JPRS ID: 10018 USSR REPORT ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

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APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00854R400404050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY JPRS L/ 10018 28 September 1981 USSR Re ort _ p ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - cFOUO 10/81) ~ FBIS FOREIGN BROADCAST INFORI~JIATION SERVICE FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/Q2/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 . NOTE JPRS publications contain information primarily from foreign newspapers, periodicals and books, but also from news agency _ transmissions and broadcasts. Materials from foreign-language sources 3re translated; those from English-language sources - are transcribed or reprinted, with the original phrasing and other characteri~tics retained. Headlines, editorial reports, and material enclosed in hrackets are supplied by JPRS. Processing indicators such as [Text] or [ExcerptJ in the first line of each item, or following the , last line of a brief, indicate how the original informatian was processed. Where no processing indicator is given, the infor- . mation was summarized or extracted. Unfamiliar names rendered phonetically or transliterate~i are enclosed in parentheses. Words or names preeeded by a ques- tion mark and enclosed in parentheses were Yiot clear in the original but have been supplied as appropriate in context. Other unattributed parenthetical notes within the body of an item originate with the source. Times within items are as given by source. The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- cies, views or attitudes of the U.S. Government. . . COPYRIGHT LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING OWNERSHIP OF MATERIALS REPRODUCED HEREIN REQUIRE THAT DISSEMINATION OF THIS PUBLICATION BE RESTRICTED FOR OFFICIAL USE Oi~iLY. , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY JPRS L/10018 28 September 1981 U~~R REPORT ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - (F'OUO 10/81) ~ CONTENTS CERTAIN ASPECTS OF GOMPUTER HARD AND SOFT WARE: CONTROL, AUTOMATION, '~ELEMECHANICS, TELEMETERING, MACHINE DESIGNING AND PLANNING Electronic Circuit Analysis Algorithms Taking Into Account the Finite Word Length of Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i Results of Investigation of a Number of Electronic Circuit ~ Analysis Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 COMM[JNICATIONS, COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT, RECEIVERS AND TRANSMITTERS, NEZ~IORKS, RADIO PHYSICS, DATA TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING, INFORMATION THEORY Functional Polynomials in Problems of Statistical Radio Engineering . 20 Dynamics of Complex Measuring Elements of Relay Protection Devices. . 22 Microprocessor Implementation of Digital Signal Processing 24 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Automated Design System for Digital Signal Processing Equipment 40 OPTOELECTRONICS, QUASI-OPTICAL DEVICES Production of Optical Electronic Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING COLLECTIONS OF ABSTRACTS Abstracts From Collection 'Digital Signal Processing and Its APPlication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Control Systems and Operational Communication/Signalling Facilities . 56 Design of Discrete Automation Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5S - a- [III - USSR - 21E 5&T FOUOJ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Fundam~ntals of Cotmnunication Structure Design. . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Tntroduction to Contactless Electromechanical Systems of S tepped-Up Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Long-Distance Radio Communication Transmitting Devices. 66 Measurements in Transient Shorting Mo3es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7~ Noise Factor � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 72 Operating Parameters and Distinctive Features of Application of Field-Effect Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 ?hoton-Coupled Pairs and T~heir Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Pulsed Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Semimetals and Narrow-Zone Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Truss-Type Radio Masts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Use of Metal-Semiconductor Contact in Electronics . . , . . . . . . . $7 Welding and Soldering Processes in Production o� Semiconductor - Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 -b- FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICiAL USE ONLY CERTAIN t~~PECTS OF COMPUTER HARD ADTD SOFT WARE : CONTROL, AUTOMATION, TEL~"MECHANICS, TELEMETERING, MACHINE DESIGNING AND PLANNING UDC 683..3.06 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS ALGORZTE~IS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE k'INITE WORD LE:IGTH OF COMPUTERS Kiev IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY: RADIOELEKTRONIKA in Russian. Vol 24, No 6, Jun 81 (manuscript received ]2 Aug 79, after revision 19 Jun 80) pp 102-104 [Article by :V.G. Levshin] [Text] Below are presented methods of :educing errors in the numerical analysis of electronic circuits caused by a cansiderable difference in the parameters of their components. For the sake of definiteness a system of linear equations is considered which is tormed according to the nodal potential method: YU = J, _ ~ (i) where Y is the matrix of nodal'conduct~ncss, U is the vector of nodal po- tentials and J is the vector of discrepancie~ in nodal currents. System (1) is solved by the LU expansion method [1]. But the majority of results are valid also for other methods of forming and solving systems of equations describing an elec- tronic circuit. The step of the formation o� the system of equations is important for solving system (1). To demonstrate, let an element with high conductance, g, be included between nodes r and m(for definiteness r< m). Let us write the elements of :,iatris Y connected to nodes r and m in the following manne~: yrr - yrr 1 g' urm - yrm 1 ymr - ymr - g' ymm - ymm ~ Bl ' r where Yrr' yr ' ymr and y~ represent the respective sums of conductances without g. ~:tpressions `.or ~.he k-th step of t~ie~LU expansion, when k= r, can be written in the fallc>wi.ng manner: ur~ = yr~ r; whereb}r a ~ -k-t 'k-~ ~ rr ~ r g~ u~~ = yrm ' B~ ~~r = yi~ ~ur~~ t ~ ~ ~3~ ymm - ~~mm ~ g~ ~N Z - g)~~9f~ ~ E~ ~~J~m ~ - R~. ~4 ~ 1 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 ~ FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY If the word length is finite, t~ien already in the formation of matrix Y errors - will originate, since during addition in (2) the equalization of the orders of the addends takes place and the low-order bits ~f the lower of the addends are dropped. With sufficiently high g, the value of y computed according to equation (4) will prove to equal zero. The error which o~riginates will begin to be felt i~.: performing the subsequent steps ot the LU expansion. Calculations with double precision make it possible to avoid these difficulties, " but then calculation time and the memory required are increased. Let us consider other methods of organizin g computations which make it possible to reduce the in- f luence of rounding errors. , Let us go from original system (1) to the system of eq_uations: Y'U = J' , where Y' _{yi i, j~ 1, N} is the modified matri:c of nodal conductances and J={'. ; i= 1, N} is the modified vector of discrepancies in nodal cur- rents?1 Each k-th row of matrix Y' equals the sum of the first k rows of matrix Y, and each k-th element of vector J' equals the sum of the first k elements of vector J. Here and below N represents the total number of nodes, but with- out taking into account the reference node. Let the next element, information on which will be entered in Y' and J' , be connected between nodes r and m(r < m) and let it be described by conduc- tance matrix G={g , i, j= r, m} . The current through the leads equals ~ respectiveZy jr an~~ jm . Then gi is entered in Y' in the following manner: To terms yi' and yim , un~h i= r, m-- 1, are added respectively . grr and g~ and w3~h i= m, N are added mgl = g + g~ and g2 = The current of e~.emer.ts j and j is ad~ed respectively to j igrri =g~r~, . . . , N and ~ k , k = m, . . . , N . . When one of the nodes for connection of the component is the reference node, the same algorithm is employed but the number of the node (N + 1) is specified for- mally. If the element is a passive two-terminal network, then ~or it gl = 0 and g2 = 0 and these sums do noC distort the respective yi' and yim . For active elements the organization suggested f or forming matr~x Y~ also has an advantage in cases when gl and g2 are close to zero. In matrix Y' formed by means of the above-described method the symmetric ordering of numbers is also eliminated. In this case, even with fairly high gi , as when adding to y' , y' ti gi , and the like, the us~e of LU ~x~ansio~_~quations of type (4) is just~ified.~ TFi~ result of scaling yffi is Y~ + ymr and an error does nat originate. With a full matrix the method suggested does not require added memory costs, the number of multiplication operations does not change and the number of addition operations is increased but slightly (only during formation). 5ut matrix Y' , unlike Y, turns out to be heavily filled and aspmmetric not only in terms of values but also in terms of the points of distribution of non-zero elements. The method can be recommended for calculating small circuits, when working with a fu11 matrix, as well as for quasi-block matrixes when processing matrixes of subcir- cuits. _ 2 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY It is possible to reduce the errors discussed in the case when the sparseness of the nodal conductance matrix is take~ into account~ From equations (3) to (4) it is obvious that the scaling of y is much more critical with respect to _ rounding errors than the scaling of a~l remaining factors, especially in cases when there is a contribution from symmetric two-terminal networks c~rith high con- ductance. For the purpose of taking into account all cases it is suggested ~hat the algo- rithms for preparing th~ raw data and the LU expansion be revised and that the equation for scaling y~ be modified: _ uk _ -k-1 ~ ~k-t -1 uk-1 .L F ~g~ mrr; - ymm T� mk 7km mn+ ~ F~ g~ _~y m k y k k I~ Iy~ 1 T yR k ~~~~!~kk ~ T g~ (5) The meaning of the symbols and the starting premises ior obtaining equation (5) are the same as for (2) and (4). The following procedure is sugge~ted for pre- paring raw data for calculation: 1. An array of numbers of nodes for connecting symmetric two-terminal networks is formed� IrID(i, j) ; i= i, M; j= 1, 2; M is the number of two- ter~ainal networks. Furtrermore, IrID(i, 1) < I~ID(i, 2) and array NID is ordered in terms of the increase in i--the first number of the pair. Parallel branches are conve~:ted to an equivalent representation by a single brznch. 3. Array ND(i) , i= 1, N, is formed, in whose i-th cell is written the number of branches of symmetric two-terminal networks connecting the i-th node of the circuit with nodes whose numbers are greater than i. Steps 1 to 3 are performed once before calculation of the circuit. The required arrays of indicators of the position of non-zero elements are also formed prior to calculation. Conductance matrih Y is formed by the traditional method. The conductazicec al1 eie!aents with th~ exCeptioc~ of sym~etric two-terminal i~etkorks are entered in i~. A flowchart of the suggested LU espansion algorithn is presented in fig 1. S and KD are countz~s of the rows of matrix I~ and of the number of two-terminal networks connected to each k-th node, respectively. The remaining sycnbols are explained in *_he text. At each k-th step a check is madg of whether the k-th node is connected wtth oth_r uc~les oy mean~ of a two-terninal_ network. If it is not con::.~:cted, thsn a:: or~i;:3ry ~~e.F c~ tl.e LU e~_par~sio~~~ is p~r~orn~zd. ui.i.~r:aise the cor.tributi~n of eacti tac-Cerminal neCwurk is taken into account in the follow-- ing sequence: 1) deter:~ir.r.tion is made af tt~e value Gi - Lra c~nductance of the two-ter~inal networlc--snd cf r, m(r = k) , the ~2i: ~f nu:nbers o. connection nodes; 2~ jS ca'.c~~lat Z~~: n: ~1:1o t'~ �Q~-13L10II ~S~ i 3i ' ~~.1'.~ u~ are calculated according to equations (3) ; 4) the remair.ing eler~c~ ~ c!` :,~atrix U, 2Qk ~ FOR OFFIC[~,L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFIC!AL USE ONLY besides ~k and u are calculated according to e~uation (2) and the other elements o~-matrix ~ to be scaled, i.e., besides yffi , are scaled. _ Ki ~ KD=I , =Dfs! ND/KJ D~Q m} E MD(s~) ymm (8) u'~1 uKK.uRm ~iK uKj,~r~r,y~~ (1) R y~J s=s+~ KD=KD*1 ~ QQ ,rs N KD~ND(K1 ~ (lpOd aCv - Figure 1. Key: 1. Yes 2. Continue calculation Among the advantages of the organization of computations suggested here must be numbered a reduction in the number of rounding errors both in the formation of matrix Y and in the performance of transformations on it. Numbered among its disadvantages is the complication of the algorithm and the increase in the memory required as compared with the traditional organization of an LU expansion. Bibliography n 1. Berry. R.D. An Optimal Ordering o~ Electronic Circuit Equations �or a Sparse :~fatrix Solution," IEEE TRANS., 1971, CT-18, No 1, pp 40-50. COPYRIGHT: "Izvestiya vuzov SSSR - Radioelektronika", 1981. , 8831 - CSO: 1860/332 4 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFI~IAL USE ONLY UDC 681.3:62~..372.061 RESULTS OF INVESTIGATION OF A NUMBER OF ELECTRONIC CIRC~JIT ANALYSIS PRC)G~S Kiev IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYFQi ZAVEDENIY: RA~IOELEKT1t~OFiIKA in Russi~n Vol 24, No b, Jun 81 (manuscript received 8 Jan 81) pp 27-37 [Article by Yu.N. Barmakov, V.A. Bakhov, V.N. I1'in, N.Yu. Kamneva, V.L. Kogan, N.P. Levshin, G.P. Mozgovoy, V.G. Ssorin, A.P. Ti.mchenko, V.A. Trud~onoshin, V.N. Fedoruk, V.T. Fralkin and Ye.A. Chakhmakhsazyan] [TextJ A description is given of the results of studying a nu~ber nf electronic circuit ar~alysis programs for YeS [Unified Series] computers, incguding the re- sults cf calculating the characteristics of various test circuits and the expendi- ture of machine time in using each program. ~ At the p~ese.nt time an entire series of programs for analyzing electronic circuits has found estensive application and new programs oriented toward YeS computers are being developed and put into service. Characteristics reflected in descriptions of indivi3ual elec'tronic circuit ana- lysis programs and the information available in utilization instructions do not make it poss3ble to evaluate the quite important proper~ti~s of these programs re- lating to the effectiveness of their use for the purpose of analyzing various types of electronic circuits. These include accuracy in simulation of the static and dynamic characteristics of various circuits, ex?enditure of machine time, efficiency, convenience of utilization and the reliability of programs' performance and the like. For the purpose of determ~.ning these properties taoth here at home and abroad, a number of studies have been made which ttave in~,luded the solving of a definite set of test problems ~na~cing ~t possible tU com~are the characteristics of various programs [1J. In [2J a comparison is made between the characteristics of the domestic SPARS program and foreign progxams. Tn this studv the results are given of an invesr.igation of a number of domesCic programs for the anal~sis and calcula- tion or elactronic c~rc:uit,, orient~d t~ward YeS coriputers: the e1RG+PS and SPROS programs [3, 4] developed at ifAI [Mos~cow ~lviation tnstitute imeni Sergo Ordzhoni- kidze], PAL'~Il [S] ard P~.t~12 developPd ~tt ^~IE'NI [Koscow Insti;.ucn uf F.lectronic: Machine Building], SP~RS developed at I~PI [Kiev Polytechr~ical Institut~] [6], the EL:~IS orogram f7J developed a* ;~IFI (Moscow Enoineerinb Phy~::ic:s In:;tituteJ and the P~B.~f program [8) develo~ed at :~IVTL' [Moscow Higher Technj~~1~ School imeni N.E. Bauman]. 5 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAI, USE ONLY Summary data on the key characteristics of the domestic programs investigated are presented in table 1. Table 1. Key Parameters of Programs _ ' ' ' _r.. ..r.r' ' ~ q~y u �9ooo~rm G%. ruPaf~n~otp. noo�u C 1~ 3 9e~no~..ao.�e~a MK Nto~� ~i~'r~..mc~ p o j J A~o~u! a Qu~.rar TpoN3u o 20 v'h Q :.odu� Z o o o i rporpc~+na 38M ~ _ ~o ~ noo i t o C ti� z Q 3~~ ' t L c, o i. i no.ram ~ ~ Q~ Q p tV ~ o a C ~ O 2 3 2) E o F~ ~ s ti L, a~' ~ p K~ai c~D�~ i~ ~ e o~ o p F ~ /SO . 24) aponc Ec . . . . . ~sa . . _ - . . . : : s 3~~~~~ cnooc Ec � � - . . zoo � ~ - - - . . . . nayM~ Ec � � - - - ~ze - - - - � � - - .~OOylA. nA.~i`f2 EC � � - - - I2B � . . . . . . � - 3ooy.r~. C/IAPC EC � � � � � 200 � � l'"oxNV ucncueaoEomn~a- � � ,QPA F.,. ,.~auV. ~.N,G,e~P.,OM �0 2 ~ \ di0d aJuwp u~u Gei.terQoPnre ~ .~n,s~~c Ec . . . . - ~2a ?6 , 6~ ~o , . Qvn naPM Ec � � - - - ~so � � - - - � I - I � - 200,,.~. I Key: 1. Program: AROPS, SPROS, PAUM1, 16. Ebers-Moll ~ PaUM2, SPARS, ELAIS, PAR~`~ 17. ELAIS 2. Computer: YeS 18. Logan 3. Functions performed 19. PAES 4. :~nalysis 20. Metal-insulator semiconductor 5. Static mode 21. Macromodeled integrated circuit 6. Dynamic mode 22. Ability to create models in program- 7. Frequency ming language 8. Sensitivity 23. Limitations on topology of circuits ~ 9. Optimizaion 24. 150 nodes 10. Required memory, Kbytes 25. 250 elements 11. Parameters of elements in 26. It is possible to use any models de- circuits scribed in the input language or 12. Constant called from the library 13. Dependent 27. DRP [dynamic distribution of - 14. Present in program model storage~ 15. Transistor Of course, the accuracy of machine calculations of the static and dynamic charac- teristics of electronic circuits depends both on the algorithms nresent in pro- grams (methods of forming and solving equations for the loops of circuits ana- lyzed) and their software implementation, and on the accuracy of modeling semi- conductor and other components o� circuits. For the purpose of a differentiated discussion of these questions, the first stage of investigation is devoted to estimating the e~fectiveness of inethods and algorithms present in programs, and the second to estimating the influence of inethods of modeling individual 6 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02109: CIA-RDP82-00854R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY components of electronic circuits on the accuracy of calculating their static and dynamic characteristics. Beluw are published results relating to the first and only partially to ttte .second ~ stage of investigation. Therefore, the results presented here do not preter ~c~ completeness in the evaluation of programs Y,ut are undoubtedly of definitr~~ inte- rest. The programs listed above were investigated by analyzing a group of test circuits which are described below. However, in the program tor incestigating domestic programs were also included tests making it possible to reveal the capabilities - of programs with respect to solving certain practical problems. In the investigation it was also taken into account that the p~~ogr~ms di.ffer also in the models of semiconductor components used in them. Some prograa~s (such as the first variants of the AROPS, SPROS, PAiMl and PARM progrdms) have ~ozal~ one model of a bipolar transistor--the PAES model. The PALM2 pr~gr:~a~ contains de- scriptions of three varieties o� models of a bipolar Crar~sis't~r: the Ebers-?~foll model, a transfer model and the PAES model. In recent time~ a~transf~r model of a transistor has also been included in the AKOPS and SPROS progra~s. TY:e ELAIS program includes a model, particular cases of which can be an Ebezs,-~:oll model and a transfer model. The SP~1RS program makes it possible to use any of the above- iisted mo3els of semiconductor devices. _ For the purpose of unifying test problems for various prograans in making calcula- tions of transistor circuits (presented below in figs 1, 2 and 5), the Ebers-Lloll model present in the PAUM2 and ELAIS programs was us~d as the b~sis, and a model used in foreign programs, with constant gain of the tr~ansistor. In anal~zing the same circuits by means of the AROPS, PARM, SPROS and PAiJ~11 programs, the PAES model was used with parameters corresponding to the Ebers-Aioll model used. Ex- amples were calculated by means of the SPARS program ~y using both the PAES model (in the SPARS (P) columns in the tables presented), and the Ebers-Moll model with constant gain (che data are presented in the SPARS (E*~1) columns). The following numerical values of parameters of the Ebers-~foll model are used: - ! = 0.429�10 10 mA, I = 0.578�10 10 m~,, 2= 1/m~T = 38.3 V 1, Cb = 21 pF, Cby= 11 pF, T~l = 0.616 ns, T= 0.548 ns, R= 100,000 kSZ, R,, = 100,~00 k~t, R~e = 0.0002 ~C~2, Rbb = 0.001~ k~, Rkk = 0.0~027 k~, aV = 0.9~ and aI = 0.899. The tollowin~ numerical values are used for parameters of the PAES model: ITe = 0.429�10 1~ mA, ITk = 0.584�1Q-11 mA, B,~ = 99, BI= 8.9, m~T = 0.02611 V, R= 10,000 K, R.k = I0,000 K, Cbe = 21 pF, Cbk = lI pF, 6i.6 ns and Ti = =z5.43 ns . In addition, let us note that the data on foreign programs presented in t}1e tables corre~;~ond to r_he case ~anen the transistors have becn suLstiruted 1-,;~ an l:bers-:foll model with parameters ccN , Cb` and Cbk speci�ied by tables. The analysis of the test circuits presented in figs 8, 9 anc 10 and oz investiga- tions belonging to the second stage was perfor:ned in two var.iants: by using, respectively, the P~,ES mod~~ for transistors and a more precise ~~ade?_ .lvailable in a number of programs--the transfer or Ebers-Moll. In this case : goal was i FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY pursued of determining the influence o~ the accuracy of modeling a transistcr on the results of analyzing the characteristics of these types oz circuits. Brief descriptions of test problems are presented below--calculation diagrams in which the parameters of all elements of circuits are indicated. Graphs of input - and output signals and their parameters are also shown there. Then the :esults of analyzing circuits by means of the programs mentioned are presented in indivi- dual tables. C.eMo / C.e~o Z ~'~eMo 3 1~ - - +/OB 3 ~ */OB /2B ~ ~ ~ ' 097K 0,97,~ + le f~ ~ 10~, i� *~0 Bei.r 01 `Ox Beir ~ ~ B~~ ~ Vel+ J 1MOn CO,~ ~ 4~~e~ /OOR /n~ - /0 /00 ~8~ 1~~r~ 9~ - 5~ n~ *10B +OB v . u 6 V, B Y,,,, ~ 0 1 t,nKc c ~ .Ver ~eit V01 ~ ~ ~j 10~ 0 lOMtg t~ t, ~KC 0 0,1 1 t, c Figure 1. Key : 1. Circuit 1 7. us 2. V [input voltage] 8. MS2 3. 1~~ 9. uF 4. Output 10. s 5. 1 pF 6. V~kh [output voltage] Transistor circuits with sharply differing time constants and an inverter are shown in fig 1(circuits l, 2 and 3). They make it possible to check the ability of programs to increase their integration step (and at the same time to reduce the expenditure o~' machine time) under the condition when the inf luence of the loop with the lowest time constant becomes insignificant and vice-versa. The results of analyzing these circuits are given in table 2. Circuits 4 to 8, presented in fig 2, contain inverters, the number of which in them varies (from one to nine). The results of analyzing three-, f ive- and nine- stage inverter circuits (circuits 5, 6 and 8) are given in table 3. Dependences of the expenditure of machine time for the analysis of transient processes in rhe circuits in fig 2 as a function of the number of inverters in the circuit ara shown in �ig 3. 8 ' FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED F~R RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Table 2. Results oE Analyzing Inverters in~,Fig 1 1 10) ~ 11) z 3 , llpozPo~na lo . , Vr� , f9a . f,B , lo , ln ~ C > ,;c, ~7 /0. / !0, /1 ~0,15 /0,51 So,O !0,1 /0, /2 /0,15 I~751 - - ~ayrf2 55,0 iQO~ iC, ii ~O,i6 ~0,52 56,0 i0.0 ~0,~ ~O,16 ~0,52 ~1,5 B,56 5) C?~ oC f~71 S5, 5/0, 03 /0,14 /0,15 ~0, 49 S~.S i0. G3 J0, /y 10, l5 I0,49 1f,5 B, 66 6) ~na cc ~.~MI 50.4 ~0, 02 ~U, ~5 ~0, ~4 !O,a7 60, 4 ~0, 02 io,i5 ~o i4 i0,4> >i5 8, 66 ~ ~~AAN( 54,3 - /0, ~ 1Q16 /0,38 542 - i0, / IO.OB /~44 /1,5 8,72 8~ n~rH - - - - - S~, 0 i0, 0 i0, ~ i0,1 i0,5~ J1,5 8, 6~ - ASTAO 536 /0,0 /0.i /0,/ I0,4 336 /0,J /0,0 /0,2 /0,6 /!,5 8,65 Su.?~R-SCfFI~~ 53,6 /QO /0,1 /0,1 /0,4 ~36 /0,0 10,1 10,1 /0,4 1/,5 8,67 Key: ~ 1. Program 7. ELAIS 2. AROP S 8. PAR'~I 3. SPROS 9. mV 4. PAUM1 10. us 5. SP:'~RS (P) 11. V 6. SP~S (E;~I) C~exa ~i 1) ~ C.re~o 5 Cxena 6 ,108 ~IOB 1U B ~ Berr ab~l ' y~ Bois , 3 ~ yea, n ~'er 2~ y+/OB +108 r ~/OB C.~era 7 - JO B . V, B ~~yf vB. r-� 5ei,~ 10 V.r ^ S - - ~ ~ ~ S~ o .Z ~3 ~ ` M,~~ (7+/O B ts t; . C.~P~o B ~10 B t1MJ ~9,~ VZ) Y - ~ +~0 B I ~ Figure 2. Key: 1. Circuit 4 3. Output - ?rot~r. *~~e 9 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY ~ Table 3. Results of ~naly~zing Inverter Circuits (Fig 2) 1~ j 2 mpr.~~rac~rodNMel 6 3 nv~nuKOC~OaNae) 4 B ~ae6Amu~.ac.+od~,~eJ . � l/xzpcnna ~o, tre, fre. ~o, ts, ~r, ~o, Vip~ tte, fre. d nB MMC MKC MB B MKC NKC MB U NMC nKC - APO/1C J0.0 34,7 6,41 13,4 34,7 9,9B 6.85 /.3.B 34,7 996 i6B /4,6 � C/'POC 9,99 34,5 6,39 /3,3 34,5 9,9B 6,80 /.3,7 34,5 9,96 7,63 146 ~ /IAyMJ !0. 0 35.0 6.48 /3,4 35, 0/0,0 6,BB 13, 8.95, 0 J0, 0 7, 77 14,7 - lIAyMP 10, 0 35, 0 6,45 /3,4 ,35, 0/0.0 6~0 /.3, 8 35, 0/Q 0 7, BO 14, 8 Cr,,ePC r~~ i0, 0 ~4,9 6,a /3,33 34,9 i0.0 6.B2 i3,78 34,9 i0, 0 767 iy 5Q C~7AP~ l,~M lQ~ 39.9 6.37 13.i,3 39.8 /0,0 o1B /.37,~ 39,8 10,0 %51 14,4 3~~NC ;D.O 34,3 6.36 /3.J3 .i4,3 /0,0 6,80 13.B 3y3 10,0 7,68 /4,6 iiA~M i0.0 .i5.0 0.36 /3.3I 35, J ~0.0 6.79 /3,7,~ 35,4 /0, 0 i, 7 14,6 AST~ A i0, 0 3.5,3 c..35 /3.4 35.3 ~0, 0 6.79 /3,9 35,3 I0, 0 766 /4,7 S~PER'~ LE?i l'; ~Q 0.i5..~ 6,.37 /3.4 .i5..i ,/0, 0 6, 79 /3, 9 35,1 /0, 0 7, 66 I4,T . ~ - Key: ~ 1. Program ~ 3. Five-stage ~ . 2. Three-stage 4. Nine-stage [Cf. table 2 ~or remaining designations] 1).~OD,~Or7pOTd //OUI. QOPr/PMU C 3AANC(fC 1022) 2) 250 SUPfR- . SCEP~RE(JBH360) 200 APO~C 3~ /lAyM2 ' C/IPOC EC�l0~) I50 ~APM !00 Cp,1PC ' ASTAP (IBM�3701 50 . 4). . 3 s ~ k~~~6a~o~KOaoe Figure 3. � I~ey : 1. Expenditures of machine time, s 3. AROPS, PAU:~I2, SP:ZOS, Pr1R~~I, SP~RS 2. E,.~1IS (Y'eS-1022) (YeS-1033) 4. Nu~nber of stages 10 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 ~ FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY i ~ The nature of the dependence o� an increase in the expenditure o� time ~or the anal~sis of transient conditions as a functioa of the nur~ber of inverters in the circuit characterizes the capabilities of the program. The nore slowly the time required for analysis increases, the more efficient the program and the lower the cost of solving big problems on the cor~puter. RC circuits are presented in fig 4. Circuits 9, 10 and 11 have various time con- stants for individual loops. Their analysis, together with an analysis of circuits 2 and 3, makes it possible to estimate the efficiency of programs from the view- ~ point of expenditures of machine time in solving similar problems. In addition, ' circuits 12 and 13 are included here for estimating the accuracy oz analyzing ~ transient processes. The results of analyzing RC circuits are presented in table 4. ~ o 1) C~eno9 3) Cf.na/0 C.~eno ~ g+ ~ Rnil ~~l'! ~ ~ ~ Ber~ ~ ~H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ B6? ~ +4~ 19 ~OD/ + l~ C,00/ %.S~ QODI * 0,1~ 001~ O.OD/~ ~CYI~~~' IOr~Q C/~.�~ O,G/ 67 NR~ ~6l ~ n~Q Vd! iYR~ 5 C~PrlO IZ C~PMO I.~ . , ~~lK ~ ~ ~ ~0/X V p ~QM ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~d/X 8?! ~ / U + ~ OG/~ 00/ ~ OOJQ 001 ~ QOIQ ~J0'~ ~J3/ P QOl ~;~0/~ 001 ~ J.0/~ 0/ _d ~ , ~ _e~ ~ ~ ~ t~ i2 tJ f Figure 4. ~ Key: 1. Circuit 9 4. Input voltaoe 2. S? 5. uF 3. Output The circuit of a self-excited oscillator is shown in fig S with an indication of the circuit's parameter~ and the general appearance of its output characteristic. The results o� analyzing this circuit are presented in table S. The circuit in fig 6 consists of a filter c,ri.th a high figure of inerit, whose transfer runction has two very closely situated complex conjugate poles: Sl, Sl* _ _-O.OOOSQ04 + j1.001207 and S2, S2* _-0.0004996 + j0.999793 . The output characteristic of such a filter is in the form of a signal made up of two sine curves, the amp).itude of whos~ envelope diminishes over time, as is shown in fig 6. The period of oscillat~ons of the output voltage equais b.28 s GrI.th a duration of the analyzed process of 20,000 s. ' Analysis of tnis circuit requires the selection o� short ir_tegration steps for the pur~os~ oi: ensuring *_h� required ac~urac~ of determi~ing t`~~ filter's output characteristic, which involves large eYpenditures o~ machine tine ahen using i FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY implicit numerical r~ethods in the program. The results a.f analyzing this circuit by means of various programs are reflected in table 5. Table 4. Results of Analyzing RC Circuits (Fig 4) 2 Liei~00~eiP wOnOpMpNUp ~OlCM/~p/f MU.R~ NOMPMTO. [/pPMPN(~ ~ 1) 3~ y ia /lpvtpaMNo 0,/c Ic 4c O,Ic /c 4c QO/r 0./r 0.4r ~nr 10~r 4pnc ~Hr IOM~ 40n~ .+B .~+8 yB NB nB MB MB nL' nB M~P ~+d MB %0"9 ~+~B nB PP~ye~mom~+ 4 ~ mrnoemuve: � - - - - w010~ONPTO 95,2 632 98? 94,2 631 9B? .163 Q?4~ 5) APO/IC 94,7 630 9B1 93.7 630 99/ 27, 7 543 96H 3.90 I2, 0?40 b 6'� y4.~ � CAPOf 95.0 632 9B2 93,5 631 9B2 ?ti,3 Sa9 969 S. J> >2 ~?40 i 6 6~~ B,?B - nAyrf, 95.0 633 9B3 940 632 9B3 ?60 5a5 9~0 � ~ZO ?39 800 nayn~ 936 634 9B~ 9Z,5 633 9B~ 25,5 S4a 97> >~9 fUb ?,?5 b,0a ~6 8.5? C!!AP( 95,? 632 9B2 94, I 631 981 26,3 545 96b .Y,96 9 14[~ U33< .5 3U 8..~6 .~AANC 95.0 632 992 94,0 632 9B2 26,2 Sa5 968 4,63 17.9 1ou l~ 5.55 B,~6 ~ /IAPM 9Y.0 617 979 926 626 979 30.a 539 964 ba ~2.i ?~y ~.7~ 6.75 B.77 - A57AP 95,2 632 .982 93.4 63l 9B? 25,6 545 969 5.3~ ~~.9 740 4.37 5.67 B,3a SUPER-SCfPT~f 94.8 6.~2 9B2 94, / 631 9B? 25,3 345 96B .153 /l, 9?y0 0. �ti y, 90 6.35 Key: 1. Program 4. Results of theoretical calculation 2. Output voltages at moments 5. Individual programs [cf. table 2J of time indicated below 3. 0.1 s, mV Lirnu 14 ydu~ ' ~~~vw~?' ? 6/ ~ZM ~o~rN ~oe ooti~~ ~ 4~ ~ _ ' ~ B,?R ISR ~ ~ ~ . Ba~r 5 ) ~ ~ ~ ~ OO,i r, r=I t,Mc Figure 5. Key: 1. Circuit 14 5. Output 2. mH 6. Output voltage 3. uF 7. t, ms 4. V 12 L USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Table 5. Results o~ Analysis of Circuits (Fit 5, 6 and 7) 2 leNe omo ( uc.S) ~~~emp ~j~vln:~~/~PPuJO~du G~,;ao.-~me~e - 1) ~ P P P 3~ cuc6 aucJ /I~otponra V t V )PPMO AU .SC3NURCP.7J Va~f ~ea~ ~.piwt r t/ ~ ~ 2 i t2. O,I~~~ OI~o' S~ B nc b B rc B 7~ atuo�.~r ~u cr.nyner 8 10 ) AP0~9C 6,55 0,92 -4 0, 9B B.24 1l~ 8 ao 20,89 2/, 2B . C/IPOC 6,55 0,9/9 -7B,B 0,979 B,3 ao - /IAyNI - - - - . - - - - - /;A~JM2 6,SB 0, 92 -84 0, 9B6 B, 41 ~v ao 20,9B 20,96 I!7 6,~ 6 0, 92 -257, 9 0. 9B B ss oa da 20, 9 21. 3 Cn,aPC f3H~ 6,s6 0,92 -iB6,9 0,9d 8,52 ;AANC 6,67 0, 926 0,736 0,981 7, 43 - - - - /IAPM 6,53 0,89 BSl 0,946 7,6 ' 1? ' ' ' ASTAP - 0,9/ 333,3 0,97 3,34 Nem aa 20,9 2/,3 ;UPfr7SCfPIRE 6.55 0,93 -437 0,99 B,SB yem aa 20,9 21,3 . , I I Key~ ~ 1. Program Does pulse originate? 2. Oscillator (~ig S) 9. V , V 3. Filter (�ig 6) vykh~,l ms 4. Full-wave rectifier (fig 7) 10. Programs [cf. table 2] 0.1 ms ' ~ 11. Yes 6. m~l 12. No . 7. Envelope correct? I LItMD IS � Bo,,, 3 �/0~,'E! ( ) / G.~ ;GOI(N ~ ~ . 0~ O,OC1~9991 5) ~ i`~ 56789t�/~c ' r- 2) 3) i~ 4~ ~ o� .2 y~ ~ I ~ Figure 6. I i ~ Key: . I 1. Circuit 15 5. Ouput 2, 6. Output volta?e 3. A ~ 7. s 4. F I The circuit presented in fig 7 is a full-wave rectifier with transformer coupling, ' where M1~ - 0.02475 , M13 = 0.02475 , M23 = 6.1875�10 3 and ~~c=500~t=0 -`1 V. ' 13 ~ i i FOR OFF'iCIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICiAL USE ONLY Analysis o~ this circuit requires modeling the trans.~ormer and accuracy in the analysis of transient characteristics r~rith the detection of a peaky pulse origin- ating in inductance L~ at moment of time t= 0.268 ms ,~or the detection of which a rapid shortenin`g of the integration step by several orders of magnitude is required. The results o� analyzing this circuit are presented in table 5. � 1) , ~e~a /6 ) ~ Maoe~e auoaa lr~~' P.10.7 ~0/ 01+ ~OOrR 4~ ~r e,r . B 1iv ''eerr. Ve Q � L, 6,Zf.�;~ O,IOM ~9 1 92 ~ ~ ~ a0 OI~M II ) ~ , . pp s ~ M~OOM . ~ ~ 0?6 0,~5 ~ t,,,c 46 r r~, ? ~ ' o;25nrN /n~ ~ 0005 Q15 j O,~SG'S 0 '~I . _ ~�r 2) 3 0 9 1 ~ - 4 6 0 3~ o,~ OiO~ ~D aM v o~ q25 04 t,~ 11) Ig �/0'9(r~p38,IV A � Figure 7. � Key : l. s 7. uH 2, g 8. Model of diode 3. Input voltage 9. pF . 4. Circuit 16 10. Output voltage 5. mH 11. ms ~ 6. uF ~ In fig 8 is shown the design diagram of a TTL [transistor-transistor logic] logical gate (Tt , T2 and T3 are three types of series 134 integrated circuit transistors). A graph of the output signal and of the transient response ana- lyzed is also presented there.~ Accuracy in obtaining this characteristic and its a~reement with the eYperimental require nodeling the transistor with definite precision. 1~ CiPNO ~1 V~ B ~ ~ 5) 40K /SK 0,25K 4K 1,SK V,f ~A�,, T iz 35 \ ~ T T 3) 58 + ~ ~ z Z Vaeu T v I VBf ~ I 2 ) ~ i0~ ~ ~ 6 ) 9K ~ 4) ~y 9R ~ ~ 0 /0 60 .31X1 950 f,Hc Figure 8. ~ [Y.ay on `ollowing page] 14 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Key: S, V 1. CircuiC 17 2. Input voltage 6. ns 3. Output voltage 4. pF In table 6 are presented the results of calculating the output characteristic of a TTL logical gate when using various models o.f a bipolar transistor obtained by means of various programs. Table 6. Results of Analyzing Circuits (Figs 8 to 10) TTiI (puc.B1 ~yB(puc.91 - Cxeno codnaaeMUa/pr,r10) 1~ 5) Hoae~6 9 ~a'p�n~ n'`��N~ yo, yi~ ~Je~ to.+e, tqae. f~a. ?o. T. T~, zs.~~ ~.u,.~. ~,~K.. ~SEMC� . '/O 3U~ i~ D HC MC MC NC B MC NC B B B B U Z) na3C 0,046 .i499 6 B8 353 4B> >525 2e3 27~ 0o?S C,3y5 O,zBy 0,075 ~~Ay~~ 'aePCO' 0,1? 3,383 57 /OJ 3/9 463 I,52d 263 2io OOSo QS91 Q275 0069 Mo.+~c 7 /Iri3C - - - - - - 1, 522 273 262 . 3~p~n~ nepea. 0,1/3 3,28 S/ /16 347 SSO 1,497 270 265 - - - - OAPM ~~A3C 0,04 3,49 44,8 B7 351 I 4B0 ' ' - - - Note: Calculations with Ebers-?ioll and transfer models were made with parameters - for the types of transistors indicated in the circuits. Key: g. PAES 1. Program � 2. PAUM2 9. TTL (fig 8) 3. ?,ROPS 10. GUV [shock-excited oscillator] (fig 9) _ 4, p~ 11. Coincidence circuit (fig 10) 5. Model of transistor 12. V 6. PAES, Ebers-Moll 13. ns 7. Pc+,ES, transfer The circuit presented in fig 9 is a shock-excited oscillator which produces steady oscillations with a practically constant frequency beginning with the instant of the establishment of input voltage. The parameters of the oscillator`s ~ircuit and the type of output characteristic are shown in fig 9, where all transistors are of type 2T324. The results of analyzing this circuit, performed by means of various programs, are given in table 6. In fig 10 is presented a coincidence circuit which consists of two practically - identical halves into two inputs of which signals enter in the form of half waves of a sine wave, the beginnings of which are slightly shiited relative to one another with respect to time. In the circuit's output at a definite moment of time a voltage pulse originates whose parameters are the subject oz study: ~ = 1.5 sin (0.02463t) , Vkh2 = 1.5 sin (0.02463 [t-5]) ; T1 and vkhl [input 1] 15 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102109: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFF~CIAL USE ONLY T2 are transistors of type KT324 and R36. The results o,~ calculation of the parameters of the output sional a~ this circuit are presented in tabl~ 6. Ex- penditures of machine time for solving the test problems listed above by means of various programs are presented in table 7. Data obtained ~or two foreign programs are also presented there for comparison. 1 Cxeno /8 � V~~B � O,OS/K 7) - ' 2 ~ 0,392R 3 + 0,197,~ O.S6~r ,160 se a ~o g~ aavr,~- _ 0.56K 4~ ~,~R /p~ ~ 9~ ~ T--i--T 0, ' ~ ' lyi - f ~r3~ /,l,r 2MrrN 0,3?6,r ~s - �X 430 2KR`N 0 /SO t, nc - Figure 9. Key: l. Circuit 18 6� uH 2. V 7. V 3. Input voltage ns q, ~ 9. Output voltage 5. uF ~ ' l~ Cxena /9 ' 5l~ ZK 2K 5/~r T . SB 3~ S~ 0,7SK T 5) ? 0,75K 0,56K n~ SOM T O,S6K y e~~ T 0,56K S/0 0,~6K T 1Bn~0.2K pPK ~B~ n~ � n ' y~~ - 2~ 4~~ l,fK O,IS /y B OIS /,1R 4.3K 2K 2 ~ n~D n ~ r$B V, B 6) ~ /000 SIK O,BZK . ~er~ n~ T . Var ~ 4,3K /Sn~ ~eeu t, Mc ~ ~ . rigure 10. . [Key en following page) 16 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 _ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Key: l. Circuit 19 5. Output voltage 6. V 2' Vvkhl 7, ns 3. S2 4. pF Table 7. Etpenditures of ~lachine Time for Analyzing Circuits, in Seconds . - - ~ - - - - - 1~ Hotiepa mrcmc6eix orer~ llpoz ~B,M Z 3 1 4 S 6 7 B 9 IO 1/ 12 ;3 /4 /5 /6 li lB /9 nv 4 puc puc puc. puc puc puc puc. / 6 puc. 2 P 6 7 .9 /!J 7 :~r r13 - 4~AP0lIC C�10.;.i N/5 17 /7,3 40 8/ 136 /B9 9,B /Z,S /7 1/S /o ~13 - 57 ys _ . ,~.X Cl/POC ~ S 4, 6 B, 9 B'6,2 69 /10 /dl l7, 6 9.3 /6 211 D,. - /IA9H1 19 B7 93 93 /BG 32 54S 100 72 ia 70 70 74 - - � � ' ' 79 2/ 36 _ �M, 9 ) nayrl2 l4 /6 ~3 ~4 47 94 /6l 3/6 .i6 S 7 S 6 67 l~a ,yy 27 p~ niM 'niX n~!rr� p--- d B B B 20 36 57 BS 6 B 6 6 5 3S 1J30 /B - 3H d B B 8 22 42 7/ /08 3AANC C-/072 - 9 21 2! //9 100 - 295 l1,2 /5,5 14,2 /49 31,/ /iAPM ~C�lU.i3 ~ lOS - 6,4 23 4S BS /25 6,3 5,6 6.6 7,8 10.6 27 � � 37 ASiAG BM.~i 18 /9 /7 /9 25 34 47 76 16 15 /4 /5 16 /B -/B SCfP Rf BM-3" 33 40 35 34 I B1 /36 /60 14B /4 /6 20 /6 /9 331 - l74 - I` I I~ey : . . 1. Program 6. Fig 1 2. Computer 7. Trans~er 3. YeS-1033 8. PAES 4. Programs [cf. table 2] 9. EM 5. vumbers of test circuits - The dashes in all tables indicate that the respective test problems of the pro~ram in question have not been studied and the asterisks in tables 5 and 7 indicate that the program ~s not able to analy2e these circuits. As the result of the studies it is possible to arrive at the conclusion that all tha programs studied are approximately of the same order in terms of accuracy and effic;ency. This ract is explained by the fact that modeling methods of a single class--the nodal method (or modifications of it) and implicit methods or integra- tion--are included in all programs. In spite of this, the studies carried out make it possible to note several advantages and disadvantages of individual pro- grams. From the viewpoint of using the programs for various problems a very important property is the ef~iciency of utilizing a program--the convenieace o� the input language, the simplicity o� the procedure of writing an assignment for analyzino a circuit, and the clear representa~ion of the ir.~ormation put cut by the computer - in terms of r.hP raw data and r.he results of calculating the char~r~c~ristics of the 17 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 - FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY circuit analyzed. The language of the EAL~12 prugram can tte mentioned in this regard. Since the P:1UM2 program at tae same time make.s possible sufficient accuracy in modeling circuits with relatively r~inor expenditures of machine time, this makes it possible to recommend it for use in the development and study of various circuits operating under various conditions, taking into account the temperature oi the environment and the effect of various external factors. A very important property of a program is the existence in it of both simple and more precise models o~ semiconductor components of circuits. This makes it , possible to select one model or another on the basis of the reQuired accuracy of obtaining characteristics. From this point of view the PAiJtiIl and P:~R:~i pro- grams, which contain a single (and simplified) model of a bipolar transistor--the PAES model, undoubtedly have a serious disadvantage. A grest advantage of the AROPS and SPROS programs is their ability to optimize circuits, ~a property by which many programs are not distinguished. among the ad- vantages of these programs must be mentioned the mildly sloping nature of the curve reflecting the relationship between expenditures of machine time and the number of elements in~the circuit analyzed (fig 3), which indicates their oreat abilities with regard to the analysis of large-scale electronic circuits. Thzse advantages in combination with a degree of accuracy sufficient for many problems and relatively slight expenditures of machine time, as well as with the possibili- ty of performing multivariant calculations and statistical analysis and optimiza- tion, and the existence in the SPROS program of a macro~odeling subsystem, make it possible to recommend the AROPS and SPROS programs for use in work relating to the circuitry design of electronic circuits [4]. Among the positive aspecCs of the SPr1RS program [6] must be mentioned the exist- ence of a high-level input language, the ability by means of input language faci- lities of on-line supplementing and correcting of a library o~ models of multi- terminal components, and procedures tor parametric optimization and static ana- lysis. ' These factors, as well as sufficiently high accuracy in solving problems with relatively slignt espenditures of machine time, and the mildly sloping nature of the curve characterizing the increase in computing costs with an increase in the number of elements of circuits studied (fig 3), make it possible to conclude that it is possible to utilize the SPARS program effectively for solving a broad range of problems originating at the stage of the circuitry design of radio electronic equipment. The results obtained in analyzing various types.of circuits by means of a number of dor,?estic programs are of interest to developers of programs and, in par~icular, to iisers, since they m2ke it possible to estimate possible degrees of precis~on and required expenditures of machine time necessary for analyzing various kinds of circuits and to select the most suitable program for solvino specific problems. In conclusior, it r~ust be mentioned that a comparative analysis ot different pro- grams is a rather dif�icult task. An investigation procedure has not been finally established up to the present time. In subsequent studies special attention must be paid to improving the investigation procedure with the goal ot developing cri- teria for estimating the accuracy of modeling and the effectiveness of using 18 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFF'iC1AL USE ONLY programs Eor analyzing electronic circuits, which is necessar}~ for a more objec- tive evaluation of the quality of programs studied. Bibliograph~ 1. Blatner, D. "Choosing the Optimum Computer-Aided ~esign ?rogram," ELEKTRO,TIKA, No 9, 1976, pp 39-4~. 2. Petrenko, A.I. et al. "Comparison of Circuitry Design Programs on the Basis of a Set of Test Probleu~s," IZV. WZOU - RADIOELEKTRONIKA, Vol 23, No 6, 1980, pp 5-12. 3. I1'in, V.N. "Osnovy avtomatizatsii skhemotekhnicheskogo proyektirovaniya" ~ [Fundament?:.s of Circuitry Design Automation], Moscow, Energiya, 1979. 4. I1'in, V.N., Kogan, V.L., Kamneva, N.Yu., Popov, V.Z. and Frolkin, V.T. "Calculation of Optimum Parameters of Electronic Circuits by :~ieans of the AROPS Combiaed Program," IZV. WZOV - R~DIOELEKTRONIKA, Vol 19, No 6, i97b, pp 99-108. 5. Gloriozov, ~ e.L. et al. "Vvedeniye v avtomatizatsiyu skhemotekhnicheskogo proyektiro~aniya" [Introduction to Circuitry Design Automationj, Moscow, Scvetskoye Radio, 1976. 6. Petrenko, ~,.I. et al. "General Description of the Package of A~plied Programs for Solving Circuitry Design Programs," ELEKTRONNOYE PROYEKTIROVANIYE, No 2, Kiev, 1979, pp 96-107. ~rkhangel'skiy, A.Ya. et al. "Basic Algorithms of the ELAIS Program for analyzino Integrated Circuits," ELEK~R0IWAYA TEKF~INII~A, No 3, 1978. 8. Trudonoshin, V.A., Pivovarova, N.V. and Podgurskiy, V.G. "PAR.~I Prooram tor Analysis of Electronic Circui[s for YeS Computers," IZV. V[JZOV - RADIOELEK-~ TROI~IKA, Vol 20, *To 6, 1977, pp 119-120. COPYRIGHT: "Izvestiya vuzov SSSR - Radioelektronika", 1981. 3831 - CSO: 1860/332 . . 1~ FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY COMMlJNICATIONS, COMMiJNICATION EQUIPMENT, RECEIVERS AND TRANSMITTERS, NETWORKS, RADIO PHYSICS, DATA TRANSMISSION AND PROCESSING, INFORMATION THEORY UDC 612.39.1:519.25 FUNCTIONAL POLYNOMIALS IN PROBLEMS OF STATISTICAL RADIO ENGINEERING Novosibirsk FUNKTSIONAL'NYYE POLINOMY V ZADACHAKH STATISTICHESKOY RADIOTEKHNIKI _ in Russian 1981 (signed to press 30 Jan 81) pp�i, 2 - [Annotation and table of contents from book "Functional Polynomials in Problems of Statistical Radio Engineering", by Valentin Borisovich Kashkin, Institute of Physics imeni L. V. Kirenskiy, Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1500 copies] [Text) The author examines nonlinear inertial transformations of steady random pro- cesses described by Volterra's funcCional polynomials with an arbitrary number of terms. He solves problems of the analysis of such transformations, synthesis of op- - timal nonlinear filters for the discrimination of signals against the background of interference, optimal nonlinear devices for the detection and discrimination of sig- nals. Special attention is given to the meChods of realization of the found trans- formations, including by means of functional electronics. The book is intended for scientists and specialists in the area of radio engineering. Figures 36, tables 6, bibliography 91 items. Contents Page Foreword 3 Chapter I. Nonlinear Transformations of Strictly Steady Random Processes 5 1. Steady Random Processes and Their Properties 5 2. Transformation of Strictly Steady Random Processes 28 3. Statistical Analysis of Nonlinear Inertial Transformations - of Steady Random Processes 39 Chapter II. Functional Polynomials in Synthesis Problems of Optimal Signal Processing Systems 56 1. Optimal Nonlinear Filtration by the Criterium of the Minimum - Mean Square Error 56 _ 2. Computation of the Characteristics of Nonlinear Filters 70 3. Nonlinear Filtration Under the Conditions of a priori Indeterminacy 96 4. Detection and Discrimination of Signals Against the Background of Non-Gaussian Interference 103 20 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFiCrAL U5E ONY.Y Chapter III. Examples of the Realization of Nonlinear Inertial Transformatiox~s of the UFNS Type 122 1. UFNS-Type Filters in Radio Receiving Equipment 122 2. Uses of Radiospectroscopy Methods in Nonlinear Filtration 125 3. On the Mechanisms of Nonlinear Processing of Signals in Human and Animal Hearing Organs 135 Bibliography 141 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", 1981. - 10,233 CSO: 1860/312 2 .t FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONY.Y UDC 621.316.925.001.5. DYNAMICS OF COMPLEX MEASURING ELENiENTS OF RELAY PROTECTION DEVICES Moscow DINAMIKA SLOZHNYKH IZMERITEL'NYKH ORGANOV RELEYNOY ZASHCHITY in Russian 1981 (signed to press 17 Nov 80) pp 2, 208-9 [Annotation and table of contents from book "Dynamics of Complex Measuring ~lements of Relay Protection Devices", by Eduard Mendelevich Shneyerson, Energoizdat, 5000 copies, 209 pages] [Text] The author examines the methods of analysis of the behavior of complex mea- . suring elements of relay protection devices during short-circuiting in electrical sys- tems with consideration for transient processes occurring in the primary network, measuring transformers of current and voltage, and in secondary networka. He dis- cusses the peculiarities of the behavior of various types of ineasuring elements under transient conditions and problems of the designing of devices with consideration for dynamic conditions, This book is intended for engineers of research and designing organizations working in the area of relay protection and automation of power systems, as well as for gra- duate and undergraduate sCudents of vuzes specializing in electric power engineering. Contents ~ Page Foreword 3 Chapter 1. Methods of Analysis of the Dynamic Stability of the Functioning of Relay Measuring Elements 6 1.1. Dynamics Stability of the Functioning of RIO [Relay Measuring Elements] and Factors Determining It 6 1.2. Methods of Studying the Behavior of RIO During Disturbances in Electrical Systems 12 Chapter 2. Dynamic Characteristics of RIO During Sinusoidal Disturbances 17 2.1. Statement of the Problem 1~ 2.2. Positive and Negative Directions in the Case of Damages in ES [Electrical Systems] 20 2.3. Compared Values During Sinusoidal Disturbances 22 2.4. Characteristics of RIO in the Case of Symmetric Damages in ES 30 2.5. Characteristics of RIO in the Case of Nonsyrmnetric Damages 42 2.6. Trajectory Method of Reduced Input Vector Z~(t) 45 22 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ON?.Y 2,7. Dynamic Pr.operties of Directional RIO with Polarizing Circuits 52 2,8. Suppressing Properties of Filters Under Transient Conditions 67 Chapter 3. Characteristics of the Operation of RIO with Two and More Values During Nonsinusoidal Input Signals 71 3.1. General Problems of Analysis ~1 3.2. Deviations of RIO Characteristics During Nonsinusoidal Input Signals 74 3.3. Refinement of the Determination of the Areas of Deviation of the Operation Characteristics 85 Chapter 4. Analysis of the Dynamic Stability of the Functioning of Relay Measuring ~lements 96 4.1. Evaluation of the Dynamic Stability of RIO by the Areas of Deviations in the Characteristics Under Transient Conditions 96 4.2. Effects of the Mode of the Electrical System 101 4.3. Transfer Functions of the Elements of the "Object-RIO" ~ System During Symmetric and Nonsymmetric Damages 109 4.4. Analysis of the RIO Dynamics on the Basis of the Resulting Transfer Functions of the "Object-RIO" System 126 4.5. Approximate Analysis of RIO Dynamics 132 4.6. Accurate Estimation of the Effects of Frequency Filters 146 4.7. Dynamics of RIO with Frequency Filters in the Case of Zero Initial Conditions (NNU) 150 4.8. Elements of the Analysis and Synthesis of RIO with Consider- ation for Their Dynamic Indexes 155 Chapter S. Consideration of the Nonlinearity of the Elements of the "Object-RIO" System Under Static and Dynamic Conditions 173 5.1, Elements of the "Object-RIO" System with Nonlinear Characteristics 173 5.2. Modes of Current Transformers with Consideration of the Nonlinearity of Their Characteristics 175 ~.3. Characteristics and Coefficients of Transmission of Nonlinear Elements of SF 195 5.4. Dynamic Characteristics of RIO 198 Bibliography 206 COPYRIGHT: Energoizdat, 1981. 10,233 CSO: 1860/311 2.3 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC 521.372.54 ~IICROPROCESSOR II~'LE:`~IENT9TION OF DIGIT~,I, SIGNAL PROCESSING EQUIP:~NT Kiev IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDE.IIY: RADIOELEKTRONIKA in Russian Vol 24, No 6, Jun 81 (manuscript received 8 Jan 81) pp 4-15 ~ [~rticle by r1.I. Petrenko and S.A. Bublik] [Text] ~ survey is given of basic approaches to designing digital signal pro- cessing equipment utilizing microprocessor sets. It is demonstratad.that the choice of the structure of the signal processing algorithm is of essential im- - portance for the implementation of high-efficiency microcomputers. The need to develop problem-oriented facilities for the automated desi~n of equipment of this class is substantiated. ~ ~ Successes in integrated electronics in the past decade have created the conditions f or qua~.itative changes in signal processing equipment with the extensive use of digital methods [1-~+]. At the present time the attention of developers of digital ~ equipment has been attracted by the appearance of new components in the form of programmable large-scale integrated circuits called micropr~cessors [5-7]. They are distinguished by doubtless advantages: low cost, high reiiability and small size and low power consumption. The changeover from equipment with "hard logic" to programmable microprocessor systems makes it possible in cer*_air. cases to shorten development time, to carry out its unification, to make improvement pos- sible and to employ self-diagnosis. Digital sig^.al processing equipment is a promising area for the application of microprocessors (~'s). However, all the same the relatively slow speed of re- _ sponse of microprocessor components creates difficulties for their use in equip- ~ent operating in real time. In the present article, using as an example digital filters, ~ahich represent a widespread type of equipment for the digital processing of signals, a number of methods uf constructing processing algorithms and hardware suitable for micro- processor execution are discussed. A comput~n~ device whose operation is described by a linear difference equation: n' � yn = ~1 a;x~_, - ~ b~yn_i , ;_0 ~=1 � \1~ 24 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY where {s } is the input signal, {y~ } is *_he output signal ~nd a, and b. are coefficients, is usually called a linear ~igital filter (TsF) It is obvious from (1) that a digital ~ilter essentially completes the transformation of an input number sequence into an output whose oarameters are assigned coefti- cients a, and b. . In the frequency region a dioital zilter is described by a transfer ~ur.ction obtained by means of a z-transior.n of expression (1): a~ .v ; ~ , ~-i H (z) _ ~ a;z / , ~ b;.. - r-i Digital filters are classified as recursive and nonrecursive. If coefficients o, do not equal zero (if only one), then such a tilter is called recursive. In tFi.is case previously computed values of the output signal are used for computing subsequent ones. If all coeEficients b, equal zero, then the filter is called nonrecursive. Each reading of the outpu~ signal is computed on the basis of ~1 + 1 previous readings of the input: n! yn = ~ ai~n-~ � t=o ~2) The trans*er function, H(z) , of a nonrecursive filter takes the :orm of a poly- ~omial with degrees of z 1. Both types of filters make it possible to pro~uce oracti::illy any assigned characteristic. The choice of a recursive or nonrecur- sive i~olementation '_s determined by the conditions of the specific application. It is obvious from espressions (1) and (2) that arithmetic onerations--multipli- cation, addition and subtraction--are used for the purpose of computing values of {vn~ . Since real digital computing devices operate c,rith numbers having a rinite ~rec:sion of representation, the precision oF computations of digital filters is limited. The resulting error in the value of the output signal represents a com- bination of three components, whose sources are quantization of the input signal, quant~za~ion of the results of arithmetic operations and quantization of coeffi- cients. :~t t:~e present time there are matiy determinate and stacisLical r~ethods of estimatin~ the influence of the etfects of quantization on the characteristics o~ filters [8, 9]. In implementing digital filters with microprocessors having a word length o� 3 to 16 bits, iC is necessary to estimate the permissible number of bits with which tne technical requirements for the digi~al filter are fulfilled. The required accuracy of the representation of values of tre input si~nal and of Che r~su'_ts of arit:~met'_c operations (~nultiplication) is determined bv the dyna- _ n~c r~nne spe~~fie~, 3;id t.ia accurac~ of coefficients by the permissible error of ~~:�Ii~roprocessor implementations of filters, spectrum analyzers and ~he like based un fast Fourier tran:;fo:-m, ~valsh, etc., algorithms are usually esecuted ait`~ narrewl;~ specia?ized tlardware and are not discus~.=.d here. 7.5 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-40850R040400054068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY the transfer function. However, an investigation of the e~fects of quantizati~n in digital filters is not separable from the specific structure of the computing algorithm. Generally the assigned transfer function, H(z) , can be represented by various structural diagrams [10]. Two familiar structures of second-order recursive digital filters are presented in fig 1 for the purpose oP illustration. ~Inl rln) f 4 ~ S ulnl 1 / - } 1:.~~ 4 c, s s c. 9 ~n , ~ ~ ~ ~ b ~ / ~ ~ ~ } ~ b~ 1 ~ o~ , ~ I., I I` ~J ' 2 C, ~ s ` � 13 yrnl - -t~ . a~ b) c1 Figure 1. The straightforward canonical structural diagram (fig la) is represented by an isomozphic signal ~raph (fig lb) and functions according to the following algo- rithm: ~ For x(n) , where n= 0, 1; 2, execute: ~ 1. Enter a~n). 5. ya ~n) = Js ~n)� 2. ul (n) T u_ (n - 1). 6. ys (n~ = Q.,u, (n) a,y: ~n) aa;~~. 3. y= (n) _ (n - 1). 7. Derive ! (n) _ ~!s (n)� 4. u3 (n) b~yl (n) - b,~: (n) ; x(n). 8. Go to step 1. The ciia~n structure of a Gray-Alarkel digi~al filter (fig lc) operates according - to the following algorithm: For s(n) , where n= 0, 1, 2, execute: 1. Ent~r X~n)� uc ~n) = yi ~n) - y: ~n1� y~ _ ~r ~n)~ 6' ys ~n) = Csyc tn)� J: ln) = yii ~n - 1). 7. r~e ~n) = u~ (n) ~~s {n?. Y~ _ ~i= ~n - 1). (n) _ (r) ; us ~n)� 26 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 I I . FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY I ~ ~ ~ ~ 9. ue ~n) ys 1- ~s ~n~� 13. u~: ~~tl - u~o (n)� ; ] 0. yq ~n) = C._.~s ~~t)� 14. 1:3 ~r) = C3J7 ~n) ; .C:J~i ~R) Cs~i: ~r). i ~ ; l 1. :l:o ln) = ris (n) ; y, (R), 15. Derive u ln) = u:3 ~n)� ' 12. ui~ ~n) _!!a ~~i) ~ yg (n). 16. Co to s tep 1. ~ I I For the purpose of reducing sensitivity to quantization e�fects, high-order filters are often eYecuted in the form of a cascade'or parallel connection of �irst- and i second-order elements: i ~ P P ' H(z) = n H~ (a'l; 1~ (z) = S', N~(z)� r=i t-~ i Each structural diagram determines the organization of the computing process dif- ; ferently and, consequently, its properties and characteristics, such as potential parallelism, the required memory capacity, quantization noise, dynamic range, etc. ! i The implementation of the computing algorithm with microprocessor sets involves j the design of a microcomputer. It must have the following key functional blocks: ~ a microprocessor for executing arithmetic-logical operations and controlling the ; data processing process in the microcomputer, a read-only memory (ROM) Lor storing the filter's programs and its coefficients (constants), a random-access memory (R~.`I) for storing values of the input and output signals and intermediate vari- ables, an input/output interface for linking with peripherals, a timer (GTI) and a power supply. In fig 2 is presented a simplified block diagram of a processor for digital processing of analog signals executed on the basis of a microcomputer and analog-digital and digital-analog converters. For effecti~e processing of the signal it is necessary to match the structure of the computing al~orithm with the architecture and parameters of the microcomputer. :~a analysis of f~inctioning algorithms constructed for various structural diagrams ~f a digital filter makes it possible to identify three characteristic features o~ them: , 1. There is a set oc di~ferent algorithms which are equivaZent to the same trans- fer function, H(z) , but which difFer in sensitivity to the finite pracision in the representation of numbers, in the parallelis:n of co^~puta*_ions, in the memory caoacity reauired, in ~he number or sr_eps, etc. . - 2. The summing of products and the delay of a variable by one clock period are tne most typical operations of linear digital filtration aiocLithms. 3. The nunber of input/output operations in ~igital Piltration algorithms is - relatively low as compared with the number of arithmetic operations. 'L FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400054068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY i ) Mu~~� ~ ~ ~ lTN 2j ) 3BM i ~ ` ~ CuCmeNNOa wu,o i . 15 6 7 ~ ~ � ~ 03y Upe ~ n3y ~ ~ 6/B ~ ~-8,1 .3 -J s(f) ;n (n v(!) l1n lA Figure 2. Key: 1. Timer 6. T_/0 interface 2. MP 7. ROt4 3. `~iicrocomputer 8. Analog-digital converter - 4. System line 9. Digital-analog converter 5. RAM ~ Consequentlv, especially high requirements must be imposed on the time for exe- cution oi the operations of multiplication, suimmation and the transfer of data between the storage and arithmetic-logic units. For the purpose of taking into ~accouat the specifics of digital filtration algorithms it is necessary to select a mic~uprocessor wnich ^Fri~^sl for a specific apnlication. A comparative evaluation of the suitability of microprocessors must be made f~om a combinat.iun of technical and economic parameters [6]. In solving digital si~nal processing _ problems the following must be numbered among the decisive parameters: the time for the esecution of instructions, characterizing the speed of the microprocessor; rhe presence o� instructions for executing key digital filtration operations (in- cl~sding ~nultiplication, addition, subtraction, shift, etc.); the number of inter- nal registers (i.e., the capacity of the fast-access storaoe), dete r.nining the comput~no capabilities of the MP; the capacity of the addressable storage, deter- ;~inin~ the maximum amouat of information which can be processed; the presence of a channel for direct access to the storage; the capability of interruption, de- term~ning the multichanne~ operating mode of the multiprocessor; the presence of microorojram control, making possible adaptation of the instruction set and of the structure of instructions to specifics of a specif ic algorithm; and the ex- istence cf facilities for microprocessor e:tchange for the purpose of implementing a proc2ssi~~, algorithm possessing internal parallelism. In addition to the par2meters named, of essential importance for the application of r~icroprocessors is the number (and presence) of large-scale integrated circuits from the n~croprocessor set necessary for the i~plementation of a spec~f ic ~aicro- co~puter, the number of required power supplies and the power consumption, the 28 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R440400050068-8 ; ' FOR UFFICIAL USE ONLY presence of facilities for the automation of processing and for debug~ing, and the cost. . The structures and parameters of the microprocessors which are widespread at the present time meet the above-enumerated requirements to an insufficient degree. Generzl-purpose microprocessors such as the I8080, MC6800, F8, Z80 and I:580 are suited mainly for the logical processing of data. The esecutien of complicated 2rithmetic operations and computations, such as multiplication, is accomplished through software, on which much time is spent. For e~ample, the so.ftware imple- mentation of the oper3tion of the multiplication of two eight-bit numbers with a general-purpose microprocessor of the MC6800 type takes about 300 us [13]. The processing of signals in real time requires, as a rule, less time thaa the exe- cution of arithmetic operations. There are several methods, and combinations of them, for increasing the efficiency or processors for digital signal processing which are implemented with micrcp:o�- - cessor sets: the use of high-speed microprocessors designed on tne basis of modern technologies, such as TTL [transistor-transistor logic] with Schottky diodes, integrated injection logic, emitter-coupled logic, etc.; the use of micro- processors in which complicated arithmetic operations (including multiplication) - are performed by means of hardware; the multiprocessing of signal processing al- gorithms and their imple~enCation in multimicroprocessor systems; simplification of product summation operations; and the development and use of special-purpose microprocessors oriented toward speeding the execution of basic digital filtration _ operations. ~ Develooers of higr.-etficiency signal processi.ng systems have traditionally strived to tise a high-speed el2ment base. During the last decade of the development of *_he r~u.:roprocessor element base the mastery of new technologies has made it pos- sib~e to increase its speed by more than an order of magnitude. At the present time integrated technology has reached the level ot ultralarge-scale integrated ~ c~rcll~LS (ULSIC's) with minimum geometric dimensions of elements on the order af one micron and a time delay in a gate on the order of a few nanoseconds. In the opinion or specialists, these parameters are close to the limit for silicon tech- r.ologv. It is anticipated that the development of new semiconductor tecfinologies will r,?ake it possible to create devices with subnanosecond speed. Experimental models of gallium arsenide logical gates with a total delay of 33 ps have already been produced [11]. But ttla software e:tacution of complicated arithmetic operations, as indicated above, takes a great deal of time and can be used basically for solving siraple _ ~iltcring proble~:~s. An increase in the computing eFficiency of general-purpose r~icrocomputers ef ~ 30- to 100-fold ar,d more zs achieved by adding "mathematical chips"--rnicropro- cessor large-scale intebrated circuiCs designed f.or per~orming mathematical opera- tions ox inr_reased complexity~. These LSIC's are prograr.imable 3nd nonprogra:nmable. The for~er are essentially processor elements with their oc.:, instruction set. T_he :~m9511 and I8087 models ~~re described in [12J, which perform the operations of e::L�ractizg t;~e root, raisin~ to a po~~~r, computing logarithmic and trigonometric funct~ons, etc. ~onprograt^r,iable LSIC's are special-purpose denices and make 29 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102109: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY possible greater speed. In [12, 13], for e:{ample, a report is oiven on 3- and 24- bit completely parallel multipliers which form a result in 45 and 200 ns, respec-- tively, and the 24-bit multiplier performs the multiplication o� numbers with double precision and is suited for use ir} high-order recursive filters. For the purpose of implementing high-efficiency digital signal processing equipment it is necessary, as mentioned above, to match carefully the structures of filtra- tion algorithms with the architectur,e of computing facilities. The most universal and effective approach is the parallel organization of equipr.?ent and processing [14]. This approach is based on the employment of potential parallelism intrin- sicallv characteristic of the structures of algorithms [10]. Obviously, in a filter computation of the output value, y, is perfo r:ned in a de[inite order. For the purpose of computin g a signal innany node of the signal graph of a digital filter it is generally necessary to know the values of some other nodal signals, i.e., for each structure there is its own combination of order relationships for the calculation of nodal signals which is determined total- 1y by the topology o� transfers. For e:cample, ror the structure represented by the graph in fig lc the graph for the ordering of computations of nodal signals is presented in fig 3a, where {c~.} represents the set of nodal signals.which can be computed simultaneously. It makes it possible to estimate the potential pa"ra- lellism or the computing algorithm of the structure considered for all ari~hmetic uperations. Assuming the multiplication operation to be the longest and to be deciding the totai input of time, it is possible for the purpose of reducing this input to reveal the possibilities of the parallel execution of the multiplication of coefficients by nodal values. It is obvious from the graph in fig 3a that of all 20 transfer branches only 5 implement transfers by means of the multiplication operation (since the transfer coefficients of the other branches equal + 1). This makes it possible to construct a graph for the ordering of multiplication opera- - tions. Such a graph for the structure considered is presented in fig 3b. An ana- lvsis of it ,nakes it possible to draw the conclusion that the simultaneous multi- plication of variables can be performed for coefficients C2 and C3 , and also, in the nest time intarval, for coefficients C and C Consequently, in a digital tilter having a Gray-Markel structure it is feasible to use two multi- processors. This makes it possible to reduce the total time for multiplication operations from t= 5 tine intervals (when using a single microproczssor) to t= 3. Thus, the value of t= 3 corresponds to the degree of parallelism *.,rith respect to the multiplication operation intrinsically characteristi~ of the structure considered. The potential parallelism relative to arithmetic operations for any co:nputing al;orithm is determined similarly if a structural diagram corresponding to it or an isomorphic sio al oraph is constructed. ~n a number of cases the de~ree of parallelism of the algorithm can be addition- ally increased on accour.t of the use of the conveyer principle of processing-- at:othar aporoach to the multiprocessing of processes [10, 15]. In this case the indi~idual phases of the total execution cycle relating to different time intervals are executed simultaneously. The canonical structure of a digital filter (rig lb) can thus be made totally parallel with respect to the multiplica- ~ion operation un account oi the addition oF added unit delays to the direct 30 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY . transier branches, An obvious disadv~ntage ot increas~ng speed b; zhe use of parallelism is the increase in the amount of equipment. -fnJf4i1 . ~41j~C, f4J~~ {4.)~ (4rl~C, l sl~ fC~1l Ir..l~~. �1,~1n1 ~ . 4 ~ 5 ~ 6 6~ 9 i ,p ~ ~p ~ l.i - ~ ~ I I I / 2 I ~ 7 ~ l~~~ CI ~ ,l'~~'/ I ~ ~ ~ ~ . t- fi' i ~ ' ~ ~ 1--~ ~mi) fmz; f^'~~ ~ C, a ) � ~ ~ C, ~ C. b) Fi~ure 3. , The steady reductior. in the cost o~ inteorated ROM's in recent years has made it pussible ror developers to increase considerably the carryin~ capacity of digital filters on the basis of e:~ploying tabular algorithmic methods of computing sums of products [2]. In this case the operat~.on of the multiplication of a sequence of variables by constant factors is imglemented by the operations ~r the addition and shift of codes o� an auxiliary vector function, ~y , whose values are computed beforehand and are stored in the storage. Let us w~ite difference equation (1) for an element oz a second-order digital iilter in the form: f ~ . yn = auXn T a~Xn-~ ~ ayXn-2 - b1tJ~_~ - b-yn_~� ~3~ Let all sigr.als oe limited to a level of + 1, and for their representation le~ an additiunal L-bit code (including the sign bit) with a fi:{ed point be used: t-~ o U r ~-r U� _ - Un . ~ ~ Then equation (3) can be rewritten in the following manner: ~L-, L-I ' L-1 ~ ~ _1_ ( ~ 1 ~ Q-~ ~ Y~_~z-1 U^ - C~ ( ~ X,~2 ""n~ i Ql 1 ~ ~-12 _ ~-1 J ~ - 1~_~ ~ i=1 - L-~ 1. - ~n-. bl ~ yn-~2-` - 6~ ~ y~_~2 ` ! ~_i t-1 , 31 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Having defined ~unction v o~ five binar}r arguments as ~~(Uy, U2, U3, U4,.U5) _ = a~UT + alU2 + a2U3 - b~U`` b2TJ5 , this equation can be written in the form: tr-i ~ r~ o ~n = ~ 2 ~i ~Xn, 'C~n-1' Xn-2' yn-1' ~n-2~ - ~0 Xn-I~ ~'n-2' ~n-1' y~-? ~ i=t � The value of y is now computed only by means of algebraic addition operations and shift opera~tions. Vector function ~ for an assigned set of coefficients a, a , a , b and b takes on 25 = 32 values. They can be computed before- hand and en~eredlin the form of a table in the microcomputer's ROM. The algo- rithm ror computing yn in this case has the form: 1. Clear accumulator register. 2. Read out value of w for i= L. 3. Add c~rith conten~s o� accumulator register. 4. Shift contents of accumulator register to right by ane bit (multiplication by 2 1 ) . 5. Repeat steps ? to 4 for i= L- l, L- 2, 1. ~ 6. Read out value of . 7. Subtract value of ~y~ from contents of accumulator. High-order digital filters can be constructed, as a rule, on the basis of the cascade and parallel connection of first- and second-order elements. r1 disadvantage of this approach is the exponential growth in storage volume with an increase in the number of arguments of function and consequently in access time. In addition, implementation is complicated considerably if the coefficients change during the period of operation of the filter. For increasing the e�ficiency of computations performed in digital filtering, developers have more than once resorted to different variants of the integral representation oz the filter`s coefficients and variables. In [16, 17] efficiency was increased on account of simplification of the multiplication operation in designing transfer �unctions of the digital filter with coefficients equal to small whole numbers (including + 1). Characteristic of this trend is complication of the step of forming the transfer function (PF), since the approximation problem is able not to have a solution with specific requirements and limitations. The body of matheu~atics of the arithmetic of residue classes (modular arithmetic) is used in other developments [18, 19]. Tt makes possible mul*_iprocessing of algorithms tor the operations of multiplication, addition and subtraction and the performance of computations with high efficiency~ and precision with multiprocessor syste~s. The time for the execution of the multiplication operatiom for n-bit numbers in this case is proportional approximately to n, and not to n2 as in the tradicional meChod. ~ system of residue class arithmetic is constructed from a series o= modules, u={;~1, m2, cnL} , wizich are relatively prime. Any whole nu:nber 32 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY V ~[_W~ W] , where w= 1/2(Q - 1,) and Q='~m` , can be unambiguously coded by a sequence o~ residue classes, vi : v= v~v~..,v~ , J _(~vlmodm~ ~n.i ;,~E[~~~1, . a tm;-~~~mcd,~i; ~E[-rc~,0]. Arithmetic operations--addition, subtraction and multiplication--are perforned very simply in this case: (~h� . . . , ut) (ul, . . . , ~r) _ ((ui -i- z~~);mod ml, . . . , (ur -i- v,) mod m~), (ul, . . . , ur) - (vl, . . . , v~) _ ((ul - vl) mod ml, . . . , (ur - vT) mod rrir), (ul, . . . , u~) X . . . ~ z'r) _ ~~ui X mod ml, . . . , (u~ Y. Vr) mod m,). Since residue class arithmetic operates only with whole numbers and the coeffi- cients of a digital filter generally cannot be whole numbers, then in the imple- nentation of a digital filter it is necessary to perform scaling. The values of coefficie-~ts ai and bi are represented as whole numbers [Sa~] and [Sbi] and the output signal from each element must be divided by factor S before being used in the next iteration. For each second-order element this operation can be written in the form: S~(n)=[Sao1x(n)-}-[Sal]x(n-1)-I-[Su.riz(n-2)-[ S6i)y~n- 1)- -[S62]y(n-2); y(n)={S-'[Sy(n)]}. . - ~4) It is not difficult to combine the parallel structure of computations.of residue class arithmetic w~th the Peled-Liu vector multiplication algorithm [2]. If s(n) and y(n) are interpreted as binary whole numbers, i.e., L ~ . x (n) _ xj 2' ft f (n) _ ~ 2f , ;=o i-~ then equation (4) c~n he rewritten in the form L ~ Sy ~n) = ~~i) ~-o cohere 33 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY ~j _ x^-- xr ul-z y~-' . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (At) _ [ Sak ]�L;-k - ~ [ Sbk ly; -k � k=-0 k=1 For a systen of residue classes assigned by modules ml = 2~ - 1 and m~ = 28 , the equation can be represented in the form: . ~ ~n) = I Sy ~n) I:s - ~ ~~'l', ~A~t) I ~ i=~ ~2g ~ y: ~n) = I Sy ~n) I~e_i = I,~,r 2'V'z ~A:t) ~ _8-t ~5) where L%-~ / ~1 (A3~) = I~V ~A~~)128-~ ~ ~f j~Ii~ = ~ y,~ 2~ I ~ Y~'2~~.1~=~~g"~\A./~ ~:g~ 1=4 'ml Lt_ ~ ' Y~ (n) _ ~ X:;`'' m;; A;, _ z, . . . , x~1, y; y;1 i . ~ i=a The residual value of y(n) can be computed on the basis oi the scaling algorithm presented in [18]: I y~n) I~e_i = I yl ~n) y. ~n) ~~s-~ � _ . ~6~ - Co~putations according to equations (5) and {6) can be executed sequentially on a sin~;le eight-bit microprocessor or, according to (5), can be computed sir~ultan- eouslv on two independent microprocessors (fig 4), and equation (6) by means of a modulo-(2~ - 1) processor. The difficulties which aris~ for developers in using residue class arithmetic for the implementation o� digital filtering are related primarily to ensuring effec- tive scaling, especially for recursive digital f ilters, to determinino the sign oi the result, etc. . in spite of all the advantages of the methods discussed fnr organizing the e~ecu- tion oi key digital signal processing operations on general-purpose microcomnuters, 34 _ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102109: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY the best agreement between the structure of aloorithr..s and the structure o~ hard- ware can be achieved when implementing them with special-purpose microprocessors. _ Special-purpose microprocessors have smaller overall dimensions and lower cost and high speed and reliability. They can operate individually or in conjunction with general-purpose microprocessors. Successes in integrated technology and the in- - crease in the degree of integration in a semiconductor chip to 20,000 to 30,000 c:omponents has made it possible already today to develop sin~le-chip special- purpose microprocessors (more accurately, microcomputers) for digital,signal processing. n3y Is'~~~I:� 2~ MOQ155 3) 1 ~ Mll lypo~ol ; ) �r.~~ srr, ~un Zr~ 4~ ~~n~ ~oQMoa n0~~me l13y ~Tlnl'vss NOQ 256 P1R(6poJp1 i igure 4. - Kev: 1. Analog-digital converter 4. Main storage 2. `~iodel 25~ ROM S. Digital-analog converter . 3. Microprocessor (8-bit) In this connection it is interesting to discuss the capabilities and some fe2tures of one of the first microcomputers of this type, the I2920 [20]. This microcom- puter can be programmed for digital processing of analog signals in real time for the perforuiance of filtering, modula~ion, deteccion and the like. It has been esecuted according to the n-MOS technology on a single chip measuring 39.1 mm` in area, on which are placed a microprocessor, a reprogracnmable RO:I (RFtOM) , an analog-digital and digital-an~log converter (fig S). - The I2920 microcomputer executes a special-purpose instruction set: addition, subtraction, deternination o� absolute value, copying of data and several logic operations. Any ins~ructior. is evecuted in '~00 ns. The band of frequencies which can be processed depends on the time ror execution of the entire program _ which, in turn, is determin~d by the number of instruc~ions (the maximu~ number of instructions in the progran is 192 and tne frequenc~~ band in this case equals 0.5 k.'iz) . 35 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-40850R040400054068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY e o 4~ nnsy ~92 ~~oaa,~cFa~PRao 1 l~~t Ce o _ - 7~ ~ 039 A~y 5 ) nuc,~m~n 40c~n6 ,iorn�Eo ~ . ~ 15 a~po BP01 , ~~s 6 ~ b O ~ 2 ~ M~+tucmp ~ 9 ~ - an,..,,,,, $ ~ - - 3~ yi~po6.+pauc ~Ar , y AOJLRO ~ ^ 1 ~ 1~~ ~J a o~ B!. NffAM1/U/UPM BNl rllfANAU7M ' o ~oP ~ aun 13 ~ cap, ytu~~rir.v.~~ a ~ ~ AMOAOIOEMF 14 ~ A~aoro6d~ 11~ Q+od� , 6aioo� j Figure 5. I - Key: ~ 1. Instruction storage . 9. Control logic 2. Digita], processor 10. Input multiplexer and analog-digital 3. Analog section converter ~ 4. RROM, 192 words, 24 bits 11. Analog inputs 5. RAM, 40 words, 25 bits 12. Digital-analog converter 6. Scaler 13. Output multiplexer, amplifiers 7. ALU, 28 bits 14. Analog outputs 8. Data register . High efficiency in the processing ot numbers is made possible by the conveyer architecture of the microcomputer and by an efficient algorithm for multiplying numbers. In multiplying variables by constants a sequence of addition and sub- ~ traction of variables scaled by a power of two is employed. For example, if variable y is multiplied by constant b(b = 1.7656 = 21�- 22 + 2 6), then the product may be written in the form: yb = y21 - y2 2+ y2 6. Scaling is performed in the range from 2Z to 2 13 and is implemented by an appropriate shift to the left or right. The multiplication method employed makes it possible . to reduce the time several~old and requires a small amount of hardware. Arith- metic operations are perforned c.rith 25-bit numbers, making possible high accuracy of results. The I2920 microco~puter is fairly simple to program. The resources of this micrcomputer are sufficient for solving many practical , problems. They make possible, for example, the software implementation o~ ?0 . pairs oz two-terminal recursive ~ilters or a spectrum analyzer for the sound spectrum. 36 + APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY However, for solving more complicated problems associated, for e:tample, with the processing o� a flow of digital information from various sources, a digital signal processing processor is usually esecuted in the form of a multichip configuration formed rrom a central control unit and peripheral processing modules. The func- tions oL the control unit are usually performed by a general-purpose multipro- cesso~' and the modules are essentially special-ourpose processors which perfor~ in.~iividual complete processing procedures based on programs written in the ROM. ~b 1e to serve as an example of hardware of this design is the T~IS 9900 system ot ~aicroprocessor modules for military purposes by Texas Instruments, Inc. [21]. It snould be r~entioned that the development and production o� special-purpose microprocessor sets and of microcomputers are feasible when they are used in great volume. The choice o~ the variant of ttie structure of the processing al- gorithm and of the hardware configuration depend on specific conditions of use. Development ot the computii:g algorithm is an important step in the complicated and multistage process of designing microprocessor signal processing systems. De- cisions made at this stage determine many technical and economic parameters of the ruture microcomputer. As is obvious from the discussion abuve, it is not separable from selection of the architecture oi the microcomputer. Creation of the soEtware, whose cost represents a major portion of the cost of the system, begins with develop~ent of the algorithm. The complexity of the problems facing developers of microprocessor systems is responsible ror the necessity of the extensive application of design automation equipr~ent at all stages of development. However, the microprocessor design systems used at the present ti~e are mainly of a problem-invariant nature and are oriented roward the development and debugging of software and hardware according to a p~~_~~arz~ algorith:n [22J. Ln cases when aloorithms are considerably complicated and coasequently have high a priori indefinit~ness of their structure (as, for e;:~:~:.~~'.e, dioital signal processing algorithms), it is necessary to supplemen~ ~hese racilities ~~rith a problem-oriented pa:t designed for the development of an ootir.,um aloorithm. Ttiis makes it possible to determine its structure and para- n~:cers ~~nd to reveal errors before writing and debugging the program. ~,s sz exar~ple ~t i~ ~ossibl~ to reter to the packages of applied programs which are incltided in the so~tkare of the Automated Design of Digital Systems (DISAP) s�~:sr_e:r [?3]. The D?S~F-~�Pc:OKSI:~IATSIYA [-~~PPRO~I~IATIOti~ PPP [paclcage of applied proorar~s] makes it possible to solve problens relating to the approsimation ot the fr2q~iency and time characteristics of digital recursive filters from the transfer - runctions oi analog prototype rilters. The DISAP-r~`IALIZ [-~,.'~~L`iSIS] PPP is de- signeC for multivariant frequency-time analysis of computing algorithms with a librarv or random structure (up to 150 branches and 30 nodes) represented by i.s~~mo:phic signal graphs. Bibliography 1. Opoeag~yr., ~.V. and Sha*er, R.V. "Tsitrovaya obrabotka signalev" [Digital _ Sional Processin~j, `Ioscow, Svyaz', 1979, 37 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICI~4L USE ONLY ' 2. Peled, A. and Liu, B. "Tsifrovaya obrabotka signalov" [Digi.tal Signal Pzo- cessing], Kiev, Vyshcha shkola, 1979. 3. Gol'denberg, L.M., Butyl'skiy, Xu.T. and Polyak, M.N. "Tsifrovyye ustroystva na integral'nykh skhemakh v tekhnike svyazi" [Digital Equipment Employing Integrated Circuits in Communications Engineering], Moscow, Svyaz', 1979. 4. Vereshkin, A.Ye. and Katkovnik, V.Ya. "Lineynyye tsifrov.yye fil'try i metody ikh realizatsii" [Linear Digital Filters and rlethods of Implementing Them], Moscow, Sovetskoye Radio, 1973. ~ 5. Khilburn, Dzh. and Dzhulich, P. "Mikro-EVM i mikroprotsessory" [~Iicrocom- ; puters and Microprocessors], translated from English, Moscow, Mir, 1979. 6. Prangishvili, I.V. "Mikroprotsessory i mikro-EVLI" [Microprocessors and ~I3.cro- computers], Moscow, Energiya, 1979. 7. Petrenko, A.I. and Bublik, S.A. "Primeneniye mikroprotsessorov v us�troystvakh . tsifrovoy fil'tratsii" [Application of rlicroprocessors in Digital Filtering Equipment], Kiev, Znanyye, 1980. 8. Artyukhov, V.G., Bublik, S.A. and Mikhaylyuk, G.T. "Modeling Digital Filters . with Variable [Jord Length" in "Avtomatizatsiya proyektirovaniya v.elektronike" [Design Automation in Electronics], Kiev, Tekhnika, No 16, 1977, pp 62-65. 9. Lanne, A.A. and Shev'~oplyas, G.B. "Noise and Accuracy in the Implementation of the Characteristics of Digital Filters," ZARUBEZHNAYA RADIOELEKTRONIKA, No 4, 1974, pp 18-47. 10. Krosh'yer, R. and Oppengeym, A. "Analysis of Linear Digital Circuits," TIEER, Vol 63, No 4, 1975, pp 45-61. 11. ~~ulf, G. Electronic Engineering and Technology of the Past Decade--Leading Topic of the 'Veskon' Conference," ELEKT.RONIKA, No 18, 1979, pp 65-76. 12. Arnol`d, U. "New Chips Performing Complicated Arithmetic Operations," ELEKTRONIKA, No 14, 1979, pp 79-81. 13. "'Veskon-78'--Communications E~:~ipment and Microprocessors at Center of ~ttention," ELEKTRONIK~1, No 18, 1978, pp 55-63. 14. Braun, D. and Uayt, D. "Improvement of the Efficiency of Minicomputer Systems Because of the Parallel Organization of Processing," ELEKTRONI?Cc1, No 14, 1979, pp 41-47. 15. Frini, S. "Special-Purpose Hardware for Digital Filtering," TIEER, Vol 63, . :10 4, 1975, pp 108-125. . 38 'CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 16. Bublik, 5.~,. "Design o~ Low- and High-Frequeney Nonrecursive Digital Filters with Integral Coeificients" in "Avtomatizatsiya prolektirovaniya v elektronike," Kiev, Tekhnika, No 16, 1977, pp 66-69. 17. Haddad, R.A. "A Class of OrChogonal Nonrecursive Binomial Filters," IEEE TRA~vS., ~U-19, Dec 1971, pp 296-304. 18. Jenkins, W.K. "Techniques �or High-Precision Digital Filterino with Multiple Processors" in "Proceedings of the 20th Midwest Synposium on Circuits and Systems," Texas, August 1977, pp 58-62. 19. Knut, D. "Iskusstvo programmirovaniya dlya EVM" [Art o� Co~nputer Program- ning], ~ioscow, Mir, No 1, 1976. 20. i~hoff, :t. and Taunsend, *1. "Single-Chip Microcomputer tor Processing Signals in Real Time," ELEI~TRONIICa, No 5, 19%9, pp 23-30. 21. Posa, D. "Improving the Speed of Microprocessor Systems by ~Ieans of Peri~heral Devices," ELEKTRONIKA, No 17, 1979, pp 5-46. 22. Beyli, K. and Kakhl, T. "General=Purpose Equipment for Designino Micro- systems," ELEKTFOI3IKA, No 18, 1979, pp 24-30. 23. Petr~nko, ~.I., Bublik, S.A., Butakova, L.G. and Shumak~va, L.A. ".Automated Design System ~or Digital Signal Processing Equipment," IZV. WZOV - ~1DIOELEKTRONIi~, Vol 24, No 6, 1981, pp 96-98. COPYRIGHT: "Izvestiya vuzov SSSR - Radioelektronika", 1981. 8831 CSO: 1360/33? ~ 33 FOR OFFICIAL t1SE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAI. USE ONLY UDC 621.372.54.037.372 AUTOMATED DESIGN SYSTEM FOR DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSI`IG EQUIPMENT ~ Kiev IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY: RAD96E98KTRONI'~. in Russian Vol 24, No.6, Jun 81 (manuscript received 14 Nov 80) pp [Article by A.I. Petrenko, S.A. Bublik, L.G. Butakova and L.A. Shumakova] [Text] Designing digital signal processing equipment (UTsOS) employing large- scale integrated circuits (LSIC~derable difficultysfor developerslresidesminti-. stage, iterative process. Consi finding the optimum hardware implementation of signal processing algorithms under conditions of the not too high speed of response of elements and short word length [1, 2], High efficiency and quality in designing UTsOS, the functional complexity of which is increasing steadily, can be achieved only on the basis of the overall employment of facilities andfmstecial-furposeaSAPR UTsOS'sn[automatedtdesignfsys- velopment--by the creation o p P ~ tems for digital signal processing equipment]. The problems to be solved by developers and trends in the development of UTsOS ~ake it possible to formulate the basic rules and requirements for SAPR UTsOS's as fo~lows: The direct developer of electronic equipment is the user of problem-oriented SAPR L"TsOS's. Packages of applied programs for SAPR UTsOS's must make possible the solution of a broad range of problems associated with the approximation and analysis of the characteristics of digital equipment and its structural and parametric organiza- tion and with the production of design documentation. Interaction between the developer-user and an SAPR UTsOS is organized on the basis of a problem-oriented input language the semantics of whose basic syntactical constructions are based on concepts familiar to a developer of elec*_ronic zquip- men t . An SAPR UTsOS is a component of industrial integrated SAPR's [automated design systems]; the organization o,f its software, hardware and data support is determined by the general requirements for SAPR's for technical equipment and syste*.ns [3]� These principles formed the oasis oP the Automated Design System for Digital Syste~s (DISc~P) under development. The first version of the system consists of 40 ' ; OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY two packages of applied programs: the DISAP-APPROKSIMATSI`LA [-APPROXL'~IATION] PPP [package of appl~ed programs] and the DISAP-ANALIZ [-ANALYSIS] PPP. The DISAP-APPROKSI`~ft1TSIYA package of applied programs is designed for solving problems oP approximation of the frequency and time characteristics of digital f.ilters (Tsr's) based on analog prototype filters. This is accor~plished by digitization of a given analog transfer function (PF), H(s) , on the basis of a single z-transform--an algebraic (bilinear or biquadratic) or adjusted--or of the meChod of invariance of the pulse characteristic [1]. The appropriate frequen- cy transformation is perf ormed in necessary instances. Taking into account the extensive use of the algebraic transformation, a speedier algorithm was developed Lor the package which utilizes the symmetry in the expansion of expressions by wnich the coefficients of the numerator and denominator of rhe analog transfer function are multiplied. In these transformations the transfer function is de- composed into simple fractions by the method of undetermined multipliers. The modified Hitchcock-Berstow method is used for finding the roots of polynomials, making it possible on the basis of an optimization procedure to obtain the values of roots through precise values of coefficients of trinomials. The result of the package's work is the transfer function, H(z) , o� a recursive digital filter represented in the form of a cascade or parallel connection of - elements of the first and second order. Furthermore, its maximum order in a given version of the system equals 20. The package's programs make it possible also to calculate frequency and time characteristics, zeros and poles of the digital f il- ter's transfer function. A problem-oriented input language with free formats has been developed for the purpose of organizing efficient interaction between the user and the DISAP system. ruactionally it is divided into a language for describing the subject of study and conversion and a language for describing the assignmest for study and conversion. _ The DIS~P-APPRO?CSI~i~.TSIYA PPP input language represents a subset o.f the language of tne uISAP system. � The description of the original transfer function of the analog filter, H(s) , in tae input language of the DISAP-t1PPROKSI*~fATSIYr1 package can be represented both on the basis of coefficients and by means of roots. The language for describ- ing the assignment makes it possible to present the necessary procedures of the computing process in terms familiar to a UTsOS development engineer. The DISaP-:~V?,LIZ package of applied programs is designed for solving a broad range ot proble:ns originating in the development of structural diagrams of UTsOS, such as digital filters, phase correctors, etc. The elements of the circuits under study can be adders, nultipliers and delay elements. For linear and parametric digital circuits of random form the package's programs make it possible to per- rorm r~ultivariant studies of characteristics in the frequency and time regions, to model Qarametric sensitivity, to form circuit functions, to analyze stability; to study the effects of the quantization of coefficients, the results of arithmetic operations and values of the input signal; and to estimate the dynamic range, non- linear distortion and the potential parallelism of structures. These studies can be performed for steady-state and transient conditions, for conditions of constant and variable factors and of constant and variable time intervals, in various com- binations of them. ~ 41 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FUR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY Equations for the mathematical model o~ a digital circuit can be obCained in various ways. In the DISAP-ANALIZ version under consideration a mathematical model of a digital circuit of random structure functioning with variable factors and time intervals is formed on the basis of the method of nodal signals [4]. In matrix form it can be writt~n for the t~me region in the form of a system ot difference equations, y(n) = f~(n)y(n) + fd(n)y(n-1) + x(n) , where y(n) is the colunm vector of the values of N internal nodal signals, Y(n) is the colu~. vector of N external signals, f(n) is the matrix of dinension N X v of coefficients for the transfer of elements without delay, and f(n) is the matrix of dimension N X N of coefficients for the transfer of elemen~s with unit delay. In the case of a linear circuit invariant in terms of shift, matrix elements f~ and fd do not depend on time. Then, using the z-transform, the mathematical model of a digital circuit for the frequency region and steady-state conditions can be writt n in the form of a system of linear algebraic equations: Y~z) _ = f~Y(z) + faY~z)z I + Y(z) . The advantages of these models are the simplicity of fornation, solution and modification. In addition, computations performed in keeping with the system of difference equaCions are adequate for the number and kind of computations and their sequence in a real unit of equipment, which makes possible the software modeling of various effects, such as loops of instructions and overflow. The effects of quantization associated with the truncation and rounding of numbers can be determined precisely [5] or on the basis of a probabilistic model [4]. The description of the digital circuit to be studied and the assignment for its study and conversion are entered into the computer in the problem-oriented input language of the DISAP-ANALIZ PPP, which is a subset of the input language of the DISr1P system. At the daCa preparation stage the structural diagram of the UTsOS is represented in the form of an isomorphic signal graph. The elements of the circuit under study are replaced by branches of the ;raph, for which are indi- cated the directions of the transfer of signals, connection nodes, identifiers of the type of branch, transfer coefficients or a set o� parameters, and the order number of the branch. The package makes it possible to analyze digital circuits whose equivalent circuits contain up to 150 branches and 80 nodes. The results of calculations are read out in the form of tables and graphs for an alphanumeric printer listing. The DISAP-.APPROKSI?~IATSIY~'1 and DISAP-ANALIZ packages can operate both in combina- . tion and independently of one another. The DISAP system is constructed according to the modular principle and has a multiphase structure, which makes it possible to operate in the overlay mode with a limited memory. Program nodules are written in FORTRAN-IV and an assembly language. The first version of the system has been implemented with YeS [Unified Series] computers under the control of a YeS DOS [disk operating s~stem]. For the purpose of enabling the exchange of inf orma~ion between individual modules and the storage of the necessary information on magnetic disks, a data bank has been organized which includes an archive of source data, a library of input sio als, a library of digital filter structures, libraries of transfer functions of analog and digital filters, and files for storing inter- mediate results. 42 ! , USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Bibliograptiy 1. Rabiner, L. and Gould, B. "Teoriya i primeneniye tsi.frovoy obrabotki signalov" [Theor~~ and Application o~ Digital Signal Processing], ;Ioscow, ~Iir, 1978. 2. Petrenko, A.I. and Bublik, S.A. "Primeneniye mikroprotsessorov v ustroys~vakh tsifrovoy fil'tratsii" [Application of :~Licroprocessors in Digital Filtering Equipment], Kiev,~Znaniye, 1980. ~ 3. Gavrilov, ;I.A. "Integrated ~ystems--a ~Iodern Trend in the Development of Automated Design Systems," PRIBOFY I SISTEMY UPRr1VLENIYA, No 1, 1979, p 3. 4. Krosh'yer and Oppengeym. "Analiz lineynykh tsifrovykh tsepey" [Ar.alysis of Linear Digital Circuits], TIIER, Vol 63, No 4, 1975, p 45. 5. Artyukhov, V.G., ~linlik, S.A. and :~ikhaylyuk, G.T. "Modeling Digital Filters with a Variable Word Length" in "Avtomatizatsiya proyektirovaniya v elek- tronike" [Design Automation in Electronics], Kiev, Tekhnika, No 16, 1977, p 62. COPYRIGHT: "Izvestiya vuzov SSSR - Radioelektronika", 1931. 8831 CSO: 1860/332 43 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047102109: CIA-RDP82-00850R400404050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONi.Y OPTOELECTRONICS, QU~?SI-OPTICAL DEVICES UDC 681.4.002.2(075.8) PRODUCTION OF OPTICAL ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENPS Moscow PROIZVODSTVO OPTIKO-ELEKTRONNYKH PRIBOROV in Russian 1981 (signed to press 27 Aug 80) pp 2, 5-6, 300-303 [Annotation, introduction (excerpts) and table of contents from book "Production of Optical Electronic Instruments", by Boris Fedorovich Kaledin, Mikhail Dmitriyevich Mal'tsev and A1'bert Ivanovich Skorokhodov, Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 6900 copies, 304 pages] [Excerpts] This book is intended as a textbook for tekhnikums. Introduction ~ Rapid growth of optical instrument-making, along with the complication of instruments and improvement of their quality characteristics, raise a critical problem of improv- , ing the technological effectiveness of their design and development of optimal pro- cesses of manufacturing parts of optical instruments, their assembly, adjustment, and control. These problems can be solved only by highly skilled specialists posses- sing a profound theoreCical knowledge and good practical training on the basis of modern achievements of science and technology. The production of optical instruments is characterized by high standards and the use of special technological processes some of which are unique. The problem of the quality of optical electronic instruments includes a large com- plex of problems of designing and producCion whose solution depends greatly on con- tinuous improvement of the technological effectiveness of the designs of instruments and the use of new advanced technological processes. The quality of technological processes in all stages of production of optical electronic instruments is determined greatly by the sensitivity, accuracy, length, and reliability of their work. In turn, the development of new advanced technological processes contributes to the de- signing of better instruments with time-stable characteristics and makes it possible to reduce their overall weight, dimensions and labor input into their manufacturing. The above requirements presuppose the use of new materials for mechanical and opti- cal parts, including titanium, beryllium, precious metals, special alloys and brands of glass. Parts inade of new materials are processed by special technological proces- ses which differ from the processes of clasaical technology. They are: new methods of obtaining rational blanks with the use of liquid self-hardening mixtures; machin- ing complex framework parts with a highly productive equipment integrated sets of 44 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONY.Y machinery, machines with ChPU [numerical program control] of the "machining centers"- type; the use of diamond tools for fine grinding. Methods of sizing with electron and laser beams, ultrasound, and electrochemical treatment are used more and more widely in the manufacturing of optical instruments. The production of p:~rts wi.tli aspheric surfaces made of artificially grown crystals, organic fil~iss, etc, is };ruw- ing. Another distincrive characteristic of the manufacturing of optical electronic in- struments is a large volume of adjustment and regulation jobs. The use of supersen- sitive receivers of radiant energy in the sensitive elements of optical electronic instruments makes it impossible to perform adjustment operations manually and re- quires automation of data removal and movement. Control and adjustment benches for checking modern optical electronic instruments are measuring complexes which are no less complicated than the instruments themselves. Electronic parts in optical electronic instruments of the last generation became more complicated, which is connected with automatic processing and transmission of information and with the fact that instruments became self-contained. This brought about considerable changes in the manufacturing technoiogy of radio elements and electronic units, which led first to the unit method, and then to the functional-as- sembly or modular method of designing and production. The method of modular design- ing became possible after the development of advanced methods of printed-circuit wiring. Micromodular designing and further development of microminiaturization con- nected with the use and improvement of fundamentally new and advanced technological - processes on the basis of integrated technology will make it possible to improve con- - siderably the quality and reliability of optical electronic instruments. Contents Page Foreword 3 Introduction 5 Section I Fundamentals of the Designing of Technological Processes Chapter 1. Basic Concepts and General Characteristics of Technological Processes ~ 1. Types of Products ~ 2. Basic Conecpts of Production and Technological Processes, Types of Technological Processes 8 3. Types of Production 11 Chapter 2. Technological Effectiveness of Designs of Products 13 1. Some Concepts of the Technological Effectiveness of Designs 13 2. Technological Requirements for Designs of Blanks, Parts, and Assemblies 14 3. Evaluation of the Technological Effectiveness of Designs 17 Chapter 3. Assurance of Precision in the Processing of Iiistrument Parts 18 1. Some Concepts of Precision in the Processing of Parts 18 45 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONY.Y 2. Aggregate Error of Processing 19 3. Production Errors 2~ 4. Precision Determination Methods 23 S. Concepts of Bases ZS 6. Surface Quality 27 7. Allowances for Processing and Interoperational Dimensions 29 Chapter 4. Content and Principles of the Designing of Technological Processes 31 1. Technological Preparation of Production 31 2. Procedures of the Designing of Technological Processes 32 - 3. Automation of the Designing of Technological Processes 34 4. Technological Documentation 35 Chapter 5. Technical and Economic Principles of Selecting Technological Processes 3~ 1. Structure of the Practical Time Norm 37 2. Labor Productivity and Means of Increasing It 39 ~ 3. Selection of an Optimal Variant of the Technological Process by Technological Costs 40 Chapter 6. Purposes, Types, and Methods of Designing Devices 42 ; 1. Purposes and Types of Devices 42 2. Placing of Parts in Devices 44 3. Elements of Devices 47 4. Methods of the Designing of Devices 55 Section II Standard Technological Processes of Manufacturing Common Parts and Main Assemblies of Optical Electronic Instruments Chapter 7. Basic Methods of Obtaining Blanks 5~ 1. Casting 57 2. Swaging 61 3. Cold Stamping 62 4. Dieless Pressure Shaping 74 S. Manufacturing of Parts by the Powder Metallurgy Method 76 6. Manufacturing Blanks and Parts from Plastics 78 7. Ma.nufacturing Ceramic Articles 83 Chapter 8. Machining of Blanks of Parts on Metal-Cutting Machines 84 _ 1. Machining of Cylindrical, Conical, and Shaped Surfaces of Shafts and Bushings 84 2. Machining of Casing Parts 88 3. Manufacturing of Threaded Parts 90 4. Toothing Methods and Manufacturing of Gear Wheels 92 5. Machining of Complex Parts on Integrated Sets of Machinery and in Processing Centers 95. Chapter 9. Electrophysical and Electrochemical Methods of Sizing 100 . 1, Ultrasound Treatment 100 46 FOR OFFIC(AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONY~Y 103 2. Electrospark Machining 105 3. Anode Mechanical Treatment 107 4. Radial Methods of Treatment 108 5. Electrochemical Methods of Treatment ~ 111 Chapter 10. Protective Coatings 111 1. Metallic Coatings 115 2. Chemical Coatings 116 3. Varnish and Paint Coatings 117 4. Coating Quality Control 119 Chapter 11. Magnetic Circuit Manufacturing Method 1. Classification of Magnetic Circuits by the Design and 119 Technological Characteristics 120 2, ManufacCuring of Shaped Magnetic C~rcuits 121 3. Manufacturing of Laminated Magnetic Circ~iits 4. Special Characteristics of the Manufactur?ng of Tape-Type 123 Magnetic Circuits 125 Chapter 12. ^rocedures of Winding Manufacturing 125 1, Classification of Windingfs by Technological Characteristics 128 2. Materials Used and Their Technological Properties 129 3. Manufacturing of Coi1 Spools ~30 4. Winding Machines 131 5. Procedures of Winding Transformer Coils Section III Manufacturing Process of Optical Parts 134 - Chapter 13. Materials for Manufacturing Optical Parts 135 1. Optical G1ass and Its Production 2. Quartz, Technical, and Organic Glass and Glass Ceramics 140 3. Artificial Optical Crystals. Crystal Growing 142 4. New Optical Materials 144 5. Preparation of Drawings of Standard Optical Parts 150 6. Requirements for Optical Parts Chapter 14. Abrasive and Subsidiary Materials 151 1. Natural and Artificial Abrasive Materials 151 2. Polishing Materials 153 3. Subsidiary Materials 154 Chapter 15. Instruments, Devices, and Machines for Processing 156 Optical Parts 156 1. Instruments 160 2. Devices 161 3. Machines for Processing Optical Parts 163 Chapter 16. Technological Process of Treatment of Optical Parts 163 1. Initial Processes 167 2. Methods of Securing Optical Parts During Their Processing 47 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONi.Y 3. Grinding and Polishing 169 4. Manufacturing of Standard Optical Parts 170 5. Technological Processes of the Manufacturing of Special Optical Parts 176 6. New Methods of Manufacturing Optical Parts 181 Chapter 17, Coatings of Optical Parts 183 1. Purposes, Types, and Procedures of Applying Coatings 183 2, Properties and Uses of Coatings 186 - 3. Control Methods 190 Section IV Technological Processes of Assembly.and Installation Chapter 18. General Principles of Designing Assembling Processes 192 � 1. Basic Propositions 192 2. Organizational Forms of Assembling 193 3. Methods of Ensuring the Prescribed Precision of Assembling 194 4. Special Characteristics of the Designing of the Technological Process of Assembling 196 S. Development of Flow Diagrams of Assembling 198 6. Design of Operational Techniques 200 ~ Chapter 19. Standard Technological Processes of Assembling 201 1. Preparation of Parts for Assembling 202 2. Assembly of Detachable Connections 203 3. Assembly of Permanent Connections 205 4. Special Characteristics of Connecting Parts Made of Different Materials 21~ 5. Balancing 223 Chapter 20. Assembly of the Opticomechanical Part of Optical Electronic Instruments 225 1. Requirements for Assembly Units and Connections 225 2, Assembly of Guides for Rectilinear and Rotary Motion 226 3. Assembly of Individu~l Components 228 4. Ass.embly of Objectives and Eyepieces 230 5. Assembly with Automatic Equipment and on Flow Lines 231 Chapter 21. Electrical Wiring Technology 232 1. Technical Requirements and Methods 232 2. Techr.ical Documentation 234 3. Materials Used for Electrical Wiring 235 4. Preparation of Wires and Wire Bundles . 236 5. Techniques of Electrical Connections 238 Chapter 22. Printed Wiring Technology 240 1. Technological Effectiveness of Designs of Printed-Circuit Units and Cards 240 2. Technological Processes of the Manufacturing of Printed- Circuit Cards 243 48 - FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONY.Y 3. Wiring of Discrete Elements 248 4. Multilayered Printed-Circuit Cards 250 Chapter 23. Production Technology of Functional Electronic Assemblies 254 1. Modular Design and Main Directions of Microminiaturization 254 . 2. Manufacturing Process of Micromodules 255 3. Manufacturing Process of Film Microcircuits 25$ 4. Manutacturing Process of Solid Circuits 263 Chapter 24. Protection of Optical Electronic Instruments Against Environmental Effects 265 1. External Factors and Protection Methods 265 2. Materials for Protection and Their Technological Properties 267 3. Technological Processes of Impregnation, Sealing, and Coating 268 4. Hermetic Sealing of Connections and Equipment 270 5. Preservation, Storage, and Packing of Articles 272 Section V Tuning and Adjustment of Optical Electronic Instruments Chapter.25. Testing Instruments and Adjustment of Optical Systems 274 1, Basic Testing and Adjusting Instruments 2~4 � 2, Requirements for the Optical Part of Instruments 277 3. Adjustment of Standard Optical Devices 2~~ 4. Adjustment of Special Optical Instruments 282 Chapter 26. Tuning of Electronic Assemblies 283 1. Purposes and Special Characteristics of Tuning Jobs 283 2. Electrical Measurements and Adjustments During the Assembly of Units and Devices 284 3. Measuring Instruments and Equipment 286 4, Accident-Prevention Measures During the Assembly, Installation and Adjustment of Electronic Equipment 287 Chapter 27. Testing Techniques of Optical Electronic Instruments 288 1. General Concepts of Checking and Types of Instrument Tests 288 2. Mechanical Tests 290 3. .Electrical Tests 293 4. Climatic Tests 294 5. Testing Optical Electronic Instruments in the Process of Designing and Production � 296 Bibliography 298 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Mashinostroyeniye", 1981 10,233 ~ CSO: 1860/310 49 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICtAL USE ONLY PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING COLLECTIONS OF ABSTRACTS - UDC 621.391 ABSTRACTS FROM COLLECTION 'DIGITAL SIGIIAL PROCESSING AND ITS APPLICATION' Moscow TSIFROVAYA OBRABOTKA STGNALOV I YEYE PRIMENENIYE in Russian 1981 (signed to press 28 Jan 81) pp 219-222 UDC 621.391.2 CONVOLUTION OF MULTIVALENT DISCRETE SIGNALS IN A RANDOM BASE [Abstract of article by Ayzenberg, N. N., and 5emirot, M. S.] [Text] This article considers�multidimensional signals and spectral conversions of multidimensional discrete signals. Tt?e authors attempt to prove the theorem of the convolution of multidimensional s~gnals. It is demonstrated that the convolu- tions given in th~ article exhaust all convolutions of multivalent discrete signals for each of which the spectrum of convolution is equal to the product of the spec- tra. The article has five bibliographic entries. UDC 621.391.141 GENERALIZED FOURIER-HAAR CONVERSION ON A FINITE ABELIAN GROUP [Abstract of article by Boyko, L. L.] [Text] This article considers algorithms for fdst or orthogonal conversions of the fast Fourier and Haar types from the group theory point of view. The author demonstrates that the existence of fast algorithms is based on the availability of an extended composite series in a finite abelian group of a non-prime order. A broad class of orthogonal nonsymmetrical conversions, a generalized Fourier- Haar conversion, is defined. Each of this class of conversions has a fast compu- tational algorithm, and the number of essential operattons depends significantly on the length of the composite series of the group for the particular conversion. Particular cases of tfie given class are the conventional discrete Fourier conver- sion, Walsh, Walsh-Adamar, and Walsh-Pailey conversions, number theory conversions, the traditional Haar conversiou, and the conversion by Haar k-functions. The article has 20 bibliographic entries. 50 , ~ APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFiCIAL USE ONLY UDC 621.391.141 - NLTI~ER THEORY FRENEL CONVERSION AND ITS APPLICATION IN DIGITAL PROCESSING OF MULTIDIMENTIONAL DATA ARRAYS [Abstract of article by Givental', A. B., and Krenkel', T. E.] [Text] This article is devoted to a multidimensional generalization of the Blyusteyn algorithm, construction of number theory Frenel functions on a finite commutative group above a commutative ring with unity,and to a description of pos- sible applications of such functions in digital processing of multidimensional data arrays. The article has 18 bibliographic entries. UDC 535.317 SOME QUESTIONS OF THE THEORY OF DISCRETE ORTHOGONAL SIGNAL CONVERSIONS [Abstract of article by Yaroslavskiy, L. P.J [Text] This article reviews questions af discrete representation of integral Fourier and Frenel conversions and the theory of fast al~gorithms of orthogonal ~ conversions. The author introduces shifted discrete Fourier conversions and discrete Frenel conversians and analyzes their properties. On the basis of the concept of staged Kronecker matrices,.it is demonstrated how to construct a single notation of orthogonal matrices that allow factorization to produce weakly filled matrices. The author formulates factorization theorems, shows the possibilities of their application with examples, and gives factored representations of matrices of orthogonal conversions known from the literature. The article has four tables and 26 bibliographic entries. UDC 519.240 - SELECTING THE PARAMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF CURVES IN DIGITAL DESCRIPTION AND PROCESSING OF FLAT FIGURES [Abstract of article by Nagornov, V. S., and Polyakov, V. G.] [Text] The article raises the question of seeking for a smoother, in a certain sense, parametric description (whose spectrum has minimum width) relative to a closed curve assigned on a surface. It is demonstrated that the criteria of spectrum widtr are related to its fourth-order moment and lead to the problems of seeking the lowest proper value (minimum spectrum width) and corresponding func- tion proper (optimal speed of movement along the curve) of the Shturm-Liuvill � operator with a periodic coefficient, which is the square of the curve as a func- tion of arc length. Examples are given of optimizing the parametric representa- tion and the authors briefly describe the Possibilities of using this procedure. _ The article has three illustrations and four bibliographic entries. 51 _ , FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 - FOR OFFICIAL USE UNLY UDC 621.391.172:621.397 COMPARISON OF LINEAR METHOD OF RESTORING DISTORTED IMAGES [Abstract of article by Lebedev, D. S., and Milyukova, 0. P.] [Text] The authors consider the problem of linear reconstruction of distorted images in the atisence of random noise, where the reconstruction algorithms are defined by various optimality criteria of the generalized Euclidian distance type. The article compares restored images for certain distances: the minimum norm image, the smoothest image, and the image that deviates least on tfie average from the original. The article has three illustrations and three bibliographic en- tries. ~ UDC 621.391.172:621:397.681.518.2 SOME METHODS OF DIGITAL PREPARATION OF IMAGES [Abstract of article by Belikova, T. P.] � [Text] The article presents data from an experimental test using computers of these metfiods of preparing images: (a) the method of adaptive amplitude con- versions (exponential intensification and hyperbolization of the histpgram); (b) the method of optimal linear filtration and localization of objects in images. A mammogram of the mammary gland and an aerial photograph of a segment of the earth's surface were used as objects of study. The author describes the work of the corresponding algorithms for preparing images. The article con- siders the possi6ilities of generalization and further elaboration of the methods of adaptive amplitude conversions. The article has six illustrations, two - tables, and 13 bibliographic ~ntries. UDC 6$1.325+621.379 AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF INTERFEROGRAMS ON A DIGITAL COMPUTER [Abstract of article by Ushakov, A. N.] [Text] This article considers the question of restoring the phase of an inter- ferogram recorded on photographic film. The problem was solved by stages: (~1) correction of nonlinear distortions of the photographic film; (2) filtration of register noise; (3) filtration of low-frequencq noise; (4) restoration of the.relative phase value; (5) reconstruction of the absolute phase value. The article reviews the questions of automatic filtration of register noise for narrow-band and broad-band interferograms and automatic filtration of low- frequency noise. The author presents the results of experiments with formula- tion of interferograms. There is an evaluation of the precision of restoration. The article has 15 illustrations and 36 bibliographic entries. 52 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FUR ONFIC:IA1. USN: ONI.Y UDC 681.3.01:687.C151.21 AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN SUBJECTS FOR MACHINE CUTTING OF CLOTHING - PRINCIPLES OF OBTAINING AND PROCESSING DATA [Abstract of article by Aydu, E. A., Nagornov, V. S., and Polyakov, V. G.] [Text] This article gives a schematic description of the tangential tape method of ineasuring the human being. This method solves the technical--economic, estfietic, and psychological problems that have hindered widespread automation of t,h~ process of ineasuring the human figure for the needs of machine clotfiing design and . anthropometric studies. The experimental device that accomplishes this method is then viewed as a specific discrete source of two-dimensional signals whose computer processing for the purpose of spatial. reconstruction of the human figure neces- sarily requires two-dimensional procedures of filtration~and interpolation as well as many other special operations. The article has 12 illustrations and two bibliographic entries. UDC 535.317.1+681.141+772.99 MOVIE-TYPE DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHIC FILM [Abstract of article by Karnaukhov, V. N., and Merzlyakov, N. S.] [Text] The article presents experimental results of a computer synth~sis of movie-type holographir_ film. The object, two evenly colored spheres rotating at a variable speed aroused an immobile third sphere, was modeled on the computer. _ For visualization of the full cycle of the apheres 48 movie-type pro~ections of the ob~ect were synthesized on a surface, corresponding to 48 successive positions ~ of the object in space. Both the horizontal and the vertical parallaxes were taken into account in transmitting the volume. The frequency of tracking the angles of approach was variable. The film, which was a composite macro-cine-form containing 1,152 elementary cine-forms, was secured to a circular metal frame and illuminated with a laser light ~rith a spherical~wave front. With an im- mobile observer and rotating film the illuaion arises of smootfi rotation by the spheres, and the direction of rotation can be clearly tracked. The article has two illustrations and eight bibliographic entries. UDC 535.2:317.1 SYNTHESIS OF COLORED HOLOGRAMS ON A DIGITAL COMPUTER � [Abstract of article by Merzlyakov, N. S.] [Text) The author proposes a method of synthesizing colored macroholograms on a digital computer. By contact copying three color-divided synthesized Fourier holograms recorded on black-white photographic film are transferred in sequence behind red, green, and blue light filters to the correspondir.g layers of reversed color film. A three-color laser is used to restore the image. The proposed tech- nique makes it possible to obtain colored macroholograms that contain up to x6�106 elements. They are also suitable for direct visual observation. The article has eight bibliographic entries. 53 , FOR OFFICTAi. USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFF1ClAL USE ONLY UDC 535.317 DIGITAL MODEL OF RECORDING AND RECONSTRUCTING HOLOGRAMS [Abstract of article by Popova, N. R.] [Text] The article describes a digital model for recording and reconstructing Fourier and Frene~ holograms. The author considers the effect of distortion in the hologram on the quality of reconstruction of diffuse objects. She derives the characteristics of speckle contrast depending on the limitation of dimensions, the superimposing of random noise, the limitation of the dynamic range, and quantization of the hologram, as well as for the case of an unfocused image. The results obtained may b e used in radio, acoustic, and seismic holography. The article has 16 illustrations and seven bibliographic entries. UDC 621.395.44 DIGITAL MODEL OF A COMMUNICATIONS CHANNEL BASED ON A POWER TRANSMISSION LINE [Abstract of article by Andronov, A. A.] [Text] This arti.cle considers the set of questions involved in the work of a high-frequency co~nunications channel for a power transmission line; especially the basic type of interference in the channel - interference of the corona dis- charge of the wires. The suthor constructs a digital model of a high-frequency communications channel for a power transmission line on the basis of the physical mechanism of formation of interference from the corona and experimental data on its statistical characteristics. The article analyzes the question of the ade- quacy of a digital model and a high-frequency channel. It is shown that results obCained on the digital model correspond to experimental data. The digital model is used to obtain and analyze various statistical characteristics of the channel. The article gives results from investigations which permit a deeper study of the processes taking place in a high-frequency communications channel. The article has five illustrations and 10 bibliographic entries. UDC 528.9:681.3:62-506 INVESTIGATION OF THE MUTUAL DEPENDENCE OF MICROPARAMETERS OF THE RELIEF BY THE STATISTICAL MODELING METHOD [Abstract of article by Lotov, V. N.] [Text] This article considers the problem of determining the interrelationship of the macroparameters of a surface by statistical modeling. These parameters are the mean local number of horizontals per unit of area, the correlation inter- val, and the mean quadratic elevation. A normal statistically homogeneous isotropic random surface with a gaussian correlation function of elevations was selected as the mathematical model. The statistical digital model was obtained on the digital computer by two-dimensional sliding summation on a set of nor- mally distributed pseudorandom numbers. The functional relationship between the 54 , , APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY parameters of the reliefs that were studied was found by multifactor regression analysis. The results can be used to form digital models of real surfaces for topographical maps: The article has one illustration and eight bibliographic entries. UDC 681.142.6:621.397.2 DISPLAY PROCESSOR FOR DIALOG PRQCESSING OF SEMITONE IMAGES [Abstract of article by Bokshteyn, I. M.] " [Text] The article gives an analysis of the possibilities of constructing a dis- play processor and the general requirements for its structure. The author re- views in detail the primary block of the display processor, the arithmetic unit. The article enumerates the basic operations which must be performed by the "fast" and "slow" parts of this unit and discusses the possibilities of building these blocks. A convenient method of building the device which insures high speed and provides communication between the display processor and the central computer is described. The author considers a device designed to control the work of the display processor and presents certain possibilities for organizing dialog (interaction) between the operator and the processor. The article has 10 illustrations and nine bibliographic entries. UDC 621.391.24:681.325.650.21:621.391.25 SPECIALIZED MICROPROCESSORS THAT PERFORM FAST CONVERSIONS [Abstract of article by Rakoshits, V. S., Kozlov, A. V., Mozhayev, I. A., and Belyayev, A. A.] _ [Text] This article analyzes diagrams of fast conversions and the architecture for constr~cting specialized microprocessors that perform fast conversions. It is shown that where the f ast conversion is accomplished on a general-purpose microprocessor there is a scheme of fast conversion that makes it possible to re- duce the necessary main memory volume in half. During development of the spe- . cialized microprocessor the choice of its architecture depends significantly on the problem to be solved by the microprocessor, especially where it is necessary to search for one or several maximum values of spectrum coefficients. When micro- processors are developed in the form of large integrated circuits, a circular structure is preferable for the microprocessor. The article has seven illustra- tions and 10 bibliographic entries. COPYRIGHT: Iadatel'stvo "Nauka", 1981 11,176 CSO: 1863/189 55 F0~2 OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC 621.394:658.284 CONTROL SYSTEMS AND OPERATIONAL COMMUNICATION/SIGNALLING FACILITIES Moscow SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA I SREDSTVA OPERATIVNOY SVYAZI I SIGNALIZATSII in Russian 1981 (signed to press 16 Dec 80) pp 2, 199-200 [Annotation and table of contents from book "Control Systems and Operational Communication/Signalling Facilities", by Mikhail Andreyevich Belotsvetov, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 12,000 copies, 200 pages] [Text] Annotation - General principles of organizing industrial enterprise control systems and automated control and data processing systems are presented. Information is given about operational communication, signalling and documentary transmission facilities. One chapter is devoted to modern operation of communication facilities and the prospects for their development. The book is intended for technical school students in the "management-aid facilities" specialty. Table of Contents Foreword 3 Section I. Production Control Systems and Production Co~nunications Systems 4 Chapter 1. Principles of Organizing Industrial Enterprise Control 4 1.1. The Concept of Control 4 1.2. Control in Technological and Economic Systems 9 1.3. The Enterprise as an Economic System 11 1.4. Organization of Control at the Enterprise 12 Chapter 2. Automated Control Systems 4 2.1. The Concept of Control Automation 14 2.2. T~pes and Structure of Automated Control Systems 16 56 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007142/09: CIA-RDP82-40854R040400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 2.3. Functional Subsystems 18 2.4. Support Subsystems 19 Chapter 3. Information in Control Systems 33 3.1. The Concept of Information 33 3.2. Information Media 34 3.3. Information Processing 38 3.4. The Concept of Document Flow 40 Chapter 4. Production Communication Systems 41 4.1. The Concept of Production Communication Systems 41 4.2. Characteristics of Production Cotmnunication Systems 42 4.3. Classification of Production Communication 44 4.4. Efficiency of Production Coimnunication Systems 45 Section II. Communication at Industrial Enterprises 46 Chapter 5. Telephone Communication Systems 46 5.1. Physical Bases of Telephone Communication 46 5.2. Subscriber Telephone Devices and Public-Address Communication 55 5.3. Switching in Telephone and Pt~blic-Adress Communication Systems 64 5.4. Production Telephone Communication 77 5.5. Dispatcher and Director Communication 83 Chapter b. Telegraph and Facimile Communication Systems 94 6.1. Fundamentals of Telegraph and Facimile Communication 94 6.2. Subscriber Telegraph and Facimile Communication Devices 117 6.3. Switching in Telegraph and Facimile Communication Systems 126 Chapter 7. Radio Communication and Industrial Television Systems 129 7.1. Physical Bases of Radio Communication 129 7.2. Radio Sets 131 7.3. Switching in Radio Comanunication Systems 134 7.4. Industrial Television Systems 135 Chapter 8. Data Transmissions in ASU [Automated Control Systems] 137 8.1. Data Transmission Methods in ASU 137 8,2. Data Transmission ~quipment 142 8.3. Terminal Systems 164 Section III. Signalling and Document Transport Systems 170 Chapter 9. Search and Alarm Signalling 170 9.1. Organization of Search and Alarm Signalling at Enterprises 170 9.2. Search and Calling Signalling 170 9.3. Fire Signalling 173 57 FOR OFFT~TAT, USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Chapter 10. Time Signalling 174 10.1. Organization of Time Signalling Enterprises 174 10.2. Secondary Electric Clocks 176 10.3. Station Prime Signalling Devices 177 Chapter 11. Document Transport Systems 180 11.1. Document Transport Facilities 180 11.2. Automated Mail 183 Section IV. Prospects for Development of Production Communication and ASU 187 Chapter 12. Prospects for Development of Production Communication Technology 187 12.1. Production Communication Systems and Nationwide Communication System 187 12.2. Quasi-electronic and Electronic ATS [Automated Telephone Exchanges) 188 - Chapter 13. Areas of Development of ASU 190 References 195 Subject Index 196 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981. 6900 CSO: 1860/301 58 FOR OFF/CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC 681.527.7.001.2 DESIGN OF DISCRETE AUTOMATION DEVICES Leningrad BIBLIOTEKA PO AVTOMATIKE: PROYEKTIROVANIYE DISKRETNYKH USTRO~YSTV AVTOMATIKI in Russian No 613, 1980 (signed to press 13 Oct 80) pp 2, 86-87 [Annotation and table of contents from book "Design ~f Discrete Automation Devices", by Leonid Fedorovich Auen, deceased, Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 10,000 copies, 88 pages] [Text] Annotation Questions of designing programmed control devices using semiconductor and opto- electronic elements with a negative dynamic resistance subcircuit are examined. Achievements in circuitry and ways of creating devices using elements with S- and lambda-type characteristics are presented. Basic methods of designing automation elements and devices, and methods for improving their noise tolerance, are cited. ~ The book is intended for workers in the area of instrument building, automation and computer technology; it can also be used by students of corresponding specialties. Table of Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 1. Design of control devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1-1. Control device systems and their selection . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ? -2. General approach to design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1-3. Formation and compilation of programmed control device algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Chapter 2. Transistor models of composite switching devices 10 2-1. Thyristor model. . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2-2. Analog model of single-junction transistor . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2-3. Models of switching devices with lambda-type cl~aracteristic. 12 59 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONI.Y Chapter 3. Mathemat~cal and logical models of thyristor . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3-1. Introductory remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . � � � . . . . . . . 14 3-2. Mathematical models of thyristor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3-3. Logical analog model of thyristor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3-4. Digital model of thyristor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Chapter 4. Control of switched devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4-1. General assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 4-2. Pulsed thyristor control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 _ 4-3. Improving noise tolerance of thyristor circuits. 31 4-4. Control pulse delay circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4-5. Phase control of thyristors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Chapter 5. Binary elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 5-1. Flip-flops using lambda-diodes and thyristors. . . . . . . . . . 40 S-2. Methodology for designing flip-flops using diode and triode thyristors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . 42 5-3. Flip-flops using cutoff thy~istors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 - 5-4. Methodology of designing flip-flop with cutoff thyristor 47 5-5. Flip-flops with single-,junction transistors. . . . . . . . . . . 48 5-6. Flip-flops with photon-coupled pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 5-.7. Switching devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Chapter 6. Counters and adders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6-1. Ring counting circuits using thyristors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6-2. Ring counting circuits using cutoff thyristors 56 6-3. Non-reactive ring shift registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 6-4. Reversible pulse counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 6-5. Shift register using single-3unction transistors 65 Chapter 7. Storage and logic devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 7-1. Storage elements and devices using thyristors and photon- coupled pairs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 7-2. Implementation of oogic functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 7-3. Implementation of logic operations with magnetothyristor elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 7-4. Strobing circuits with correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 7-5. Power-amplifying pulse followers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Chapter 8. Pulsed functional devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 8-1. Clock pulse generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 8-2. Monostable multivibrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � � � 78 8-3. Test-indicating and threshold devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1980 6900 - CSO: 1860/288 60 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USF. ONLY UDC 654.1 FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION STRUCTURE DESIGN Moscow OSNOVY PROYEKTIROVANIYA SOORUZHENIY SVYAZI in Russian 1981 (signed to press 25 Nov 80) pp 2, 169 [Annotation and table of contents from book "Fundamentals of Communication Structure Design", by Shavkat Galyamovich Galiullin, Leontiy Moiseyevich Gol'dberg, Ananiy Ivanovich Ovsyannikov, Eduard Vital'yevich Samoylov, Yevgenny Ivanovictt Stepanov and Feliks Iserovich Shalakhman, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 12,000 copies, 169 pages] [Text] Annotation Basic assumptions concerning the development of plans and cost estimates for capital construction and singularities of planning communications facilities are explained; new directions in design work and standard solutions and plans are described, as are methods for increasing efficiency through studying the technical and economic justifications for construction requirements and the justification for decisions taken; fundamental directions in the organization of design work are cited, as are singularities of technical design of station structures for wire communication facilities, line structures and line-of-sight radio relay systems. The book is intended for students of electrical engineering institutes of communications. Table of Contents Page Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 - Chapter 1. General assumptions concerning development of plans and cost estimates in capital construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1-1. Design work and its importance as the preparatory state of construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1-2. Organization of planning matters . . . . . ~ . � � � � � � � � ~ 1-3. Feasibility studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Z-4. Order of selecting and approving construction site 12 61 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 1-5. Design assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1-6. Design stage. New directions in staging of design work. 17 1-7. Exploratory operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1-8. Contractor design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1-9. Detail design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1-10. Working drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1-11. Use of standard designs and standard design decisions. 24 1-12. Cost estimating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1-13. Economy of deisgn decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1-14. Coordination and approval of designs and cost estimates. 36 Chapter 2. Fundamentals of designing wire communication facility station . structures � � � � � � � � � � � � ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 37 2-1. Line equipment sitop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2-2. Long-distance telephone exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 ~ - 2-3. Telegraph and data transmission exchanges and centers. 52 - 2-4. Urban and rural telephone exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2-5. Electrical installations for wire commun.ication enterprises. . 65 Chapter 3. Fundamentals of designing line communication structures 69 3-1. Transmission lines in primary YeASS [unified automated . communication system] network. Basic design assumptions 69 3-2. City telephone network cable lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84' 3-3. Rural telephone networks cable lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 - 3-4. Overhead communication lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Chapter 4. Fundamentals of designing radio relay communications links. 105 4-1. Classification of radio relay links and types of stations. 105 4-2. Laboratory selection and investigation of RRL paths. 107 4-3. Designs for radio relay station structions . . . . . . . . . . 111 4-4. Electrical equipment and power supply for relay relay stations 120 4-5. Design of radio relay links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Chapter 5. Basic assumptions of designing structural part of communication faci 1 itie s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 5-1. Basic relevant standard document of Gosstroy USSR regulating design of structural part of communicati~n facilities. 136 5-2. Classification of structural facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5-3. Basic types and forms of buildings and structures used in wire communication enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5-4. The role of the task in compiling the structural part of a plan. Requirements for ventilation, heating, water supply ~ and waste-water disposal system for communication structures . 140 5-5. Development of structural part of plan. Appearance, staging, basic designs of communication enetrprise buildings. 143 62 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02109: CIA-RDP82-00854R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 5-6. Basic technical-and-economic indexes of buildings. 149 Methodology for calculating area and volume . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7. Standard design of communication structures . . . . . . . . . . 149 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Bib liography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981 6900 CSO: 1860/289 63 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC 621.314.26+621.3.012 INTRODUCTION TO CONTACTLESS ELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS OF STEPPED-UP FREQUENCY Kishinev V~IEDENIYE V BESKONTAKTNYYE ELEKTROMEKHANICHESKIYE SISTEMY POVYSHENNOY CHASTOTY in Russian 1979 (signed to press 4 May 79) pp 2, 136 [Annotation and table of contents from book "Introduction to Contactless Electromechanical Systems of Stepped-Up Frequency , by Vladimir Ivanovich Zagryadtskiy, Nikolay Ivanovich Kobylyatskiy, Aleksandr Petrovich Gladkiy, Aleksey Ivanovich Kramarenko, Viktor Grigor'yevich O1'khovskiy and Vladimir Grigor'yevich Shevchik, Izdatel'stvo "Shtiintsa", 1,015 copies, 136 pages] [Text] Annotation This monograph examines the basic circuits of a contactless electric drive of stepped-up frequency which uses recently-developed three-phase static ferromag- netic frequency multipliers with a rotating magnetic field as the power source. ~ Particular attention is given to systems in which the power of the frequency multiplier is comparable to tha.t of the electric motor. Elements of the theo.ry and design of such electric drives are explained, and results of experimental investigations of systems which use doublers, triplers and cascaded converters as multipliers are given. 9 system with a magnetothyristor converter of direct current into 3-phase alterna- ting current and an output transformer with a rotating magnetic field is described. The book is intended for specialists involved in designing, planning and operating contactless electric drives of stepped-up frequency. It may also be useful for students in electromechanical and electric power specialties. Table of Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 1. Overall describtion of multiplier-motor system Introduction � � � � � � � . . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � 5 Section 1. Basic properties and prospects for application of system 9 Section 2. General characterization of starting and stopping system RlOt01 � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 12 64 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.Y Section 3. Voltage equations of 3-phase frequency multiplier 16 Section 4. Longitudinal, transverse and longitudina;.-transverse 26 compensation in multiplier-motor system . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 2. Combined operation of frequency multiplier and motor 35 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 1. Determination of multiplier power in system with 35 individual motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Section 2. Tripler-motor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Section 3. Doubler-motor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Section 4. Cascaded multiplier-motor system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65 Section 5. Examples of calculations in multiplier-motor system 70 Chapter 3. Operation of system with thyristor-magnetic converter of direct current into ~-phase alternating current Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Section 1. Operating principle and basic equations for semiconductor 88 portion of TI~ [thyristor magnetic converter] . . . . . . . . ' Section 2. Operating principle and basic equations of output 97 transformer . . . . . . . . . � � � � . � � � � � � � � Section 3. Elements of de signing TMP in .system with individual motor 115 Section 4. TMP-motor system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 133 Conc lusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bib 1 io graphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Shtiintsa", 1979 6900 CSO: 1860/287 - 65 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC 621.396.61.(075.8) LONG-DISTANCE RADIO COMMUNICATION TRANSMITTING DEVICES Moscow RADIOPEREDAYUSHCHIYE USTROYSTVA MAGISTRAL'NOY RADIOSVYAZI in Russian 19$0 (signed to press 25 Apr 80) pp 2-3, 175-176 [Annotation, foreword and table of contents from book "Long-Distance Radio Communication Transmitting Devices", by Semen Ezrovich Gorodetskiy, Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 15,000 copies, 176 pages] [Excerpts] Annotation Features of the design and construction of modern long-distance radio communication transmitters are examined in detail. A methodology for measuring their parameters is presented, and questions of designing and servicing long-distance radio communication lines are explained. The book is intended for communication technical training schools teaching the specialty "radio communication and radio broadcasting". Foreword The achievements of science and technology have made it possible in the past 10 years to develop and organize serious production of automated exciters and transmitters for long-distance radio communication. In spite of the large number of texts and teaching aids on radio transmitters, there is no book which gives the technical characteristics or design and circuitry of new types of high-stability exciters and transmitters for long-distance radio communication. The present book attempts to fill this gap. The book also touches upon im- proving the reliability of transmitting equipment, measuring its parameters, and the ~echnology of preventive maintenance and rehabilitation, and organizing the servicing of long-distance radio communication. The material in the book is selected and arranged so that transmitter design principles common to all types is examined first, followed by electrical circuits and designs. 66 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-40850R040400054068-8 - FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY Table of Contents Page _ Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 1 General information on exciters, transmitters and construction of long-distance radio communication lines - 1,1. Transmitter requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2. Exciter construction. . . . . . . . . . . . � � � � � . � � � � � � 24 1.3. Radio-frequency amplifier construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4. Automatic tuning system [1.10] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 1.5. Transmitter enable/disable control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.6. Direct current power supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.7. Construction features of power supply circuit for heater of power oscillator tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1.8. Inductance coils, capacitors and resistors used in high-frequency circuits of transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 1.9. Increasing transmitter reliability [1.11] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 ~ 1.10. Construction of long-distance radio communication lines 44 l.ll. Radio bureau equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 1.12. Frequency-division multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 1.13. Brief information on designing long-distance radio communication 49 line and compilation of frequency schedule . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.14. Organication of long-distance radio communication line operation. . 50 1.15. Monitoring quality of operation of long-distance radio communication 52 . lines at radio bureau and transmitting radio center 1.16. Monitoring/supervisory positions at transmitting radio centers. 52 Chapter 2 "Molniya-2M" transmitter and VO-71 exciter 2.1. Purpose and technical characterisLics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.2. VO-71 exciter of "Molniya-2M" transmitter . . � � � � � ' ' ' ~ ~ ~ 56 2.3. High-frequency circuit of transmitter [1.4] . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4. Equipment for automatic adjustment of high-frequency circuit of transmitter [2.2 ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 2.5. Control, blocking and signaling equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2.6. Equipment for monitoring power and traveling wave coefficient 69 2.7, Alternating- and direct-current power supply equipment. 71 2.8. Set of filters and switches with feeder lay-out 72 2.9. Transmitter cooling system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 2.10. Design of transmitter and placement of modules and components 75 2.11. Remote control of "Molniya-2M' transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Chapter 3 "Purga" transmitter and exciter 3.1. Function and technical characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 3.2. "Purga" exciter . . . . A � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � . . . . 81 3.3. High-frequency amplification circuit of transmitter 91 67 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-40850R040400054068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 3.4. Equipment in automatic adjusting system of transmitter high frequency circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 3.5� Control, blocking and signaling equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 3.6. Equipment for monitoring power, traveling wave coefficient and feeder protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 3.7. Direct- and alternating-current power supply equipment. 108 3.8. Transmitter cooling equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 3.9. Design of transmitter and placement of modules and components 109 Chapter 4 , "Molniya-3" transmitter and "Dekada-2" exciter 4.1.. Function and technical characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4.2. "Dekada-2" exciter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 4.3. Frequency spectrum formation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.4. High-frequency circuit of transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.5. Automatic adjustment system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . �131 4.6. Control, blocking and signaling equipment [2.3] . . . . . . . . . . . 139 4.7. Equipment for measuring power, traveling wave coefficient and feeder protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 4.8. Direct- and alternating-current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 4.9. Transmitter air-cooling system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.10. Transmitter deisgn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 4.11. Construction features of "Molniya-3" transmitter as compared with ~ "Molniya-2M" and "Purga" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Chapter 5 On-line methods for measuring parameters of long-distance radio communication transmitters 5.1. Measurement of high-frequency oscillating power . . . . . . . . . . . 151 5.2. Measurement of traveling wave coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 5.3. Measurement of harmonic radiation power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 5.4. Determination of specific energy consumption norms. 155 5.5. Measurement of frequency and amplitude response, nonlinear and linear distortions, noise and background levels and amount of frequency separation of single-sideband transmitters. . . . . . . . . 155 5.6. Monitoring exciter operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Chapter 6 Preventive maintenance, repair and rehabilitation of long-distance radio communication transmitters 6.1. Servicing and repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.2. Rehabilitation of long-distance radio communication transmitters. 163 6.3. Finding and correcting malfunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 6.4. Use of ineasurement (test) equipment during preventive-maintenance ~ inspections and rehabilitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 68 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.Y Chapter 7 Antenna-feeder structures for long-distance radio communication 7.1. Recommendations for choosing antennas fcr shortwave long-distance radio communication links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 7.2. Measure;nent of parameters of transmitting shortwave antennas and feeder lines [7.1, 7.2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 7.3. Switching of transmitting antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Z70 7.4. Safety rules in constructing and operating antenna-feeder devices [1.9] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Appendix 1. Technical specifications of standard long-distan~e radio communication transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Appendix 2. Condition of high frequency circuit of standard transmitters 173 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Svyaz 1980 6900 CSO: 1860/285 69 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USF. ONI.Y UDC 621.317.31:621.317.2 MEASURII~IENTS IN TRANSIENT SHORTING MODES . Leningrad IZMERENIYA V PEREKHODNYKIi REZHIlKAKH KOROTKOGO ZAMYRANIYA in Russian 1981 (signed to press 18 Nov 80} pp 2, 191-192 [Annotation and table of contents from book "Measurements in Transient Shorting Modes", by I1'ya Borisovich Bolotin and Lev Zalmanovich Eydel', Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 5,000 copies, 192 pages] [Text] Annotation This book is devoted to measurements of electrical values during testing of high-voltage equipment in short-circuited conditions. Examined are methods, circuits and singularities of ineasuring large currents, high voltages, and electric- arc power and energy in the steady-state, transient as well as pulse modes. Recom- mendations are given for the calculation and application of instrumentation. The present edition looks more closely at measuring short-circuiting transient currents, as well as special measurements, including testing of current-limiting equipment, than did the 1973 edition. ,The book is intended for engineers and scientific workers involved in testing and investigating high-voltage equipment. It may also be useful for students and graduate students. Table of Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Chapter 1. Types of Testing of High-Voltage Equipment in Short-Circuit . Conditions and Features of Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1-1. Types and Modes of Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1-2. Features of Measurements During Testing in Short-Circuit Conditions 8 Chapter 2. Measurement of Short-Circuit Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2-1. Measurement Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2-2. Measurement Shunts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2-3. Current Measuring Transformers and Their Operation in Equipment Test Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2--4. Air Current Transformers and Their Use for Measuring Short-Circuit Current and its First Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 70 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ON~.Y 2-5. Gap-Type Current Transformers and Their Operation in Equipment . Test Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2-6. Other Current Measurements Meathod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2-7. Measurement of Residual Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 ~Chapter 3. Voltage Measurement During Switching Tests of High-Voltage Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3-1. Voltage Transformers and Their Operation in Test Mode. 67 3-2. Voltage Dividers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3-3. Operation of Voltage Divider in High-Voltage Equipment Switching Test Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3-4. Measurement of Voltage Distribution Across Circuit Breaker Gaps. . 130 3-5. Measurement of Voltage Recovery Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 3-6. Voltage Measurement Using Dividers Included in Multi-Section H-Type Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Chapter 4. Measurement of Electric-Arc Power and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . 148 4-1. Methods and Features of Measuring Power and Energy of Electric-Arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 4-2. Measurement of Power and Energy of Electric-Arc Using Hall Conver ter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1S2 - 4-3. Measurement of Magnetic Field and Large Currents Using Hall Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 _ Chapter 5. Some Special Measurements of Electrical Quantities During Equi.pment Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 5-1. Measurement of Currents and Voltages During Testing of Equipment with Current-Limiting Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 5-2. Measurement of Joule Integral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 5-3. Measurement of Power Coefficient of Test Circuits. 178 5-4. Measurement of Power Circuit Frequency Deviation During Equipment Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 - COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Energiya", 1981 6900 ~ CSO: 1860/299 71 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFF(C1AL USF ONLY UDC 621.396.62:621.391.822 NOISE FACTOR Moscow KOEFFITSIYENT SHUMA in Russian 1981 (signed to press 20 Nov 80) pp 2, 110-111 _ [Annotation and table of contents from book "Noise Factor", by Anatoliy Prokof'yevich Belousov and Yuriy Aronovich Kamenetskiy, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 10,000 copies, 112 pages] - [Text] Annotation Methods for practical calculation of the noise parameters of radio receivers and - elements with consideration of noise from passive objects (clouds, radomes, an- tennas, feeder circuits, etc.) are presented systematically. Along with an up-to-date presentation of the theory of noisy four terminal networks, a wave description is also given which is most convenient for calculations allowing for scattering parameters. Particular attention is given the minimization of the noise factor. A number of problems often ignored by specialis*_s are discussed, e.g., the influence of matching on the noise factor, the difference between actual and nominal noise factors, etc. The mast important relationships used to cal- culate noise parameters are given. The book is intended for specialists involved in developing and operating radio _ receivers. It may also be useful for students of higher educational institutions in radio engineering specialities. Table of Contents F or ewor d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - 1. Noise sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.1. Nyquist's formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2. Noise current generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3. Effective temperature of series- and parallel-connected resistors . 8 1.4. Antenna noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5. Shot noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.6. Negative resistance noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 72 FOR OFFICIAL USE O1VLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/42/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 2. Noise factor and associated concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 � 2.1. Determination of four-terminal network noise factor. 18 2.2. Mean noise factor and four-terminal network noise band 21 2.3. Nominal gain of four-terminal network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4. Relationship between actual and nominal gain factors 26 - 2.5. Input noise temperature of four-terminal network . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.6. Working noise factor and mean working noise factor 29 2.7. Actual receiver sensitivity and connection with mean working noise factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3. Noise factor and noise temperature of passive four-terminal network. 32 3.1. A possible formula for calculating noise factor of passive four-terminal network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2. Another formula for calculating noise factor of passive four-terminal network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 3.3. Operating noise and output temperatures of four-terminal network 38 3.4. Output temperature for special cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.5. Operating noise temperature of receiving system under cover. 40 . 3.6. Noise factor of receiving system under cover . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ~ 3.7. Noise factor of crystal-controlled mixer and long feeder (waveguide) line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4. Calculation of noise factor of cascaded four-terminal networks 43 4.1. Noise factor and noise temperature of two four-terminal networks 43 4.2. Noise factor of several four-terminal tetworks . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.3. Noise factor of superheterodyr_e receiver without image-channel suppre s s ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.4. Amplifier noise factor (special case) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.5.. Splitting a complex system into four-terminal networks 49 4.6. NoisE factor of arbitrary passive four-tern~inal networks 52 4.7. Nominal gain of arbitrary passive four-terminal networks 55 4.8. About the noise figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.9. Gain and noise factor of four-terminal networks with negative conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.10. Nominal gain of amplifier with circulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.11. Noise factor of circulator with negative conductivity in one arm 63 4.12. Recalculation of noise current generators of arbitrary four-terminal network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 . 4.13. Noise factor of circuit containing passive and active four- terminal networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.14. Nominal gain of active four-terminal network . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 5. Theory of noisy four-terminal network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.1. Equations describing noisy four-terminal network . . . . . . . . . . 74 . 5.2. ~tao-port noise parameters a~d noise factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.3. Description of noisy four-terminal network by wave parameters. 89 Conventional notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981 6900 73 CSO: 1860/290 FOR OFFI~IAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC 621.382.323 OPERATING PARAMETERS AND DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF APPLICATION OF FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS Moscow EKSPLUATATSIONNYYE PAR~METRY I OSOBENNOSTI PRIMENENIYA POLEVYI~i. TRANZISTOROV in Russian 1981 (signed to press 1 Oct 80) pp~2, 64 [Annotation and table of contents from book "Operating Parameters and Distinctive Features of Application of Field-Effect Transistors", by Dmitriy Vasil'yevich Igumnov and Igor' Stepanovich Gromov, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 15,000 copies, 64 pa~es] [Text] Annotation ~ Information about the operating parameters of field-effect transistors and features of their application in various electronic and communication equipment circuits is examined. The volt-ampere characteristics, equivalent circuits and operating parameters of various types of field-effect transistors are given, as are methods for building various devices using these transistors. Information~is presented on the use of MOS-transistors as fvnctional devices. The book is intended �or engineering and technical workers specializing in the development of communication equipment. Table of Contents Page ~ Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Frequently used notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Chapter 1. Parameters and characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Field-effect transistor with p-n-junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 MOS-transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Varities of field-effect transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 74 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Chapter 2. Features of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Protecting gate of MOS transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Followers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Pulsed devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~+0 Chapter 3. Functional capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Field-effect transistor in direct gate bias mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Capabilities of MOS transistor as circuit element . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 MOS transistor as electronic device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Bib 1 iography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981 6900 CSO: 1860/293 75 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007102109: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC 621.383 PHOTON-COUPLED PAIRS AND THEIR APPLICATION - Moscow OPTRONY I IKH PRIMENENIYE in Russian 1981 (signed to press 9 Jan 81) PP 2-3, 278-279 [Annotation, foreword (excerpts) and table of contents from book "Photon-Coupled Pairs and Their Application", by Yuriy Romanovich Nosov and Aleksandr Sergeyevich Sidorov, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 30,000 copies, 280 pages] [Excerpts] Annotation The operating principle, physical bases, arrangement and parameters of photon- coupled pairs and optoelectronic integrated circuits are examined. Construction and design features o� circuits using photon-coupled pairs are explained. Tech- nical characteristics of domestic photon-coupled pairs are cited, and 100 actual . circui~s are examined which illustrate the possibility of the effective application of photon-coupled pairs in many areas of technology. The book is intended for a broad group of readers. Foreword [Excerpts] Photon-coupled pairs and optronic integrated microcircuit are concepts which are becoming fa�~iliar to wider groups of specialists in the area of radioelec- tronics with every passing year. The development of photon-coupled pair techniques has entered the stage of industrial mass production. Photon-coupled pairs are being used more and more in electronic equipment. In connection with this, the authors of the present book consider it useful to generalize theoretical design and experimental material on the physics, arra~ge- ment, characteristics and application of photon-coupled pairs. General assumptions are supported "ny specific data on domestically produced photon-coupled pairs, and by circuits in which they are actually applied. Materials from domestic as well as foreign developments in the area of photon-coupled pairs were used in - preparing the book. Major engineering collectives without whose participation it would have been impossible to write this book have contributed to the development of photon- coupled pair technology. 76 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Table of Contents Foreword 3 Introduction 4 References 16 Chapter 1. Physical Foundations of Photon-Coupled Pairs (PCP) Technology 18 l.l. Component Base and Arrangement of PCPs 18 1.2. Physics of Energy Conversion in Diode PCP 25 1.3. Diode PCP Theory 38 1.4. Varieties of Active PCP Structures 46 1.5. Problems of Reliability 57 References 65 Chapter 2. Parameters and Characteristics of PCP and Optoelectronic Integrated Micracircuits 68 _ 2.1. Classification and�System�of�Parameters.of.PCP.Technology�Devices�. 75 2.2. Diode PCPs 82 2.3. Transistor and Thyristor PCPs 90 2.4. Resistor PCPs 2.5. Differential PCPs for Analog Signal Transmission 97 2.6. Optoelectronic Microcircuits and Other PCP-Type Devices 101 References 112 Chapter 3. PCPs as Components in Electronic Devices 115 3.1. Circuit Engineering of PCP Stages 115 3.2. Stabilization of Ll.ectrical Mode of PCPs 130 3.3. Models and Circui~s for Fast Switching of Low-Inertia PCPs 138 3.4. Transient Switching Processes of Diode PCPs 145 References 159 Chapter 4. Digital and Pulsed Optoelectronic Devices 159 4.1: High Speed Optoelectronics Switches 159 4,2. Optoelectroni~ Logic Elements 173 4.3. Electrical Matching of PCPs and Digital Microcircuits 178 4.4. Pulsed Devices with Optical Control 185 4.5~. Devices with Optical Signal Regeneration ,,193 References 201 6~ , 77 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ' / APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-04850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Chapter 5. Analog Optoelectronic Devices 202 5.1. Linear Optoelectronic Amplifiers 202 5.2. Electrical Matching of PCPs with Operaticrnal Amplifiers 215 5.3. High Frequency Qptoelectronic Amplifiers 211 5.4. Analog Optoelectronic Sfaitches 221 References 228 Chapter 6. Areas of Application of PCPs and PCP Microcircuits 229 6.1. Data Transmission 229 6.2. Data Acquisition and Representation 238 6.3. Monitoring Electrical Processes 244 - 6.4. Replacement of Electomechanical Devices 250 6.5. Power Functions 257 6.6. Data Conversion and Storage 260 References 267 Conclusion 269 Subject Index 275 COPYRIGHT; Izdatel`stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981 6900 CSO: 1860/302 ~ 78 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC 621.374 - PULSED DEVICES Moscow Il~UL'SNYYE USTROYSTVA in Russian 1981 (signed to press 1 Oct 80) PP 2, 220-222 [Annotation and table of contents from book "Pulsed Devices", by Lev Moiseyevich Gol'denberg, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 40,000 copies, 224 pages] [Text] Annotation Fundamentals of the theory and circuitry of pulsed devices are presented. Pri~ary attention is given devices using integrated circuits. Considered are the component. base of pulsed devices, combination and serial devices, methods and circuits for forming square and other pulses, and functional communication and control devices. The book is intended for students in higher institutes of learning and radio engineering departments. It will also be useful for specialists working in the area ~f pulsed and digital techniques. Table of Contents Page Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Chapter 1. Linear elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.1. Analys:.s of linear elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2. RC-elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Properties of RC-elements. Differentiating circuit. Integrating circuit. Other applications of RC-elements 1.3. Operational amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chapter 2. Transistor gates and logic elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2 ,1. Basic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2. Saturated transistor gate-inverter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Circuit. Transistor models, Statistical modes. Dynamic modes 2.3. Coupling circuits between gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 General information. Resistor-coupled gates. Reducing switching time. Resistor-transistor logic elements. Saturated direct- coupled gates. Saturated diode-coupled gates. Diode-transistor logic elements (DTL) 79 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 ~ FOR OFF(CIAL USE ONLY 2.4. Traiisistor-transistor logic elements (TTL-elements) . . . . . . . . 39 Circuit of elements. Static mode. Static characteristics of elements. Dynamic characteristics of elements. Alternative elements and auxiliary circuits. 2.5. Current gates and emitter-coupled logic elements (ESL-elements) 52 Current gate (PT). Circuit and operating principle of ESL-element. Transfer characteristics. Dynamic characteristics 2.6. Gate circuits with insulated-gate field effect transistors (IGFET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Characteristics and properties of IGFET. Gates with I~IDP-transistor in load. Switches with complementary IGFET ("complementary - structures"), Loading capacity. Logic elements Chapter 3. Combinations of integrated logi~ elements and discrete components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . ~ . . . . . 67 3.1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2. Combination of logic elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Combination of single-type logic elements. Combination of different types of logic elements. 3.3. Combination of integrated logic elements and discrete transistor gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 TTL element controlling gate with n-p-n transistor. Gate with n-p-n transistor controlling TTL element. TTL element controlling gate with p-n-p transistor 3.4. Combination of logic element and resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Connection of resistance to input of element. Connection of resistance to output of element 3.5. Combination of logic element and capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Connection of capacitance to input of element. Connection of capacitance to output of element , 3.6. RC delay elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Delay elements with integrating circuit. Delay elements with differentiating circuit ~ 3.7 . Integrated timers (IT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 General information. Functional diagram of IT Chapter 4. Combination and serial devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 4.1. Combination devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Problem of synthesizing KU [combination device]. Examples of single-output KU. Examples of KU with several outputs. KU speed 4.2 . Serial devi.ces (finit-e automata) . Fundamental concepts . . . . . . 86 4.3. Flip-flops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 General information. Asynchronous RS flip-flops. RS flip-flops with discrete components. Synchronous (clocked) RS flip-flops (RSC flip-flops). D-flip-flops. T-flip-flops with integrated and discrete components. JK-flip-flops. Flip-flops with IGFET. Flip-flops with operational amplifiers 4.4. Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 General information. Parallel registers. Serial registers 80 ~ FOR OFFICIAL " ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY 4.5. Pulse counters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 General information. Binary counters with serial carry. Binary counters with parallel carry. Non-binary counters Chapter 5. Pulse shapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 5.1. Pulse amplitude limiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 General information. Diode limiters. Amplifier-limiters 5.2. Voltage comparators and level hold units . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Voltage comparators. Dynamic bias. Level hold circuits 5.3. Voltage-drop pulse shapers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 3hapers with discrete bipolar transistors. Functional diagram of square-pulse shaper with IS [integrated circuit] and delay element. Shaper with delay element using integrated logic elements. Shaper with RC delay elements. Circuit of shaper with RC delay element using OR-NOT logic elements. Circuit of shaper with RC delay element using AND-NOT elements. Shaper with shortening (differentiating) circuit. Reducing edge duration 5.4. Shapers with delay lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Delay lines (LZ). Shaper circuit 5.5. Flip-flop-shapers (asymmetrical flip-flops). . . . . . . . . . . . 130 General information. Flip-flop shaper (Schmitt trigger) with - discrete components. Flip-flop shaper with integrated expanders, Flip-flop shaper with logic elements. Flip-flop shaper with integrated timer S uare- ulse enerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 6. q p g 136 6.1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 6.2. Monostable multivibrators (ZhMV) with time-assigning differentiating RC circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 ZhMV with integrated logi~ element. Another ZhMV with integrated logic elements. Monostable multivibrator with discrete components 6.3. Monostable multivibrators with integrated c~rcuits using delay elements . . . . . . . . . � . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 - Operating principles. Circuit with delay element nsing logic elements. Circuit with RC delay elements. Compar~sor. c~ circuits 6.4. Monostable multivibrators with operational amplifiers (OU) 147 6.5. Monostable multivibrators using integrated timers (IT) 150 6.6. Monostable multivibrator producing long pulses . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.7. Astable multivibrators (MV) with time assigning differentiating circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Multivibrator using integrated logic circuits. Multivibrator using d~screte components. Integrated analog of discrete MV. - Adjustable astable MV 6.8. Astable multivibrators using OU [operational amplifiers] 158 6.9. Astable multivibrators using integrated timers . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.10. Stabilization of multivibrator oscillation frequency 161 Destabilizing factors. Multivibrator with delay line. Crystal-stabilized multivibrators 6.11. Blocking oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 General information. Triggered blocking oscillator mode. Astable mode of blocking oscillator 81 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR Or'FICtAL USE ONLY 6.12. Synchronized feedback oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 General information. Synchronization of blocking oscillators Chapter 7. Non-square pulse generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 7.1. General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 7.2. Shaping principles and basic parameters of sawtooth voltage pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7.3. Simple sawtooth voltage generator (GPN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 7.4. GPN with current stabilizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Current stabilizer. Classification of GPN with current stabilizer. Generator with separate current stabilizer. Compensation GPN with positive feedback. Compensation GPN with negative feedback. Sawtooth voltage generators with operational amplifiers 7.5. Monostable and astable multivibrators with linear capacitor discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Monostable multivibrators. Astable multivibrators. Sawtooth voltage generator with integrated timers (IT) 7.6. Sawtooth current pulse generators (GPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Principles of shaping sawtooth current pulses. GPT circuit 7.7. Function generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Functional diagram. Structure of TsAP [digital-analog converter]. ~ ~ Structure of ATsP [analog-digital converter]. Digital signal I conversion I Chapter 8. Functional devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . 201 _ 8.1. Pulse selectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 General information. Amplitude selectors (AS). Time selectors (VS). Pulse-length selectors (DS). 8.2. Devices for adjustable pulse time delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 General information. Formation of quantized delays 8.3. Pulse distributors and multiplexers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 8.4. Analog voltage-level-to-time-interval converters and analog voltage-level-to-pulse-number converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981. 6900 CS~: 1860/292 - 82 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFIC[A1. USE ONLY SEMIMETALS AND NARROW-ZONE SEMICONDUCTORS Kishinev POLUMETALLY I UZKOZONNYYE POLUPROVODNIKI in Russian 1979 (signed to press 14 Feb 79) pp 2, 218-219 [Annotation and table of contents f?-om book "Semimetals and Narrow-Zone ' Semiconductors", edited by S. I. Radautsan, academician, MSSR Academy of Sciences; D. V. Gipu and A. M. Andriyesh, corresponding members of MSSR Academy of Sciences; candidates of physical and mathematical sciences S. D. Shutov (editor-in-chief), E. K. Arushanov (deputy editor-in-chief), and senior engineer I. M. Golban (secretary), Izdatel'stvo "Shtiintsa", 760 copies, 220 pages] ~ [Text] Annotation The electrcphysical properties of bismuth and bismuth-based alloys, solid solutions of lead chalcogenites (Pbl_XSnXTe, Pb Te - Sb) and other complex narrow- zone semiconductors are examined during various external effects over a broad temperature interval. Effective methods are developed for ~~alculating the kinetic parameters of charged carriers in such substances. Singularities of the anisotropy of transfer phenomena and the influence of crystal size in the quasi-uniform case are studied. This collection is intended for scientific workers, engineers, graduate school instructors, graduate students and students in physical and technical areas. Table of Contents D. V. Gipu. Crystalline and zone structure of bismuth, antimony and bismuth-antimony alloys (review) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I. I. t'inchuk. Kinetic coefficients in degenerate semiconductors and semir~~.etals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Ya. I. Kerner, A. I. Makeychik, F. M. Muntyanu. Structure of angular relationships of magnetic resistance of BiSb alloys during various localization of energy extrema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 P. P. Bodyul, I. M. Golban, Ye. F. Molosh-~ik. Calculation of kinetic parameters of compensated bismuth alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 I. M. Golban. Calculation of kinetic parameters of charged carri~rs in bismuth based on galvanomagnetic phenomena in waak ~uagnetic fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 83 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONI.Y D. F. Migley. Phenomenological analysis of kinetic coefficients in 95 crystals of type Pbl_XSnXTe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . B. F. Migley. Calculation of anisotropy of transfer phenomena in 110 , Pbl_XS~ Te monocrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. S. Popovicfi, A. V. Chebanovskiy, V. K. Shura. Electrical and thermoelectric properties of T1Sb1_XBiXTe2 alloys . . . . . . . . . . . 145 S. D. Rayevskiy. Purification of tellurium by zone melting and 149 sublimation of impurities . . . . . . . � � � � � � � ' ' ' ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 153 S. D. Rayevskiy. Solubility of antimony in lead telluride. V. I. Ivanov-Omskiy, Ye. I. Georgitse, A. A. Mal'kova..Free-carrier absorption in alloys of solid solutions of inercury telluride with 158 cadmium telluride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � . � � � E. K. Arushanov, A. V. Lashkul, A. N. Nateprov. Cadmium phosphide alloyed 162 with copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S. I. Radautsan, E. K. Arushanov, V. I. Pruglo. Sensitivity and detection 168 capability of thermal radiation receivers based on CdSb V. V. Tsurkan, V. G. Veselago, S. I. Radautsan, V. Ye. Tezlevan. - Electrical and magnetic properties of monocrystals of ferro- 174 magnetic spinels of SuyCr2Se4_ZBrX which have a defecit of copper B. G. Dushchak, A. I. Kasiyan, A. G. Cheban. Gigantic conductivities 181 in unidimensional molecular chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. F. Garabazhiu. Quantum dimensional effect in thin superconducting 190 fiber,s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Shtiintsa", 1979 6900 CSO: 1860/291 84 FOR OFF[CIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC 624:621.396 TRUSS-TYPE RADIO MASTS Moscow SHPRENGEL'NYYE RADIOMACHTY in Russian 1981 (signed to press 26 Dec 80) pp 2, 175 [Annotation and table of contents from book "Truss-Type Radio Masts", by Anatoliy Alekseyevich Voyevodin, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 5,700 copies, 176 pages] [Text] Annotation - Presented are the theory and methodology for calculating, as well as the fun- damentals of designing, truss-type radio masts used as dipoles and supports for antennas of various types. The results of experimental investigation are given. Features of construction and operation truss-type masts are examined. The book is intended for engineering and technical workers involved in designing construction and operating antenna-mast communication structures. Table of Contents Foreword 3 Introduction 4 Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Calculating Prestressed Systems 14 1.1. Preliminary Information 14 - 1.2. Methods of Investigating a PN [prestressed] Truss Beam 16 1.3. Frame Method 17 1.4. Transverse Deformations of Flexible Ligament 32 1.5. Cross-Braced Beam with Ztao Bands 46 1.6. Deformation of PN Truss Beam. Deformation Compatibility Equations 56 85 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Chapter 2. Stability of Prestressed Truss-Type Member 61 2.1. General Information 61 2.2. Methods of Investigating Stability of PN Truss-Z`ype Member 62 2.3. Investigation of Stability Using Articulated-Chain Method 63 2.4. Calculation of Stability of PN Truss-Type Member Using Engesser-Timoshenko Method 68 2.5. Investigation of Stability Using Integration of Center-Pole Elastic Line Equation 73 Chapter 3. Principles of Designing PN Truss-Type Member for Minimum Weight 83 3.1. General Information 83 3.2. Calculation of Two-Panel Truss-'n~pe Member for Minimum Weight 84 Chapter 4. Design of Truss-Type Radio Masts 87 4.1. General Information 87 4.2. Initial Data for Design 94 4.3. Calculation and Design of Individual Truss-T~pe Radio Mast Components 95 4.4. Design of Truss-Type Radio Masts 112 4.5. Designing Truss-Type Radio Mast Suspension 125 Chapter 5. Construction of Truss-1~pe Radio Masts 131 5.1. General Information 131 5.2. Problems of Organizing Construction 133 ~ 5.3. Suspension of Truss-Type Radio Masts 152 - 5.4. Safety Practice Requirements During Construction .159 Chapter 6. Operation of Truss-Type Radio Masts 160 Conclusion 165 References 172 COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981 6900 CSO: 1860/300 86 - FOR OFFiCIAL USE ~NLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 ~ ~ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY ~ ; ; i ~ t 3 i ~ ~ ~ UDC 621.382 ~ s USE OF METAL-SEMICONDUCTaR CONTACT IN ELECTRONICS . ~ Moscow PRIMENENIYE KONTAKTA METALL-POLUPRpVODNIK V ELEKTRONIItE in Russian 1981 - (signed to press 24 Oct 80) pp 2, 302-30G [Annotation and table of contents from book "Use of Metal-Semiconductor Junction in Electronics", by Kamil' Akhmetovich Valiyev, Yuriy Ivanovich Pashintsev and Garri Vasil'yevich Petrov, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz"', 8,000 copies, 304 pages] [Text] Annotation ~ The rectifying contac~ metal-semiconductor called a Schottky diode or barrier, is examined. The use of Schottky diodes and field-effect transistors with a Schottky gate in various electronic devices is examined. The book is intended for specialists involved in developing integrated circuits using devices with Schottky barriers. It may also be useful for teachers, graduate students and students in senior courses at corresponding higher institutes of learning. Table of Contents i Foreword � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � r � � � � 3 ~ Chapter 1. Metal-semiconductor contact with Schottky barrier. 5 General Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 _ 1.1. Volt-ampere characteristics of inetal-semiconductor contact 5 1.2. Equivalent circuits of Schottky diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3. Surface states of inetal-semiconductor contact. . . . . . . . . . 19 1.4. Noise in Schottky diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.5. Structures of Schottky diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Chapter 2. Minority carriexs in Schottky diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.1. Characteristics of Schottk~ diodes in stationary mode. 33 2.2. Transient processes in Schottky diodes disregarding dynamics of boundary of space charge region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.3. Transient processes in Schottky diodes consideri:~g dynamics of boundary of space-charge region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2.4. Influence of minority carriers on frequency response of Schottky diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 87 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Chapter 3. Metal-semiconductor contact with Schottky barrier in discrete devices and IS [integrated circuit] elements . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.1. Bipolar transistors with Schottky collector. . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.2. Semiconductor devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ , . . . ~ ~ ~ . y5 . 3.3. Microstrip lines . . . . . . . . , , . , ~ , . . . , ~ , ~ ~ . , 79 3.4. Determination of parameter8 of semiconductors and semiconductor - deViCeS � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8~ 3.5. Determination of faults. . . . . . . . . . ~ . . ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ . 84 Chapter 4. Sybrid integrated circuits of diode mixers in microwave range. . 84 4.1. Standard hybrid integrated circuit (GIS) of diode mixers and their characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 4.2. Analysis of operation of Schottky diode in nonlinear mode in microwave range. . . . . . . . . ~ ~ . . . ~ , . . ~ . . . . . . 88 4.3. Design of diode-local oscillator matching circuits 92 4.4. Methods of analyzing diode mixer parameters.~. 96 4.5. Balanced and dual-balanced mixer GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.6. GIS for mixers in whi~h image frequency signal is suppressed 105 Chapter 5. Field-effect transistors with Schottky gate. . . . . . . . . . 111 . 5.1. Operating principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 - 5.2. Static characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 - 5.3. Equivalent circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . 119 5.4. Optimization of material parameters and topological dimensioi~s . 125 5.5. Amplifying properties of PTSh [Schottky FET] . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.6. 3mpulse response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.7. Noise characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 5.8. Effect of inemory in PTSh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.9. Type of field-effect transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Chapter 6. GIS for amplifiers, oscillators and mixers using field-effect _ transistors with Schottky gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 6.1. Amplifiers using field-effect transistors with Schottky gate 141 6.2. Oscillators using field-effect transistors with Schottky gate. . 165 - 6.3. Mixers using field-effect transistors with Schottky gate 169 Chapter 7. Integrated pulses and logic devices using elements with Schottky control electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1 _ 7.1. Integrated pulsed and logic devices using space-charge effect with Schottky control electrodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1 7.2. Subnanosecond-band integrated circuit using field-effect - transistors with Schottky gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 7.3. Operating features af field-effect transistors with Schottky gate in pulsed devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 . 7.4. High-efficiency subnanosecond-ban~3 large integrated circuit using field-effect transistors with Schattky gate. 192 8B FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Chapter 8. Injection transit-time diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 8.1. Experimental results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 8.2. Operating principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 8.3. Static characteristics. . . . . . � � � � � . . � . . . . . . . . 203 g.4. Dynamic characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . � � � 207 8.5. Injection transit-time diode noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 8.6. Comparison of M-n-p and p-n-p IPD [injection transit-time diode]. 214 8.7. Structures of IPD based on GaAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Chapter 9. Models of devices with metal-semiconductor contact based on . numerical solution of transfer equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 9.1. Principles of constructing numerical models . . . . . . . . . . . 215 9.2. ~ao-dimensional model of field-effect transistor with Schottky gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Chapter 10. Radiat'__on resistance of semiconductor elements with Schottky barrier and devices using these elements [1-15]. . . . . . . . . 231 10.1. Effect of radiation on characteristics of Schottky diodes. 231 10.2. Effect of radiation on characteristics of injection transit- time diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 10.3. Comparison of microwave-range semiconductor devices with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . respect to radiation stability 248 Chapter 11. Technology of fzbricating semiconductor devices with Schottky ' barrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 11.1. Technology of fabricating field-effect transistors with Schottky gate. . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 11.2. Technology of fabricating in~ection transit-time diodes. 271 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . 274 ~ _ SL1bJ2Ct Index � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � � ~ � � � � � � � � � � COP'YRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981 - . 6900 CSO: 1860/286 89 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2407/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400450068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY UDC 669:621.315.592:5'+-16 WELDING AND SOLDERING PROCESSES IN PRODUCTION OF SII~CONDUCTOR DEVICES Moscow PROTSESSY SVARKI I PAYKI V PROIZVODSTVE POLUPROVODNIKOVYKii PRIBOROV in Russian 1981 (signed to press 4 Dec 80) pp 2-5, 222-223 [Annotation, foreword (excerpts) and table of contents from book "Welding and Soldering Processes in Production of Semiconductor Devices", by Adam Ignat'yevich Mazur, Valentin Pavlovich Alekhin and Minas Khachaturovich Shorshorov, Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 10,000 copies, 224 pages] [Excerpts] Annotation ~ The mechanism and kinetics of solid-phase interaction between different metals and between metals and semiconductors are examined, as are processes of welding and soldering in various technical installation operations in the production of semiconductor devices. The basic regularities of contact microplastic defor- mation of the subsurface layers of semiconductor and metal materials are given, and methods are shown for localizing, intensifying and controlling deformation with application to optimizing technological processes of solid-phase joining of materials in electronic practice. The book is intended for engineering-technical and scientific workers involved in developing and producing semiconductor devices, It may also be useful for students and teachers of technical higher institutes of learning. 129 figures, 22 tabies, 290 bibliographic references. Foreword The increasing rates at which semiconductor devices are being produced require that the wiring process be automated. The labor involved in wiring operations (creating internal interconnections by means of welding, soldering, etc.) is on the average between 50 and 60 percent of all of the labor involved in fabricating various types of devices. Furthermore, failures associated with wiring operations comprise up to 70 percent of all instrument malfunctions. Reducing the level of connection failures and guaranteeing their quality would make it possible to increase the cutput of good devices sharply and to eliminate a number of labor- intensive test and monitoring operations, which would reduce the overall labor intensity of fabr~.cating devices and would create the objective prerequisites for automating assembl.y.operations. 90 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-40850R040400054068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY _ The creation of scientific foundations for solid-phase welding of different materials, and the development and introduction in the electronic industry of new methods for obtaining connections with stable quality and methods of controlling and speeding up existing processes have allowed these to be used to the fullesC extent in producing new technical articles. The present book is devoted to examining these matters. The first section considers the physical foundations of the processes by which _ unbreakable connections are formed in ~he production of semiconductor devices. Although the literature contains works devoted to this question, it has becane necassary to systematize and analyze critically the experimental results in this area because principally new results have recently been obtained which allow the mechanism and kinetics of solid-phase interaction to be examined more fully, particularly the physical essence of the activation stage in the formation of a connection. The treatment of the activation stage of interaction presented in Chapter 1 is based on conceptions of the thermoactivated nature of the process in a field of applied voltages. The approach does not require the obligatory presence of active centers in the form of dislocations on the contact surface of the harder of the materials to be joined, and allows a broader and physically better founded ex- position of the fundamental criteria and principles for selecting optimal welding- mode parameters in order to obtain a uniformly strong connection and to provide minimum distortion of the initial physical and mechani~al properties of the materials. Considerations of the role of the temperature-time factor and of point defects in the mechanism and kinetics of solid-phase interaction develop the con- ceptions of this matter which were developed earlier by M. Kh. Shorshorv and Yu. L. Krasulin. Existing conceptions about the kinetics of the formation of connections are developed in Chapters 2 and 3 from analogous positions. In analyzing the kinetics of the interaction of a traditional metal-semiconductor pair, the main accent in Chapter 2 is on studying the basic regularities of the body interaction stage of the materials, which has undeservedly been neglected even though it is actually impossible to obtain a solid connection without this stage. Chapter 3 examines the structural and kinetic regularities of contact microplastic deformation and the formation of connections as applied to a metal-metal system, which also have _ not yet been studied sufficiently. Matters which are new in principle and have practically not been touched upon in the welding literature are presented in Chapters 2 and 4. These are devoted to investigating the basic physical regularities of plastic deformation and destruction of subsurface layers of semiconducting and metallic materials, and to developing methods for localizing, intensifying and controlling the process of contact microplastic deformation in order to optimize technological processes of solid-phase connection of materials. Optimization takes into consideration ~ the requirement for realizing two contradictory trends. ~ 91 i ~ ! FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-40850R040400054068-8 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY On the one hand, in order to realize successfully all three stages of solid-phase interaction and to form a solid connection, the kinetics of microplastic deformation near the free surface of the solid body must be intensified as much as possible. On the other hand, in order to reduce the depth and degree of damage of thin subsurface layers by structural defects and internal residual stresses, which have a significant effect on the electrophysical properties of semiconductor devices, the microplastic deformation in them must be localized and limited as much as possible. Chapter 4 presents practical recommendations for optimal modes of solid-state connection of materials, and criteria for their selection. Active methods are developed for monitoring the quality of connections directly in the process of obtaining ohmic contacts by a number of kinetic parameters of the process, and for programming the application of external load and carrying out the welding process according to a special assigned cycle in order to step up the setting kinetics. High reliability of semiconductor devices is determined to a significant extent _ by the sophistication of the technology used in different stages of creating the device, as well as by the quality of the initial materials. In this connection, the second section of the book is devoted to examining specific technological processes and equipment for welding and soldering in the fabrication of semicon- ductor instruments. Table of Contents Foreword 3 Section 1. Physical Foundations of Processes by Which Permanent Connections are Formed in Semiconductor Device Production Chapter 1. Mechanism and Kinetics o~ Formation of Solid-Phase Connection 6 1.1. Development of Conceptions of Interaction Between Materials in Solid-Phase 6 1.2. Three Stages in Process of Formation of Solid-Phase Connection 9 1.3. Influence of Temperature, Interaction Time and Stresses on Kinetics of Formation of Solid Welded Connection 15 Chapter 2. Metal-Semiconductor Interaction in Solid-Phase Connection Processes 32 2.1. Regularities of Microplastic Deformation of Subsurface Layers - of Metallic and Semiconductor Crystals 32 2.2. 1`ypes of Permanent Connections in Constructions of Semiconductor Devices and Basic Methods of Obtaining Them .........9............ 35 2.3. Basic Regularities of Solid-Phase Metal-Semiconductor Interaction Chapter 3. Interaction of Metals in Making Permanent Connections 58 3.1. Regularities of Contact Plastic Deformation at Interfact of Unlike Metals Being Joined 58 3.2. Features of Rinetics of Formation of Permanent Connections of Unlike in Solid Phase 67 92 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8 APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2047/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000404050068-8 FOR OFFIC[AL USE ONLY Chapter 4. Development of Methods for Localizing, Intensifying and Controlling Contact Microplastic Deformation During Solid- Phase Welding 72 4.1. Regularities of Contact Microplastic Deformation With Liquid- and-Solid-Phase Technology of Obtaining Otunic Contacts 72 4.2. Principles of Selecting Optimal Welding-Mode Parameters 78 - 4.3. Programmed Application of External Load as Method for a Stepping Up Setting and Limiting Deformation of Welded Materials in Contact Gone ~2 4.4. Selection of Optimal Criteria for Tracking and Controlling 97 Kineti~s of Process of Forming Welded Connection Section II. Technology and Equipment for Welding and Soldering Sem3conductor Devices 102 Chapter 5. Fastening Crystals to Chassis , 102 5.1. Characterization of the Process 5,2. Connection of Lower-Power Transistor Crystals a~nd Integrated Circuits 106 Mounting Devices in Chassis 113 Chapter 6. 113 6.1. Mounting Methods 120 6.2. Thermal Compression Welding Installation Technology , 124 6.3. Ultrasonic Welding Installation Technology 142 6.4. Features of Sealing Semiconductor Devices Chapter 7. Quality Control and Controlling Process of Formation of Permanent Connections of Semiconductor Devices 145 7.1. Types of Malfunctions of Connections and Finished Devices 145 150 7.2. Methods for Finding Causes of Malfunc tions 156 7.3. Selecting Control Parameters 7.4. Structure for System for Controlling Signal Using Computer 160 and ASU [Automatic Control System] Software Chapter 8. Technological Equipment for Welding and S~ldering Semiconductor � 164 Devices 8.1. Functional Diagrams of Technological Assembly Equipment and Principles of Planning Basic Units 164 171 8.2, Equipment for Fastening Crystals to Chassis 175 ~ 8.3. Equipment for Installing Devices in Chassis Appendix 1. Mathematical Formulation of Problem of Stabilizing Signal Shape 200 - Ap~endix 2. Approximating f(t, P) Based on Methods of Ma.thematical 2~2 Statistics Bibliography 204 220 Subject Index _ COPYRIGHT: Izdatel'stvo "Radio i svyaz 1981 6900 93 CSO: 1860/294 _ ~ _ FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400050068-8