation ships is that even though the price of a ship more or less rises,
a sufficient commercial profit can be realized if fuel consumption is lowered by
making the cabin smaller and decreasing th.e speed.
However, in an energy conservation ship, first of all an energy conservation effect
' cannot be fully expected unless the following are collectively adopted: 1) lowering
the engine fuel costs is, of course, a major premise; 2) improvement in the propul-
sion efficiency by using low-revolution, large-diameter propellers; 3) use of an
exhaust heat recovery system; and 4) decrease in the hull's resistance by means of
its shape and the paints used.
Nippon Kokan began researching how the next raw materials carrier should be built in
the fall of 1979, and the result was the development of an energy conservation ship
based on the id~as listed above. The 37th shipbuilding plan provides for building
a 140,000-ton combination iron ore and coal carrier and an 86,000-ton freighter.
In the 140,000-ton iron ore and coal carrier, a 15,000-horsepower medium-speed
engine is used; compared to a conventional ship, the engine's output is some 10
percent smaller. The fuel consumption rate drops to 132 grams per horsepower per
hour (existing carriers consume 156 grams); as a result, it is possible to achieve a
24-percent reduction in fuel consumption. The medium-speed engine operates at
400-700 rpm's; efficiency in the propulsion has been improved by decelerating the
rpm's with gears and dropping the numb er of propeller revolutions to 62 revolutions.
- A variable pitch propeller is used in order to be able to reverse the ship without
reversing the engine's revolutions, the propeller diameter has been enlarged to 9'
meters, compared with 6-7 meters for existing propellers.
At the same time the propulsion has b een made moi-e efficient, an exhaust gas econo-
miser generating system has been adopted whereby steam is generated by high-tempera-
ture exhaust fumes (350 degrees Centigrade) which were formerly expelled outside, and
the steam turns the generator. Diesel generators were expressly taken on board con-
ventional c:arriers in order to furnish all electric power and since these generators
will no longer be needed, the energy savings effect is great.
Besides this, Nipnon Kokan is using a system in which a motor is attached to the
propeller shaft and electricity is generated by means of the shaft revolution power,
and an exhaust heat use system which uses engine coolant that has been heated to 80-
~ 90 degrees Centigrade for heating the ship.
Ninpon Kokan is taking caref ully-t:hought-out energy conservation measures, such as
designing the hull in a highly ene�_gy-conserving efficiei.~ shape, and then painting
the hull's outer shell with a paint that offers little resistance and makes it diffi-
cult~for living organisms to attach themselves.
~1s result oF these various enErgy conservation measurPS, approximately a 40-percent
ruel recluction compared to existing ships is expected; t~ie energy ~onservation effect
.is exceedingiy large. Tiie ship's cost rises due to eniargiag r.ne propeller's diameter
and use of deceleration gears, btit when the energy conservation effect is this great,
~he merit of reducing operating costs will more than compensate for the increase in
the ship's cost.
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Various specialized carriera which were built prior to 1973 will become superannuat-
ed with the passage of time, and it will be time to build alternative ships. The
boom in energy conservation ships is yet to come.
0~1 Machines: Becoming Aggressive with Kan,~i Knowhow and Integrating Power--Toshiba
Corporation
Toshiba's annual turnover exceeds 1.5 trillion yen, while its strategic products ar.e
OA machines whose sales do not amount to 100 billion yen. Toshiba has several develop-
ment pillars, such as nuclear power, defense and ME, but among them, OA machines,
whose growth is greatesC, are the central point.
The office automation machine market has achieved rapid growth since attention has
been givPn to the administrative division's rationalization that it is sharply be-
hind with 200,000 yen when compared to a manufacturing field where per capita equip-
ment and facility investment amounts to 6 million yen. This thinking is heightening
the awareness that this is an important field which wi11 influence an enterprise's
competitive power in the future; and manufacturers of heavy electric machinery,
light electrical appliances, cominunications �quipment and office machines are joining
the field one after another. It is taking on the aepect of an overheated market.
Given such a situation, Toshiba plans to take OA machines and vigorously build them
up as a key division of its electronics strategy. That is because it is recognized
that "an alternative market to large-scale computers is pivotal, and OA machines
and distributed data processing machines will grow." The sale of large-scale general-
- purpose computers has already been transferred to Nichiden Toshiba Information Syss:em,
and importance has been shifted to an OA machine strategy with small- to medium-scale
computers as the nucleus.
Toshiba's OA machines are not only the industry's largest in sales but also the
machine composition as well balanced; likewise, a specific characteristic is that
Kanji processing is also possible. In data processing, Toshiba has completed a
lineup~,extending from simple function office computers to high-performance machines
which can connect up to 32 work stations. Moreover, putting importance on Kanji pro-
cessing, such as Kan~i display and Ran~i printing, has appealed to customers. Sales
for the 198I March quarter amounted to 4,400 machines and 21 billion yen.
On the other hand, ttiere has been a high growth rate for facsimiles, which are the
core of the new business communication system. At present, they have moved from the
G-II type to the high-powered G-III type; and since 1980, Toshiba has started export-
ing OEM to all of Western Europe. The previous period's sales were 12-13 billion
yen. The previous period's sales of photocopiers, the representative of OA business
machines, were 50 billion yen. And while the photocopier is 'T.oshiba's largest scale
OA machine, its growth rate is dropping.
Kanji processing knowhow, which has been accumulated over a 10-year period, is help-
ful in word processors, to which Toshiba is now giving the most emphasis. Toshiba's
word processor holds first place in the industry, although the amount is small--
1,040 machines and 4 billion yen in 1980. Its growth potential is extremely great.
The plan is to make 6,300 office computers in 1981 (43 percent increase) since it
will, with almost no export record, aggressively export machines in the $6,000-$7,000
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class to Europe and the United States tliis year. Toshiba figures on a 30-40 percent
increase in facsimiles. This has stror.g implications for photocopiers.
There has been a boom in Japanese wo~:d processors, witt~, sales of 2,1G0 (more than
double); one reason is that Toshiba rommitted itself to a low-cost product.
OA mac~iines continue their high growth, but Toshiba is aiming next at the personal
computer field (business personal computers), which it seems will gr~~w rapidly from
now on. Since January 1981, it has started selling the machines at more than 1.3
million yen each (actual sales were 500 in the March 1981 quarter), but it plans a
substantial increase in FY-81. This fall, it plans to vigorously cultivate the
personal computer field, such as starting to sell personal computers in the smaller
200,000-300,000 yen class through the home appliance route.
In personal computers, Toshiba is exerting itself in the development of software
through its affiliate company, Nihon Business Automation, and is earnestly wrestling
with opening up the latecomer personal computer market. Moreover, Toshiba is aiming
at an integrated system incorporating computerized information sy~tem files and the
like.
Even though the OA machine market has a high-level growth, competition has intensi-
fied, with a rush of new companies ~oining the field.
Toshiba is making full use of semiconductor technology, such as microcomputers and
LSI's, and is going to exhaustively pursue a product differentiatior~ by means of
improving the dependability and operation of its machines. There is no doubt that
Toshiba will look for the direction that makes the best use of its unique knowhow
in Kanji processing cultivated over a 10-year period.
Interferon: Tre~d Toward Genetic Recombination Strengthened--The Green Cross Cor-
poration-
The antiviral drug interferon (IFN), is called a"new miracle drug." A worldwide
intense development competition is unfolding over it. At present, the establishment
of a mass production technology and research and development to decide on which
diseases it is~ most effective are being announced simultaneously. The Green Cross
Corporation, leader in this field, will not necessarily be able to precede others
in its commPCCialization. The rapid development of genetic recombination, which is
said to be the most likely technology for mass production, has caused an even more
chaotic situation.
IFN is a glycoprotein which impedes the propagation of a virus which has invaded
the organism. It is'said that IFN is broadly effective on such viral infectious
diseases as influenza, poliomyelitis, hepatitis and leukeraia. It is reported that,
like a hormone, it also has the function of fine tuning the orgamism when used in
very small quantities and of controlling the division of normal cells and tumorous
ce7.is. At this time, three kinds--(*,~ and~'=-have been discovered, based on dif-
ferences in antigens and molecular weight.
Green Cross promptly started wrestling with IFN commercialization in the late 1960's
and early 1970's. Green Cross turned its attention to the practical applications of
white corpuscles (leukocytes), which had been neglected and raw materials, which is
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a strong field for Green Cross. As a result, it has moved ahead in the development
~ of IFN-by the extraction of white corpuscles and the floating cell cultivation of
lymphoblastoid cells which cancerize the white corpuscles.
As a matter of fact, this May it boldly applied to manufacture IFN--derived from
white corpuscles--limiting manufacture to that indicated for viral corneitis and
conjunctivitis. It was the first time in the free world that a license was requested
to manufacture IFN as a pharmaceutical.
However, there is a raw material bottleneck in white corpuscles and lymphocytes, and
there is difficulty in mass production. A remarkable effect was indicated against
corneitis and con~unctivitis with several million units per patient, but it is said
that with type-B hepatitis, 100-200 million units are necessary; and 200-300 million
units are needed for cancer. The difficulty of guaranteeing mass production has
reduced the extent of clinical applications.
Moreover, a research report appeared recently stating that the 'Y'ty.pe i:s superior in
its anticancer nature. A succession of prominent enterprises have announced an
intention to develop IFN using genetic recombination, which is a superior method for
mass production.
Based on these changes in circumstances, Green Cross started to greatly modify its ~
- track at the end of last year. It has shifted importance to the genetic recombin-
ation method, and as one stiep, it set about building a system capable of offering
all three lcinds of IFN clinically, incorporating purchases from outside.
In ge~.~tic recombination, Green Cross entrusted research on yeast fungus variations
which create IFN- 7 to America's CRI (Corroborative Research Incorporated), a company '
specializing in biotechnology. It is a little late, but receipt of I~'N-1~ i.s expected ~
in Aug;ist. At the same time, it is in the midst of advancing research with its own
technology. ~
Moreover, in August it entered into a contract with Bristol-Myers, a major U.S. ,
pharmaceutical company, for mutual exchange~of manufacture3 fungus. Both are at the
stage of having acquired a firm footing in mass production; Green Cross will provide
'Y-type produced bacteria and Bristol-Myers will offer OC-type and ~-type produced
bacteria. "It will take at least 6 months to decide the cantents of the contract" ;
(Chairman Ryoichi Naito), but if all goes according to schedule, next spring it will ~
be able to develop them all with the genetic recombination method. ,
Until then its posture is to fill the void with overseas purchases. The system has '
supplied 6.5 billion units monthly since June-- G~-type is Green Cross' own (2 billion
units monthly from leukocytes and 2.5 billion from lymphocytes), 1 billion units ,
monthly of ~-type are purchased from CRI and 1 billio~ units of 'Y-type are purchased
from the U.S. Key Pharmaceutical Company. Many of the other companies which are
fiercely competing in this development have put their energies into anticancer
development from the beginning.~ In contrast, Green Cross' program is going from
corneitis and con~unctivitis to herpes, hepatitis, influenza and then cancer. How-
ever, it is possible to broadly expand the treatment sub3ects because the extent to
which supplies can be guaranteed has increased.
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Indeed, thp reason Green Cross' wrestling with IFN has become even more intense is
because its dominance as the leader has started to become doubtful. This leading
industry of more than 40 companies ~ust in the major countries (thE:re are 6-7 in
Japan) is unfolding a development competition in disorder, and "ou~r big dream is no
longer possible." (President Hachiro Ishigaki) There are many unsettled aspects
concerning the effect of IFN and production technology. This is ~i rapidly advancing,
ultramodern field, and at least 10 years will be required for evaluation.
Optical Fibers: Rapid Domestic and Foreign Development with Establishment of a
Coherent System--Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd
At the end of March, Sumitomo Electric Industries formally decided on and adopted
the "Optopia" symbol, and spelled out completely the decision to actively expand into
the optical fiber field as the strategic division for the future.
"Optopia" is a comgound word for optical fibers and utopia, meaning the ideal society
through optical fibers and optoelectronics. President Masao Kamei is the godparent
of optopia. As the top manufacturer of optical fibers, Sumitomo is changing the
enterprise's image as far as its strategy is concerned. It has already expressed
at home and abroad its posture of ta.ckling optical fibers.
In this way, given the background of strategically nurturing and strengthening the
optical fiber field, it cannot hold any great expectations for demands for electric
wire, its main strength. On the other hand, it is forecast that the scale of the
optical fiber market will expand rapidly in the future.
According to the forecast of the Nippon Densen Kogyo-Kai (Japan Association of
Electric Wire Industries), electric wire shipments in 1985 will be 1.12 million tons
(copper wire only), a 23-percent increase compared to 1980; and only 205,000 tons, a
10-percent increase over the 5 years, is forecast for the high-value-added electric
power and communications cable.
_ In contrast, the optical fiber field has extremely broad applications, ranging from
broadcastfng and television, railroads and new transportation, and road traffic to
aviation, disaster prevention, medical treatment, home appliances, OA machines,
plants such as nuclear power, steel and petrochemicals, natural resources and marine
development, in addition to private-line communication and electric power transmis-
sion. The scale of the market is expected to be more than 100 billion yen from the
- mid-1980's in Japan alone, and 500 billion yen worldwide.
On account of this, Sumitomo turned its attention to the field early on, and under-
took research and development of optical fibers 10 years ago. In 1972 it developed
on optical fiber resin coating technology; in 1979 it gave America's Corning Company
license to implement production technology and manufacturing and marketing rights; in
1974 it developed the basic manufacturing process, the VAD method; in 1979 it succeed-
ed in leading the world in Che technological development of this VAD method in co-
oparation with Nippor, Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation. Furthermore, in
1pri1 of tnis year, it cleveloped h~gh-quality optical fibers, dez~c~oping an indium
p~~.ospliorus-derived LED (I~~ht-emltting dio3e) as the 'i�rr-e~*:;::ting element and
germanium-derived APD (apyrase photo diode or avalanche photo diode) as the light-
receiving element. It is the first in Japan to be successful in the practical
application of an optical communication system with long wavelengths.
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Among these, the VAD method has received particular attention. In the past, the
leading method was the MCVD (molecular chemical vapor disposition) method develope3
by America's Bell Laboratories and ITT, but by resolving the problem of mass pro-
- duction, which is a weakness of the MCVL method, the VAD method is highly rated as
the technology which will replace the MCVD method from now on.
Sumitomo's strength is that in addition to the VAll method, it has the entire field
of optical communication systems, ranging from optical fibers and optical fiber
cables, light-emitting and light-receiving elements to optical branches (optical
drops) and distributors, optical connectors and optical switches. It is superior
in its engineering technology; and it has made its fiber communication system con-
sistent and has esta.blished a comprehensive system fbr receiving orders.
Because of all this, Sumitomo first of all delivered 350 kilometers of optical fibers
to the Ministry of International Trade and Industry'~ Higashi Ikoma Life Picture
- Information System, which received attention as the first pro3ect to use optical
fibers in Japan in 1978. Then it almost monopolized the data highway for major
steel companies; and it is steadily achieving resulta even overseas--America's
Disneyland in 1978, in Brazil in 1979 and Argentina in 1980 (7,800 kilometers).
Sales connected to optical fibers were approximately 3 billion yen in 1980. This
is still less than 1 percent of total sales, but at the ~nd of this year, Nippon
Telephone and Telegraph Public Corporation will start relay transmission by optical
fiber cable in the 12 territories of the country; and in the United States there is
a corridor plan connecting Boston, New York, Washington, Philadelphia by optical
fibers, as well as a West Coast project; furthermore, a Pacif.ic Ocean undersea cable
is also planned. Because of all this, it has been forecast that sales this fiscal
year will be 5-6 billion yen~ 10 biYlion in 1982 and that it will accelerate even
more after 1983.
Jet Engines: Orders Double; ~hallege to "Japan-UK Cooperative Development--
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Company Ltd
The prime contract competition for the Defense Agency's second-generation, medium-
class trainer (MTX) is naw in the final stage. Fu~i Heavy Industries Ltd, Kawasaki
Heavy Industries Ltd, and Mitsubishi fleavq Industries Ltd are fighting furiously
for the decision on prime contractor for the fuselage to be made this fall. But
the decision on the ~et engine for the MTX was made ahead of the fuselage decision.
In contrast to competition for the fuselage decision--over which there has. been a
collision of domestic companies--America's Garrett, the "TFE 1041" of Swecien's V~'-~o
and the "Lalzak" of France's Schneclana ~oined the fight for the MTX engine with an
"unreasonably low-priced deal" (according to those involved). The competition was
entangled in a three-cornered international fight which the "XF-3" of Ishikawajima-
Harima (the Defense Agency's technology headquarters entrusted the development to
Ishikawajima-Harima) fought to 'repulse; and it seems that the Defense Agency's
_ comprehensive evaluation somehow decided in favor of Ishikawajima-Harima's "XF-3."
So this will be a big business totalling 500 engines and 75 billion yen.
"I don't think we were chosen because we are a Japanese manufacturer. We were econ-
omical in total cost, including parts. The "XF-3" is superior in terms of fuel
cost and light weight. If that weren't so, we could not have survived in the fierce
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international jet engine competition." (Kenichiro Imai, managing director of
Ishikawajima-Harima)
Ishikawajima-Harima spent 10 years bringing the "XF-3" to a successful conclusion.
Moreover, during the first 6 years, it put its own money into this engine, a totally
unknown quantity. The "XF-3" follows the "J-3," which was first completed in 1959,
and is the second ~et engine Japan has independently developed since the war. This
victory in a rivalry with leading European and American manufacturers is a milepost
indicating that Ishikawajima-Harima's jet engine has reached the international level.
"Indeed, the t~:ree top executives, Tsuchimitsu, Taguchi and Shindo were superb. ~�1e
were not told even once to quit because there was no profit," said director Imai.
The substantial history of Ishikawa~ima-Harima's jet engine started in 1959, when
President Tsuchimitsu made the ~udgment to independently take on the J-3 engine
developed by Japan Jet Engine (comprised of Ishikawa~ima-Harima, Mitsubishi, Fuji
and Kawasaki). Making this purposeful decision while the other companies were seized
with the fear that the jet engine would be exorbitantly expensive was counted as
one of "Tsuchimitsu's three ma~or reckless acts" for a long time.
Literally 20 years of unswerving loyalty. Ishikawajima-Harima makes its living by
_ the licensed manufacture of ~et engines for the Defense Agency's fighter aircraft.
On the other hand, by endlessly ace~ulating development results, such as the VTOL
(vertical takeoff and landing ~et), list engine, and the Agency of Industrial Science
and Technology project's FJR engine, Ishikawajima-Harima's accumulation of jet engine
technology has steadily increased, and at present, its share of Japan's jet engine
industry is about 60 percent. Kawasaki and Mitsubishi are far inferior, dividing
the remaining share. ~
In 1978 it acquired the prime contract for the licensed manu�acture of the F-100
engine for the leading second-generation ~et fighter, the F-15; the T-56 jet engine
_ for the subspotting plane, PC-3; and the numbers of planes ordered in 1980 topped
the 100-billion-yen mark for the first time. Moreover, this is not just a one-time
- fluke. "Orders received fram now on will increase sharply. Even if they double in
comparison with the past 5 years, I don't think the figures are inconceivable."
(Imai) In the Kure factory, the ~et engine parts production line has been newly
set up and the number of jet engine personnel has swelled to 3,600.
Ishikawajima-Harima is now wrestling with all its strength with the RJ-500 jet engine
project, a Japan-UK joint development. UK's Rolls Royce and Japan bear a 50-50
responsibility for the development, and Ishikawajina-Harima is in charge of 60 per-
cent of Japan's share. This is the first time for Ishikawajima-Harima, of course,
ar.d Japan *_o develop a private aircraft jet engine. Total development costs will b e
?40 billion ven.
In the beginning the RJ-500 started as a 20,000-pound-thrust engine for a 130-
_ ~assenger aircraft, but has it now has shifted to a 25,000-pound-thrust engine for
I50-passen;er air~rafr., for wttich the larges~ market is anticipated. But in this
^~3ss, thsY~ *aill be a head-on collision witi the world's two i�_* engine giants,
~ratt and ~rlhitney and G.E. Because developi~,ent costs are enormous, if not handled
oroperly, it could be fatal. It may be said that whether Ishikawajima-Harima will
remain in the position of "Japan's top manufacturer" or play an active role as an
international ~et engine manufacturer ranking with the two giants depends on this
,ir,gle bat*_1P.
CU:'~RIGHT: Shukan Toyo Keizai 1981
y~+u~ - lIl . - -
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY PLANS UNIFIED COAL LIQUEF:ICTION PROJECT
~ Tokyo NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN in Japanese 21 Jul 81 p 3
[Unsigned article on government plans to pursue joint coal liquefaction project
with Australia and to unify three domestic projects at the pilot plant stage.]
[Text] To further the work on coal liquefaction, the Sunshine Pro3ect head-
quarters in the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology has begun considering
the idea of combining research on the three existing liquefaction pro~ects,
beginning with the construction stage of a pilot plant which is t~ start processing
_ 250 tons of coal per day in fiscal 1984. Because of the failure of SRC-II, a joint
_ pro~ect of Japan, the U.S. and West Germany which was the largest of the coal
liquefaction pro~ects financed by the government, the agency has wanted to
establish new coal liquefaction technology to replace it. It has thus decided
- to go ahead with the Japanese-Australian lignite liquefaction pro~ect and at th~
same time to construct an independent pilot liquefaction plant which would bring
together the three methods of the process development units now under construction,
and so make use of technology accumulated on each method. In this way the agency
hopes to bring about a commercial plant which excels at low-cost liquefaction.
Discontinuation of the SRC-II pro~ect has caused a considerable setback for
Japan's coal liquefaction plans. Sunshine Project headquarters shares the view
that coal liquefaction is a task which must be dealt with as one energp alter-
native to oil, and so it has agreed that the work of the Japan Lignite Lique-
faction Co., which is planning a pro3ect to liquefy Australian Victorial lignite,
should go ahead as scheduled. That is, beginning this fall a large (50 ton per
~ day) pilot plant will be built and put into operation in Australia. Then a 5,000
ton plant is to be built beginning in the spring of 1983, and a 30,000 ton
commercial plant is to be built at the end of the 1980s and the beg{nning of the
1980s.
The three pro~ects on which experimentation has begun in Japan are the solvent
procesaing method, the direct hydrogenation method and an improved solvolysis
method.
Solvent processing liquefaction is being handled by 21 companies of the Swnitomo
group, including Susnitomo Meta1 Industries, Swnitomo Coal Mining and Sumitomo
Sho~i Kaisha; they have begun experimentation at a one ton per day plant which has
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been completed at the Hasaki Center of Sumitomo Metal Industries' central
laboratories.
A 2.4 tor~ per day direct hydrogenation plant is being built (with a January 1982
target for completion) jointly by Nippon Kokan and Mitsui Shipbuilding and
Engineering at Nippon Kokan's Ogishima steel mill. Asahai Chemical Industry Co
is also participating in development of the catalyst.
A 0.1 ton improved solvolysis plant has been completed by Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries and Mitsubishi Chemical Industries at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries'
Hiroshima laboratories. If tests are successful, the one ton standard solvolysis
plant located at Mitsubishi's Nagasaki shipyards will be converted to the improved
method to increase the scale of experimentation.
Research on these three pro~ects has been interim bench-scale and pilot-scale
experimentation; operational research will be carried out for two years beginning
in fiscal 1982, following completion of the plants. The policy under the original
schedule was that pilot plants would continue research on the three projects, but
because construction funds of froffi 100 to 200 billion yen are required for a
facility to process 250 tons, i~ has been decided to reduce research costs by
unifying the three projects a~ the pilot plant stage and use the technology of
each to achieve a superior coal liquefaction plant.
The Agency of Industrial Science and Technology has decided that, ~'the technologies
of all three proj ects are coming closer, and there is merit to the course of
combining them." Following unification the agency would like to make further.
improvements in the technology, then build a demonstration plant of 3,000 to
5,000 tons per day and then a co~ercial plant of 30,000 tons, thus bringing about
commercial coal liquefaction through independent Japanese technology.
COPY~IGHT: Nikkan Kogyo Shimbunsha 1981
- 9601
- 8129/1647
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SCIENCE AND TECHI~TTOLOGY
y
JAPAN NOW TO E1~HASIZE BROWN CQAL LIQUEFACTION IN AUSTRALIA
Tokyo JAPAN ECON~IIC JOURNAL in Eaglish Vol 19 No 965, 28 Jul 81 p 5
/Text/ Atter the Soivent Refined also jud~;ed to be easy to ship
Coal II projecl was abandoned product fuel from. It has an es-
- by .lapan, lhe U.S. and Wesl timaled 3U billion tons ot brown
Gcrmany, the Ministry o[ coal.
International 1'rade & Ind~try 'fhe Sunshi~~e headquarters
has decided to chiefly prumote wil! try to oblain `t 40 billion to
the hrown coal liquefaction be- promote tl~e JaE~anese-
tween Japan and Auslralia. Australian brown coal develop-
M1T1 considers conslruclion ment in fiscal 1y81-1983.
of a pl~nt with daily coal input Specific planning includes
of S,WO tons, following the com- moving up the 50-tun-a-day
pletion in 198:i for a SU-ton daily pilol planl's completion by
plant. Tlie large demonstration sever~l months cfrom tlic
j,;anl project is aimed at gain- uriginal target of July, l~ti3)
ing scalin~-up knuw-how - the and researcl~ in Japan for
kind of know-tww M1TI hoped scaling up lhe reactor size. The
Japanese cornpanies can get by tentative target data fur the de-
parlicipating in the lripartite monstratiun plant is 198G.
S[tC-li projecl. The alternative energy situa-
MI'!'l's "Sun~hine" project tion is marked by adverse
includes fuur coal lique[aclion factors, such as oversupplies of
developmenl plans. one is being crude oil and ~ SRGII liquida-
developed by J~pan and tion. But MITI s brown cual
Australi:i'~ Victoria State, decision is based on the belief
N111'I's Sunshine ofticials that a crude oil price hike is in-
jUCI~;~+d, howevcr, that it could evitable in medium- and long-
nut prumute ~ill four projecls term. Japan has every reation
Cur cost rcasuns. Sludies led lu Lo develop coal liquefaction
- l~~chnology because of its heavy
cunsideratic~n thvt the Atas- dependence on imported
tralian bruwn coal lique[action energy, MITi judgcd.
deserves a top priority for MI'fI was opposed to SRC-II
several redsons. � ahandonment until the latit
Bruwn cual is easy to crack. moment. Japanese participa-
1'he c~l's cummercial value is tion, il tlwught, wus a"must"
low because oi spontaneous tu gain scaling up know-huw
ignilion - a point that MITI from tl~e s,u00-ton-a-day pro-
judE;ed will prevent its price jc~ct.
hike in futurc. Victoria was
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
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SCIENCE~AND TECHNOLOGY
STEEL FIRMS MOVING TO EXPAND PIPE PRODUCTION CAPACITY
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Uol 19 No 965, 28 Jul 81 p 5
,~Text%
7'he four tnajor steelmakers pr,oduce scamlcss steel pipe
have begun to slep up their :i3.41o 401i.4 mm in diameler.
seamless pipe produe:tion capa- Nippon Kokan will start
cities as they expect the building a seamless ~ipe mill at
world's seamless steel pipe its Keit~in works this fall al a
supply wi11 ~ontinue tightening total cosl o[ ~ 90 billiun. U~m-
in next few years. pletiun of this mill will two5t
They are Nippon Strel Curp., the company's seamless pipe
Nip~,on Kc~kan K.K., Swnitumu pruduction ra~~~icily tu 1.7
Mcla! lndustries, Lld. and milliun tons a ycar.
Kawasaki Steel Corp. Sumitomu Metal also plans to
lheir comb~ned sea?nless slarl building a Go0,0(N)-ton
pipe pruduction capacities ~~re yearly capacity seamless pipe
expecled to increase a little mill at ils Ka~nau works i~i
n~ore than 60 per ctnt by 19ts3. September. This mill will cust
Nippon Sleel h:~s hegun build- al~aut ~f a7 billiun. Its annual
i~ig a small diameter seumless seamless pi~ capacily is
pipc miU of the Mandrell ex~rtcd lo increusc lu '~.1
rolling systc~n at ils Yawata milli~?n lons in 1983.
works. 7'his 4Ul;,lNlU-ton ye~rly Kawas~ki Steel is ex{?arnlin~;
capacily mill will come on ils Chila works' scamlesti pipc
slrcam carly in 1983. ~ capucily fruu? lhc presrnt
('umpletiua of lhis ~f 8U billion SUa,U(?U lons a yc~ar t~~ 828pW
mill will enablc~ Nippon Steel to tons by next 1~9~irch.
. COPYRIGHT: 1981,the Nihon Keizai Shimbua, Inc.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY I
AUTOMAKERS BEGIN TO STRENGTI~N MARKETING NETWORKS IN AMERICA
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19 No 965, 28 Jul 81 p 6
/Text/
~iajor J apanese automakers as a step to increase
are shoH'ing cising zeal in pco[it margins for Number of Japanese Car Oealers
maintaining sales networks in dealers b~' boosting the and J~p~nese Car Ezports to U.S.
the t~nited States. They are try- added value of their P~~en er cu
ing to meel the indu~trywide ~�ehicles, are trying to axports to U.S. ~~8
mo~~es to ~~oluntaril~� curb ex- get more orders in , ~ 4
ports to 1.680,000 units this options such as lucra-
fiscal year. ti~~e air conditioners. No. of Ja anese ~.o
V~'hile trying to do H�ithout ex- po~+�er steering and 5.00o r p
pansion of sales outlets, the audio equipment. ~ car dealers miliion
vehules
industr}� is read~~ lo put more The number of U.S. a,o0o ~
muscle into marketing activities dealerships handling
and give moce benefits to their Japanese vehicles has 3.000
American dealerships. been steadily increas-
Japanese automakers, now� ing these several ~ ts~5 ts~s tsn is~a ts~s ~sso ~set
unable to deliver an unlimited years, reflecting the
number ot vehicles to their U.S. ~
dealers, fear that the latter
ma~~ find it unattracti~�e to hao- ~umber oiJapanese Automakers' Dealers in U.S.
dle Japan-built cars because of ~q~b ,9� ~q7g 1979 ~veo ive~
a possible supply shortage. Automeker
Rernedial measures now ToYOtaMOtorCO 975 ~.o~. ,.oso i.av ~,oss ~,oes
being worked out by Japanese NisssnMOtorCo . 948 v~s r,uai i,osi i.oa9 ~,oec
HOntla Motor CO 558 631 681 70B 740 )69
automakers ~0 prevent f.~le1C ToyoKOgyoCo 630 520 597 701 759 76~
Fuji Heavy Intlusiries. L1d . 113 661 732 713 738 150
American agents from leaving eu~~t
them are: 11 to increase the ~suzu Motors. Litl . - - - - - 180
ratio of high grade, expensive No~e: F~qures }or Miisubishi Motors Corp. and Isuxu in the 1976�1980 period are
ears to total ~~ehiele exports; 2) omitied because the tlealers for iheir cars are affiliated with iheir
to boost sales of piekup trueks reSpective American capital tie�u0 Partners, Chrysler Corp. antl General
which are outside the export Motors Corp.
restriction; and 3) to expand g~owing popularity of Japan- These dealerships ceased to
bounties for dealers. built subcompact cars. increase with the emergence of
- On top of these steps, the the car trade friction between
automakers are employing a In early 1981, it climbed to r,}~e two countries. With the
unique trade practice, u~r 4,600 from the 3,800 in 1976. decisive moves of the Japanese
familiar to American business- Notably. Toyota Motor Co. and Government and industry to
men, of sponsoring sightseeing Nissan Motor. Co. have some voluntarily curb exports in and
tours for dealers and/or im~it- 1,100 shops, respectively, and ~'ter April, such a tendency
ing them to banquets. Honda biotor Co, has some 760 has become even more con-
Also, Japanese automakers, shops. spicuous.
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
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SCIENCE AND TEC~INOLOGY
POWER OF JAPANESE-BRITISH JET ENGINE IS LIKELY TO BE ENLARGED
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19 No 965, 2$ Jul 81 p 6
LText%
Three Japanese compames engine capacit~� enlargement
and Kolls-Ro~~ce Ltd. of Britain as proposed among the quartet
are likel~� to increase [he in ;,nticipatian of ~eater inter-
capacit~� of the jet engines national demand for such
beiiig de~~eloped in their joint larger-capacity air engines.
project. The current program But, according to the sources,
is based on the trio's enlarging the engine capacity
agreement at the end of 1979. poses some tough problems,
According to sources close to such as swelling the original
the Japanese firms - cost estimate of ~ 140 billion, to
Ishikaw�ajima-Harima Hea~~y possibl~~ more than ~ 200
Industries Co. ~IHIi, Kaw~asaki billion; the ine~itable need for
Hea~~� Industries. Ltd., and increasing the Japanese
~Iitsubishi Heavy Industries, Government's promised sut}
Ltd., the capacity of the sid~� covering 50 per cent of the
proposed RJ500 series engines, Japanese share of the
last agreed on as 9.5-ton thrust development cost and dif-
t~�pes fit for 130-seat civilian ficulties in obtaining such an
transports. c~~ld be expanded increase under the present
to stronger 11.3-ton thrust types administrative reform drive of
tor 150-seaters. Japanese Prime Minister
Such a re~~ision seems to Zenko Suzuki; and fierce
ha~~e been discussed between rivalry in developing such
the Japanese companies and ]arger engines being put up by
Rolls�Ro~�ce when Taiji other Western engine makers
- Ubukata, IHI president including the Pratt & Whitney.
representing the trio, ~�isited Aircraft division of United
Britain late in July. Technologies Corp. .
A follo~~-up meeting held But the matter is delicate for
during the same mont;~ at. the Suzuki Administration
~3ristol ot lhe board of directors because Suzuki had promised
ol Rolls-Royce and Japanese to step up such Japanese-Brit-
aero Engines Ltd. of London, a ish industrial cooperation
joint Japanese-British R,1500 during his last European tour
engine de~�eloping enterprise, last June.
ma~� ha~~e decided on such
COPYRIGHT: 1981, the Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc.
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SGIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ,
~
HONDA WILL MAKE CAR EMPLOYING 'NAVIGATION' SYSTEM LIKE PLANES
Tokyo JAPAN ECONOMIC JOURNAL in English Vol 19 No 965, 28 Jul 81 p 7
/Text/
Ilou~la 114o1~~r ('o. �~ill start new cars ln bc markele.d in
m.u�k~rlinK in S~plcmbcr new Sepl~mber arc als~~ t~~ auto-
tyFx� nf p;i~~~~nk~~r c;u�s u~in~ 1G- malically adjusl thcir bcxly bal-
l~il mic�ropr~~r~~s`or. ance accurding lo the number
~ tinc�h micrupr~ic~~ssors hithcr- oi passrngcrs and conlrol lhcir
to appli~~d tu p.~sticn~cr cars headlights.
havr bc~c�n limil~~d to R bits. Based on an applied version
'l'I?c~~ hav~� h~c~n chicfly for autcr of the aircraft [light inerlial
~ mat ic conUol uf engine fuel in- guidance system, the new sys-
jections and olher enRine con- ~~m constantly checks and
tr~~ls. finds out changes in the car's
1'he lG-bil microprocessor running inectial force, and
_ will not only take care oF this thereby delermines the car's
but even regulate the manncr present posilion on a given
of tiie rar's navigatiop to en- course o[ trip. Through a com-
sure tl~e righl way a~ well as plex matherr?~tical vector an-
the s~~fety of car ~novements. ,~~y~tiis c~f the car's movements,
Early in .luly, Toyota Molor tt~~ sytitem sl~ows on a small
Co. ann~?unced development oF ~~~ti~~,~y sc~reen Uie Icx:us llrace
a similar Navigalic~n Computcr ~~C m~>lion) ,is workcd out I~y
system, l;ut this was an indica- such analysis. By