JPRS ID: 10146 CHINA REPORT POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: JPRS
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00850R000400070061-3
• Release Decision: RIF
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 30
• Document Creation Date: November 1, 2016
• Sequence Number: 61
• Content Type: REPORTS

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- JPRS L/ 10146
' 30 November 1981
China Re ort
p
~ POLITiCAI, 50CIOLOGICAL AND MILItARY AFFAIRS
CFOUO 20/81)
Fg~~ FOREIGN BRO~DCAST INFORMATION SERVICE
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NOTE
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JPRS L/10146
30 November 1981
CH INA REPOR~'
~ POLITICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND MILITARY AFFAIRS
- (FOUO ~0/81)
. CONTENTS
PEOPLE' S REPID'SLIC OF QiINA
MILITARY AND PUBLIC SECURITY
Commanders Study Positional Defenae Aperations
- (Zhou Yuchun; JIEFANGJUN BAO, 12 Jua.80) 1
Guangzhou Unita Improve Training Materials
(Wu Shibin, Guo Guangbao; JIEFANGJi~I BAO, 12 Jun $0)............ 2
Fuzhou Air Force Unit Conducts Air Defense Training
' (Wu Zuyou; JIEFANGJUN BAO, 12 Jun 80) 4
' Fleet Makes First Voyage to Pacific
(Luo Ton gsong, et al.; JIEFAN GJUN BAO, 12 Jun 80).�������������� 6
Combat Examples Comp~led to Serve as Training Aids
' (JIEFANGJUN BAU, 26 Sep 80) 9
T~pical Combat Casea, by Wu 7lzenxuan, Liu Guitong
Island Defense Examplea, by Cai Jihua, .7�liailg Guozhon8
PLA Units Deviae New Methods, Carry Out Txaining Reform
(JIEFANGJUN BAO, 26, 20 Sep 80) 11
Attacka on Parachute Troopa, by Chang Mtng, Tao Hua
- Gu~nery Training, by Yao Youzhi, Meng Zumei
Telegraphic Communicationa Training, by S~ Ycngku
Role of Tanks in Coordinated Aaeault Mscussed
(Fang Liangqing; JIEFANG;TUN BAp, 26 Sep 80) 14
Military Training Conference ~b~ A11 Services He1d
(Husn g Guopin g, Huang Kangahen g; JIEFANGJUN BAO, 4 Dec 80)..... 16
a [TIZ CC - 80 FOUO]
r.~.. r rnr! n~tt ll
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Raising Level of Military Education, Training Emphasized
(Editorial; JIEFANGJUN ~OA, 4 Dec 80) 18
improved Training at Sea o~ Naval Cadrea Reported
(Wang Dengfu; JIEFANGTUN BAO, 6 Dec 80) 22
Regiment Holds Combined Arme Tactical Training Exercise
(Wang Hongsh8ua Zhottg L1she~1~ JIEFANGTUN BAO~ 6 DeC 80) . 2~+
Garriaon Regiment Holda Coastal Defense Training Exercise
(Xiong Yan, Zheng Zhongqua; JIEFANGJUN BAO, 6 Dec 80) 26
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MILITARY AND PUBLIC SECURITY
COMMANDERS STUDY POSITIONAL DEFENSE OPERATIONS
Beijing JIEFANGJUN BAO in Chinese 12 Jun 80 p 1
[Article by Zhou Yuchun [0719 3768 2504]: "Excerising Positional Defense Tactics at
_ Predetermined Battle Zones, Com~anders Above ths Regimental Level of the B.ei~ing
Garrison Commander Gather for Training and Emphasize Study of Combined Command"]
[Text] One day during the first 10 days of May on a certain ancient battlefield iYz
the north of our motherland, a team of com~nanders was seen carrying ~rawing boards
in hand and binoculars over their shouldera, cr~esing mountains and peaks, surveying
the topography, happily studying combat ta~tics. This was the training class of
commanders above the regimental level of the Bei3ing Garrison Command atudying pro-
blems of commanding combined military foress in positional defense.
- At this training session, everyone first learned the combat guidelines of the.com-
bined military forces, ~he basic theory and knowledge about the various arms of the
services ai.d the basic knowledge of organizing coordinated combat of combined troaps,
' and studied the characteristics of eneaty combat. All comrades participating in the
training comp~eted operations on maps, wrote four combat books, carried out a sand
table exercise. To suit the training to the needs of any future war againsi: aggres-
' sion, the students were sent to the predetermined battle zones to carry out exercises
and study the problems of organizing commanda in ~o~rdinated combat of combined troops
in the fields. Practice proved that through actual field exercises, they could
become familiar with the battlefielda of future combat of their own troops and the
possible combat deployment o~ our troops and anemy troops, and they had a profile in
their minds. At the same time, they further deepened the the~ry they had learned,
, improved their ability to organize actual co~anda. For example, during indoor
operations, many people stationed soldiera on top of mountain peaks whenever they
saw mou:.tains on the map, and the higher the mountains the more soldiers deployed.
After field exercises, they said that such deployment did not coincide with the
principles of establishing defenses at key places. In a future war against aggress~on,
the strategic value of high mountains may not be always important. Under definite
conditions, the inconspicuous hilltops or valleys and rivers through mountains dc+ have
_ important strategic values.
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,
M~LITARY AND PUBLIC SECURITY
~
GUANGZHOU 1Ti~ITS IMPROVE TRAINING MATERIALS '
Beijing JIEFANGJUN BAO in Chi.nese 12 Jun 80 p 2 ~
[Article by special reporters Wu Shibin [0702 0013 2430] and Guo Guangbao [6753 0342 '
6283]: "Absorb Combat Experience, Reform Tactical Training, Guangzhou Units Compile ;
and Write 'Combat Textbook for the Units'Be1ow the Squad
[Text] The Guangzhou units followed the liberation of the "gun"--reforming marksman- '
ship training by reforming tactical training and compiled and wrote the "Combat Text-
book for the Units Below the Squad." The boQk was diatr3buted to the companies for ;
testing before the new year's training began. Af ter 2 months of practice, the cadres ~i
and soldiers of the units testing the book generally praiaed the method. ;
The Guangzhou unit followed the teaching materials and educational schedules of the 1
1950's in past tactical training. For over 20 years, although some supplements were
added, they did not go ~eyond the original text. Its visible shortcomings are as
follows: The content of some sub~ecte was incomplete. Some rules were abstract.
'I'~ere were no methods of examination and there were no concrete standards for grading.
The standards were flexible. Especially as weapons and equipment developed, and as .
the comhat opponent changed, some of the contents became unauitable to the needs of �
actual battle. After the pxperience of the war of self defense and retaliation against
Vietnam, it has been proven that continuing auch teaching materials in troop training
will not suit combat needs and thus reforn~i.ng tactical training has become the strong
campaign ~of a broad numbers of cadrea and soldiera.
The command headquarters of the Guangzhou unite began last July to organlze for~es
to revise the original tactical teaching materials. They reorganized the original
14 s~ibjects of the original teaching material into 35 lessons. Some onesided pro-
posals in the original teaching material were revlsed to become more accurate and ,
comprehensive in scope. Materials needed ia real war but not included in the original
text were bravely added. Parts of the original tesching materials that only had con-
tent but did not have concrete training methods were further supplemented and made
~ perfect. For example pa~t teaching material unilaterally emphasized firepower in :
single soldier combat which utilized topography an~i surface features, thus many ,
soldiers utilized topography and surface featurea on the battlefield and exposed ,
half of their bodies to the enemy, causin~ unneceasary casualties. Now this has been :
- changed in accordance with the actual situation on th~ battlefield, such ~s the dis-
tance and whether there is a firing mission, to determine under what conditions should
concealing Che body be the main ac~ion and under what conditions should developing
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the firepower be the main action. In addition, training of units below the squad
in tactics, camouflage, single soldier charging of the enemy's position, now all
have concrete content and demands.
In order for the basic level cadres and soldiers to learn and remember the new ma.-
terials and to teach themselves, some of the original tactical theories and guidelines
of tactical co~ands have been included in som~ figurative and lively, pithy formulas
in rhyme. For example, on the battlefield, how can the soldier become versatile and
active? In the past, this involved a lot of material and the soldier could not
- remember. Now, they have generalized thie as "five observations and one action"
(observe the situation of the enemy, observe the landforms, observe commands, observe
the maneuvers of the neighboring troops, observe the weather, and according to these
"five observations," carry out correct maneuvera in time), ~he "eight aspects"
(observations, concealment, movement, firepower, liaison, cease movements, agitation,
_ battlefield rescue).
During the course of writing this teaching material, the material was circulated among
the troops many times broadly to seek the opinione of the cadres and soldiers. At
,pr~sent, the teaching material is still being tested in continued practice.
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MILITARY AND PUBLIC SECURITY
FUZHOU A~R FORCE UNIT CONDUCTS AIR DEFENSE TRAINING
Beijing JIEFANGJUN BAO in Chinese 12 Jun 80 p 2
[Article by Wu Zuyou [0702 4371 0147]: "Carry Out Tactical Training Aimed at the
Characteristics of the Airports, a Certain Airfield Explores Ways To "Hide, Strike,
Supply" Under Conditions of Air Raids and Under Attack by Parachute Troops (and When
Airplanes Are Landing)"]
[Text] A certain airfield of the air force of the Fuzhou units has explored ways to
"hide, strike, supply" the airfield under air raid conditions and under attack by
parachute troops (and when airplanes are landing) according to the characteristics ~
of the tasks of the airfield. On 26 April, the air force of the Fuzhou units held ~
a field meeting to popularize their experience.
~ ,
The airfield is the base of combat of the air force (ground soldiers), and it is also ~
the major target of air raids and parachute (airplane) landings. They set up many
situations of air attack and parachute (airplane) landings according to the demands
of real war to let the troops carry out training of "hide, strike, supply" under.
complex situations. During the training, they first organized the troopa to study
the tactical thoughts and principles suited to the characteristics of the airfield. .
For example, sc~me logistical units in paet antiairdrop training carried out infantry
motorization and encirclement to destroy the attacking enemy. Through learning and
study, they understood that they should not act like infantry soldiera and leave their
barracks to carry out motorized encirclement and d~struction of the enemy, because
they had multiple duties of assuring the supply at the sirfield and assuring that the
air force units could take off and perform aerial combat. They ahould follow the ~
principle mainly of protecting the facilities and equipment and destroying the live
forces of the enemy as their secondary task, thus everyone's tactical thoughts were '
unified.
AFter the tactical thoughts were clarified, training of troops had more purpose.
Many logistical units combined th~ir own apecialty to train evacuation, concealment,
camouflage and def ense of peraonnel, vehicles and equipment and such tactical tech-
niques of closing and opening the airfield, advance reinforcements in echelon forma~
tion, and various rescue operations. A certain unit was reaponsible for attacking
landing enemy planes. Originally they uaed heavy obstacles to close the airfield. ~
Now they followed the tactical thoughts of "closing the airfield muat benefit reopening
the airfield" and changed their past ways and drew up four plarss to prevent enemy
planes from landing while benefiting our planes in takeoff for aerial combat at any
time. The training thus coincided more with the demands of actual war.
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To improve the ability of the airfield to counter the audden attack by the enemy,
this airfield also paid attention to the characteriatics of the airfield and built
fortificationa that protected personnel and facilitiss well. They organized person--
nel and facilities well. They organized personnel to e~;zvey the airfield and they
built preventive and protective fortifications at key positions, facilities for air-
planes, personnel and vehicles against attack by atomic and chemical weapons, and
they carried out suitable training aimed at epecific aspects.
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- MILITARY AND PUBLIC SECURITY '
FLEET 1~AKES FIRST VOYAGE TO PACIEIC ~
Bei~ing JIEFANGJUN BAO in Chinese 12 Jun 80 pp 1-2 ~
[Article by reporters Luo Tongsong [5012 0681 2646], He Delai [0149 1795 0171], Wang
Wenjie [3769 2429 2638], Yang Xuequan [2799 1331 3123]: "First Voyage of the Chinese
Fleet on the Pacific"]
- [Text] In the first spring of the 1980's, the hot winds of the equator blew upon :
the 1 August military flag, schools of flying fish 3umped out of the water and watched
the strange guests. This wae the first voy~ge of a Chinese naval fleet on the rip- ~
pling so~ithern Pacific. Thia was a profoundly aig~aificant affair in our nation's
naval history.
For over 1 month, this strong fleet escorted the ship carrying rocket-testing and
ocean-measuring equipment, crossed ocean channels and sailed the deep seas, broke
the waves and traveled over 8,000 nautical miles. On the ocean surface, the fleet
sailed in fan-shaped formation, a defensive posture against submarines, to open the
navigational route for the surveying ahip, and sometimes formed a solid defense line
to protect the surveying ship. On the battleship, the glorious ~uided missil~ laun-
cher stood proudly; day and night the radar and sonar closely monitored the sky and
the underwater; they Fatrolled the seas; they guarded the surveying ship and they
searched, and faithfully carried out their duties. The helicopter from the battleship
flew abovQ the Pacific and a large refueling and aupply ship supplied the battleships
on their course. This young fleet and all officers and men underwent the test of
deep sea navigation and "safely sailed from port and victoriously returned." They
wrote a glorious page of hiatory for the Navy of new China.
On the co~nand tower of the fleet's flag ship were 2 old soldiers of the Red Army
who were over 60 yeara old. They he~.d binoculars in their hands and frequently
hhecked the maps and watched the direction of navigation and gave orders. They were
the commanding officers of this fleet. These two gray-haired old soldiers who had
struggled through several decades still had the fighting spirit. Before sailing, ~
they repeatedly requested that during their remaining years higher authorities con-
tribute more to building a strong navy with modern capabilities. They composed poems ,
to tell of their ambitions: "Sailing on the ocean and across the sea in the whirling
dance of the east wind, those who do not crosa tr.e equator are not heroes, reaching ~
for the moon and catching soft-shelled turtlea ta ahow one's fete, with out hearts
and blood we nurture the young pine." On the battleahip, they acted like they used to
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on the battlefield, they devised strategies within their command post, analyzzd the
ocean situation, determined the course. When the winds ;aer,e strong and the waves
were high, they went into the engine room and visited the sailors working under high
temperatures. On the day th~ on-board rocket was euccessfu~ly fired, they stood
happily on the deck and sang together with Che sailors. They expressed the confidence
of the older generation in the sure victory of our party's endeavors.
The glory of the motherZand and the rise to propser~ty of the Chinese nationality
have kindled an everlasting flame in the hearts of the old soldiers. Simiiarly,
they also encourage many young sailors to move fortaard. Some sailors only joined
the navy several months ago... When they heard they would participate in the glorious
oceangoing mission which had never been done before, they competed for the commission.
After joining the fleet, each person was like a giaring rivet, firm].y carrying out
his duty. A young engine squad commaader of ~hi~p 132, Dai Jinkun [2071 6855 0981~
profoundly understood that the engine was the hear~ of the battlefield. If the engine
malfunctions, the battleship will lose its combat capability. After the fleet sailed,
he gave~up his air conditioned quarters and moved into the engine room with a high
temperature of over 40 degrees centigrade. The noise in the engine room pierced the
ears and the smell of fuel was nauaeating,. He guarded the main engine day and night
and when he grew very tired he leaned againet the tool box and took a nap but he
ordered his subordinates to wake him up as soon as the engine malfunctioned. He re-
lied on his fiery enthusiasm for the fQUr moderniaations and his high sense of respon-
sibility to lead the entire squad in careful maintenance and kept the main engine
operating normally.
The fleet was able to sail victoriously according to plan because each battleship and
each department was manned by ~nselfish and fearless sailors at their posts. The
leader of the main engine shift of battleship 108, Yang Laihai [2799 6351 1326], was
a representative of theae heroic eailora. Every time he went on night shift, he
always carefully inspected the various tubea and pipes in the hot engine room and
inspected hundreds and thousands of machinery components and never neglected any
abnormal situations. One time, when he was inspecting the dirty oil cupboard, re dis-
covered that there was a drop of oil on the floor that usually was wiped clean.
Immediately, many hypothetical cases came into the mind of Yang Laihai. He was
determined to find t~he origin of this drop of oil. He held a flashlight and crawled
- into the bottom of the engine room, passing ateam pipes of over 90 degreea centigrade.
, The stifling hot air almost made him faint, and eweat soaked his clothes. One minute
passed, 2 minutes passed, 1/2 hour passed. He half knelt on the floor, followed the
traces, and finally discovered that this drop of oil came from a puncture at the
bottom of the oil tank. He quickly reported the discovery and took timely measures
and thus avoided a possible incident.
For over 1 month, a song was frequently heard on board thP oceangoing battleships:
"You are the helmsman, grasping the direction of navigation. The glorious Chinese
Communist Party, you are the core, you are the direction...." This song encouraged
the officers and men to overcome all difficulties and hardships and to advance
_ through the waves. Battleship 108 wae the neweat ehip in the fleet on this long
voyage. The five members of the party committee of the ship came from four units.
- They were united under one heart and one effort, they mutuaZly respected each other
and acted with one heart and mind. During the voyage, a battleship encountered a
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foreign vessel. They handled the encounter in a versatile manner, actively worked
and maintained the respect of the motherland and increased the friendship with the
foreign people and the military troops and they were praiaed ~y the higher authorities.
On the 9th day of the fleet's voyage, the satellite guided navigational instruments
of ship 506 suddenly malfunctioned. "Let me do it!" "I'll do it!" old party member
and captain Xie Xinfu [6200 2450 4395] and new party member and satellite navigation ,
team leader Hu Jianan [5170 6015 1344] led in climbing up the masthead 38 meters '
high. Wind rushed passed the ear, waves rolled uaderneath, the ship swayed and the ,
men felt dizzy, and there was the danger of falling off at any time. But they were
fearless and they struggled for more than 1/2 hour, cleared the trouble, and made '
sure the ship traveled in the correct course. Where there is difficulty, where there ~
is danger, there will be party members and party cadres. The political cadres on
board were active in every corn.er. They transmitted the voice of the party Central
Committee to each cadre and sailors. When sailors became sick, they sent water and
meals. When the sailors were busy, they took the lead in going on night shift duty
and guarding the engines and when they were praised and rewarded, they stayed behind.
It was in relying on this glorioua tradition that the fleet eliminated the obstacles ;
of nature during the 10,000 nautical mile voyage in the Pacific and won victory after
victory.
- Th~ success of our nation's young fleet`s first voyage over the Pacific encour~ged ~
our will and added military glory. Victory greatly encouraged the people who march ~
toward the four modernizations. Victory was the result of long-term struggles of many
people. On the day of this fleet's return voy~ge, a special burial at sea ceremony
- was performed over the Pacific. It was held in honor of a past naval commander.
The old commander exerted all his efforta and worked his whole life to develop the
navy, but during his later years he was persecuted Co deaCh by the "gang of four."
On his deathbed, he firmly believed the party's endeavors and the people's strength
would surely win and the wish to build a strong and large navy would s*.~rely be realized.
He requested that the party organ carry his ashes on board a naval vessel built by
our own nation and to the Pacific and bury them there. Today, his will has been
fulfilled. At the moment of the burial at sea, an old comrad` oi his held a red cloth
which wrapped his ashes and walked down the ramp and placed the ashes into the bottom-
less sea. Many comrades standing on the deck felt a surge through their hearts
like the waves on the ocean surface. People silently pledged: Do z?ot worry! old '
cammander, today's victory, we know, {s only a beginningl The development and
atrengthening of the navy for the people wi11 be pursued continuously with untiring
efforts and strugglel
The engine is roaring, the white ripplea trailing the shipa are extending and the
ships are traveling toward new victory and a bright fuCure. '
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COMBAT EXAMPLES COI~'ILID TO SERVE AS TRAINING AIDS
- Typical Combat Cases
Beijing JIEFANGJUN BAO in Chinese 26 Sep 80 p 1 ~
[Article by Wu Zhenxuan [0124 2182 6513] and Liu Guitong [0491 2710 2717J : "To
- Provide Teaching Materials With Images for Tactical Training, A Certain Armed
Force Compiles Typical Combat Cases To Distribute to the Units"]
[Text] Since the time a certain armed force launched overall tactical training,
- in the offices of the organs at each leeel and at company and on the desks of some
military commanders and staff officers, there has been a qellow book with raords
and pictures entitled (~Selected Combat Cases in the Si~o-Vietnamese Boxder War of
Self-Defense and Retaliation.~~
This (~selection of combat cases)~ ~vas compiled ~nd written by this unit to improve
the tactical level of the tmit and the art of command by the commanders at each
level, and to mobilize the organe and the units to su~narize the exper3ence and
the lessons in real war. The 75 combat cases in the book included over 20 types
of combat--night combat, defense, ambush, search and suppress, encounter ~igh~ing
and surprise attack, pursuit and destroy, outflank~ng and surrounding, attacking
the enemy in caves, setting up floating bridges under enemy fire, and logis~ical
, sup~port. These combat cases ir.cluded cod~'dinated combat by the infantry, artillery,
tanks, communications and engineer troops~ and also included combat by the infantry
squad, infantry unit, and the individual soldier, and they included victories and
defeats.
Island Defense Examples
Bei~ ing JIEFANGJUN BAO in Chinese 26 Sep 80 p 1
[Article by Cai Jihua j5591 4949 5478] and Zhang Guozhong j1728 0948 1813]:
"Deputy Commander Mao Dezheng j7456 1795 3791] of a Certain Garrison Command
District Studies Nearly 100 Island Combat Cases "J
[Text] Deputy. commander Mao Dezheng j7456 1795 3791] of a certain garrison command
district at the Yellow Sea outpost started out from the actual situation in train-
ing units and from the task of the units to defend islands and conscientiously
studied nearly 100 island combat cases in recent and modern war hiatory, and he
wrote over 30 articles on military science. They have served to promote reform
in the training of the units.
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~ In Mao Dezheng's study of combat cases, he paid attention to starting out from the
tasks of the units and explored the cambat patterns if island defense. How to
select the main directi~n of defense in island defense combat is an important sub-
j~ct in training. He conscient~ously studied the combat cases of American troops
attacking Luzon Island, the Marshall Islanda and Okinawa Islands during the war of
the Pacific, and American troops landing at Inchon during the Korea.n War. He also
analyzed the key points of the landing at Normandy by ~oint American and British
forces. And from these, he understood that island defense units must think about
active island ~efense and the dialectic relationship between the main direction of
defense and the secondary direction of defense. He studied and wrote an a~.ademic
_ article entitl~d ~~Talking About the Dialectic Method in Defense Based on the
Battle of Normandy~>. In studying the combat case of the Amer~can forces attack-
ing Quehuang [phoneticl Island in the war of the Pacific, h~ emphasized the
weapons and equipment of the main oppanent in the battle and realized that with
the current eqti~pment of our armed forces, we must devslop our advantages, minimize
our shortcomings and insist on relying upon the strong fortifications at the posi-
tions to facilitate long-term defen~e against the enemy in order to win the war .
against the enemy. Therefore, he proposed new views regarding some questions in
island defense war and he won the attention of the lea.dership of the garrison com-
mand district.
9296
CSO: 4005/2110
10
FOR 0~'FICIAL USE ONLY
APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/09: CIA-RDP82-00850R000400070061-3

APPROVED FOR RELEASE: 2007/02/49: CIA-RDP82-00850R040400070061-3
, FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
MILITARY AND PUBLIC SECURITY
PLA UNITS DEVISE NEW METHODS, CARRY OUT TRAINING REFORM
Attacks on Parachute Troops
Bei3ing JIEFANGJUN BAO in Chinese 26 Sep 80 p 2
[Article by Chang Ming [7022 2494J and Tao Hua [3447 5478]: "Engineer Platoon of
a Certain R~giment Explores 10 Methods Using Convenient Types of Equipment for
- Directional Demolition and for Attacks on Parachute Troops"]
[Text] The engineer platoon of a certain regiment of the Beijing units, starting
out from presently available equipment,+.has daringly made innovations, bravely
carried out practice, and has preliminarily found 10 convenient types of equipment
for directional demolition and attacking 4f parachute troops. They have already
been popularized by the arnry and the division.
- At the beginning of April, the engineer platoon received a training task from the
higher authorities asking the platoon to solve the diff~cult problem of direc~-
tional demolition and attacking of parachute troops using convenient equipment
within a short time. Although the comrades of the engineer platoon had not dealt
with this topic before, they dared to practice and use the principles of direc-
tional demolition and black powder exploaives as the launching explosive to shoat
ground demolition equipment into the air for exploding in the air. The first ex-
per~ments produced less than satisfactory results, and they conacientiously found
the cause in failure. The course of the experiment involved mathematics and know-
- ledge of physics, and the co~rades of the engineer plaCoon cvllective.ly studied
the subjects: they studied hard to gain lmowledge of mathematics and mschanics;
they read related books